Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Notes
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Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Notes
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Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Notes
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Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.1
Candy Dichotomous Activity
1. Spread out the candies on your table. 2. Use the classification key to determine the scientific name of each candy. http://www.cpalms.org/Public/PreviewResourceLesson/Preview/36056 Rules to follow: 1. DO NOT EAT ANY CANDY! 2. Choose 1 candy. Start at step 1 and read the paired statements. Choose the statement that best describes that candy and go to the step that statement tells you. Continue following along using the same piece of candy until you have determined its name. Write its common name on the line. 3. Then start with a new candy and follow the same procedure. YOU WILL ALWAYS START WITH STEP 1. 4. Continue until you have named all 8 candies. You will only use each scientific name once.
1 a. Candy is hard. Go to step 2. b. Candy is not hard. Go to step 5.
2. a. Candy is spherical. Go to step 3. b. Candy is not spherical. Go to step 4.
3. a. Candy is on a stick. Coccus podus b. Candy is not on a stick. Coccus tinus
4. a. Candy has an oblong shape. Bacillus frutus b. Candy doesn’t have an oblong shape. Go to step 6.
5. a. Candy is square. Esquadra frutus b. Candy is not square. Go to step 6.
6. a. Candy is flat. Go to step 8 b. Candy is not flat. Go to step 7.
7. a. Candy has an oblong shape. Bacillus rollus b. Candy doesn’t have an oblong shape. Pyramis bes
8. a. Candy has 4 right angles. Rectiano verdus b. Candy does not have right angles. Platys blancos
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.1
Conclude
1. The scientific names are written as 2 words. This is called ______.
2. The first word is the ______.
3. The second word is the ______.
4. Use what you know about word origins and determine what platys means.
5. What do you think bacillus means?
6. Which one candy is missing?
7. Describe what that candy could look like and name a candy that fits those descriptions.
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.1 KEY
Candy Dichotomous Activity Key
1 a. Candy is hard. Go to step 2. b. Candy is not hard. Go to step 5.
2. a. Candy is spherical. Go to step 3. b. Candy is not spherical. Go to step 4.
3. a. Candy is on a stick. Coccus podus lollipop b. Candy is not on a stick. Coccus tinus
4. a. Candy has an oblong shape. Bacillus frutus jolly rancher b. Candy doesn’t have an oblong shape. Go to step 6.
5. a. Candy is square. Esquadra frutus starburst b. Candy is not square. Go to step 6.
6. a. Candy is flat. Go to step 8 b. Candy is not flat. Go to step 7.
7. a. Candy has an oblong shape. Bacillus rollus tootsie roll b. Candy doesn’t have an oblong shape. Pyramis bes hershey’s kiss
8. a. Candy has 4 right angles. Rectiano verdus andes mint b. Candy does not have right angles. Platys blancos lifesaver
Conclusions/results 1. The scientific names are written as 2 words. This is called binomial nomenclature. 2. The first word is the genus. 3. The second word is the word that describes a characteristic. 4. Use what you know about word origins and determine what platys means (refer to activity). Flat 5. What do you think bacillus means? oblong 6. Which one candy is missing? Coccus tinus Describe what that candy could look like and name a candy that fits those descriptions. Spherical, hard, not on a stick. A jawbreaker, gumball, whopper
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.2
Alternative Plant Uses Worksheet
1. Use this activity sheet in conjunction with five notecards or pieces of paper that you have been given or instructed to take out by your instructor. 2. Take one minute to brainstorm alternate plant uses with the notecards. 3. Fill in this worksheet with more uses for plants in the twelve categories provided.
Building materials
Clothing
Dyes/inks/papers
Fertilizers
Fire and lighting
In the bathroom
In the garden
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.2
In the home
In the kitchen
Pesticides
Woodwork and other crafts
Other
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.2 KEY
Alternative Plant Uses Worksheet Key
Modified from ‘Plants for a Future’ Website (Numbers of plants for those uses are in brackets)
Building Materials
• Insulation Providing insulation against extremes of temperature, sound or electricity. • ( 25 ) • Pipes For carrying water etc. ( 5 ) • Pitch Used for waterproofing, in paints etc. ( 12 ) • Plaster Used for covering walls. ( 7 ) • Roofing Used to give a waterproof roof to buildings. See also Thatching. ( 10 ) • Thatching Used for making thatched roofs. ( 81 )
Clothing
• Buttons Plants that can be used as buttons. Not including making buttons from wood. ( 8 ) • Darning ball ( 1 ) • Fiber Used for making cloth, rope, paper etc. ( 292 ) • Latex A source of rubber. ( 63 ) • Leather Substitutes, that is. ( 3 ) • Needles Used for sewing, darning etc. ( 12 ) • Pins Used as needles and pins in sewing etc. Also used to lance boils, extract splinters from the skin etc. ( 4 ) • Raffia A substitute for that material. ( 1 ) • Starch Used as a fabric stiffener. ( 29 ) • Stuffing Used in making soft toys, mattresses, pillows etc. ( 49 ) • Tannin An astringent substance obtained from plants, it is used medicinally, as a dye and mordant, stabilizer in pesticide etc. ( 259 ) • Weaving Items such as grass and palm leaves that are woven together for making mats, baskets etc. See also Basket making and Fiber. ( 109 )
Dyes, paints, inks and paper
• Blotting paper Plant that can be used to make blotting paper. ( 1 ) • Dye Plants that provide dyes. ( 1171 ) • Ink Plants that can be used as an ink. ( 41 ) • Mordant Used for making a dye more permanent, it also affects the color of the dye. ( 49 ) • Paint Plants used directly as a paint. Does not include oil plants and dyes that can be used as ingredients in paints. ( 10 )
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.2 KEY
• Paper Related to the entry for Fiber, these plants have been specifically mentioned for paper making. ( 143 ) • Pencil A couple of plants especially mentioned for making the tubes that pencil leads fit into. ( 3 ) • Size Used on materials, paper etc to give a surface that will take ink, dyes etc. ( 14 )
Fertilizers
• Compost Plants used for activating compost heaps, providing biomass for composting, using as instant compost etc. ( 50 ) • Fertilizer Provides a concentrated solid plant food. ( 3 ) • Green manure Fast-growing plants that can be used to increase the fertility of the soil. ( 59 ) • Liquid feed Plants that can be used to make a liquid fertilizer. ( 29 ) • Potash Used for making glass, soap and as a fertilizer. ( 12 )
Fire and lighting
• Alcohol Used for fuel etc. (this is wood alcohol, it is not the sort that can be drunk. ( 5 ) • Biomass Provides a large quantity of plant material that can be converted into fuel etc. ( 74 ) • Charcoal Used for fuel, drawing, deodorant, filter, fertilizer etc. ( 72 ) • Friction sticks Used for starting fires when there are no matches. ( 5 ) • Fuel Usually wood, plant materials that have been mentioned as being a good fuel. ( 199 ) • Kindling Plant material that burns easily and can be used for starting fires. ( 5 ) • Lighting Plants that can be used as torches etc. See also Oil and Wax. ( 18 ) • Oil Vegetable oils have many uses, as lubricants, lighting, soap and paint making, waterproofing etc. This does not include the edible oils unless they are also mentioned as having other uses. ( 524 ) • Tinder Used for starting fires. See also Kindling. ( 45 ) • Wax Used for making candles etc. ( 24 ) • Wick Used as a wick for candles, lamps etc. ( 12 )
In the bathroom
• Baby care Various plants that can be used in place of items such as nappies. ( 14 ) • Cleanser For various materials. Perhaps best included under separate headings. ( 21 ) • Cosmetic Used to improve the physical appearance of a person. ( 63 ) • Cotton wool Plants that can be used as substitutes for cotton wool. ( 1 ) • Deodorant A pleasant smelling plant that is used on the body to mask the human smell. ( 32 ) • Disinfectant Plants used for disinfecting. ( 51 )
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.2 KEY
• Essential Essential oils that are used in perfumery, medicines, paint solvents, insect repellents etc. ( 286 ) • Hair Plants used as hair shampoos, tonics, to treat balding etc. ( 121 ) • Resin Used in perfumery, medicines, paints, soap making etc. This also includes turpentine, which is extracted from many resins and used as a preservative, water proofer etc, ( 75 ) • Soap Plants used directly as a soap substitute. ( 113 ) • Soap making Plants used as an ingredient in making soaps. Does not include the essential oils, dyes and oils that are also used in making soap. ( 11 ) • Teeth Plants used to clean and care for the teeth. ( 29 )
In the Garden
• Fencing Plants that can be used for fencing. ( 1 ) • Fire retardant Plants that do not easily burn and can be used in barrier plantings to limit the spread of forest fires. ( 10 ) • Hedge Plants that can be grown as hedges. ( 792 ) • Mulch Used for covering the ground to conserve the nutrients in the soil. ( 42 ) • Pioneer Plants, usually trees and shrubs that can be used to reforest land. ( 45 ) • Plant breeding Used in producing new species of plants or improved varieties. ( 2 ) • Plant support usually bamboos, used as canes in the garden for holding up plants. ( 29 ) • Rooting hormone Substances that can be used to promote the production of roots in plant cuttings. ( 19 ) • Rootstock Plants used as the rootstock for grafting scions onto. ( 73 ) • Shelterbelt Wind resistant plants than can be grown to provide shelter in the garden etc. ( 106 ) • Soil conditioner Plants grown to improve the structure of the soil. See also Green manures. ( 7 ) • Soil reclamation Plants that can be grown in such circumstances and the spoil tips of mines in order to restore fertility. ( 32 ) • Soil stabilization Plants that can be grown in places such as sand dunes in order to prevent erosion by wind, water or other agents. ( 219 )
In the home
• Bedding Used as a lining for sleeping on or putting fruits etc on. ( 15 ) • Besom A type of broom. ( 5 ) • Brush Used for cleaning clothes, as a paintbrush etc. ( 22 ) • Incense Aromatic plants that can be burnt to impart a pleasant smell, repel insects and disinfect closed areas. ( 88 ) • Lining Used for lining boxes, baskets etc so that fragile items can be more safely carried in them. ( 10 ) • Packing Used as a filler in boxes etc in order to protect the contents. ( 11 )
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.2 KEY
• Porcelain ( 2 ) • Potpourri Aromatic plants used to impart a pleasant smell to an area. Can this be grouped with incense or essential oil? ( 46 ) • Scourer Used for cleaning pots, pans, plates etc. ( 7 ) • Strewing Plants, usually aromatic, that are strewn on the floor to give a nice smell, repel insects etc. ( 50 ) • String Plants that can be used as they are as a temporary string or can be easily made into a string. See also Fiber. ( 44 )
In the kitchen
• Bottles Plants that can be used as bottles. ( 1 ) • Containers Plants, such as gourds that can be used as containers. Does not include baskets or containers made from wood. ( 15 ) • Cork Including any plants used as a cork substitute. Cork is used for insulation (sound or heat), fire-retardant, bottle stops etc. ( 14 ) • Filter Used to strain out particles from liquids. ( 2 ) • Fruit ripening Substances that promote the premature or rapid ripening of fruits. ( 2 ) • Gum Gums have a wide range of uses, especially as stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickening agents, adhesives etc. ( 214 ) • Pectin A substance that is used to thicken jams etc and as a culture medium in laboratories. ( 19 ) • Straw For drinking with. ( 9 ) • Waxed paper Substitutes that is. ( 1 )
Other Uses
• Broom Used for sweeping the floor etc. ( 36 ) • Litmus Used for testing whether a substance is acid or alkaline. ( 8 ) • Microscope ( 6 ) • Miscellany A rag-bag of items that are difficult to categories. ( 255 ) • Musical Specific mention of plants used as musical instruments. Does not include the various woods that can be used for making musical instruments. ( 25 ) • Pollution Plants used to combat pollution. ( 18 ) • Repellent Plants that are said to deter but not necessarily kill various mammals, birds, insects etc. ( 423 ) • Weather forecasting A few plants that are supposed to help us forecast the weather. ( 6 ) • Weather protection Plants that can be used to give the body protection from severe weather. ( 6 )
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.2 KEY
Pesticides
• Fungicide Arrests the growth of, or kills, fungi. ( 34 ) • Herbicide Plants or plant extracts that can inhibit the growth of other plants. ( 86 ) • Insecticide Kills insects. ( 141 ) • Parasiticide Kills external body parasites such as hair lice. ( 124 )
Woodwork and other crafts
• Adhesive Glues. ( 62 ) • Basketry Plant used in making baskets and other items such as chairs. Includes plants that are only used as an ornamental addition. ( 201 ) • Beads Used as necklaces etc. ( 24 ) • Furniture A few miscellaneous uses that do not fit easily into other headings. ( 2 ) • Lacquer A type of varnish. ( 6 ) • Nails A few woods are tough enough to be used in place of metal nails in certain circumstances. ( 3 ) • Polish Plants used to give a shine to metals, wood etc. ( 19 ) • Preservative For food, or for treating wood, ropes etc. ( 44 ) • Rust Plants that can be used to prevent or treat rust. ( 9 ) • Sandpaper Plants used to smooth rough wooden surfaces by means of abrasion. ( 5 ) • Varnish Plants that can be used as a varnish without any special treatment. Does not include varnishes made from oils etc. ( 10 ) • Waterproofing Does what it says. See also Pitch and Oil. ( 21 ) • Wood A list of the trees and shrubs that are noted for having useful wood. ( 929 )
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.3
Non-Food Products from Missouri’s Top 5 Agricultural Crops
Soybeans • Bio-diesel • Bicomposite materials (made from recycled newspaper and soybeans). Made into products traditionally made from wood, such as furniture, flooring and countertops. • Particle-board, laminated plywood and finger-jointed lumber are all made from soy- based wood adhesives. • Home and commercial carpets, auto upholstery applications • Industrial solvents, lubricants, paints and cleaners. • Candles burn longer with less smoke and soot than other types of candles. • Inks in pens. It is more environmentally friendly and non-toxic and easy to clean up. • Soy crayons. They are safer for children, as they are non-toxic to children. • Soy-based lubricant. They can withstand higher heats and are non-toxic, renewable and environmentally friendly. • Soy-based hydraulic fluid and rail flange fluid. • Soy-based coolers. This product is used in coolers, refrigerators, automotive interiors, and even footwear. Corn • Adhesives-stamps, envelopes, stickers, tape • Aspirin • Talcum powder (talc, baby powders, powder inside medical latex gloves) • Paper cups • Toothpaste (substitute baking soda) • Medicines (syrups, ointments, lozenges) • Fillers in encapsulated medicines • “Placebo” for control groups in drug trials/research • Laundry starch • Chalk • Livestock and poultry feed Wheat • Polymers • Packing peanuts • Plastic Bags • Plastic film • Packaging, foams and insulation • Reinforcing agents in rubber products • Charcoal Cups • Fine paper products • Fuels
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.3
• Golf Tees • Insulation • Medical swabs • Roofing and other building materials • Skeet pigeons • Textile finishing agents • Wood substitute • Hair conditioners • Moisturizers • Liquid laundry detergents • Water-soluble inks • Starch replacing fat in desserts • Milk replacers • Egg white substitutes
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.4
Extended Practice – Plant Origins
Some plants are named after places where they grow, or the place where they were first discovered.
See if you can identify the place name in each of these plant names.
1. The plum tree called Eriobotrya japonica: ______
2. A flower called Callistephus chinensis: ______
3. A flower called Arum italicum: ______
4. A wildflower called Tradescantia virginiana: ______
5. A desert plant called Anemopsis californica: ______
6. A tree called Azadirachta indica: ______
7. A decorative flowering plant called Dianella tasmanica: ______
8. A desert plant called Geohintonia mexicana: ______
9. A grass called Raddia brasiliensis: ______
10. A gray-colored mossy-looking plant called Raoulia australis: ______
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.4 KEY
Extended Practice – Plant Origins Key
1) The plum tree called Eriobotrya japonica: Japan
2) A flower called Callistephus chinensis: China
3) A flower called Arum italicum: Italy
4) A wildflower called Tradescantia virginiana: Virginia
5) A desert plant called Anemopsis californica: California
6) A tree called Azadirachta indica: India
7) A decorative flowering plant called Dianella tasmanica: Tasmania
8) A desert plant called Geohintonia mexicana: Mexico
9) A grass called Raddia brasiliensis: Brazil
10) A gray-colored mossy-looking plant called Raoulia australis: Austrailia
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.5
Extended Practice – Word Detective Skills Worksheet
Use your “word detective” skills to see if you can match the scientific names with the common names. Think of words you know that look or sound like the scientific names. Use the process of elimination by starting with the matches that are easier to figure out.
1) Daucus carota _____ A) Oriental poppy
2) Solanum tuberosum _____ B) Cembrian pine
3) Pinus cembra _____ C) Carrot
4) Acer saccharum _____ D) Empress tree
5) Juglans nigra _____ E) Primrose
6) Citrus sinensis _____ F) Orange
7) Sophara japonica _____ G) Potato
8) Primula vulgaris _____ H) Sugar maple
9) Papaver orientale _____ I) Black walnut
10) Paulownia imperialis _____ J) Pagoda tree
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.5 KEY
Extended Practice – Word Detective Skills Worksheet
1) Daucus carota C A) Oriental poppy
2) Solanum tuberosum G B) Cembrian pine
3) Pinus cembra B C) Carrot
4) Acer saccharum H D) Empress tree
5) Juglans nigra I E) Primrose
6) Citrus sinensis F F) Orange
7) Sophara japonica J G) Potato
8) Primula vulgaris E H) Sugar maple
9) Papaver orientale A I) Black walnut
10) Paulownia imperialis D J) Pagoda tree
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Pla nt Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.6
Agricultural Crop Classification Evaluation
Research a given agricultural crop and present your findings on the following through a poster/pictorial representation to present to your classmates. a. Name of crop b. Complete plant classification, using the taxonomic classification. Must include information from each of the seven (7) categories of classification. Draw pyramid style. c. Include statistics on how much is grown or raised in Missouri and income earned based upon most current statistics available. d. Include any other products or by-products that are alternative uses of this particular crop, if applicable. e. Include a drawing or printed picture of the assigned crop.
Scoring guide:
1. Is the complete classification accurate and complete of assigned crop? ______/20
2. Does poster include statistics on amount grown or raised and/or income earned of assigned crop? ______/20
3. Does poster include names of other products or by-products that have alternative uses from this crop? ______/10
4. Does poster include a drawing or printed picture of the assigned crop? ______/5
5. Does it include correct name of crop assigned? ______/5
______/60 Total Points Available
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.7
Plant Classification and Nomenclature Evaluation
1. What elements are in a binomial nomenclature of a plant? A. Family and genus B. Phylum and species C. Genus and species D. Phylum and cultivar
2. What are three plant characteristics used to classify plants? A. Edible, ornamental, type of fruit B. Stem growth, leaf type, and cultivar C. Life cycle, foliage, and stem type D. Foliage, hardiness, and variety
3. What identifies a plant group that shares similar characteristics? A. Cultivar B. Genus C. Species D. Variety
4. What identifies variations of the species? A. Cultivar B. Genus C. Species D. Subphylum
5. What identifies the origin, geographical location, and physical characteristics of a plant? A. Cultivar B. Genus C. Phylum D. Species
6. What characteristics are used to classify plant function? A. Perennial and biennial B. Edible and ornamental C. Species and foliage D. Cultivar and hardiness
7. The three main uses of plants include which three? A. Food, clothing, shelter B. Food, clothing, drink C. Clothing, shelter, cosmetics D. Shelter
8. Name the levels of the Taxonomy System developed by Linnaeus.
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.7
9. Explain why Linnaeus developed this classification system.
10.What is the term used for the 2-word naming system developed by Linnaeus.
11. Describe how a dichotomous key can be used to determine the scientific name for an organism.
12. List Missouri’s top five agricultural crops.
13. Name three alternative uses for plants and plant products.
Bonus: Look at your fingers. Make 3 steps of a dichotomous key that could be used to differentiate your thumbs from your fingers.
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.7 KEY
Plant Classification and Nomenclature Evaluation
1. What elements are in a binomial nomenclature of a plant? A. Family and genus B. Phylum and species C. Genus and species D. Phylum and cultivar
2. What are three plant characteristics used to classify plants? A. Edible, ornamental, type of fruit B. Stem growth, leaf type, and cultivar C. Life cycle, foliage, and stem type D. Foliage, hardiness, and variety
3. What identifies a plant group that shares similar characteristics? A. Cultivar B. Genus C. Species D. Variety
4. What identifies variations of the species? A. Cultivar B. Genus C. Species D. Subphylum
5. What identifies the origin, geographical location, and physical characteristics of a plant? A. Cultivar B. Genus C. Phylum D. Species
6. What characteristics are used to classify plant function? A. Perennial and biennial B. Edible and ornamental C. Species and foliage D. Cultivar and hardiness
7. The three main uses of plants include which three? A. Food, clothing, shelter B. Food, clothing, drink C. Clothing, shelter, cosmetics D. Shelter
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature Basic Plant Science: Plant Classifications and Nomenclature BPS1.7
8. Name the levels of the Taxonomy System developed by Linnaeus. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
9. Explain why Linnaeus developed this classification system. To give standard names for organisms instead of having all countries use their own language
10. What is the term used for the 2-word naming system developed by Linnaeus. Binomial nomenclature
11. Describe how a dichotomous key can be used to determine the scientific name for an organism. Dichotomous key is a series of paired statements in which one must be chosen and it will lead to a final organism name
12. List Missouri’s top five agricultural crops. • Soybeans for beans – grown everywhere in Missouri except south central region • Forage- all hay and haylage, grass silage – grown throughout the state • Corn for grain – grown throughout the state • Wheat for grain, all types – grown throughout the state • Winter wheat for grain – grown throughout the state
13. Name three alternative uses for plants and plant products. Instructor’s discretion. See list provided in lesson.
Bonus: Look at your fingers. Make 3 steps of a dichotomous key that could be used to differentiate your thumbs from your fingers.
(Sample) Step 1 a. is shorter, go to step 2 b. is longer, go to step 3
Step 2 a. when hands are placed flat on table, this structure is sideways, go to 3 b. when hands are placed flat on table, the structure is flat, go to 4
Step 3 a. structure is on the right hand, right thumb b. structure is on the left hand, left thumb
Basic Plant Science BPS1 Plant Classifications and Nomenclature