The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: a Social and Cultural History Bruce Masters Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03363-4 - The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History Bruce Masters Index More information

Index

Abaza Hasan Pasha (grand vizier), 46, 68 Ahmad Bey (Tunisia), 187 cAbbas Hilmi (khedive), 215 Ahmed I, Sultan, 38 Abbas I, Shah, 31, 32, 56 Ahmed II, Sultan, 98 Abbasid Caliphate, 28, 41, 48, 52, Aigen, Wolffgang, 46 107, 128 cA’isha (wife of Prophet Muhammad), 50 cAbbud, Yusuf Dimitri, 84, 104, 131, 136 cAjlani, Shaykh Ahmad Darwish al-, 185 cAbduh, Muhammad, 201, 215 Akbar, Emperor, 125 Abdülaziz, Sultan, 35, 184, 187, 188 cAlawis (Moroccan dynasty), 36 Abdülhamid I, Sultan, 184, 206, 212 Albania, 5, 206, 223 Abdülhamid II, Sultan, 19, 182, 186, 192, Albanians, 5, 68 193, 206, 207, 230 Aleppo, 6, 24, 25, 28, 42, 60, 67, 76, 77, Abdülmecid I, Sultan, 157, 163, 165, 173, 78, 79, 86, 131, 139–45, 146, 188, 228 159, 163, 178, 185, 190, 195, cAbid, Hasan Agha, 131, 132–4, 136, 144 198, 228 cAbidin, Ahmad, 203 Alexandria, 133 Abkhaz, 24 Algeria, 36, 186 absolutism cAli, Caliph/Imam, 50 caliphate precedence and, 4 Ali Rıza Pasha (grand vizier), 149 constitutionalism and, 183, 194, 212 al-insan al-kamil (perfect man in Sufi Mughal, 125 Tradition), 116 Abu Bakr (caliph), 50, 124 Alioğlu, Hüseyin, 39 Abu Hanifa, 31 Alliance Israélite Universelle, 196 Abu Risha, 97 al-Muqtabas (newspaper), 215 Abu Yusuf, Yacqub, 88 alterity, cultural, 12 Aceh, 35 American Board of Commissioners for Acre, 87, 148 Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 160 Adige, 24 American University (Beirut), 161 Adile (daughter of Hasan Pasha, Amin, Qasim, 202 Baghdad, 40 Amin, Samir, 75 agriculture, 74, 100 amir al-cArab (commander of the ahl al-bayt (ruling family in a Bedouin Bedouins), 96 tribe), 182 amir al-jabal (Commander, or Prince, of ahl al-sunna (people of the Sunna), 21 Lebanon), 165

251

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03363-4 - The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History Bruce Masters Index More information

252 Index

amir al-mu’minin (Commander of the Ayşe (daughter of Hasan Pasha, Faithful), 51 Baghdad), 41 Anatolia, 25, 63, 193, 206 Azeban (infantry corps), 68 Ando, Clifford, 3, 5, 226 cAzm, Sulayman al-; (brother of cAzm Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Treaty Isma’il al-Pasha), 86 (1838), 179, 188 cAzm, cAbdallah al-, 136, 147, 169 Ankara (battle), 25 cAzm, Ascad al- Pasha, 86 Ansari, Sharaf al-Din Musa al-, 65 cAzm, Isma’il al- Pasha, 86 Anscombe, Frederick, 190 cAntar, 127 Bab al-Nayrab quarter in Aleppo), 169 cAntun, Farah, 205 Bab Musalla (quarter in Damascus), 69 Arab Congress, 216 Babnisi, cAbdallah al-, 169 Arab sciences, 107 Badawi, Ahmad al-, 112 Arab Spring (2011), 2 Baghdad, 20, 22, 30, 31, 32, 62, 76, 104, cArab wa al-cuthmaniyyun al-, 1516–1916 149, 181, 198 (The Arabs and the Ottomans, Province, 185 Rafeq), 10 Bakhkhash, Nacum, 152, 159, 170, cArabi (plural cArab, or cUrban, those 172, 173 who speak Arabic as their native Balkans, 193 tongue, or a Bedouin, or an Banqusa (quarter in Aleppo), 69, 169 inhabitant of Arabia), 14 Banu Hilal, 127 Arabian Nights, The, 127 Barker, Edward, 153 Arabistan (country of the Bedouin/Arabs), Bashir II, Emir, 165 15, 96, 150 Bashir III, Emir (Bashir Qasim), 165 Arutin, Bishop Bulus, 140, 170 Basra, 32, 62, 77, 149, 181, 185 cAsali, Shukri al-, 213 batin (inner truth), 105, 115 Ashraf al-Ghawri al-, Sultan, 28 Baybars, 23 cAshura (Shi’i holy day), 31 bayca (profession of loyalty), 28 askeri (soldier class), 37 Bayezid II, Sultan, 25 Atassi, Khalid al-, 185 Bayhum, Husayn, 185 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 17 bedel-i askeri (tax instead of conscription), autonomy, 187 172 Albanian, 223 Bedir Xan, Emir, 167 Beirut Reform Committee and, 216 Bedouins, 14, 27, 32, 62, 68, 74, 77, 95–8, governors and, 39 135, 139, 155, 163, 178, 181, guild, 81 182 Lebanese, 185 Beirut, 77, 160, 178, 182, 195 Libyan, 186 Beirut Reform Committee, 216 local, 164, 166, 213 bidca (heresy), 123 North African, 40 Bira (Birecik), 77 sultanate, 102 Birgili Mehmed (Mehmed of Birgi), 119, avariz hane (taxable units), 93 122 awlad al-cArab (Arabic-speakers), 14, Bitar, cAbd al-Razzaq al-, 203, 207 65, 230 Blunt, Wilfred, 210 Awrangzeb, Sultan, 125 Bodman, Herbert, 67 acyan (elite local families), 8, 18, 42, 83–8, Bonaparte, Napoleon, 130–4 140, 177–83, 190, 194, 229, 231 Bosniaks, 5 ayan (plural ayanlar, local strong man), Botan, 166 87, 139 bourgeoisie, 159, 182, 194–9 Aydınlı Abdullah Pasha, 86 Bowen, Harold, 12 cAyn Jalut (battle), 22 Bowring, Sir John, 79 Ayntab (Gaziantep), 146, 181 Braudel, Fernand, 164

Index 253

Bulaq Press, 204 Constantinople, 25 Bulgaria, 5, 214 Constitution of 1876, 183–6, 211 Bulgarian Massacres, 185 courts Bulut Kapan Ali Bey, 44, 130 Arabic language and, 59, 109 Burayk, Mikha’il, 230 authority of, 151, 162 Bustani, Butrus al-, 204 commercial, 161 Büyük Süleyman Pasha (Iraq), 136 Muslim law, 71 qadis and, 63 Çağalzade Sinan Pasha, 38 religious, 12, 16 Cairo, 6, 20, 24, 25, 27, 43, 76, 78, 133 sharia, 161 Çaldıran (battle), 26 Cyrenaica (Barqa), 186 caliphate, 206–11 evolution of office of, 50, 51 Damanhuri, Ahmad ibn cAbd al-Muncim greater and lesser, 207 al-, 28, 44 model, 5 Damascus, 6, 20, 24, 25, 26, 28, 42, 45, 60, sultanate and, 206 64, 76, 77, 86, 87, 110, 131, 149, universal, 52 160, 163, 190, 195, 198, 226 Caliphs, Rightly Guided, 53 Dar al-Islam (House of Islam, the lands Canpulatoğlu cAli, 47 under Muslim rule), 20 Canpulatoğlu, Hüseyin, 38 Darciyya, 139 Çapanoğlu Celalettin Mehmed Pasha, Davud Pasha (Iraq), 144, 149 138, 141 Dayr al-Qamar, 174 Cebel-i Dürüz (Mountain of the Druzes, Dayr al-Zawr, 181 Lebanon), 164 decentralization, 215 Cem, Prince, 25 derebey (lord of the valley), 87, 161 Cemal Pasha, 209 Derviş Pasha (Damascus), 147 Cemiyet-i İttihad ve Terakki (Committee of devşirme (boy-tax), 13, 37, 67 Union and Progress, CUP), 213 dhikr (Sufi practice),113 , 123 centralization, 154, 164 Dimashqi, Mikha’il al-, 132 Çerkes Osman Pasha (Abu Tawq), 86 diwan (informal council), 130, 161 Cezire (northern Iraq and eastern Syria), 146 Diyarbakır, 90, 167 Cezzar Ahmed Pasha, 87, 132, 137, 146 diyar-ı mahrusa (well-protected domains), 4 Chechen, 24 Chikmakiyan, Zirun, 210 Ebu’s-su’ud Efendi, 54, 197 Chingiz Khan, 4 economy Christians Ottoman, 74–75, 101–02, 179–80, Balkan, 5 189–91 Catholic, 152 commanding right and forbidding Greek Orthodox, 142, 227 wrong, 101 Maronite, 152, 165–6, 173, 182, 204 decline of, 74 Melkite, 142, 152 revenues and, 101 Nestorian (Assyrians), 167 trade treaties and, 180 Uniate, 152 world, 74 Circassians, 24 Edirne (Adrianople), 214 Cizre, 167 Egypt, 23, 42–5, 62, 91, 130–9, 188 clothing, 197 occupation of, 146–54 coffee, 77, 119, 120, 137 Egypt and the Fertile Crescent 1616–1922 houses, 121, 126–8 A Political History (Holt), 10 commerce, 73, 75–9, 160, 183 Elias al-Musili, 104 conscription, 7, 13, 19, 37, 67, 144, 149, elite, 180, 214, 227 150, 153, 157, 163, 168, 172, Sunni, 7 178, 190, 215, 217 Turks, 188

254 Index

emirs (commanders), 23, 52 Macn al-, 89, 147 Egyptian, 43 Marcopoli, 180 empire Mawali, 97 Ottoman Muntafiq, 98 Islam and the, 8 Poche, 180 periods of, 4, 16 Quraysh, 51, 207 decline (1566–1808 or 1839), 16 Shammar, 98, 134, 182 height (1453–1566), 16 Shihab al-, 147, 165 origins (1300?-1453), 16 Faqariyya (faction), 43 revived (1839–1908), 16 Farhad Pasha (Damascus), 117 revolution and collapse Farhi, Haim, 147 (1908–1918), 17 Fath cAli Shah (Iran), 206 ruler power in, 8 fatwa (legal ruling), 126 paradigm, 3 fellahin (peasants), 15 Roman, 3 ferde vergüsü (tax on adult males), Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 2 169, 177 Eretz Yisrael (the Land of Israel), 213 Feyzullah Efendi, 120, 121 Esad Muhlis Pasha, 159 fez, 160, 197 ethnicity, 206, 230 finance, 79, 150, 183, 190 Evliya Çelebi, 15, 103, 116 frontier, tribal, 95–100 exceptionalism, Arab, 11, 12 Fuad (Khedive), 189 expansion Fuad Pasha (grand vizier), 175 Ottoman Furat/Fırat (newspaper), 181 eastward, 30–3 Future of Islam, The (Blunt), 210 North African, 35–7 southward, 33–5 Gaylani (al-Kaylani), cAbd al-Qadir al-, 31 exports, 77, 180 gedik (guild membership certificate),80 crop, 92 Genç Yusuf Pasha, 137 gender families, clans, and tribes, 176 gap, 196 Abbasid (Banu Abbas), 51 God’s, 115 cAnaza, 97, 146, 170 roles, 106, 202 Ayyubid, 23 Georgians, 24 cAzm, 42, 85, 91, 98, 226 Ghanim, Khalil, 185 Bani Lam, 98 Ghazali, Janbardi al-, 28, 117 Banu Tamim, 98 Ghazali, Muhammad al-, 55, 125 Bekirli, 98 Ghazzi, Kamil al-, 90, 228 Druze, 147, 164, 165, 174 Ghuta, 162, 179 Fatimid, 110 Gibb, Sir Hamilton, 11 Fatlah, 98 governors Harfush, 89 hereditary, 40, 188 Hashemite, 210 meclis and, 162 Hayar, 96 military, 39–40 Husayni, 187 Ottoman, 38–9 ibn Sacud, 134, 139, 183 professional, 37, 42 İlbeklü, 98 provincial, 58–63, 177, 181 Jalili, 42, 85, 91, 149 self-made, 37–42 Karamanlı, 186 Granada, 36 Khaza’il, 98 Greece, 5, 214 Khazin, 173 Greek War for Independence, 142, 144, Kurdish, 164 145, 176, 227 Lynch, 182 Grigorios V, Patriarch, 142

Index 255

guilds, 79–82, 101, 137, 161 ibn cAbd al-Wahhab, Muhammad, 71, membership, 81 122–4, 134, 155, 186, 201 ibn Hamid al-Din, Yahya Muhammad, 35 hadith (traditions of the Prophet ibn Hanbali, Radi al-Din Muhammad, 56 Muhammad), 197 ibn Hanbali, Radi al-Din Muhammad, 64 Hafız Ahmed Pasha (grand vizier), 56 ibn Kannan, Muhammad, 57, 86, 103, Haifa, 195 118, 119 hajj, 21, 40, 51, 78, 97, 103, 134, 136, ibn Khaldun, cAbd al-Rahman Abu-Zayd, 163, 227 53, 76, 108, 205 Hakkari, 167 ibn Sacud, cAbd al-cAziz, 134, 155 Halakha (religious law), 106 ibn Sacud, Sacud, 135 Hama, 86, 146, 179 ibn Sina, 205 Hanafi (legal tradition),31 , 53, 58, 63 ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din, 53, 110, 122, 123 Hanbali (legal tradition), 63 ibn Tulun, Muhammad, 27, 55, 64, 83, 115 hanedan (hereditary dynasties), 87 Ibrahim Pasha (governor of Syria), 139, Hanioğlu, Şükrü, 157 144, 146–54, 161, 169, 190, Hanna, Nelly, 104 207, 229 Harim, 146 identity, 12–16 Hasa, al-, 183, 189 Arab, 205 Hasan (grandson of Muhammad), 51 ethnic, 8, 15 Hasan Pasha (Baghdad), 32 religious, 163 Hashemite clan (Banu Hashim), 61 shared religious, 8 Hathaway, Jane, 29 topographical, 15 Hatt-ı Şerif (Gülhane Decree), 157, 159, ijtihad (individual reasoning), 124 162, 172, 177 iltizam (tax farms), 88 Hawran, 137, 222 Ingush, 24 Hawza (council of the leading Shi’i International Journal of Middle Eastern clergy), 135 Studies, xiii hijab (veil), 198 İrak-ı Arap (Iraq of the Arabs), 15 Holt, P. M., 10 Iran, 32, 229 Homs, 95, 146, 179, 195 Iraq, 33, 74 Hourani, Albert, 83, 84, 86 Iskanderun, 149, 195 House of Osman, 156, 184, 206, 207, Islahat fermanı (Reform Decree), 172 227, 229 Islam Hülegü, 23 Constitution of 1876 and, 184 Hungary, 5 Ottoman Empire and, 5, 6, 8, 21, 48 Hürrem (wife of Süleyman, 111 state and, 10 Hürşid Pasha (governor, Aleppo), 140 Islamic Society and the West (Gibb and Husayn, Imam, 30, 51, 52 Bowen), 11 Husayn, Taha, 225 Ismacil, 206 Husayni, Sacid al-, 213 Istanbul, 4, 104, 109, 164, 199 Hüsrev Pasha (grand vizier), 111 cİttihad-i Muhammadi (Muhammadan Union), 212 ibn Abi al-Surur, Muhammad, 22, 49, Izmir, 195, 199 54, 119 ibn Abi al-Wafa, Shaykh Abu Bakr, 114 Jabarti, cAbd al-Rahman al-, 44, 54 ibn cAbidin, Muhammad Amin, 154, 207 Jabiri, Nafic al-, 185, 210, 212, 213 ibn al-cArabi, Muhiy al-Din, 110, 112–26, Jacfari (Islamic legal tradition), 31, 33 131, 208 Jaffa, 182, 195 ibn al-Himsi, Shihab al-Din Ahmad, 56 Jalili, Yahya al-, 150 ibn Ayas, Muhammad, 27, 49 janissaries (Ottoman infantry), 8, 48, 66–9, ibn Ayyub, Salah al-Din (Saladin), 23 132, 138, 141, 144, 150

256 Index

Jaza’iri, cAbd al-Qadir al-, 203 Lala Mustafa Pasha, 57 Jaza’iri, Tahir al-, 203 land Jeddah, 42, 44 ownership, 178 Jerusalem, 42, 104, 198 registration, 178 Jewish Agency, 213 landowners, 8 Jisr al-Shughur, 146 language, 6, 12, 16, 59, 206, 215 jizya (poll-tax on non-Muslims, 153 Arabic, use of, 103, 107, 108, 109 Jön Türkler (Young Turks), 211 Ottoman Turkish, 184, 188, 200, 213, Judayda (quarter of Aleppo), 170 216 judges Persian, 107 chief, 13, 59 Lattakia, 182 provincial, 59, 63–6 Lebanon, 46, 60, 89, 92, 146, 147, 148, decentralization of, 59 164, 176 legitimacy, 6, 7, 10, 18, 21, 54, 55, 61, 155 Kadızade Mehmed, 120 non-Muslim, 30 Kadızadeli (follower of Kadizade Levant Company, 77 Mehmed), 120 Libya, 186, 214 Kaimmakam (governor), 166 literacy, 104, 196 Kamil Pasha, grand vizier, 215 literature, 93, 107, 108, 128 kanun (sultanic decrees), 63, 71, 125 Little Ice Age, 74, 94, 97 Kanun-ı Esasi (constitution), 184 Karagöz (shadow puppet theater), 127 Macarrat al-Nucman, 86, 146 Karamanlı Ahmed, 39 Macedonia, 211 Karbala, 104, 134, 155 Macn, Fakhr al-Din, 89 Karim Khan Zand, 32 madhhab (mezhep, Muslim legal tradition), Karmi, Marci al-, 49 64–5 Katib Çelebi, 121 madrasa (religious school), 13, 106 Katırağası Ibrahim Pasha (Aleppo), 136 Khusrawiyya (madrasa complex), 111 Kawakibi, cAbd al-Rahman al-, 209–11 Süleymaniye, 111 Kayalı, Hasan, 213 maghariba (irregular soldiers), 67 Kemalpaşazade Ahmed, 116 Maghrib (Arabic for North Africa, 36 Kha’ir Bek, 22, 28 Mahmud I, Sultan, 40, 57, 179, 207 Khalidi, Ruhi al-, 213 Mahmud II, Sultan, 137, 138, 139, 142, Khalidi, Yusuf Ziya al-, 185 147, 148, 154, 186, 206 khalifat Rasul Allah (Successor of God’s majlis (diwan) al-shura (consultative Messenger), 50 assembly), 151 khaluw (guild membership certificate),80 Makdisi, Ussama, 164 khans (caravansaries), 159 Makki, Muhammad al-, 95, 99 Kharrat, Hashim al-, 209 malikane (life-time tax farm), 90–1 Khayr al-Din (Tunisia), 187 malikaneci (possessor of a malikane), 82 khedive (hıdıv, governor of Egypt), 188 Maliki (legal school), 63 Khilafa, al- (newspaper), 210 mamluk (male slave), 22 Khiyari, Ibrahim al-, 55, 57, 98, 103, 109, Mamluk Sultanate, 21–30 111, 118, 119, 121, 123, 126 Mannac, cAdel, 85, 155 Khoury, Philip, 87 Mar Shimcun, 167 Kisrawan, 173 Mar’a al-jadida, al- (The New Woman, Kızıl Baş, 116 Amin), 202 Konya, 149 Marash (Kahramanmaraş), 181 Kritovoulos, 4 Marj Dabiq, 21, 26 Kurd cAli, Muhammad, 215 Matn, 174 Kurdistan (Country of the Kurds), 15, 59, Mawardi, cAli al-, 52, 187 164, 167 Mawlay Hasan, Sultan, 206 Kurds, 5, 68, 95 Maydan (quarter in Damascus), 69, 190

Index 257

Maydanjik (quarter in Aleppo), 69 Musa al-Kadhim, Imam, 30 Mazlum, Maksimus, 152 music, 120 Mecca, 20, 61, 135, 210 Muslims mecelle (written legal code), 183 Albanian, 7 meclis (provincial governing body), 161 Arab, 6 Medina, 20, 61 Balkan, 7 Mehmed (Vani) Efendi, 120, 121 Bosniak, 7 Mehmed Ali, 137, 139, 144, 147, 154, 155, Imami Shia, 51 186, 204, 229 Naqshbandi, 200 Mehmed I, Sultan, 53 Shia, 26, 30, 31, 51, 56, 83, 104, 123, Mehmed II, Sultan, 4, 21, 25 124, 134, 135, 155, 174, 229 Mehmed IV, Sultan, 46, 57, 103, 120, Imami, 34, 51, 116 212, 214 Ismaili, 34, 110 merchants, 8 Zaydi, 34 ethnicity of, 78–9 Sunni, 5, 48, 51, 71, 110, 135, Meriwether, Margaret, 85 155, 227 Midhat Pasha, 182, 189 legal traditions of, 63 military, 5, 150, 184 Wahhabi, 200 Arabistan Ordusu (Army of the Land of Yemeni, 34 the Arabs), 163 Mustafa Zarif Pasha, 169, 170, 171 Fifth Army (Arabistan Ordusu, Army of Mutacsim (caliph), 28 the Land of the Arabs), 163 Mutawakkil cala Allah al-, Caliph, 27, İrak Ordusu (Army of Iraq), 163 28, 112 Maronite Christian, 152 mütesarrifiye (Lebanon), 182 provincial, 66–9 Muwahhidun (Wahhabis), 122 millets (non-Muslim religious communities), 172 Nabulusi, cAbd al-Ghani al-, 103, 113, miri (state lands), 88 118–19, 120, 126 mirs (Kurdish chieftains), 166 Nadir Shah, 32, 58 missionaries, 195 Naima, 96 Mocha, 34 Najaf, 104, 135 modernity, 197 Najaf, Council of, 32 political identity and, 199 Najd, 139, 146, 183 monarchy, constitutional, 194 Napoleon, 130–9 Montenegro, 214 naqib al-ashraf (head of the Prophet’s Morocco, 49, 229 descendants), 209 Mosul, 28, 30, 32, 42, 60, 62, 76, 149, Nasir al-Din Shah, 206 166, 178, 181 Nasir Pasha (Iraq), 182 mufti (chief legal theorists), 65 Nasiriyya, al-, 182 Muhammad Ahmed (Mahdi), 208 Nasser, Gamal Abdul-, 2 Muhammad al-Makki, 118 nationalism, 19, 176, 193, 206, 227 Muhammad al-Muntadhar (Mahdi), 208 ethnic, 194 Muhammad al-Mutahhar (Mahdi), 34 Necib Pasha (Aleppo), 160 Muhammad al-Sadiq Bey (Tunisia), 187 Nelson, Lord, 131 Muhammad Bey (Abu Dhahab), 44 neo-Mamluks, 29, 70 Muhammad, Prophet, 50 Neophytos, 143, 148 Muhammad Taqi (Imam), 30 Nezip, 153, 167 mujtahids (Shi’i legal authorities), 31, 124 niqab (full opaque face veil), 198 mulk (private property), 88 Niqula al-Turk, 14 Muntafiq, 182 Nizam al-Mulk, 110 Muqaddima (ibn Khaldun), 53 Nizam-ı Cedid (, 132 Murad IV, Sultan, 120 Nizamiyya (madrasa), 110 Murad V, Sultan, 184 North Africa, 45, 186–9

258 Index

Ömer, Governor (Baghdad), 41 qanun (sultan’s law), 63 Osman Gazi, 12, 49 Qarliq (quarter in Aleppo), 69, 169 Osman, House of, 5, 7, 18, 27, 31, 44, 46, qasaba (Ottoman fortified city),36 54, 55, 117, 155 Qasim (al-Kabir), (Yemen), 35 Osmanlı (Ottoman), 12 Qasimiyya (faction), 43 Ottomanism, 194, 200, 213 Qazdughliyya (faction), 44, 45 Qom, 104 Palestine, 179, 213, 217, 230 Qudsi, Husam al-Din al-, 210 Palestine Mandate, 181 qunbaz (caftan), 197 Parliament, First Ottoman, 183–6 Qur’an, 107, 124 Parliament, Second Ottoman, Qutuz, 22 211–14 Passarowitz, Treaty of, 40 Rafeq, Abdul-Karim, 10, 11 pastoralists, 9, 14, 95 Ragib Pasha, 138 Patras, 142 Rashid ibn Mughamis, 32 patronage, 109 Raydaniyya (battle), 27 peasants, 60, 75, 76, 88, 91, 92–5, 98, 102, Raymond, André, 10, 11 177, 191 Razzaq, cAbd al-al-Rahman ibn Christian, 15, 174 cAbd al-, 118 Druze, 174 reaya (Ottoman subjects, literally, the Serbian, 185 flock), 5, 37 Peloponnesus, 139–45 rebellions and revolutions periodization, 16–19 Aleppo, 139–45, 168, 169 Philliou, Christine, 6 Anatolia, 142 pilgrimages, 104 Arab Revolt, 72, 217, 219, 220, 221 piracy, 39, 40, 57 Bosnia, 185 Piri Reis map, 73 Bulgaria, 185 plural, 51 Celali, 95 poetry, 106, 107, 109 Damascus, 168, 174 folk, 128 Diyarbakır, 140 mawal (multi-versed), 128 Egyptian, 29 poll-tax, 150, 153 Herzegovina, 185 population, 76 Istanbul, 212 Muslim Arab, 193 Kızıl Baş, 26 non-Muslim, 172 northern Syria, 38 rural depopulation, 93–5 Wallachia, 142, 145 Portugal, 33, 35 Young Turk, 211–16 presidios (Spanish garrisons), 36 reform, 2, 18, 61, 129, 139, 157–9, 177, provinces 184, 186, 187, 203 Arab, 11–12, 17–19 committee, 216, 217 Balkan and Anatolian, 11, 62, 71 Reform Decree, 172, 173 Iraqi, 32, 62, 150 Reform Edict (1856), 180 North African, 39 regime, Mamluk and Ottoman peripheral, 163–8 continuities, 70 Roman power and, 3 religion, 105, 206 Syrian, 65, 86, 92, 139, 161 political ideology and, 10, 34 Public Debt Administration, 189 religious sciences, 107 renewal, religious, 119–26 qadis (Muslin judges), 63, 101 Rida, Rashid, 215 Qajar, Shah Mohammad, 150 riots, urban, 25 Qalawun (Kalavun), 23 Rum (Anatolia and the Ottoman Balkan Qansuh al-Ghawri, Sultan, 21, 112 provinces), 13, 142

Index 259

Rumi (plural Arwam, Ottoman, or Sharaf al-Din, Imam (Yemen), 34 Orthodox Christian), 13 sharia (Islamic religious laws and Rumi, Jalal al-Din, 129 moral code), 3, 53, 58, 63, rural conditions, 88–95 71, 102, 115, 119, 125, Russell, Alexander, 127, 131 172, 183, 190 Russia, 172, 185 sharif (plural ashraf, descendant of the Prophet Muhammad), Sabunji, Louis, 210 37, 38, 42, 132, 138, 140, Sacdis (Moroccan dynasty), 36 209, 215 Sacid Baraka al- (Berke), 23 shaykh (head of a guild or Bedouin Safadi, al-Shaykh Salah al-Din al-, 208 tribe), 80 Safavi, Shah Ismail, 26, 30, 31, 56 Shaykh al-balad (Cairo, “head of the Safed, 104 town”), 44 Said Pasha (Damascus), 173 Shaykh al-Islam (chief Muslim legal salaf (ancestors), 122 authority), 64 salafiyya (Muslim reform movement), Shia, 20 122, 201 Shicat Ali (party or faction of Saliba (quarter of Aleppo), 170 cAli), 51 Salimiyya (Damascus), 117 Shihab, Bashir II, 146 Salzman, Ariel, 90 Shihab, Emir Haydar al-, 147 Sanca, 34, 35 Shumayyil, Shibli, 205 sancak (district), 181 Sidon, 59, 87 Sannuc, Yacqub, 205 silk, 165 Sanusi, Muhammad al-, 186 silver, 74 Sanusi, Sayyid Ahmad al-, 215 Sinan (architect), 111 sarays (provincial palaces), 16, 142 sipahis (cavalrymen), 60–1 Sayda (Sidon), 160 Sirhindi, Shaykh Ahmad, 124 Sayyadi, Abu al-Huda al-, 208 sirwal (baggy trousers), 197 scholarship, 106–12 slaves, 13, 29 schools, 110, 111, 195–6 African, 15 al-Azhar, 111 Egyptian, 24 awqaf and, 106 European, 36 Hanbali, 111 Qipchak Steppe, 24 Maliki, 111 royal, 41 state-sponsored, 59 Sultan’s, 37 secularism, 194 Sökeli Ali, 40 Şehrizor, 181 Spain, 36 Selim I, Sultan Yavuz, 20, 21–30, 55, 64 Sufi Selim II, Sultan, 6, 108, 117 Bektaşi, 112 Selim III, Sultan, 131, 133, 137 Mevlevi, 112, 113 sema (Sufi performance), 113 Naqshbandi, 113, 124–6 Serbia, 5, 214 orders (singular, tariqa), 112, Şeyhülislam (chief legal scholar 230 of the Empire), 40 Qadiriyya, 112 Shafici School, 109 qalandars (mendicant Sufis),113 Shahin, Tanyus, 173 Rifaciyya, 112, 209 Shahnamah (Persian epic), 107 Sanusi, 186, 214 Shahrizor, 59 Sufi doctrine,112–26 Shajara al-nucmaniyya fi al-dawla Süleyman (Baghdad), 40 al-cuthmaniyya al- (The Süleyman Pasha, 137, 147 Genealogical Tree in the Süleyman, Sultan (Kanuni), 20, 28, 30–1, Ottoman State), 117, 208 34, 56, 111

260 Index

Sultanate caravan, 75, 77, 78, 95, 146 al-Damanhuri and, 44 direct, 87 as an institution, 19, 44, 52–8, 123 Egyptian, 24 constitutionally-defined,184 export, 180 obligations of, 52, 183 import, 180 decentralized, 223 patterns of, 76 House of Osman and, 208 regional, 75 Mamluk, 21–30, 44 routes, 33, 97 North African, 40 silk, 92 Ottoman, 70 transit, 77, 79 Sumatra, 35 transliteration, xiii Suq Saruja (quarter in Damascus), 69 treaties, 159, 179 Suriyya/Suriye, 181 Tripoli (Lebanon), 59, 86 Syria, 23, 48, 74, 92, 171, 176, 185, 192 Tripoli (Libya), 36, 39, 186 Syrian Protestant College, 160 Tuman Bay, Sultan, 27 Tunis, 36, 76 Taba’ic al-istibdad (The Characteristics of Tunisia, 186, 187–8 Tyranny, al-Kawakibi), 210 türbe (tomb), 111 Tabbakh, Muhammad Raghib al-, 153, Turkey, Republic of, 17 228 Turkmens, 68, 95, 98 Tahrir al-mar’a (Women’s Liberation, Turks, 5, 13 Amin), 202 Anatolian, 5 ta’ifa (tawa’if, guilds), 80 taife (sect), 143 ulama (Muslim religious scholars), 4, Ta’izz, 34 16, 51, 64, 83, 103, 105, 106, takfir (to name someone an infidel),123 110, 121, 151, 162, 183, 226, Takiyya (Damascus), 136 227, 231 Talay, İstemihan, 1 cUmari, Yasin al-, 117, 119, 131 Tanzimat (reordering), 157–59, 163, 177, Umayyads (Banu Umayya), 50 183, 189–91 Umm al-qura (The Mother of Cities, Tanzimat Reforms, 160–63, 168–69, al-Kawakibi), 210 178–80, 187, 229 umma (Muslim polity), 50 Tapu (Land-Deed) Code (1858), 177–80 cUrabi, Colonel Ahmad, 188 taqlid (tradition), 201 cUrdi, Abu al-Wafa, 38, 56 Tatarlar (quarter in Aleppo), 69 Urfa (Şanlıurfa), 181 taxation, 63, 100 Urumia, 38 collective, 178 Ustuwani, Muhammad Sacid al-, 121, 160, individual, 178, 190 172, 175 modernization and, 156 cUthman, Caliph, 50 tax-farming, 60, 89–93, 157 Thessaloniki, 199, 211, 214 vali (governor), 188 Thrace, 214 Vasco da Gama, 24 timar (fief granted to a cavalryman),60–2 , vekil (deputy governor), 166 88, 89 Vilayet (Province) Law (1864), Timur-i lenk Han (Tamerlane), 25, 146 180–3, 189 tobacco, 93, 119, 127 vilayet salnamesi (provincial yearbook), Topkapı Palace, 37 196 Tosun, son of Mehmed Ali, 138 violence, sectarian, 168–77, 193, 212 Trablus-ı Garb (province of Libya), 187 trade, 46, 74, 136, 190 wahdat al-wujud (unity of existence or Asian and European, 73 being), 114

Index 261

Wahhabis (followers of ibn cAbd Yunan (Greece, ethnic Greeks), 142 al-Wahhab), 122, 134–9 Yusuf Ziya Pasha, 133 wali (awliya (saints), 105 Wallachia, 5, 62 Zabid, 34 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 74 Zaghlul, Sacd, 205 waqf (plural awqaf, pious endowment), 33, zahir (outer truth), 105, 115 89, 106, 151, 161 Zahir al-cUmar, 44 Werry, Augustus William, 170, 171 Zahir Barkuk, al-, 24 World Zionist Congress, 213 Zahle, 174 zawiyya (tekke, Sufi hostels),112 Yahya Efendi, 121 Zaydan, Jurji, 204 Yemen, 34, 49, 62, 185, 189, 229 Zeytun, 153 yerliyya (regiment in Damascus), 68 Zohar (mysticism), 106