Albanwise Ltd King's Lynn and West Norfolk Site Allocations

Albanwise Ltd

King's Lynn and West Norfolk Site Allocations DPD

Biodiversity Report

21 November 2011

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited

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Contents

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background to the Work 1 1.2 Site Location and Context 1 1.3 Purpose of this Report 1

2. Methodology 3 2.1 Desk Study 3 2.1.1 Great Crested Newt Pond Screening Exercise 4 2.2 Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey 4

3. Results 7 3.1 Desk Study 7 3.1.1 Designated Sites 7 3.1.2 Protected and Notable Species Records 8 3.2 Results - Field Survey 11 3.2.1 On-site Habitats - Site A 11 3.2.2 On-site Habitats - Site B 12 3.2.3 Habitats Adjacent to the Site 14 3.2.4 Fauna 14

4. Ecological Baseline Description 15 4.1 Designated Sites 15 4.2 Habitats 15 4.3 Protected and Notable Species 15

5. Ecological Opportunities, Constraints and Recommendations 19 5.1 Designated Sites 19 5.2 Habitats 19 5.3 Fauna 19 5.3.1 Badger 19

5.3.2 Bats 20 5.3.3 Great Crested Newt 20 5.3.4 Reptiles 21 5.3.5 Birds 21

6. Alternative Land Options 23 6.1 Introduction 23 6.2 South East Sector (Site C) 23 6.2.1 Site Location 23 6.2.2 Site C – Overview of Ecological Value 23 6.3 Land South of Broomhill Farm (Site D) 23 6.3.1 Site Location 24 6.3.2 Site D – Overview of Ecological Value 24 6.4 Summary - Comparison of Biodiversity Value 24

7. References 25

Table 3.1 Details of Designated Sites in the Vicinity of the Site 7 Table 3.2 Protected and Notable Species Recorded Within 2 km of the Site 9

Figure 1.1 Site Location Map After Page 2 Figure 3.1 Statutory Designated Sites Within 10 km of the Site After Page 14 Figure 3.2 Non-Statutory Sites and Protected/Notable Species Records Within 2 km of the Site After Page 14 Figure 3.3 Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey Map After Page 14

Appendix A Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey Target Notes Appendix B Protected Species Legislation

1. Introduction

1.1 Background to the Work Albanwise Ltd owns a significant landholding at Downham Market, covering approximately 478 hectares (ha). Within this area, Albanwise has submitted two potential sites (referred to as ‘Site A’ and ‘Site B’ or jointly as ‘the sites’; see Figure 1.1) which are the subject of this report. The adopted King’s Lynn and West Norfolk Core Strategy makes provision for around 400 new homes in Downham Market up to 2026. Sites A and B have been identified as being within the area of search on the eastern half of the town as possible locations for the proposed residential expansion.

1.2 Site Location and Context The land owned by Albanwise Limited is located on the northern and north-eastern boundary of Downham Market and to the south of the village of Wimbotsham. As mentioned above, the land discussed within this report is comprises two separate but adjacent sites. Site A comprises approximately 12 ha of predominantly agricultural land and is located on the northern eastern edge of the town of Downham Market. The area extends between residential land to the south, Kingston Plantation at the north-western boundary and Lynn Road at the eastern boundary. Site B comprises approximately 20 ha of predominantly agricultural land at the north-eastern edge of the town. The area extends between Lynn Road in the west, the A10 in the east, Upper Farm at the northern boundary and the A112/A10 roundabout junction at the southern boundary.

1.3 Purpose of this Report The purpose of this submission is to present the results of the ecological work which has been undertaken at Sites A and B to identify potential constraints and opportunities in respect of development of the sites. Section 2 sets out the methodology used in gathering and evaluating relevant data and Section 3 presents the results. The information is used to describe the current ecological baseline status of the sites in Section 4 and potential constraints, opportunities and recommendations are discussed in Section 5. A comparative assessment in respect of two alternative land options within Downham Market is included (Site C, south east sector and Site D, Land south of Broomhill Farm).

2. Methodology

2.1 Desk Study Information about statutory nature conservation sites within 10km of the site boundary was obtained using the internet based GIS tool Magic (www.magic.gov.uk) in June 2011. Information was requested from Norfolk Biodiversity Information (NBI) who provided data relating to non-statutory nature conservation sites, together with records of legally protected/notable species (see Box 2.1) for the site and a surrounding area of 2 km radius.

Box 2.1 Designated Wildlife Sites and Legally Protected/Notable Species

Statutory Nature Conservation Sites

Natural England notifies sites that are of international or national importance for nature conservation as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). Internationally important sites may also be designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), Special Protection Areas (SPAs) or Ramsar sites. National Nature Reserves (NNRs) and Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) are also statutory sites which are of importance for recreation and education as well as nature conservation.

Non-statutory Nature Conservation Sites

Non-statutory nature conservation sites in Norfolk are notified as County Wildlife Sites (CWSs).

Legally Protected Species

Many species of animal and plant receive some degree of legal protection. For the purposes of this study, legal protection refers to:

▪ species included on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) that could breed in the Norfolk area, and species on Schedules 5 and 8 excluding species that are only protected in relation to their sale (see Section 9[5] and 13[2]), reflecting the fact that the proposed development does not include any proposals relating to the sale of species;

▪ species included on Schedules 2 and 5 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (SI 2010 No.490) (referred to as the Habitats and Species Regulations); and

▪ badgers, which are protected under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992.

Relevant Protected Species Legislation is included in Appendix B.

Notable Habitats and Species

A number of habitats and species, whilst not receiving statutory/legal protection, are of nature conservation importance. These are referred to in this report as ‘notable’, and include the following.

▪ UK, county and local Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) priority habitats and species.

▪ Habitats and species of principal importance for the conservation of biological diversity in England (under section 41(1) of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006).

▪ Species listed in the relevant UK Red Data Book (RDB).

▪ Nationally Scarce species, which are species recorded from 16-100 10km squares of the national grid.

▪ Important hedgerows as defined using the habitat criteria in The Hedgerows Regulations 1997.

2.1.1 Great Crested Newt Pond Screening Exercise In the absence of significant barriers to movement, 500 m is typically quoted as the maximum distance that great crested newts (Triturus cristatus) are likely to travel from their breeding ponds to occupy terrestrial and aquatic habitat (Natural England 2001). It is therefore recommended that, where a proposed development is located within 500 m from a water body, consideration be given to the potential for the water body to support breeding great crested newts, which may (if present) disperse on to the development site to utilise terrestrial habitats. A desk study was undertaken using a 1:10 000 Ordnance Survey map and aerial photographs (available freely via Promap) to identify water bodies located on the sites and/or within 500 m of the sites’ boundaries. One water body was found within the search area; this is located in the grounds of Church Farm (NGR TF 621 048) approximately 210 m to the north of the site.

2.2 Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey An extended Phase 1 habitat survey was carried by an AMEC ecologist on 14-15 June 2011. The survey combined the Phase 1 habitat survey methodology (JNCC, 2007), which is a standardised system for classifying and mapping British habitats, with a survey to identify the presence or potential presence of notable species, including those that are afforded legal protection (IEA, 1995). The output of this survey is an annotated map and target notes (see Figure 3.3 and Appendix A respectively). It should be noted that no access had been agreed to land off-site and as a result, the habitats present and the potential for legally protected species to occur on these were assessed from within the sites’ boundary and adjoining roads, and using aerial photography.

Badger (Meles meles) During the survey the sites were searched for evidence of badger activity. This involved looking for setts, badger trails, snuffle holes, latrines and badger hairs. Landscape features that could provide good quality foraging habitats for badgers were also identified.

Bats The trees and any other structures located on the sites were assessed for their potential to support roosting bats. Suitable features include any structure with cavities or crevices which could provide a safe, sheltered refuge. Additionally, landscape features that could provide good quality foraging habitats for bats were also identified.

Dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) The sites were assessed for their potential to support a population of dormouse. This involved looking for areas of suitable habitat, notably woodland with coppiced hazel (Corylus avellana) or mature hedgerows. Any areas of suitable habitat were searched for evidence indicative of dormouse presence, such as nests or nibbled nuts.

Reptiles The sites were assessed for their potential to support a population of reptiles. This involved identifying potential foraging habitats, refugia and areas for basking. Efforts were also made to search for reptiles or sloughed skins beneath refugia or on top of potential basking hotspots.

Water Vole (Arvicola amphibius) Potentially suitable habitat including water features (standing and flowing) and adjacent vegetated habitats were thoroughly searched for evidence of water vole presence. Such evidence includes droppings/latrines, appropriately sized mammal runs in vegetation, footprints, burrows, feeding remains and areas of cropped vegetation.

Birds Birds seen during the surveys were recorded and their positions noted. Any behaviour relating to breeding activity was also noted where observed. Furthermore, the habitats present within and around the site were also assessed for their potential suitability to support various species and/or assemblages of birds.

3. Results

3.1 Desk Study

3.1.1 Designated Sites Within the 10 km search area, there is one statutory site which is of European importance (although note that this is covered by several designations including Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area and RAMSAR) and six statutory sites which are of national importance. These are described in Table 3.1. None of these sites lie within or immediately adjacent to the site boundary. The locations of statutory sites are shown in Figure 3.1. Within the 2 km search area, there are a total of nine non-statutory sites which are designated at a local level. These are described in Table 3.1. None of these sites lie within or immediately adjacent to the site boundary. The locations of these sites are shown in Figure 3.2.

Table 3.1 Details of Designated Sites in the Vicinity of the Site

Designated Site Approximate Interest Features/Designation Criteria Name Distance from the Site Boundary

Statutory Sites (10 km search area) Sites of European Importance Ouse Washes 4 km to the south-west One of the most extensive seasonally-flooded washlands in Britain. Ramsar The site supports several nationally scarce plants, unimproved neutral grassland, nationally important numbers of breeding wildfowl and waders, and a rich aquatic invertebrate assemblage. Ouse Washes SAC 4 km to the south-west A healthy population of spined loach (Cobitis teania), supported by abundant macrophytes. Ouse Washes SPA 4 km to the south-west Overwintering and breeding waterfowl and an internationally important assemblage of birds. Sites of National Importance (10 km search area) Hilgay Heronry SSSI 4 km to the south-east This site supports a nationally important breeding colony of grey herons (Ardea cinerea). Ouse Washes SSSI 4 km to the south-west As for Ouse Washes RAMSAR/SAC/SPA. Wretton SSSI 7 km to the south-east Devensian deposits containing rich fossil remains of pollen, molluscs, beetles and vertebrates, particularly mammals. Stetchey SSSI 8 km to the north An important site for studies of Flandrian sea-level change. River Nar SSSI 8.5 km to the north River system with a rich ecology, including many notable fish, macrophytes and bird species. Wiggenhall St. 9 km to the north An area which has become important for studies relating to Germans SSSI sea-level analysis using a variety of techniques.

Table 3.1 (continued) Details of Designated Sites in the Vicinity of the Site

Designated Site Approximate Interest Features/Designation Criteria Name Distance from the Site Boundary

Non-statutory Sites (2 km search area)

St Marys Church 0.3 km to the north A small churchyard with unimproved neutral grassland. yard

Oak Wood 0.6 km to the east Semi-natural and plantation broadleaved woodland dominated by coppiced and standard English oak (Quercus robur) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees.

St Edmunds 0.8 km to the A churchyard with un-mown neutral and acidic grassland. Churchyard south-west

Church Close 1 km to the north-east Mixed woodland of varied origins and management practices with a diverse canopy.

Spring Wood 1.1 km to the north-east Semi-natural broadleaved woodland with coppiced and standard trees.

Stow Bardolph 1.2 km to the north-east A small churchyard containing several different areas of Churchyard semi-improved neutral grassland.

The Willows 1.7 km to the A small area of urban greenspace containing a drying reedbed, south-west scrub, broadleaved woodland and damp neutral grassland.

Thorn Plantation 1.8 km to the Coppiced woodland dominated by hazel (Corrylus avellana) and ash south-east woodland with a species-rich ground flora. SAC - Special Area of Conservation; SPA – Special Protection Area; SSSI – Site of Special Scientific Interest.

3.1.2 Protected and Notable Species Records All protected and notable species which have been recorded within 2 km of the site (based on the information provided by NBI) are detailed in Table 3.2. Where sufficient information was provided (i.e. >4 figure grid reference), the locations of records are also indicated on Figure 3.2.

Table 3.2 Protected and Notable Species Recorded Within 2 km of the Site

Common Name Taxonomic Name Legal/Conservation Status in the UK

Mammals

Water vole Arvicola amphibius WCA, UK BAP, NBAP

Brown hare Lepus europaeus UK BAP, NBAP

Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus UK BAP

Western Barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus WCA, Habs Regs, UK BAP, NBAP

Noctulet Nyctalus noctula WCA, Habs Regs, UK BAP, NBAP

Common Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus WCA, Habs Regs

Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus WCA, Habs Regs, UK BAP, NBAP

Fish

European Eel Anguilla anguilla UK BAP

Herpetofauna

Great crested newt Triturus cristatus WCA, Habs Regs, UK BAP

Birds

Barn Owl Tyto alba Sch1

Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicus Sch1

Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros Sch1

Cetti's Warbler Cettia cetti Sch1

Common Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula UK BAP. Red List

Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra Sch1

Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus UK BAP. Red List

Common Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia UK BAP. Red List

Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia Sch1

Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Sch1

Common Quail Coturnix coturnix Sch1, Red List

Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra NBAP, UK BAP

Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo Sch1

Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus NBAP, UK BAP, Red List

European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus Sch1

European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur NBAP, UK BAP, Red List

Fieldfare Turdus pilaris Sch1

Firecrest Regulus ignicapilla Sch1

Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris Sch1, NBAP, UK BAP, Red List

Greater Scaup Aythya marila Sch1, UK BAP, Red List

Table 3.2 (continued) Protected and Notable Species Recorded Within 2 km of the Site

Common Name Taxonomic Name Legal/Conservation Status in the UK

Birds (continued)

Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons UK BAP

Marsh Tit Poecile palustris UK BAP, Red List

Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus Sch1

Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus UK BAP

Osprey Pandion haliaetus Sch1

Red Kite Milvus milvus Sch1

Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus Sch1

Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata Sch1, UK BAP, Red List

Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus UK BAP

White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Sch1, Red List

Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus Sch1

Wood Lark Lullula arborea Sch1, NBAP, UK BAP, Red List

Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella UK BAP, Red List

Invertebrates

Notaris bimaculatus Notaris bimaculatus Nationally Notable

Wall Lasiommata megera IUCN (2001) - Lower risk - near threatened, UK BAP

Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus IUCN (2001) - Lower risk - near threatened, UK BAP

Ghost Moth Hepialus humuli UK BAP

Oak Hook-tip Watsonalla binaria UK BAP

Small Emerald Hemistola chrysoprasaria UK BAP

Blood-Vein Timandra comae UK BAP

Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet Xanthorhoe ferrugata UK BAP

Spinach Eulithis mellinata UK BAP

Buff Ermine Spilosoma luteum UK BAP

Dot Moth Melanchra persicariae UK BAP

Powdered Quaker Orthosia gracilis UK BAP

Brown-spot Pinion Agrochola litura UK BAP

Beaded Chestnut Agrochola lychnidis UK BAP

Centre-barred Sallow Atethmia centrago UK BAP

Grey Dagger Acronicta psi UK BAP

Mouse Moth Amphipyra tragopoginis UK BAP

Table 3.2 (continued) Protected and Notable Species Recorded Within 2 km of the Site

Common Name Taxonomic Name Legal/Conservation Status in the UK

Invertebrates (continued)

Dusky Brocade Apamea remissa UK BAP

Rosy Rustic Hydraecia micacea UK BAP

Rustic Hoplodrina blanda UK BAP

Mottled Rustic Caradrina morpheus UK BAP

Notaris bimaculatus Notaris bimaculatus UK BAP Acronyms: UK BAP - UK Biodiversity Action Plan Species; Red List - JNCC ‘Red’ List of Birds of Conservation Importance; Sch 1 - Bird listed on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981; NBAP - Norfolk Biodiversity Action Plan; Habs Regs - The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994; WCA - formal protection (excluding trade and sale) under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

3.2 Results - Field Survey

Overview of Habitats Both sites A and B were subjected to the Extended Phase 1 habitat survey. Both sites lie to the north/north-east of the town of Downham Market and are dominated by open arable land and field margins. Site A also includes one field of semi-improved neutral grassland, and Site B includes a small area of ruderal/grassland/scrub mosaic. Both sites also include linear features including fences, ditches (dry at the time of survey) and species-poor hedgerows.

3.2.1 On-site Habitats - Site A Site A essentially comprised two adjacent fields and associated boundary features, which are described in more detail below. Habitats and target notes are mapped on Figure 3.3, with the accompanying target notes presented in Appendix A.

Arable Arable land is the most abundance habitat in the survey area, covering the larger of the two fields within Site A. The land-use is intensive and at the time of survey comprised high density crops, although grassland margins are present at the field edges. The margins are relatively wide and are mapped and described separately as semi-improved neutral grassland. Arable land such as this is considered of generally low nature conservation value although this does not completely preclude use by protected and notable wildlife.

Semi-improved Neutral Grassland This is the dominant habitat-type within the triangular field in the north-east of Site A, although the arable margins of the larger field are also classified as semi-improved neutral grassland (which is of varying quality from an ecological perspective). The sward within the triangular field in the east of Site A is not dominated by a single species, but contains Yorkshire-Fog (Holcus lanatus), and bent grasses (Agrostis sp.) in abundance with

cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata), false oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius) and occasional crop species also present. Common nettle (Urtica dioica) is locally abundant, and dense stands are mapped as a separate habitat. The arable field margins contain a number of grass species which range from occasional to abundant. Grass species recorded include false oat-grass, Yorkshire-fog, soft brome (Bromus hordaceus), wall barley (Hordeum murinum) and cock’s-foot. Other species are scattered throughout, and include common poppy (Papaver rhoeas), ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata), field bindweed (Convulvulus arvensis) and various common ruderals. The arable field margins in this area are well-used by (dog) walkers.

Ruderal This is confined to a small continuous stand of common nettle, which lies outside of the site to the north. Occasional ruderal species including common nettle, hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) and docks (Rumex sp.) are present throughout the grassland but generally not in sufficient numbers or density to be mapped as a distinct habitat.

Species-poor Hedgerows There are two species-poor hedgerows within Site A, which lie on either side (east and west) of the triangular area of semi-improved neutral grassland to the north of the site. The eastern roadside hedgerow contains hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), elder (Sambucus nigra), bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) and ivy (Hedera helix). The western hedgerow contains hawthorn, brambles and English elm (Ulmus procera). No species-rich hedgerows were encountered in Site A. Both hedgerows were associated with a ground flora of common species such as common nettle.

Ditch A small ditch is present at the western boundary of Site A. No water was present at the time of survey, and the feature is heavily overgrown with scrub and ruderal vegetation such as brambles, great willow-herb (Epilobium hirsutum) and common nettle. The presence and type of vegetation would suggest that the feature rarely contains substantial amounts of water and accordingly it is target noted as a dry ditch.

Trees A number of trees are present at the western boundary of the site (south of Kingston’s Plantation). Most of these are immature English oak (Quercus robur), although a single mature specimen is present (Target Note 1).

3.2.2 On-site Habitats - Site B Site B lies to the east of Site A (with Lynn Road separating the two sites), and is also dominated by open agricultural land. The individual habitats present are described in more detail below. Habitats and target notes are mapped on Figure 3.3, with the accompanying target notes presented in Appendix A.

Arable The arable land present is much the same as that described in Section 3.2.2, being intensively managed and of generally low nature conservation value. As is the case for Site A, the arable is

surrounded by substantial grassy margins which are mapped as semi-improved neutral grassland.

Semi-improved Neutral Grassland The semi-improved neutral grassland in Area B is confined to the arable field margins although there is a small area of semi-improved grassland/ruderal mosaic also present (described separately overleaf). The sward is of a similar species composition as that described for similar habitats in Site A. As is also the case with Site A, these habitats experience high levels of recreational usage, primarily from dog walkers.

Dense Scrub This habitat-type occurs in three small areas in the north-east and south-west of Site B. The example in the far north-west of the site forms a narrow corridor at the site boundary and is believed to be a remnant hedge comprised of hawthorn, blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) and brambles. A further area of scrub lies just to the south-east of this area, and is dominated by brambles. A small pocket of scrub located in the far south of Site B is also dominated by brambles with hawthorn also present.

Scattered Scrub Isolated blackthorn and hawthorn bushes lie on some of the field boundaries in the east, south and west of the site and in some instances may be remnant hedgerows.

Semi-improved Grassland/Ruderal Mosaic This habitat type is present in a single small area in the north-west of Site B. The area is possibly an old garden, or outdoor storage area which is now derelict and has become overgrown with a variety of grasses, ruderals and occasional scrub (although note that where scrub becomes dominant it is mapped separately as dense scrub).

Scattered Trees There are a number of artificially planted trees at some of the field boundaries, including Leyland cypress (Cupressocyparis leylandii (syn. Callitropsis × leylandii)) in the north-west of the site and (Lombardy poplars (Populus nigra) in the south. Both groups are arranged in a linear manner, forming tree screens. There are also occasional scattered broadleaf trees present at some of the field boundaries.

Semi-natural Broadleaved Woodland A small, narrow area of semi-natural broadleaved woodland lies in the north-west of the site. This may also be attributable to remnant hedgerow, but now contains mature trees (mainly English oak) interspersed with hawthorn and blackthorn with dense ivy. In its present state this area bears little resemblance to a hedgerow and has not been managed as such for many years, if at all.

Hardstanding A narrow, paved track runs through the middle of Site B, in a north-east – south-west orientation.

Hedgerows Although there are features in other areas of Site B which may be attributable to the presence of historic hedgerows, the only true hedgerow in Site B occurs at the northern boundary. It is heavily managed and species-poor containing hawthorn, blackthorn and rose (Rosa sp.).

Ditches Ditches occur at the north-western and eastern boundaries of Site B. Both were dry at the time of survey, and heavily overgrown with brambles and ruderal species, suggesting that the feature is dry throughout much of the year.

Notable Flora Two small stands of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) were recorded (Target Note 3). This is an invasive alien species and it is illegal to cause this plant to spread (for example, by carrying out earthworks without proper treatment of the plant). There are also legal requirements relating to its disposal. The relevant legislation is detailed in Appendix B.

3.2.3 Habitats Adjacent to the Site Considering both Sites A and B as ‘the site’, residential suburban developments and a small area of arable lie to the south, open agricultural land to the east and west, and rural settlements and agricultural land to the north. An area of mixed plantation also abuts part of the western boundary of the site. One pond lies within 500 m of the site, although this could not be visited at the time of the survey due to access restrictions.

3.2.4 Fauna No evidence indicative of the presence of water voles, dormouse, reptiles or bats was found during the survey. A number of disused badger setts were noted around the site (Target Notes 2, 4 and 5), though none are believed to be currently in use. Some are were being used by rabbits at the time of the survey. No other field evidence to suggest the presence of badger was found. Several bird species were seen, including blackbird (Turdus merula), whitethroat (Sylvia communis), red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) and skylark (Alauda arvensis). The two skylarks recorded in the vicinity of the site were both displaying, suggesting that the birds had an established territory which may be used for breeding. No other protected and notable fauna were recorded during the survey, although based on the information obtained, the site is also considered to be potentially suitable for reptiles, great crested newt and bats (foraging and commuting only). The likelihood of protected species occurring at the site and the habitats they may use are discussed in more detail in the following section.

550000 560000 570000 Key:

Site boundary

2km site boundary

N 10km site boundary Wiggenhall St Germans SSSI River Nar Ramsar SSSI Stetchey Special Area of Conservation SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest 310000 310000

Boughton Fen SSSI

Hilgay Heronry Wretton SSSI 300000 300000 SSSI

0 4,000 Metres Ouse Washes SSSI, 1:85,000 @ A3 Project Path: H:\Projects\30445 North Downham Market - SUBFILE - SAC, SPA & RAMSAR LEAMINGTON\GIS\MXDs

Albanwise Ltd Downham Market Ecological Appraisal Report

Figure 3.1 Statutory Designated Sites within 10km of the Site

July 2011 30445-L10.mxd squij 550000 560000 570000

Based upon the Ordnance Survey Map with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Entec UK Ltd. AL100001776.

4. Ecological Baseline Description

4.1 Designated Sites The sites do not contain any statutory or non-statutory designated sites, nor do they appear to be associated (for example, via a watercourse) with any such sites.

4.2 Habitats The habitats on both sites are similar and of generally low ecological value, although it is noted that protected/notable species may occur. It is noted that, ‘cereal field margins’ is a local Biodiversity Action Plan habitat (Norfolk Biodiversity - June 2011) which should be considered in evaluating the ecology of the site. The action plan describes this habitat as being of a minimum 6 m width. Only a very small area of field margin within the site approaches this width (this is located in the far south of Site B), and the vast majority is much narrower (typically around 2 m). Therefore the site does not contribute to the relevant target habitat in this area.

4.3 Protected and Notable Species

Badger Although the sites do contain occasional historic badger setts, the field and desk-based studies provide no evidence that badgers are currently using either site. The habitats offered by the sites and their immediate surroundings comprise good quality foraging habitat, with the agricultural land providing a useful (although common within the region) resource. Most of the historic badger setts are now heavily overgrown and/or partially collapsed, although one hole (Target Note 2) was relatively well-maintained but currently occupied by rabbits (Oryctalagus cuniculs). Given that badger is widespread throughout lowland Britain, and the suitability of habitats on site, it is considered possible that badgers could re-excavate old setts or create new ones in the future.

Bats No evidence suggestive of the presence of bat roosts was found within the sites. There are very few structures which would offer any opportunity for roosting as the sites do not include any buildings and contains very few mature trees. The majority of trees on the site are regarded as having no potential for use by roosting bats based on the good condition of the tree with a lack of cavities and crevices. A low number of trees (see Target Notes 4 and 1) are regarded as having low potential for use by roosting bats, with any opportunities being restricted to within ivy (based on ground-level observation).

Being open agricultural land which is relatively devoid of features (such as woodland, uneven topography, water bodies etc.), it is expected that bat activity over the site will be low. The field of semi-improved grassland to the north-east of Site A is likely of higher value than the rest of the site, due to the lack of intensive management, long vegetation and slightly undulating terrain which is likely to support more invertebrates for bats to feed upon. Across the remainder of the site, bat activity is likely to be heavily biased towards the hedgerows, narrow woodland corridor (around Target Notes 4 and 5) and small area of scrub, ruderal and grassland (around Target Note 3).

Great Crested Newt At this stage, great crested newts are considered potentially likely to be present within the pond to the north of the site. If this were to be the case, current guidance would suggest that there may be a risk of the species utilising habitats within the site although the chance is relatively low. It is considered unlikely that the site would be used by high numbers of great crested newts as the habitats on site are generally unsuitable except for the triangular field of semi- improved grassland in the east of Site A. It is acknowledged that this field is the nearest part of the site to the pond identified in the desk study process. There may also be some potential for great crested newts to be encountered at hedgerow bases at the north of the site.

Dormouse No evidence suggestive of the presence of dormouse was found throughout the field survey, and the desk study revealed no dormouse records from the area. The habitats on site are unsuitable for this species as there are no substantial areas of scrub or woodland. The woodland adjacent to the western site boundary (north of Target Note 1) was found to be of low suitability for dormouse because the trees are of a similar age and height, and the woodland floor is dominated by bracken and herbaceous ground flora. This results in a noticeable lack of vegetation between canopy and ground level which is not well suited to dormice. There are no other habitats connected to the sites which would offer opportunities for this species and accordingly, dormouse is not given further consideration within this report.

Reptiles Desk and field-based studies provided no indication that reptiles use the sites. The habitats are of generally low suitability due to the intensive agriculture which dominates the area. However, reptiles are widespread throughout the south of England, and there are small areas of habitat on sites which are of good suitability; these being the areas of semi-improved grassland (including the field margins) and the area of scrub, ruderal and grassland around Target Note 3. Although these features do provide an interconnected network of habitats across the sites, no larger areas of especially good reptile habitat lie nearby. Therefore, although small areas of the sites are suitable for reptiles, it is unlikely that large populations will be present due to the lack of substantial/continuous areas of good quality habitat within and around the sites.

Water Vole There was no evidence to suggest the presence of water vole within the sites or the immediate surroundings. The habitats on site offer very little for this species, as there are no water bodies and the drainage ditches (dry at the time of survey) are(based on vegetation analysis) unlikely to contain significant quantities of water throughout the year. It is acknowledged that water voles may use dry or semi-dry ditches (such as those found on site), but such usage is only likely to occur when water voles are dispersing between centres of good quality habitat. Given

that no such habitat lies immediately adjacent to the sites, and the nearest record of water vole is located some distance to the west (likely within the Great Ouse or adjacent canal), it is considered highly unlikely that water vole may be encountered on site, and accordingly this species is not given further consideration.

Birds Common/garden birds will no doubt regularly occur on the sites, particularly at the southern boundary of Site A which abuts private gardens. The mosaic of scrub, ruderal and grassland habitats around Target Note 3 contain good quality breeding habitat for species commonly seen in rural and suburban areas (this is where blackbird and whitethroat were sighted during the field survey), and the boundary features (scrub and hedgerows) will also likely be used by similar species. The field margins are of low value to ground-nesting birds due to the frequent disturbance they experience from dog walkers and other recreational users. The arable fields themselves may be used by ground nesting birds, although the intensive arable management would put any ground nests at risk.

5. Ecological Opportunities, Constraints and Recommendations

5.1 Designated Sites Provided standard best practice measures (such as dust and run-off control) are implemented, it is highly unlikely that development of Sites A and B would be constrained by, or offer opportunities to benefit any nearby statutory or non-statutory designated sites. Similarly, no further work is recommended other than to confirm whether or not any new sites have been designated in the area prior to development.

5.2 Habitats The habitats on site are not sufficiently valuable that they would constrain any proposed development, unless any of the trees on site are protected by Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs). The arable field margins present on site do provide valuable habitat corridors which allow dispersal of wildlife throughout the area. Development would provide an opportunity to create similarly effective habitat corridors which should be incorporated in to the site layout at the masterplanning stage. In the context of a suburban development, habitat corridors could be in the form of woodland, hedgerows and/or grassland verges which should directly connect to other areas of good habitat for maximum benefit. Given that the hedgerows within Sites A and B are mostly defunct and sparse, the creation of hedgerows would provide a valuable addition to the sites’ ecology. The habitats already present on site are readily identifiable and common, and therefore no further work in respect of the on-site habitats is recommended.

5.3 Fauna

5.3.1 Badger

Constraints and opportunities Currently, badgers are not believed to occupy Sites A or B or anywhere within 30 m of the sites’ boundaries. Therefore at this stage badgers would not pose a constraint to development.

Recommendations However, the sites have experienced historic use by badgers, and some disused setts are still present on site. Accordingly, it would be necessary to carry out a re-survey for badgers shortly prior to proposed development, to ensure that they have not begun to reuse old setts or create new ones on site or in the area.

5.3.2 Bats

Constraints and Opportunities At this stage it is considered unlikely that any potential development at the site would be significantly constrained by bats. This is because there is at best low potential for roosting, and the habitats are unlikely to be important for foraging and commuting. Foraging and commuting bats would also benefit from the enhancement or creation of habitat corridors, particularly hedgerows with occasional standard trees.

Recommendations The above is based on the findings of the daytime habitat survey, and so specific bat surveys are recommended in order to contribute to the current initial assessment of the sites’ value to bats. For relatively ‘low value’ sites such as this, it is expected that three night-time bat activity surveys, combined with a more thorough investigation of the mature trees, would be sufficient. In the unlikely event that a bat roost is confirmed as present, any works affecting the roost may only be carried out under licence from Natural England.

5.3.3 Great Crested Newt

Constraints and Opportunities The desk study identified a pond within 500 m of the site, and therefore there is a risk that great crested newt may be present in suitable habitats on site. Given that areas of suitable habitat (i.e. semi-improved grassland, hedgerow bases and scrub where they lie within 500 m of the pond) are very limited in extent and that there is only one pond in the vicinity of the site, beyond Low Road, numbers of great crested newts (if present) would be expected to be low. Where any development is expected to impact upon the great crested newts, such work will almost certainly require licensing from Natural England to ensure there is no breach of the wildlife legislation. The process of collecting data for, and implementation of, a licence would present a constraint to the work, particularly in terms of timing. The mitigation measures which may form a part of a licence will likely require a few months to be effective, and the process of obtaining a licence can also take in excess of six weeks.

Recommendations In order to determine the need or not for a great crested newt licence, it would be necessary to undertake an initial pond screening exercise of the single pond within 500 m of the site. The pond screening evaluates the potential of a water feature to support breeding great crested newt. In the event that the pond screening exercise determines that the pond is of at least some suitability for great crested newts, then a series of four surveys (involving night-time and morning components for each survey visit) are required to determine whether or not the species can be declared present or absent. If these surveys show that great crested newt is present, a further two surveys should be undertaken to enable a population size class category to be attributed. All surveys need to be undertaken between mid-March and mid-June, with at least half of the surveys being carried out between mid-April and mid-May. If great crested newts are found to be present the licensing process may begin on completion of the sixth survey.

5.3.4 Reptiles

Constraints and Opportunities The presence or absence of reptiles is uncertain at this stage, but if present it is likely that a small population only would use the site. In such a case, reptiles would largely be confined to the semi-improved grassland (including the field margins), scrub and hedgerows. If present there may be opportunities to enhance the sites for reptiles by maintaining habitat corridors of long vegetation or scrub (which should not be subject to ground level cutting) and provision of artificial refugia in the form of rubble mounds or log piles on dry ground.

Recommendations A series of reptile surveys should be undertaken prior to development. A total of eight survey visits (one to set up the survey and a further seven survey visits) are required to determine presence or absence, and a further 13 survey visits may be required to determine a population size if present. All visits should be undertaken during the time of year when reptiles are active (i.e. between mid to late March and late September).

5.3.5 Birds

Constraints and Opportunities The site is likely to support two types of bird species; those associated with arable land and those associated with suburban habitats (e.g. garden birds). Development would necessarily result in the loss of the arable habitats but would provide opportunities for enhancement of suburban and garden habitats. The loss of arable habitat would not pose a major constraint to development because further arable habitats are common and widespread in the vicinity of the site. However it should be noted that all wild birds, their nests, eggs and young are legally protected. Consequently, it is normally recommended that the removal of vegetation that may contain nests, such as scrub or hedgerows, occurs outside of the bird breeding season (i.e. avoiding March to the end of August). It should also be pointed out that farmland birds are experiencing a general decline in numbers and so including features which may be of value to these birds (such as grassland margins), either on site or on other land owned by Albanwise would no doubt be beneficial. Opportunities for the other species found on site include enhancement of hedgerows, tree planting and the creation of small areas of parkland within and around the development.

Recommendations It would be expected that a total of three breeding bird surveys would be sufficient to inform a planning application in respect of development of the site. All surveys should be in line with the Common Birds Census (CBC) methodology (Marchant 1983), with the surveys being evenly spread throughout the breeding season (for example, one survey in each of the months of April, May and June).

6. Alternative Land Options

6.1 Introduction This section provides a comparative assessment in respect of two alternative land options within Downham Market. The sites are identified in drawing 30445-L05 (Appendix A).

6.2 South East Sector (Site C) The site is located to the south-east of Downham Market between the A1122 and Rouse’s Farm. The A10 is situated to the east of the site.

6.2.1 Site Location

Description The site is currently enclosed farmland, and is bordered to the north by Ryston End and Stonecross Road which form access tracks that provide access to Rouse’s Farm and residential properties on Ryston End. The A1122 borders the south of the development whilst Nightingale Lane situated behind the residential properties on Denver Hill borders the west of the site. The site is located within 1km of the town centre.

6.2.2 Site C – Overview of Ecological Value The area is undulating and dominated by agricultural grassland and arable. The hedgerows are mature, tall, not heavily managed and may be historic. There are also numerous mature/veteran trees both as stand-alone features and associated with the hedgerows. There are a number of ponds immediately around the area, although there do not appear to be any actually within Site C. Small areas of apparently unmanaged (i.e. relatively natural) grassland were noted in the north of the area. The desk study indicated that a locally designated wildlife site lies approximately 0.5 km away, although there are no other national or local wildlife sites in the area. The desk study also indicated that 4 European Protected Species have been recorded within Site C (three species of bat and great crested newt). A UK Biodiversity Action Plan species (common toad) has also been recorded from within the area. Given the habitat characteristics, and confirmed use of the site by protected species, the overall biodiversity on the site for flora and fauna is likely to be relatively high. Development could negatively impact on the viability of the habitat even if hedgerows are retained.

6.3 Land South of Broomhill Farm (Site D) The site is located to the north of Downham Market between Bridle Lane and the Lavender Drive residential estate.

6.3.1 Site Location

Description The site is currently open land and is bordered to the north by Bridle Lane which provides access to Broomhill Farm. Site B is situated immediately to the east of the site. The site has no direct vehicular access onto the highway network.

6.3.2 Site D – Overview of Ecological Value Site D is dominated by agricultural land with a small pocket of broadleaf woodland. From the brief inspection undertaken, the hedgerows were heavily managed and thin. The topography was also very flat and no ponds are believed to be present within the Site or its immediate surroundings. No locally or nationally designated wildlife sites lie close to the area, and the desk study exercise did not show any records of European/Nationally Protected or Biodiversity Action Plan species from within Site D. Overall, the biodiversity value of the site is likely to be low.

6.4 Summary - Comparison of Biodiversity Value Based on the brief assessment undertaken, Site C is considered to be of significantly higher Biodiversity Value than Sites A, B and D because:

• It has a more varied topography;

• The hedgerows are of better quality (hedgerows are a valuable wildlife corridor for many protected and notable species, such as bats, amphibians and reptiles); • There are a number of features which may be of wildlife interest (such as ponds and a local wildlife site) in the nearby surroundings; • It contains a greater variety of habitats as indicated by local ecological records.

7. References

Institute of Environmental Assessment, (1995). Guidelines for Baseline Ecological Assessment. Chapman and Hall. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, (2007). Handbook for Phase 1 habitat survey - a technique for environmental audit. JNCC, Peterborough. Marchant J H, (1983). Common Birds Census instructions. BTO, Tring. 12pp. Natural England, (2001). Great Crested Newt Mitigation Guidelines. Natural England, Peterborough. Norfolk Biodiversity at the following internet address: http://www.norfolkbiodiversity.org/ actionplans/habitat/cerealfieldmargins.asp

Appendix A Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey Target Notes 2 Pages

Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey Target Notes (Refer to Figure 3.3)

Target Note Type of Feature Ecological Interest Reference

1 Tree One of the few mature trees within the site. Low potential for roosting bats. The tree is in good condition, hence the roosting potential is likely confined to the ivy present on the trunk and major limbs.

2 Disused badger There is at least one hole at this location which is believed to be sett attributable to badgers, as it is large and is associated with a significant spoil mound. No field evidence suggesting current use by badgers was found, although there was evidence of rabbits using this and nearby mammal holes.

3 Invasive plants Two adjacent stands of Japanese knotweed. The larger is approximately 3m x 5m in area and the smaller (located approximately 2m to the north) is approximately 2m x 2m in area.

4 Disused badger Remains of a four-hole sett which has clearly not been in use for some sett years.

5 Disused badger Remains of a two-hole sett which has clearly not been in use for some sett years. These holes may have been historically linked with those denoted by Target Note 4 when the sett was in use.

6 Remnant hedge Scattered scrub and occasional trees situated within semi-improved grassland.

7 Large rubble / Features such as this may be used as hibernaculae and refuges for small debris mound animals including amphibians and reptiles, if present in the area.

Appendix B Protected Species Legislation 3 Pages

Bats All British bat species are listed in Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and Schedule 2 of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010. They are afforded full protection under Section 9(4) of the Act and Regulation 41 of the Regulations. These make it an offence, inter alia, to: • Deliberately capture, injure or kill any such animal;

• Deliberately disturb any such animal (this applies anywhere, not just at its roost), including in particular any disturbance which is likely:

- to impair its ability to survive, breed, or rear or nurture their young;

- to impair its ability to hibernate or migrate;

- to affect significantly the local distribution or abundance of that species; or

• Damage or destroy a breeding site or resting place of any such animal; or

• Intentionally or recklessly disturb any of these animals while it is occupying a structure or place that it uses for shelter or protection (this is taken to mean all bat roosts whether bats are present or not); or • Intentionally or recklessly obstruct access to any place that any of these animals uses for shelter or protection. In addition, five British bat species are listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. These are:

• Greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum);

• Lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros);

• Bechstein’s bat (Myotis bechsteinii);

• Barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus);

• Greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis). In certain circumstances where these species are found the Directive requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) by EC member states to ensure that their populations are maintained at a favourable conservation status. Outside SACs, the level of legal protection that these species receive is the same as for other bat species

European Protected Species (including Great Crested Newt) European protected species are listed in Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and Schedule 2 of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010. They are afforded full protection under Section 9(4) of the Act and Regulation 41 of the Regulations. These make it an offence, inter alia, to:

• Deliberately capture, injure or kill any such animal;

• Deliberately disturb any such animal (this applies anywhere, not just at its roost), including in particular any disturbance which is likely:

- to impair its ability to survive, breed, or rear or nurture their young;

- to impair its ability to hibernate or migrate;

- to affect significantly the local distribution or abundance of that species.

• Damage or destroy a breeding site or resting place of any such animal;

• Intentionally or recklessly disturb any of these animals while it is occupying a structure or place that it uses for shelter or protection;

• Intentionally or recklessly obstruct access to any place that any of these animals uses for shelter or protection. The legislation applies to all life stages of these species.

Badger Badgers and their setts are protected under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992. This makes it an offence to: • Wilfully kill, injure, take or attempt to kill a badger;

• Interfere with a badger sett by damaging a sett or any part thereof;

• Destroy a sett;

• Obstruct access to a set or disturbing a badger while occupying a sett. The 1992 Act defines a badger sett as “any structure or place which displays signs indicating current use by a badger”. Work that disturbs badgers whilst occupying a sett is illegal without a licence. Badgers could be disturbed by work near a sett even if there is no direct interference or damage to the sett.

Breeding Birds With certain exceptions1, all wild birds, their nests and eggs are protected by Section 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Therefore, it is an offence, inter alia, to: • Intentionally kill, injure or take any wild bird;

• Intentionally take, damage or destroy the nest of any wild bird while it is in use or being built;

• Intentionally take or destroy the egg of any wild bird. These offences do not apply to hunting of birds listed in Schedule 2 subject to various controls. Bird species listed on Schedule 1 of the Act receive further protection, thus for these species it is also an offence to:

1 Some species, such as game birds, are exempt in certain circumstances.

• Intentionally or recklessly disturb any bird while it is nest building, or is at a nest containing eggs or young; • Intentionally or recklessly disturb the dependent young of any such bird.

Reptiles The four widespread2 species of reptile that are native to Britain, namely common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), slow worm (Anguis fragilis), adder (Vipera berus) and grass snake (Natrix natrix helvetica), are listed in Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and are afforded limited protection under Section 9 of this Act. This makes it an offence, inter alia, to: • Intentionally kill or injure any of these species.

2 The two other native species of British reptile (sand lizard and smooth snake) are much less widespread. They receive a higher level of protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and The Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994 (as amended).