Index

Aaim, Kyai 263 National Liberation Army (ALN) 228 Abu-al-Fotouh, Abdel National Liberation Front (FLN) 225 al-Muni’im 125, 126 political dissent 229–35 Abu Ismail, Hazim Salah 111, 126 political unrest 226 Abul Futuh, Abd al-Mun’in 111, Salafi groups 231–2 128 SONATRACH 238–9, 242 Adami, Lahbib 231 Tandhim Al Qaeda fil Maghreb Afghanistan 62, 154, 212, 219 al-Islami 232 Soviet invasion 205, 210 Algerian People’s Party 225 Taliban 1, 19, 205, 206, 211, 219 al-Hamidi, Mohammed Hashimi 147 US intervention 202 al-Helmy, Burhanuddin 180, 191 Ahmad, Nik Nazmi Nik 188 Ali, Azmin 188 Ahram, Ariel 252 al-Iryan, Essam 122 Akif, Mahdi 128 al-Qaeda 19, 206 Akyol, Mustafa 97 Al Shabbah 19 Alam, Misbahul 256 al-Shatir, Khairat 111, 122, 126 Al Anani, Khalil 148 al-Sisi, Abdul Fattah 130 Al-Banna, Hasan 45, 56, 97, 108, al-Timisani, Umar 112–13 113, 122–3 al-Turabi, Hasan 154 Algeria 1, 3, 13–14, 29, 34–6, 224–47 al-Za’farani, Ibrahim 125 al-Haraka al-islamiyya Aminuddin, Hilmy 56 al-musallaha 231–2 Ansar-e Hezabollah 82 al-Jamaa’atu l-Salafiyyatu li l-Da’wati Ansar-e Velayat 82 wa l-Qitaa 232 Ansari, Shaykh Morteza 84 al-Jama’atal-islamiyya al-musallaha 1, Anwar, Nurul Izzah 188 232 Arab Spring 2, 5, 7, 10, 22, 32, 34, al-Jaysh al-islami lil-inqadh 232 44, 118, 165, 213, 216, 244 al-Qiyam al-islamiyya 229–30 Asri, Mohamad 180 Association of Algerian Muslim authoritarianism 1, 2, 7, 13, 22, 26, Ulama (AUMA) 225 27, 28, 30–4, 43, 44, 46 Bouteflika effect 235–44 see also individual countries role of energy in 238–44 Awwas, Irfan 62 Charter of National Reconciliation Aydin, Eyup Vural 62 and Peace 237 Ayub Khan, Muhammad 208, 209–10 de-radicalization 237, 242 disappearances 227 Ba’asyir, Abubakar 54 Ennahda 231 Badawi, Abdullah Ahmad 184, 185 harakat al-islah al-watani 231 Bakeraoglu, Mehmet 61 harakat mutjama’ al-silm 231 Barker, Joshua 252 history 224–5 Bayat, Asef 103, 123, 129, 154–5, Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) 226–7 216–17, 228, 234, 267 Islamism 232–3 Bazargan, Mehdi 72 la boulitique 236 Belaïd, Chokri 11, 135, 148–9

275 276 Index

Bellin, Eva 25 Egypt 1, 7, 10, 29, 34–6, 43, 45–6, Ben Abdessalem, Rafik 137 108–33 Ben Badis, Abdelhamid 225 Al Nour Party 49 Ben Jafar, Mustapha 136 charitable organizations 116–17 Bendjedid, Chadli 36, 226, 244, 245 Freedom and Justice Party 2, 8, 10, Ben Jelloun, Umar 168 45–6, 59, 108 Benkiran, Abdellilah 167, 169 Gama’a al-Islamiyya 52 Bhatti, Shahbaz 221 infitah 111–12 Bhiri, Noureddine 137 Islamic movements 123, 129 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali 210, 218 Kifaya movement 122 bin Laden, Osama 216 Muslim Brotherhood see Muslim Boko Haram 19 Brotherhood Bouazizi, Mohammed 136 political alliances 48–9 Boumediene, Houari 226, 230–1 post-Mubarak 124–5 Bourgois, Philippe 248, 269 post-Nasser 111–20 Bourguiba, Habib 135, 138, 145 Salafi groups 49, 59 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz 235–44 street politics 120–2 Bulut, Faik 62 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) 124–5, 127, capitalism 4, 23, 47, 192, 217 129–30 crony 148 Tahrir Square occupation 121 global 5, 6, 15, 19, 30, 44 Wasat Party 119 market 7, 8, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, Egyptian Spring 124 31–4, 46, 256 El-Baradei, Mohamed 122 Carlier, Omar 228 El Shater, Khairat 48–9 Chaudhry, Iftikhar Muhammad 207 Entelis, John P. 243 civil society 7, 8, 19, 20, 21, 24, 45, Erbakan, Necmettin 48, 56, 97 49, 51, 52, 57, 60, 78, 81, 109, Erdog˘an, Recep Tayyip 62, 97, 99, 114–16, 124, 138, 140–1, 143, 193 188, 194, 204, 243 Essebsi, Beji Caïd 149 clash of civilizations 21–2 essentialist cultural approach 19 colonialism 28–9, 139, 191 extremism 1, 92, 219, 267 conservatism 1, 9, 14, 21–2, 49, 79, 91, 100, 145, 184, 249, 251, 267 fanaticism 1 conservative populism 28–30 Farhad, Diaa 61 corruption 10, 22, 33, 34, 46, 55, 57, financial institutions 116, 120, 147, 110, 119–21, 146–7, 182, 186, 226 189, 192, 232–3 fringe organizations 50–4 cronyism 148, 186 fundamentalism 1, 24, 183

Dawoud, Khalid 125–6 Ghannouchi, Rached 11, 135, 136, dissent see political dissent 193 Djaballah, Abdallah 231 Dawla Madaniyya 11, 135, 137–41 Djajoesman, Noegroho 255, 256 Nahda party 10–11, 134–53 Dutch disease 243 global capitalism 5, 6, 15, 19, 30, 44 Golpaygani, Grand Ayatolla economics 4, 19–41 Mohammad-Reza 84 Islamist 117 gradualist movements 11, 127, political economy 27–8 154–6, 158, 166 Index 277

Great Eastern Islamic Fighters Jamaah Anshorut Tauhid (JAT) 53 Front 51 Jemaah Islamiyah 53, 54, 60, 62, Gül, Abdulla 97 251 Gülen, Fethullah 97, 98 Jemaah Tarbiyah 268 Gulerce, Huseyin 61 Justice and Prosperity Party (PKS) 46–7, 49–50, 55, 250 Habib, Muhammad 128 Komando Jihad 54 Habibie, B.J. 55, 253 Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia Hamzah, Tengku Razaleigh 182 (MMI) 53, 60, 264, 271 Harakat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) 206 Majelis Ulama Indonesia 269 Hasan, Danu Muhammad 63 maksiat 258, 261, 263, 265–6 Hashemi-Rafsanjani, Akbar 80 Muhammadiyah 46, 49, 250 Hizb al-Istiqlal 156, 172 Nahdatul Ulama 29–30, 46, 49, Hizb ut-Tahrir 53, 61, 143, 146, 268 250, 257, 263 Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia 251, 264 National Awakening Party (PKB) 55 hokumat-e dini 69 National Mandate Party (PAN) 56 Husein, Adel 117 Negara Islam Indonesia 251 Husein, Sayyid 256 New Order 46, 49–50, 53, 55, 59, 252, 254 Ibrahim, Anwar 183, 190 Pamswakarsa 57, 253 Ibrahimi, Ahmed Taleb 230 Partai Persatuan Pembangunan imagined solidarity 123–4 (PPP) 257 Imron, Ali 62, 63 Pemuda Pancamarga 255 inclusion-moderation Pemuda Pancasila 253, 255 hypothesis 178 political alliances 49 Indonesia 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14–15, 27, political dissent 42–65 29, 33–5, 61 fringe organizations 50–4 Anti-Corruption Commission 55 models and histories 54–8 Association of Indonesian Muslim social bases 44–7 Intellectuals (ICMI) 55 Indonesian Communist Party class tensions 265–7 (PKI) 54, 61 Darul Islam movement 53–4, 57 infitah 111–12, 160 Forum Umat Islam 264 institutionalized politics 78–83 Furkon 253 institutions Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia 251, 264 financial 116, 120, 147, 226 Ikatan Mahasiswa and Islamic politics 25–7 Muhammadiyah 264 International Monetary Fund Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) 14–15, (IMF) 24, 120 53, 248, 250–1, 255–6 Iqtidar, Humeira 217 amar makrufnahi mungkar 248, Iran 1, 2, 8–9, 155 258, 268 ‘approbatory supervision’ 81 history and politics 256–8 Cultural Revolution 72 relations with other Islamic Executives of Construction 81 organizations 262–5 Freedom Movement 66 vigilantism 258–62 houzeh-ye ‘elmiyeh 71 Islamic organization for elites institutionalized politics 78–83 (ICMI) 35 Khomeini era 78–80 Islamic vigilantism 248–74 post-Khomeini period 80–3 Betawi gangs 254–5 Islamic Revivalist Movement 70–1 278 Index

Iran – continued Islamization 12, 69, 83, 182, 202–3, Kurdish Democratic Party 71 208–15, 217–18 Labour House 71 Islamo-nationalism 228 mujtahids 66 Izzat, Mahmoud 128 Muslim People’s Republican Party 71 Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) 206 National Democratic Front 71 Jamaluddin, Khairy 185 People’s Mojahedin Jebali, Hamadi 137, 149 Organization 71 Jema’ah Islamiyah 8 political dissent 66–88 jihadists 50, 201, 205, 244 postrevivalist 69–78 Jinna, Mohammad Ali 208 ‘principle-ists’ 83 Junejo, Mohammed Khan 220 public politics 71–4 ‘reformists’ 81 Kadivar, Mohsen 9, 69, 74–8, 85 Western ‘cultural aggression’ 81 Karoui, Nabil 143 Iraq 29, 80, 94, 110, 120 Kartosuwiryo, S.M. 54 Islamic Army of Salvation (AIS) 1 Kasravi, Ahmad 84 Islamic fallacy 6 Kemal, Mustafa (Ataturk) 93, Islamic government 2–3, 15 94 see also individual countries Kessler, Clive 6 Islamic Harekat 50 Khamenei, Ayotollah Ali 80 Islamic Jihad 51, 52 Khatami, Mohammad 69, 81–2 Islamic Liberals Network 269 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 68, Islamic movements 71, 72, 78–80 Egypt 123, 129 Kifaya movement 122 180–5 Kurdistan Workers’ Party 94 Morocco 155–9, 166–71 Kusno, Abidin 254 Tunisia 135–7, 148 see also individual movements and Labat, Sévérine 229 parties Larayedh, Ali 137 Islamic politics 19–41 Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) 206 conservative populism 28–30 liberalism 4, 9, 22–4, 89, 104, 140, institutions 25–7 184, 250, 259 market authoritarian rule 30–1 see also political liberalization modern market capitalism 31–4 Libya 32, 34, 134, 147, 240 political dissent see political dissent Lieven, Anatol 209 political economy 27–8 localism 103, 210, 219, 254 radicalization 1, 6, 30–1, 113, 149, Lourimi, Lajmi 150 249 Lowi, Miriam R. 242–3, 245 secularism 23, 31–6, 94, 99, 103, Lubis, Sobri 264 138–40, 144, 150, 217, 250, 256, 259, 264, 266 Maarif, Ahmmad Syafi 263 Islamic Republican Party 71 Madani, Abbasi 230 Islamic Revivalist Movement 70–1 182 Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) 1, 34 Mahjub, Ali-Reza 71 Islamic vigilantism 248–74 Malaysia 3, 12–13, 177–200 methods 251–2 Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia post-authoritarian (ABIM) 181–2 Indonesia 252–4 177, 179 Index 279

Bumiputera Commercial and Casablanca riots 161 Industrial Community 192 Conféderation général des entreprises Democratic Action Party du Maroc 162 (DAP) 177, 191 constitutional reforms 163, 165 Change! 189 economy 160–1 dissident movements 185–90 current account balance 162 Federal Land Development Gini coefficient 162 Authority (FELDA) Equity and Reconciliation schemes 181 Commission 166 industrialization 178–9 gradualist movements 154–5, 171 Islamic movements 180–5 Hizb al-Istiqlal 156 Melayu Baru 185–6 human rights 169 New Economic Policy 179 Islamic movements 155–9, 177, 187 166–71 Pan-Malayan Islamic Party 180 al-Islah wa al-Tajdid 155, 165, Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS) 3, 168, 169 12–13, 177–85, 190–2 al-Jama’a al-Islamiya 167 Islamic dissent 190–4 al-Shabiba al-Islamiya 156, 167 Negara Berkebajikan 189 Harakat al-Tawhid wa al-Islah Negara Islam 184 (MUR) 154, 168–70 Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) 177, Jama’at al-Adl wa al-Ihsan 157 187–8, 190 Jama’at al-Tabligh wa al-Da’wa 157 New Malaysia Agenda 189 King’s role 159–60 Parti Rakyat Malaysia 184 Kutla alliance 164, 165, 166, 170 political economy 178–80 labour conflicts 164 Reformasi 186, 188–9 Makhzan regime 12, 159, 171 social transformation 178–80 Party of Justice and Development United Malays National (PJD) 154, 156–7 Organization (UNMO) 177, political liberalization 160, 162, 180, 182–3, 185, 188, 190 165, 168–9, 172 welfare state 188–9 Project of National Action for Malik, Fazlur Rhaman 210 Integration of Women in market authoritarian rule 30–1 Development 169 market capitalism 7, 8, 20, 22, 25, state-society relations 159–66 27, 28, 31–4, 46, 256 structural adjustment pro- Martín, Iván 237 gramme 160, 161–2 Marx, Karl 28 unemployment rate 164 Marzouki, Moncef 136 Union nationale des forces Matta, Anis 61, 62 populaires 161 Mawdudi 97, 208, 210 women’s rights 165–6 Mehsud, Baitullah 207 Morsi, Mohamed 45, 99, 108, 111, Middle East 8, 35–6 122, 126, 130 moderation 11, 48, 50, 81, 84, 85, see also Muslim Brotherhood 155, 178 Mubarak, Husni 8, 10, 30, 35, 36, modernization theory 22–3 43, 45–6, 51, 52, 61, 99, 109, Morocco 2, 11–12, 154–76 113–14, 121 al-’Adl wa al-Ihsan 157–8 Mubarak, Jamal 121 al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya 158 Musharraf, Pervez 204–5 al-Usra 158 Muslim bourgeoisie 92, 103–4 280 Index

Muslim Brotherhood 2, 8, 10, 33, Islamization 203, 208–15, 217–18 44, 45–6, 48–9, 51–2, 56–7, 59, Islam as security tool 204–7 91, 99, 108–33 Jihadists 205 diversification and outreach 113–18 Muhajir Quami Movement Nizam al-Khass 51 (MQM) 211 in opposition 108–11 political dissent 213–18 organizational structure 124–6 political violence 201–3, 207 political agendas 118–20 Red Mosque incident 207 politicization of 114–18 social change 213–18 Qutb 56 Tehrik Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 206–7, street politics 120–2 220 survival strategies 122–4 urbanization 214–16 Muti, Abdelkarim 168 Women’s Action Forum (WAF) 218 women’s rights 217–18 Nahdlatul Ulama 29, 46, 49, 250, Pakistan Muslim League (PML) 208 257, 263, 266, 268 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) 208 Nahnah, Mahfoud 231 Pakistan Tahreek-e-Insaf (PTI) 216 Nashir, H. Haedar 61 paramilitary groups 8, 50–1, 207, Nasser, Gamal Abdel 10, 29, 46, 52, 109 237, 255, 257, 263, 264 Nasution, Saifuddin 188 see also individual movements and Nateq-Nuri, Ali-Akbar 81 parties neoliberalism 24–5 passive revolution 114, 154–5 New Partnership for African petty bourgeoisie, decline of 28–30 development (NEPAD) 240 Piskin, Hatice Karahan 62 Nizam al-Khass 51 political alliances 47–50 North Africa 35–6 political dissent 2–3 Nour, Mohamed 62 Algeria 229–35 Nursi, Said 45 Indonesia 42–65 fringe organizations 50–4 Organisation of African models and histories 54–8 Unity 239–40 social bases 44–7 orientalist historical analysis 21–2 Iran 66–88 Ottoman Empire 28, 104 postrevivalist 69–78 Özal, Turgut 96 Malaysia 190–4 Ozman, Mustafa 62, 63 Pakistan 213–18 political economy 27–8 Pakistan 2, 13, 201–23 political liberalization 160, 162, 165, Awami National Party (ANP) 212 168–9, 172 Constitution 201 see also liberalism economic growth 214 political violence 201–3, 207 Federal Administered Tribal Areas see also terrorism (FATA) 206–7 populism 3, 4, 8, 10, 44, 47, 58, 116, Islamic parties 178, 204, 216, 219, 227, 244, 245 Jama’at-i-Islami 13, 203, 208–12 conservative 28–30 Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam 13, 203 of contestation 228, 232 Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal post-populism 116 (MMA) 210–11 reactionary 31 weakness of 208–12 of regulation 228 Islami Jami’at-ITulabah 209 re-invention of 232 Index 281 post-Islamism 58, 74, 103, 228 Silverstein, Paul 236 post-populism 116 social movements 4, 12, 42, 123, postrevivalist dissent 69–78 145, 154, 160, 191, 205, Islamic Revivalist Movement 70–1 217–19, 235 Protestantism 23 Soeharto 1, 5, 8, 30, 34–5, 43, 46, 49, 50, 54–5, 58 Qaderi, Mumtaza 213–14 Soltani, Sheikh Abdellatif 230 Qaradawi, Yusuf 193 Soroush, Abdelkarim 69, 139 Qutb, Sayid 45, 97 Southeast Asia 8 Stora, Benjamin 236 Rabi’i, Ali 71 Storm, Lise 244 radicalization 1, 6, 30–1, 113, 149, 249 street politics 120–2 Raisuni, Ahmed 168 Sungkar, Abdullah 54 Ramadan, Tariq 193 Supendi, Jusuf 63 Ramli, Rafizi 188 Syakur, Sobarin 61 Rashid, Ahmed 216 Syria 29, 90, 94, 134 rational choice 24, 25, 37 reactionary populism 31 Taliban 1, 19, 205, 206, 211, 219 Red Mosque incident 207 tarbiyah movements 46, 49, 56, 57, 63 religious politics 24, 25, 26, 28, 37, 77 tariqa movements 44, 51 see also Islamic politics Taseer, Salman 213 Richard, Alan 109–10 tawahush 141 Rizieq, Habib 251, 256, 266, 268 Tedjini, Hachemi 229–30 Roberts, Hugh 238 Tehrik Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 206–7, Roy, Oliver 228 220 terrorism 42, 50, 202–3, 249 Sabbahi, Hamdin 126 Red Mosque incident 207 Sabu, Muhammad 195 September 11 1, 5 Sadat, Anwar 1, 109–10 war on terror 1, 5, 207, 239, 241 Safavi, Navvab 70 Tilly, Charles 67 Salafi groups tolerance see liberalism Algeria 231 Tounsi, Ali 243 Egypt 49, 59 Tug˘al, Cihan 155 Tunisia 141–3 Tunisia 2, 10–11, 36, 103, 134–53 Salleh, Fuziah 188 authenticity 139–40 Saudi Arabia, Wahhabisim 112 civil society 140–1 secularism 23, 31–6, 94, 99, 103, Dawla Madaniyya 11, 135, 137–41 138–40, 144, 150, 217, 250, governance 141–4 256, 259, 264, 266 infitah 160 secular politics 20, 22–4, 26, 31, 52, Islamic movements 135–7, 148 120 Nahda party 10–11, 134–53 Selon, Habib 262 implosion of 148–50 September 11 1, 5 social and economic Shaharin, Bardrul Hisham 188 challenges 146–8 Sharia law 43, 45, 48, 60, 68, 73, 96, as social movement 144–6 100, 114, 123, 143, 254 post-colonial critique 137–8 ahkam-e Eslam 73 Salafi groups 141–3 hezabollhis 68 state hegemony vs. religion 138–9 Sharif, Nawaz 204 women’s rights 145 282 Index

Turam, Berna 251 Turkish Islamic Liberation Army Turkey 1, 2, 5, 7, 9–10, 43, 44–5, (IKO) 50 89–107 Turkish Islamic Liberation Front Alevi Muslims 94 (TIK-C) 50 Anatolian Tigers 48, 96–7 Turkish Islamic Liberation Union Directorate of Religious Affairs 95 (TIKB) 50 Fethullah Gülen movement 44–5 Turkish-Islamic Synthesis 96 Fighters of the Islamic Revolution Turkish Sharia Revenge Commandos (IDAM) 50 (TSIK) 50 ‘free-lance Muslims’ 97 fringe organizations 50–1 ul Haq, Zia 208, 210, 213, 220 Gülen movement 92, 98 ummah 8, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 57, Hizbullah 51, 62 60, 140 Islamic Liberation Party Front unemployment 164 (IKP-C) 50 Universal Brotherhood Front-Sharia as Islamic state 93–6 Revenge Squad (EKC-SIM) 50 Justice and Development Party (AKP) 8, 9–10, 19, 32–3, Vajpayee, Atal Bihari 206 44, 48, 59, 89, 92, 97, 99, 102 Wahhabi Islam 68 Kurds 94 Wahid, Abdurahman 35, 263 laicism 94–7 war on terror 1, 5, 207, 239, 241 Muslim bourgeoisie 92, 103–4 Waterbury, John 109–10 Nakshibendi movement 98 Weber, Max 22–3, 26 Ottoman Empire 28, 104 women’s rights Refah (Welfare) Party 48, 51 Morocco 165–6, 169 Republican People’s Party 98–9 Pakistan 217–18 as secular state 98–102 Tunisia 145 Suleymanci movement 98 Turkey 100–2 Virtue Party 97 World Bank 24, 120 Welfare Party 97 World Sharia Liberation Army women’s political (DSKO) 50 participation 100–2 World Trade Organisation 162 Turkish Fighters of the Universal Islamic War of Liberation Yasin, Abdessalam 157–8, 172 (EIK-TM) 50 Yusufi, Abderrahman 165, 169 Turkish Islamic Fighters Army (IMO) 50 Zoubir, Yahia 241