Liverpool Banks O Bankers 1760-1837 a History of The

LI VERPOOL

BA NKS O” BANKERS

1760 - 1837

A HI STORY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH U D GAVE RISE TO THE IND STRY, AN OF THE M EN WHO FOUNDED AND DEVELOPED IT

JOHN Lul u b o o

I LLUSTRATED WITH 25 PORTRAITS AND VIEWS

mums.

I t ic tm thcy opmod tho mmm m mm t at

- Bl ! JOI N ! , N oam ia .

LIVERPO O L H E NR Y Y O U NG {s’ S O N S LONDON

M PK N MARS HALL HAMILTON KENT 85 CO. S I I , , , , 1906

P R E F A C E

I N c o m ilin s aim has n v p g thi work my bee to gi e,

r ﬂ b ut c a a c nn c acc un o f b ie y le rly, o e ted o t the o rigin and progress o f al l the private banks o f

ver s and a severa Li pool, to how who wh t were the l

artn s and v s acc un s of p er , to gi e hort o t their

ns is an a family relatio . It ttempt to place o n c succ nc a cal n ces no t re ord i t biogr phi oti , to be fo u n in suc c m n ss s o f v d h o plete e el ewhere , Li erpool

an rs a a s av n a n aft b ke . The m teri l h e bee g r ered , er

f u urc l o n and a i n u s n us s s. g p t e t q e t , rom mero o e T he most fertile source has been the newspapers o f e of c in all a u one un the p riod , whi h bo t h dred

d And t he a ve s ea s av e n s u . y r h e b e ! t die to d rti e ments in no small measure am I indebt ed fo r facts which have illumined the gloom in which the

n n s But the history of Liverpo ol ba ki g re ted . very Spirit o f the times precluded the newspapers fro m being other than exc eedingly cautious in vi PREFACE

acc un s Of men n n s s v their o t a d eve t . The e erity o f s o f n uc c nc the law libel i d ed extreme reti e e . Henc e much o f real interest in the history Of the

a s s f r se f us b nk ha been o ever aled rom .

u n Of n c n u D ri g the middle the eightee th e t ry, when the c ommerce o f Liverpool was rapidly

an n is s a su s n ﬁnd no exp di g , it omewh t rpri i g to

n s at a e was established ba k . Yet th t period th re

s a o f ffa s u u n an a similar t te a ir thro gho t E gl d .

n c s a s in 1 0 e e e Mr . Hylto Pri e t te that 75 th r w re no t more than twelve banks established o ut o f

n n. and s c a in a us co m Lo do Yet , e pe i lly b y

mercial n v an n us ness tow like Li erpool, b ki g b i

had n s had n a to be do e, bill to be egoti ted , some o ne had to perform the function o f a banker though not speciﬁcally known by the

nc f m n t na . a s a c ass o a a me He e ro e l , r der or

c an ac as an s the c un mer h t, who ted b ker to omm ity,

s a n n a a us n ss a 1 60 till ret i i g separ te b i e . The d te 7

is no t an xac b ut a c nv n n a n ca e t , o e ie t, d te to i di te

the period o f the rise Of bankers. From the very nature o f the process o f evolution no precise date

n n d s is a n s a ca be assig e . Thi poi t I wi h to m ke PREFACE vii clear : that in the case o f all the earl y bankers there was no deﬁnite period at whic h it can be s N an a aid that banking commenced . O b k c me l into existence as such al l at once. In a l the cases Of the earliest banks there was gradual

’ s s c an s growth , ide by ide with the mer h t or

’ a s us n ss un u a o ne tr der b i e , til ltim tely or the other

n If an s ca became domi ant . the b king ide be me s n an a its u c a a anc tro ger, the b k m de p bli ppe r e .

s e n so n no t fo r a a a Thi b i g , we eed look p l ti l

u n s nor fo r c s n s in a b ildi g , o tly i terior , the e rly

’ us for c an s banks . Rather let look the mer h t

’ c un n - us a s an s ac a u o ti g ho e or the tr de m b k p rlo r, with limited accessories in the extreme case

n a a is o n c a a plai de l t ble. It re ord th t f . s es a s a us Mr Lewi Loyd , who t bli hed the mo

n o f n s C f u a 8c O . O b k Jo e , Loyd Lothb ry ,

C v in his s a E . . , e er kept bedroom the m ll table o n which his ﬁrst banking transactions

i his shO at anc n n s . were do e _ p M he ter But it is evident that force o f character and special aptitudes were the prime factors in deter

n n s cc s O s O th v n ure mi i g the u es r otherwi e f e e t . viii PREFACE

The seed laid in good ground pro duced mighty

s s t a c f in s n un tree , whil t h t whi h ell to y gro d s an u a and as a pr g p r pidly, r pidly withered away . ’ As s is n a s na eﬂo rt o ne thi work e tirely per o l ,

c has its s as s in o wn s a c whi h ole b i my re e r h, it doubtless follows that there are errors o f omis

n c ss n am in s nc s ha sion a d ommi io . I i ere hope t t

a are b ut few and nc ns a and the l tter i o ider ble, trust that my business training has succeeded in

n u n s a accu ac o f a s As e s ri g the de ir ble r y d te .

s o f ss n av n a to error omi io , I h e do e wh t I

could to avoid these . But there must be in possession o f local families much interest ing material bearing o n the private side Of

an n in a s and u b ki g the e rly period , I wo ld

a as a c u us act if an a av n t ke it o rteo y re der, h i g

n Of suc u n c un ca k owledge h , wo ld ki dly omm i te

with me .

s s u n a f For the re t , I de ire to ret r my he rt elt thanks for the willing assistance given me through

man a s . and his ass s an s y ye r by Mr Peter Cowell i t t ,

ss s n E. u an a s s n Me r . He ry C rr , Ch rle Robert o , PREFACE ix

or W f the e . a r and . . a e s o Ge g M P r y, F J t r , a n r b ra In c n ars Willi m Brow St eet Li ry. re e t ye f . T a as and a an o Mr George . Sh w, M ter Libr ri

f n ne u has n un a fu . T O the Athe m , bee ili gly help l

n a Es am nd fo r his c ca Joh N ylor, q. , I i ebted riti l supervision o f the chapter o n Leyland and

un 8: ns and u ns ss s. n B lli . Me r He ry Yo g So myself are grateful fo r the ready assistance afforded in Obtaining portraits and views by

rs M rs. Henry Bright ; M . Heywood Bright

a s f rs . s n E M . s . . G W Mo ; Joh N ylor, q ; Al red

Es . . Es . u Holt, q ; C . E Hope , q ; Arth r Hey

s n Es . n . E . . s a d wood , q ; J Hope Simp o , q , J C. c f an f . a s Es . o o v and M J ob , q , the B k Li erpool, the Directorate o f the said bank ; the Direc t o rate o f the London City and Midl and Bank ; the o f naeu Committee the Athe m ; A. W .

S an fo th t r Es . a . s n Es y , q ; Edw rd P Thomp o , q . ;

n a s s n Es . a He ry Y te Thomp o , q ; R . Stew rt B n Es n . a d . . a . a row , q ; Mr G F Gr h m .

In the majority of instances the portraits and v s av n v f n uc iew h e e er be ore bee reprod ed , and n au n c us a ns o f and , bei g the ti ill tr tio people PREFACE places o f great importance in the history Of

v ss ss an n s and va u Li erpool , they po e i tere t l e

iﬁi s a which it is d cul t to overe tim te. T O my sense Of local patriotism is due the

s n v u c is ma pre e t ol me, whi h it hoped y help to an understanding o f o ne Of the forces which have contributed to the building up of my native

v city o f Li erpool . To my o wn case apply the words o f Izaak

a n : And v a a s W lto howe er it ppe l to him, yet I am sure I have found a high content in the search and conference o f what is here Offered to

’ the Reader s view and censure ; I wish him as

uc in usa f m h the per l o it . O N ES J H HUGH .

KENsINOTON,

t R L Nava l " 0 LN POO , I 9 5. C O N T E N T S

PRI FACB

CHAPT ER I

BRIEr VIEW o r LIVERPOOL AND ITS COMMERCE

CHAPT ER II

GENERAL IEW or INANCIAL HIe Rr FROM I 6o V F 7 , WITH SPBCIAL REFERENCE To LIVERPOOL

CHAPT ER III

BANRsRs AND BANRING

CHAPT ER IV

JONN WVRE

CHAPT ER V

W I CLARItE 8c So Ns—LEVLAND CLARIIEs AND ILL AM , , — W Ro sc oa Ro sco a, CLARRE, ARDELL, 8c CO.

' LOWRv, ROSCOB, 8c WARDELL RODER rs,

o co e 8: Co . R s , CONT ENTS

CHAPTER VI

CHARLES CALDWELL 8: Co .

CHAPT ER VII — ARr HUR HEW OOD SONS 8c CO . SA E T HO PSON , , MU L M HUGH JONES- SAMUEL HENRY T HOMPSON

CHAPT ER VIII

WILLIA GREGSON SONS ARRE 8c MORLAND—WILLIA M , , P , M

GREGSON SONS ARRES & CLA —GREGSONS 8c CLAV I O , , P , Y 7

CHAPT ER IX

T HO AS SA EL AND JOSEPH C NE M , MU , RA

CHAPT ER X

Sr ANIPOR'I‘H NGRAM OLD 8c D ALTERA , I , B ,

CHAPT ER XI

T HE L IVERPOOL CORPORATION I SSUE OP NOT ES

CHAPT ER XII

SIR MICHAEL CROMIE ar b PowNOLL 8c AR'I'MAN I , B y , H 59 CONT ENT S xiii

CHAPT ER XIII

RICHARD HANLV

CHAPT ER XIV

LSYLAND ar BULLINS

CHAPT ER XV — JOHN ASPINALL 8c SON JAMES ASPINALL sr SON CENTRAL BANE

CHAPT ER XVI

M o ss ALES 8c OGERS —Mo ss ALE OGERS Mo ss , D , R , D , R ,

— Moss OGERS MOSS , R ,

CHAPT ER XVII

JOSEPH HADWEN

CHAPTER XVIII

PE Co - IVERPOOL ORO G H BANII SAMUEL HO 8c . L B U

CHAPT ER XIX

V NS CHEGWIN 8c ALL E A , , H xiv CONT ENT S

CHAPT ER XX

JOHN T HRELPALI.

CHAPT ER XXI

ROEERT FAIRWEATHER

CHAPT ER XXII

MERSEV BANE

INDEX LI S T O F PLAT ES

— A L IVERPOOL BANRER EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Frontiopiece

W ILLIAM ROSCOE To face page 60

ARTHUR HEvWOOD

HUGH JONES

SAMUEL HENRY T HOMPSON

JOHN PEMEERTON HEYWOOD

T HOMAS STANIPORTH

T HOMAS L EYLAND

CHRISTOPHER BULLIN

JOHN NAYLOR

JOHN Mo ss

T HOMAS EDWARDS Mo ss

GILBERT W I NTER M o ss

SAMUEL HOPE

GEORGE HOLT xvi LIST OF PLAT ES

IVERPOOL ExcHANGR 1 82 0 Ta ace a e 6 L , f pg 4

’ JOHN W VRE S SE 1 6 HOU , 7 ;

’ CLARRES 8L O E S BANE R SCO ,

’ E BA H VWOOD S NE, 1 787

’ L V AND 8L LLIN ANK E L BU S B ,

’ ss BA E I S I —1 Mo s N , 1 864.

’ HEVWOOD S BILL

L IVERPOOL CORPORATION F IVE- POUND NOT E

’ CROMIE S T EN- GUINEA NOTE

’ CROMIE S O NE- GUINEA NOTE

O N S N E S P LIVERP OL BA K U BA K R CHA . commerce and the growth o f o ne o f its chief ns ru n s i t me t . The ﬁrst Liverpool Directory was published in 66 an in no an is n n In 1 d . 7 , there b ker me tio ed o f 1 ﬁ in Of the Directory 774. we nd the body the a a an and n n work Willi m Cl rke , b ker li e ” a as and in a n dr per, 34, C tle Street, the ppe dix ’

a 81 CO . an s o ﬁice a a s C . C ldwell , b ker , 37, P r di e ” Street . When Samuel Derric k wrote there was a vast difference between the Liverpool he described Of - da u n a and the Liverpool to y. Co ld the i h bit ants o f that date revisit the glimpses Of the n as n s n u a at moo , their to i hme t wo ld be gre t the n us v n s in s z u a n wo dro de elopme t the i e, pop l tio , o f n o f v and trade the good tow Li erpool . For n u and us u o f they were the pro d , j tly pro d, the nc as n a and anc o f n i re i g we lth import e their tow , brought about by the enterprise o f its merchants

s n ns t a s a - was and eame . Co ider h t te m power no t a the v a ans o f n c c , th t le i th moder ommer e r n a s o f s san u n we e beyo d the dre m the mo t g i e, yet that long voyages were conducted in what — we should now deem the veriest cockle shells o f av a nna in 1 s boats . The er ge to ge 773 wa b ut I 10 ns and ars a av a had to , thirty ye l ter the er ge risen only to Yet these comparatively tiny barks were employed o n round voyages o f six ’ to e v n s u n r v n a d tw l e mo th d ratio Mo eo er, o w r s COMM ERCE OF LIVERPOOL f m 1 6 wh n war was dec lared with Amer-Ia ro 77 , e , f l w in 1 8 war wit France in 1 80 o lo ed 77 by h , 7 wit a n and l an he had to co ntend h Sp i Ho l d, t y with the dangers o f ships o f war and privateers in addition to the ordinary perils o f t he

thorough practical seamanship were essential t o t he usiness and wit the aid of t ese the co m b , h h ,

f ca n and est In ian b ut lar e were the A ri W d , g su n ar us ness was one t the Ba tic ppleme t y b i d wi h l , sa r nci a ein x o rte and a r ress ve lt p i p lly b g e p d, p og i was rried o n t er ca his was trade ea wi h Am i . T o f c ourse impeded b y the unhappy war with the n es b ut af the reco nitio n o f the nde Colo i , ter g i endence o f ni d a es so o n rec overe p the U te St t it d. ra e wi r an was a so ver l ar and The t d th I el d l y ge, co nsiderable b usiness was do ne in the M editer s et the mo no ol w c ranean Sea. A y p y hi h the East India Company po ssessed in the trade with t he East Indies and China had not b een ab ro a u lic e in On the sub ec g ted. A p b m et g j t in ver o in 1 2 and as a resul D r held Li p ol 79 , t . James Currie drew up a petition to Go vernment praying that the monopo l y sho uld cease . T he memorab le commercial distress o f the fo llo wing e advanc o f the ov men and year retarded t h e m e t, i no t till I 8 1 3 was there a part ial relaxat on o f ‘ LIVERPOOL BANKS b BANKERS CHAP.

s was f a na the monopoly . Thi ollowed by dditio l f in 1 8 b ut no t was a co m relie 34, till there pl ete sweeping away o f the uncontrolled sway Of n n n sc was Joh Compa y. Whe William Ro oe o f ar a n fo r v o n 2 rd Member P li me t Li erpool he , 3 uar 1 80 s in us o f ns Febr y 7, poke the Ho e Commo on n o f av and s su the Abolitio Sl ery Bill, whil t p porting the Bill remarked o u the wider spheres o f commerce which would compensate England fo r ss o f n fa us afﬁ c a d nc n a the lo the e rio tr , n i ide t lly protested against the monopoly Of the East India ”

an . sa a s a aus Comp y Let there , id he, mid t ppl e from all sides Of the House let there be no monopoly b ut the monopoly o f the country at ” ar l ge . Prior to 1 760 there was no coach- road nearer

v an a n n. In a a to Li erpool th W rri gto th t ye r, v a a was ad ac ca fo r c ac s howe er, ro d m e pr ti ble o he , and thus Liverpool was conne cted with the other f n towns O the ki gdom . Before this all travel n had n o n s ac and suc li g to be do e hor eb k, h luggage and merchandise as was sent by land was ans o n ac - s s and fo r an tr ported p k hor e , m y

a s a un 1 8 ac - s s r ye r l ter, til 7 5, p k hor e we e em ’ ca His a s s ai s n ployed to rry M je ty m l . Whe s c ac - a a n n was c ns uc thi o h ro d to W rri gto o tr ted, stage- coaches began to run between Liverpool and London (M ay and Liverpool and Manchester (September 1 The house Of COACHING AND CANALS

call in Liverpool fo r the former was the Golden an o f v Talbot in Water Street. The B k Li erpool

no u s its s w s n b M rs . w occ pie ite . It a the kept y a n anc s c ac ut u at R thbo e . The M he ter o h p p the ”

n ce o n n s o f a r . Golde Flee , the orth ide D le St eet was n as ann the anc s It the kept by Thom B er, e tor f 1 o . . a ann . Mr J . S H rmood B er The growth Of traﬁic thereafter rapidly in c as and the c ac n us n ss and f re ed, o hi g b i e to rom ve a n l a s But f Li rpool att i ed rge proportion . rom the Manches ter district the greater part Of the s ca un cana s c co m good me ro d by l , whi h were menced in 1 2 0 and a ua ca nu us 7 , gr d lly be me mero an an ﬁ ca in n an d import t . The rst real nal E gl d

e a cu Of - u s (L . tting the water way thro gh olid a was an ana c nc in e rth) the S key C l , omme ed ’ which joins the Mersey at Fiddler s

- e r . f s so ca e cana s n F r y Be ore thi , ll d l were o ly

n s f - improveme t o the natural water way. From 1 760 to the close o f the eighteenth n century the town was o f very small exte t . as was o ne o f nc a s s C tle Street the pri ip l treet , n as no w b ut was no t an n the , it more th eightee f . In s st and c ss t eet wide thi reet, Red ro Stree ,

1 M r o mas Banner ie a ic mo n v o h ul . Th d d t R h d (Li erpoo l) n 6t J y 180 a e 8 revere his famil and res ecte al l who new 7, g d 5, d by y p d by k h m” i .

is canal was co m l ete th anuar 1 8 It was ro ecte Th p d 9 J y 75 . p j d and execute Henr Berr who ie at his o se in D u e Street d by y y, d d h u k , Liver o o l o n 0 th ul 1812 a e p , 3 J y , g d 92 . LI ER N S B NKE S H P 6 V POOL BA K if A R C A .

f s n s s s were the a hio able shop . All the treet were c n na in a n ex eedi gly rrow ; dditio , they were dirty and - av and all the nc a s s had ill p ed, pri ip l treet to undergo the costly and troublesome process o f

i 86- n n . as was n n 1 wide i g C tle Street wide ed 7 7, and a in 1 80 —8 a s D le Street 7 . The l tter treet was a n n anc n v and in the m i e tr e i to Li erpool, nc as o f c ac n all va us it, with the i re e o hi g, the rio n s n n n a an u s i du tries depe de t thereo w xed d ﬂo ri hed . s nns a n - us s sa s ac s s Hotel , i , e ti g ho e , ddler , bl k mith , m nu us as s a s s o f 8 . , were mero V t t ble , ome them ca a of u n u 1 0 0 s s a ac p ble p tti g p hor e , were tt hed s an c ac n s a s n s to the hotel d o hi g e t bli hme t . r was a v na s and was Lord St eet ery rrow treet , s u o ut f its sen n n us s h t rom pre t ope i g . The ho e o f as ran a n a t and C tle Street lo g to C ble S reet, entrance to Lord Street was to be had only by wa o f as c o ne end of c O n y C tle Dit h , whi h pe ed n a rin n n a i to H r gto Street, the other i to C ble r In 1 82 6 s n St eet . Lord Street wa wide ed to the 1 n OPf u s its na s z and exte t o r time origi l i e , the present noble entrance was provided by the c ns uc n o f sc n o tr tio the Cre e t . Pool Lane (now South Castle Street) is a Very

1 It is notewo rthy that o n the o ccasio n o f the l aying of the ﬁrst l ine o f im ro v men o e t n rath ul 1 82 6 t he tenant o f t he t en No . 80 p J y h ,

M r. o n O rrell a sa l er sufﬁc ientl reco nise the real im o rt o f J h , dd , y g d p h t e coming c hange by pro viding a col d repast and co l d punc h fo r a o ut 10 0 erso ns in o r er t at th n io n ul b r erl b p , d h e fu ct sho d e p o p y c el e rate b d . ST REET S OF LIVERPOOL an str A na n ca es ci n . S e t eet the me i di t , it led to ’ the c a o f v o s c erc a ea n ss r dle Li erp ol omm i l gr t e , t he o o f v ic was un the P ol Li erpool , wh h , der

A c t 8 nn c . 1 2 c nv n ﬁ s o c A e, , o erted i to the r t d k in n n n 1 8 1 1 E gla d . I the Dock Trust Obtained o we s c os Old c and c a p r to l e the Do k, to ere t c us m- us and u n s o n to ho e other b ildi g the Site . But s was not ut n ff c fo r s v a a s thi p i to e e t e er l ye r , and no t till September 1 82 6 was a start made b c ar n c o f al l s n T e y le i g the do k hippi g . h other st s c nv n o n s cent o f c c reet o ergi g thi re ommer e, D u re and an v an ke St et H o er Street, were import t S e I a o f men s n r s . n n tr et them , m y the who e e te prise gave Liverpool the Opportunity o f becoming what it is resided ; for these streets were high c ass r s ntia s e s c an s lf l e ide l tr et , the mer h t him e b ein in ossess n s his c un n - us g p io , whil t o ti g ho e and warehouses were at the bac k o f the dwelling

house . u c ree f o 1 60 ac ca Ch r h St t, r m 7 to pr ti lly the c o s of the c n u was n a res n a l e e t ry, e tirely ide ti l s t was c nc a treet . Bold S reet omme ed to be l id

out in 1 86 and was a s a es n a s . 7 , l o r ide ti l treet an a n l and un a R el gh Street, Brow low Hil , Mo t Ple ar an was sant had a few houses in them . P k L e in s nc and in a u n exi te e , Gre t George Street b ildi g 1 8 But al l an in was commenced in 7 5. the l d ly g d and between Church Street an Berry Street, d a an was no t between Duke Street an P rk L e, ’ 8 LIVERPOOL BANKS ts BANKERS CHAP.

o n a o u a n o f built till l ter. The p p l tio Toxteth a was b ut scan and sca re and a n P rk t tte d , t ki g the town in another direction we ﬁnd so late as 1 80 7 B v n n for sa one f v r e i gto Lodge le, mile rom Li e c an an ns v a n of f u pool Ex h ge, with exte i e g rde r it t s fac s Ev n and ac o v s ree , e erto Hill, the b k erlook

s . uc a in I 8 v r n s f the Mer ey M h l ter, 39, E e to it el is described as the rural retreat Of commercial ” u n op le ce . Till towards the close o f the eighteenth century the district north of T itheb arn Street was open c un ar f o f the s n c n o try. Ne the oot pre e t Ri hmo d Row the stream from the Moss Lake entered u s n n and c us thro gh the pre e t Dow e Street, l tered o n either side o f the stream were the kennels o f v un un a ac o f b arriers the Li erpool Ho d H t, p k c ra n as a s c But to whi h the Corpo tio w ubs riber . Liverpool was behind other large towns in much ar n i s As f s re ts tr s. a reg di g eet be ore t ted, they we

- nar and ill aved. v row, dirty, p Moreo er, they had no s - a s a a s as r and ide w lk , or p r pet they we e,

are ca ca . SO a as 1 av suc , lo lly lled l te 799 we h e h a picture as this : The spirited and laudable example set the town by the owners and occupiers o f houses and shops in Lord Street in ﬂagging fo o twalks s ses the oppo ite their premi will, we hope , S is be peedily followed . It an improvement accomplished in every other principal city and town ” in n Ev n n s n the ki gdom . e whe thi was do e

’ CHAP 1 0 LIVERPOOL BANKS 69 BANKERS . f e a c an o f o wn su sc t n orm d omp y their , the b rip io fo r c was a a n u and a whi h immedi tely t ke p, m de 86 over to it the powers ac quired in 1 7 . Both c an s n set k and su omp ie the to wor , pplied the n u n s af r a s ac tow thro gh woode pipe , te w rd repl ed o f n es are by iron. Some these woode pip occasionally met with in digging foundations. The numeration o f the houses was very un sa sfac r and ccas n uc u a n ti to y, o io ed m h trib l tio to good John Gore in the compilation o f his c s r is a c a n u u o n dire torie . The e ert i grim h mo r the title- page Of the direc tories o f 1 796 and 1 80 0 : With the Numb er: as they are (or ouglzt ” to b fi s e) af xed to their house . The system employed was that the numeration commenced o n the left side o f a street and co n nn c ns cu v and t en ti ed o e ti ely to the bottom, h u n u o n s us in a fin s d t r ed p the other ide. Th i he street the first number and the last number u fac ac er a a fam a s wo ld e e h oth . T ke ili r treet, 1 8 1 8 Dale Street . In George Forwood had an oflice at 2 a t and a s e D le S reet , immedi tely oppo it

was an o f ss s. ss a s the b k Me r Mo , D le, Roger ,

an ss NO . 1 d . n ma s s Mo , 79 U til tter were ettled there was sometimes a doubt as to which end o f a s nu a n nc treet the mer tio comme ed . For ns anc in the cas o f as in 1 i t e, e C tle Street, 793, . the advertisements in the papers reverse the r r in c i c s o de whi h the d re tory place them. The CURIOUS TRADES I I

a c nc at the al end the l tter omme ed D e Street , f m at a o f a s s c ns cu v or er th t J me Street . Thi o e ti e Of nu a n as in use 1 8 8— method mer tio w till 3 9 . The directory fo r 1 839 employs fo r the ﬁrst time a na o f u n s co n the lter te mode n meration. I thi nectio n it is worthy o f note that in many o f the Old- established streets o f London the Old method i u s s s n is a f a . till ed . The Stra d amili r example With reference to the description Of the in a an s as v n in c and s h bit t , gi e the dire tory el ewhere, ﬁn s v u s n a the we d e eral c rio ities. A ybody bove ”

s u . rank o f a shopkeeper (to mi q ote W . S Gilbert) is styled a merchant ; and be it noted that the u n s as place where the latter did t his b si es w a ” c un n us a m o ti g ho e , while ere broker or ” r h attorney employed an Ofﬁce fo is work . A note o n the gradual putting forward o f the dining hour will be found in a subsequent chapter . We have some quaint trades mentioned in o ur “ ” Old v o f c a c s a Li erpool , whi h le ther bree he m ker, fo r a has n s - and ex mple , go e with the po t boy the n changed mode o f travelli g . With increased knowledge and application o f science the dealer in leec hes and bleeder s v n as s nc v a with leeche ha e go e di ti ti e tr des. I regret the disappearance o f the stocking ” af us a n so s o f gr ter, ill tr ti g well the tory the old lady who boasted she had worn o ne pair o f I N ERS CH I a LIVERPOOL BANKS if BA K . s c n s fo r a s n n the f to ki g thirty ye r , re ewi g oot or “ ” n as u m n sc v n leg portio req ired . The o ey ri e er has sa a in na n b ut c n di ppe red me o ly, the or has for an c n ns meter gone ever. Ch ged o ditio o f shipping have submerged the broker fo r the ” fl a s b ut had a n a a us n ss t , , he mo opoly, wh t b i e u n to - da o n v n he wo ld e joy y the Li erpool Cotto , n d an c c an s . Cor , Sto k Ex h ge CHAPTER II

G EN ERAL VI EW O P PI N AN C I AL HI STO RY PRO M 1 60 I H S PECI AL RE ER R 7 , W T F EN C E T o LI VE

POO L.

— — Rise o f manufacturing pro cesses F rench Revo l ut io n o f 1 793 Bank — Restric tio n Ac t 4 nc rease o f co unt ry b anks—Natio nal D eb t Pro ﬁts o f Bank o f Engl and and Bank o f Ireland—Co nso l s—Co m mercial ist ress—Peace o f 1 8 1 and 1 8 1 and co nse uent effec t d 4 5, q

— - — o n p rices First issue o f so vereigns and hal f so vereig ns Partial — resumptio n o f cash payments Scaling do w n o f interest o n l oans —Lar e issue o f a er mo ne —S eculatio ns o f 1 82 and 1 82 g p p y p 4. 5, — — and co nsequent g rave c risis Great sto ppag e o f b anks Estab lish — ment o f b ranc hes o f Bank o f Engl and Co mmencement o f jo int stoc k banks Stamp duties Liverpoo l j o int -sto c k banks ra ual su ersessio n o f rivate an s G d p p b k .

T HE latter part Of the eighteenth century and the co mmencement o f the nineteenth mark the period when manufactures and commerce parted f Old and m a n new s rom the e b rked i to the method , which have resulted in the enormous expansio n

Of n es . was an nv n ve a e and moder tim It i e ti g , ear 1 6 n a av s nv n the y 7 7, whe H rgre e i e ted the s nn n - enn was the s a in - n Of suc pi i g j y, t rt g poi t cessive additions to the mechanical substitutes c ss s Of an s fo r the slow pro e e h d labour . Thi im provement was followed in I 769 by Arkwright 1 4 LIVERPOOL BANKS tr BANKERS cm . taking o ut his ﬁrst patent fo r spinning with l s In 1 . Re . a rol er . 774 the v Dr . C rtwright

a n his nv n n o f - and p te ted i e tio the power loom , in 1 776 the mule was invented by Samuel n n f a ca n o f Crompto . The ollowed the ppli tio s - a in 1 82 a s f lus team power. W tt 7 m de him el il trions by the patent Of the perfected steam v n s f n n . an un e gi e M y impro eme t ollowed, til Robert Fulton in America had the satisfaction Of seeing his paddle - steamers o n the Hudson 6 n a s ﬁ from 1 80 o w rd . The rst steamboat o n the e s a v in M a 1 8 1 av n n u M r ey rri ed y 5, h i g bee b ilt n v and unc n to ply betwee Li erpool R or . Liverpool was the chief port fo r the output Of v oc ss s and a n ﬁ the impro ed pr e e , gre tly be e ted But ss a thereby. the progre w s impeded by the us a s f 1 6 n W vario w r rom 77 o wards. hen peace s s a s and c c was a in eemed e t bli hed , ommer e r pidly c as n ca war Of nc v lu n re i g , me the the Fre h Re o tio . On the declaration Of war in 1 793 there was u u c un a panic thro gho t the o try . Hundreds Of c c a us s eca e an u and a u ommer i l ho e b m b kr pt, bo t seventy country bankers stopped payment : o ne f nu e n s n O . In iv third the mb r the exi ti g L erpool, CO ca a s a 85 . an u and Ch rle C ldwell be me b kr pt, O had av Gregson 8: C . to h e their affairs loo ked

n b ut su v v d a . In s o n i to , r i ed the or e l thi c n o a s u ecti n Dr . J me C rrie writes under date “ 1 6th March 1 793 : The ﬁrst merchant in BANK REST RICTION ACT 1 ;

L v has fa e and an t rs mus i erm il d , m y o he t ”

o w va cr is n i at a stan . f llo . Pri te edit e t rely d I n s xt t the a n o f ver o thi e remi y Corpor tio Li p ol, o n a f o f n so u aid f the ank beh l the tow , ght rom B

o f n an b ut re fus . en E gl d, we re ed it They th Obtained a special Act o f Parliament enabling t em ssu r ss n es a a ns r duc h to i e p omi ory ot g i t p o e. s had ff c o f v n s r s Thi the e e t relie i g the di t e s. A detailed account o f this unique transaction a a s in a su se u n c a v rn ppe r b q e t h pter . The Go e ment introduced a special Bill fo r tempo rary a vanc s o n cr d o f c unt av n the d e the e it the o ry, h i g sa n n ns and un Act 2 s ns me i te tio , der the 33 per o made application fo r advances to the amount o f 5 Of these 2 38 were granted to the extent o f 1; c was so muc u re for ur Gold, whi h h req i d the p s s Of war ca sca c and d a n o n po e , be me r e, the r i the Bank became so excessive that by 2 5th February 1 797the stock o fgold was only 1 Then an s c n t was nal came the B k Re tri tio Ac . It origi ly stated that the restriction was to last fo r ﬁfty- two a s n b ut r f n va s l as d y o ly, , with b ie i ter l , it ted till 1 82 n a n o f cas for n s was 5. Whe the p yme t h ote no t compulso ry came the great increase in the f va e an s l n nu O r al a ssu . mber p i t b ker , p per i i g They ncrease in ars f 2 0 1 and the i d eight ye rom 3 to 5 7, inc as wen o n un l in a 1 8 1 r re e t ti , the ye r 4, the e were no less than The panic o f 1 8 I 5- 1 6 I 6 E OO B NKS AN S LIV RP L A U B KER CHAP. wiped o ut so many that at the end o f the latter a n 2 and fu r de ictio ns ye r there were o ly 75 , rthe p , cu na n in déb dele o f 1 82 uce the lmi ti g the 5, red d nu 2 us in v mber to 55 . Th ele en years about so - ca an s ca n lled b k be me ba krupt . In the meantime the requirements o f the Government were such that the National Debt n n a su c ss v we t up by leaps and bou ds . E ch c e i e a saw a f s an un f 2 ye r re h lo , til rom in 1 a na ac c ssa 793 , the N tio l Debt re hed the olo l ﬁ u Of 8 in 1 8 1 6 In s g re 9 . the word o f a sprightly writer : During the war Of the nc v u n an Of n an Fre h Re ol tio the B k E gl d, un s a n a a a in s c ffus re tr i ed by li bility to p y pe ie, di ed its notes with a prodigal hand ; and every man c ul a acc c u who o d get bill epted o ld get it cashed . The Minister had hundreds o f millions to in ans and ns Of ns a s in borrow lo , te millio to r i e revenue ; and loans c ould no t be raised and taxes paid unless trade was lively and the circulation fu and f e and acc n n ll r e ; ordi gly, whe the Prime n s n his Ban v n r Mi i ter wi ked eye , the k go er o n his a and an - n s a o ut odded he d , b k ote were de lt like cards at a gambling table ; every man who could give an IOU to the marker being at f c a ame as and per e t liberty to pl y the g he ple ed, ” is c anc o f u n in n r s take h h e r i the ge e al port. nc o f was sa d uru immit He e Pitt it id, m , a tere ”: relin uet ch r d g ,

“ 1 8 E OO N S N E S CH P LIV RP L BA K £9 BA K R A . fo r the relief Of the merchants Of Liverpool and ”

ancas . ss n s a n and L ter Commi io er were ppoi ted , an Ofﬁ c n in a for u s e ope ed W ter Street the p rpo e . Banking matters in Liverpool appeared to go

o n s . a n an a an moothly Cert i ly ephemer l b k, Sir c a Powno l l 8: a an dis Mi h el Cromie, , H rtm , a a in 1 80 1 b ut n n Of en ppe red , othi g mom t ccu 1 80 a a n ss o rred till 7. Th t ye r wit e ed the acc ss n s Of O e io to the li t bankers Of Moss 8: C . and s Hadwen as an a s Jo eph . Thom Leyl d l o s a a s f f m a 8: sc and ep r ted him el ro Cl rke Ro oe , c nc the ﬁrm o f a u n omme ed Leyl nd 8c B lli . nd Gregson 81 CO . a Richard Hanly both sus u 8 pended payment . B t the close Of 1 0 9 and the whole Of 1 8 1 0 witnessed great commercial s s so a a fa in c s and distre s. There wa gre t ll pri e destruc tion Of private credit as was then without is sa a a f a s in precedent . It id th t h l the tr der the n ca an u and is c a n a ki gdom be me b kr pt , it ert i th t i s s Liverpool had t hare . n o n a 2 o th u 1 8 10 s n Whe Frid y, J ly , the ettli g da for ns s o n n n c c an y Co ol the Lo do Sto k Ex h ge, it was found there was no o ne to receive the c s u was an ala n S c Sto k bo ght, there rmi g ho k to n c ﬁ nc v n n n merca tile on de e . The Go er me t loa fo r a a 0 0 0 0 0 0 had n a en th t ye r, J9 4, , , bee t k by

ﬁr s ar n 8: CO. and sc d 81 two m , B i g Gold hmi t O c s su n f a sc u C . The Sto k dde ly ell to di o nt . a c nsu and t he sc un wa as muc s P ni e ed, di o t s h a ' 11 S E I W 1 P CU LAT ONS IT H S . AMERICA 9

6 B r a r t . Sir F i h l e cen . a n d dicd and Go d p g , schmidt t o o k his losses so much t o heart t hat

The loss o f co nﬁdence and consequent panic

which in 1 80 8 had b ecn t hrown o pen t o direct

manufact ures had b een sent aIr ORd in 1 80 8

and 1 80 and caused an inﬂatio n o f rices 9 , p in En l and Aft er a while it s seen t here g . wa was no ret urn for the vast x rts And amal l e po . in s t wo n er man cases . o o ds en s ecu d , y G , p

wareho uses had to lie o n t he b eac h and discri , ;

the fa l in rices and anic t o ok o ss essio n o f l p , p p

’ Bill ing e s Liverpool Adv eﬂ irer fo r 1 3th August

It is lamentable t o o b serve the wanto nnes wit h w hic h men Speak o f the credit o f the most eminent o uses in co nse uenc e o f the recent ist resses in the h , q d

T he to n ues o f ant uat ed maidens are no t mo re lo ose g iq , nor the r nsinuatio ns mo re scan alo us t han those of i i d , 2 0 LIVERPOOL BANKS {if BANKERS CHAP.

nt w at c ast t is to a woman t is c redit is to a merc ha h h i y , h lic entious prac tice o f whispering away reputatio n cannot ” emne b e too Severely c o nd d.

Early in 1 8 1 1 the Government found it neces sa n uc a cia ry to i trod e Commer l Credit Bill, to enable traders to Obtain means to ﬁnance their s c n a n o f holdings Of produce . The e o d re di g the ac On 1 6 a c and o n re Bill took pl e th M r h , the p v ns a ! a n Of the nci a rc an s io d y meeti g pri p l me h t , r s and a s was c nv n at v b oker , tr der o e ed the Li er pOOl To wn Hall to take into consideration the expediency Of an application to Government for a participation in the loan o f Exchequer Bills no w about to be issued fo r the relief o f co m ”

c . s u n c a ha s n mer e The re ol tio de l red t t thi tow , f ecu a na u n and or anc rom the p li r t re, exte t , imp t e o f its c c was in a s ua n r u ommer e, it tio to eq ire , and was n c a a t c a n in e titled to expe t, p r i ip tio the public aid no w about to be Offered to the trading part o f the nation ; and that it was highly ex pedient that a respectful application to that effect s u a v n ho ld be m de to Go er ment without delay . The third reading Of the Bill was carried by 1 and o n 8 an Ofﬁc was n 4 to 4 , th April e ope ed in the Exchange fo r the Commissioners fo r the ssu o f E c u s i e x heq er Bill . The question Of the monopoly Of the East India Company as to the trade with India and II FALL OF PRICES IN 1 8 1 4- 1 5 2 1

China was constantly occupying the minds Of ve us n ss c un in n an and iv r e ry b i e omm ity E gl d, L e po ol naturally wished to share in that Eastern ra On 1 th a c 1 8 1 2 a n of t de . 7 M r h meeti g

c an s &c . ac in n a mer h t , , took pl e the Tow H ll to take into co nsideration the proprie ty o f petition in a n fo r the s - fo r c a n g Parli me t wi hed parti ip tio . W f a 1 8 1 n h n a a c in . e p rti l relie me 3, Mr Joh Gladstone was o ne Of the ﬁrst to avail himself o f u ff the opport nities O ered . In 1 8 1 3 John and James Aspinall relinquished

tea &c . us n ss and ca an s s their , , b i e be me b ker olely, n s o under the title Of Joh A pinal l 8: S n. Though matters o n the surface seemed fairly h was a n n un s s us a . pro pero , yet t ere deep i ter l re t The gulf between the nominal and the actual value o f Bank Of England paper was yearly n wide ing (see Chap . and thus prices were c be ome more and more inﬂated . a v n Of ac in 1 8 1 and sub se The d e t pe e 4, the u n n c ssa n Of war in 1 8 1 c the q e t e tire e tio 5, pri ked

u . c s n u n all s s D b bble Pri e the t mbled o ide . ur in the war ve anufac u was s u a g , e ry m t re tim l ted . tin a and n al l u and Copper, , le d , iro were req ired , v o A ns ne f r. s a c ns u nc were exte i ely mi d o eq e e , c s in oal were demand . There was need fo r large uan s o f far r uc nc s q titie m p od e . Thus e losure Of c an s a o n s ommon l d were m de a vast cale . From 1 795 to 1 8 1 5 no less than 1 798 Enclosure Bills ’ 2 2 E OO NKS A LIV RP L BA 69 BANKERS CH P.

ass us Of ns and f 1 0 p ed the Ho e Commo , rom 79 to 1 82 0 no less than acres passed from c una v n s omm l to pri ate ha d . Those who would refrain from stealing the goose from the common did no t scruple to steal the common from the c ssa n Of goose . With the e tio war came glutted a s fo r an s s uc n m rket ; dem d topped, whil t prod tio

n o n. n c s n n suff we t Shippi g orre po di gly ered . c c su was na u al sas us For ommer e the re lt t r ly di tro , a a av Of u n s v and gre t w e r i wept o er the country. was f o n in 1 8 1 6 and u n It elt till well , d ri g the two a s 1 8 1 and 1 8 1 6 2 0 an n ﬁ s ye r 5 , 4 b ki g rm either a a sus n us n ss ca n p rti lly pe ded b i e or be me ba krupt . ca l an n ﬁr s Of sc a Lo l y, the b ki g m Ro oe , Cl rke , 8: sc and n s na 8: So n in Ro oe, Joh A pi ll , were f v v . o ut s o f a su us ol ed The ormer held hope rpl , and was ut in a n fo r u a n b ut p tr i liq id tio , the latter entirely suc cumbed . In September 1 8 1 6 ’ a n s n was su n a tow meeti g mmo ed by the M yor, to take into consideration the distresses Of the country and the best means to be adopted fo r c remedying the same . The ondition o f the c un was n v us so uc SO ha o try i deed grie o , m h t t the intended resumption o f cash payments was n was n entirely preve ted. It the intended to call ll 1 in a £ and 2 notes. The following year saw the change in the Gazette fo r 8 coinage . The th July 1 8 1 7 co n tains the particulars o f the new sovereigns and CRISIS OF 1 8 1 9 2 3

exist n l co ina e Vast amounts o f i g go d g . go ld wer c ine b ut t he fa l ure o f the har vest in e o d, i 1 8 1 8 necess itated its expo rtatio n in payment for

was In 1 8 1 8 there v as a further addition to t he silver co inage o f 1: princ ipally in T he year 1 8 1 9 was al so exceedingl y had fo r t he c m c o f the co un r A c o rres o ndent o mer e t y. p ’ in Go re s Advertiser in April gives a very glo o my “ picture o f Liverpo o l : Commerc e such a sta as at resen ro ert o f ever kin te p t, p p y y d r a n l l rs o f co l o n al ro duc e dep eci ti g dai y . Ho de i p n ra and Of c t n es ec al are a ticul a l ge e lly, o to p i ly, p r r y r hit rec n fa ures w ro uce o s ha d . The e t il ill p d m t disast us esu s not o nl irect b ut n irect ro r lt , y d ly, i d ly, ” t eref re by the destruction o f c onﬁdence. He h o appeals to t he merc hants o f Liverpo ol to apply at o nce fo r a grant o f Exchequer Bill s fro m

Go vernment . l h But Go vernment c ou d do not hing . T ey ’ f an were at t heir wits end o r money . The B k of n an had c n rac e its ssues a an c E gl d o t t d i , p i nsue and a us fo r was ma o f suc e d, r h gold de h severity that o n 5t h April I 8 I 9 Parliament hurried through a Bill rest ricting the Bank o f a England from paying t heir notes in eash. W nt in l us and discontent pervaded the k gdom. Al ion a » 2 4 LIVERPOOL BANKS Br BANKERS c n . only is necessary in these pages to the Battle ” Of t 6 s a Pe erloo o n 1 th July in thi ye r. The year 1 8 2 2 was next ﬁxed fo r the resumption Of cash a en s and an o f n an p ym t , the B k E gl d advertised that they would remit any amount o f gold coin Of the realm in sums not less than 30 0 0 o n application to the chief cashier o 1 st ua t n af a s pri r to Febr ry , ex e ded terw rd to

1st a c and a a n I st . But M r h, g i to April the depression in the c ountry was so great that the sc e had fu to b e o s n and hem rther p tpo ed, an Act o f Parliament was passed authorising ’ the issue Of country bankers small notes until th anua 1 8 a o f Of s J ry 33, the ye r the expiry ’ the an o f n an s c a B k E gl d h rter. In f n a 1 82 a s Of n s the ollowi g ye r, 3, r te i tere t an d and in 1 82 v n n sca beg to roop, 4 Go er me t led it c n s u n s en . dow Fo r per Ce t . to 3} per t In Liverpool the banks gave notice that o n and after 1 st January 1 824 it was their intention to calculate interest and discount approved b ills at e u a o f ce u th red ced r te 4 per nt. There wo ld naturally be a c orresponding reduc tion in the e f interest allow d o n deposits. The Bank O c an s a o f n s o n s s was S otl d , who e r te i tere t depo it in 1 82 2 u n 1 2 c n . c i 8 er 4 per e t , red ed it 3 to 3 p 8 2 c nt and in 1 2 c n . e , 4 to per e t Having no longer the fear Of extinction before r e s the c un r an s had ar thei ey , o t y b ker , who l gely

E N S H 2 6 LIV RPOOL BA K if BANKERS C AP. could enter into the mind Of man became an

c o f n - s c n s and v r obje t joi t to k e terpri e, e e y de sc n Of rs n in a c u riptio pe o the re lm, who o ld ﬁnd i a ne in o ne n r s the wherew th l , joi d e te pri e an or other .

has n c u . n It bee omp ted by Mr H . M . Hy d man that the loans to foreign States amounted to A: and that in addition the following joint- stock companies were subscribed

2 0 Com an es to u ra wa s 1 p i b ild il y 3, 2 2 Bank and insurance companies 1 1 Gas c ompanies 1 7 Fo reign mining co mpanies 8 English and Irish mining c om panies 9 Co mpanies fo r c o nstruc tio n o f c ana s oc s and steamers l , d k , 2 7 Co mpanies fo r various industrial businesses

1 0 1 £ 9,

It is worthy Of note that o ne Of the projects o f 1 82 was anc s ana an 5 the M he ter Ship C l Comp y, a ca a Of 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 in s a s o f with pit l J5 , , h re 1 0 0 ac £ e h . n s n u nc s was a s in c s U der the e i fl e e there ri e pri e , which was accentuated by other and even more “ e n c us n s ca sa s p r i io directi g power . It be me ( y s Mr . Tooke) the business Of peculators and SPECULATIONS OF 1 82 4- 5 3 7 brokers to look minutely through the general c s cu n a sc v an pri e rre t , with View to di o er y a c a had no t a vanc in rti le th t d ed, order to If make it the subject Of anticipated demand . a s n no t un n u nc Of per o , der the i fl e e the pre va n d us n n u fo r a reason an ili g el io , i q ired wh t y a cula a c had s n c n ans p rti r rti le ri e , the ommo wer was v n s has s n and f this , E erythi g el e ri e , there ore ’ ou kt to rise g . The following is a pi cture Of the mania that had seized the whole community Persons re v f al l us n ss Offic s s mo ed rom b i e , retired er , widow and s n n Of s a f un s i gle wome m ll ort e , ri ked their incomes or their savings in every species o f desper ate enterprise ; and the competition and scramble fo r premiums in concerns which ought never to av n t s an at a sc un h e bee o herwi e th di o t, were perfectly astonishing to those who took no part ” n s nsac ns i the e tra tio . By July 1 82 5 the exchanges be came unfavour a and an o f n an va sal s Of ble , the B k E gl d by pri te e c u s e an a in its c cu a n Ex heq er Bill b g to dr w ir l tio . Vas uan s Of uc had n e t q titie prod e bee import d ,

and n a c - u o f ca a in , with the ge er l lo k p pit l the va us c s no s a fo r rio proje t , there were bill to p y the a ns nc had import tio . He e gold to be exported, and as the demand became greater the Bank ca s ff a u sc un n and fu be me ti bo t di o ti g , rther drew

in its ssu s . sc un s f su i e The bill di o ter ollowed it, 2 8 E LIV RPOOL BANKS U BANKERS CHAP. and the London bankers refused accommodation co unt c res n n to their ry or po dents. They i their tu n c n sc un s Off r c n s r de li ed di o t e ed by their lie t , and by December the who le o f Great Britain and re an was in o ne sc n o f c nfus n s a I l d e e o io , di m y, ” nd n r a ba k uptcy . The gold in the Bank Of Eng land had dwindled down until there was only The ﬁrst great stoppage Of banks was a f f n f O 81. CO. O th t God rey, We tworth, , o n n ranc s at a f r a L do , with their b he Br d o d , W ke ﬁ n h e and . O t ec Sir eld, York 5 D ember Pet r

8: CO. af a st u for a ca e Pole , ter r ggle week, be m n a en s for a u f ba krupt. They were g t bo t orty n s n f ur n n x c ountry ba k . The ollowed d i g the e t six ee s cras af cras can and an w k h ter h , mer tile b k l in o f a a n a u s v n . g, the l tter lo e bo t e e ty r fre u n a n e n s and The e were q e t C bi et m eti g , the

1 A mo ving ac co unt o f the miseries o f this period is given in ’ ’ Harriet M artineau s Histo ry o f Engl and during the Thirty Years ” eace o o ii. c a . viii P , b k h p There are so me no w o f the mo st c o mfo rtabl e middl e- class o rder a n t t in o f t at ear wit o ut itter ain e saw man who c n o h k h y h b p . Th y y ’ parents gro w w hite- haired in a w eek s time : l o vers parted o n the eve o f marriage : l ight -hearted girl s sent fo rth fro m the shel ter o f ho me to l earn to endure the destiny o f the go verness o r the sempstress v r s to o o l d fo r a new statio n o in actuall into the w o r go e nesse , , g g y k ho use : rural gentry quitting their l ands ; and w ho le famil ies rel in q uishing every pro spec t in l ife and standing as bare as Lear and his he th saw so met in even w o rse t an strange co mrades o n t hea . They h g h all t is e saw the ties o f famil o no ur sna e b the strain o f h . Th y y h pp d y cu idit rst and isco ntent afterwar s and t he mem ers fall in o f p y ﬁ , d d , b g fro mo ne another as enemies. e saw the o e of the inno cent the Th y h p , fait o f t he io us the c arit o f the enero us the inte rit o f the h p , h y g , g y ” truste ivin w a d , g g y. CRISIS OF 1 82 5 2 9

n wo rke da and n u n out o Mi t d y ight to t r g ld , c sa ar as fas as as ssu whi h di ppe ed t it w i ed . The sma n es Of Bank 1 and 2 ere ll ot the , £ £ , w r ssu in c un and o f to ei ed the o try, were help allay the panic . Parliament reassembled o n 2 nd ua 1 82 6 and u s n Of the an n Febr ry , the q e tio b ki g ’ of the country was uppermost in every man s

nfind. First and foremost the question o f the smal l no s was fina s t . w had e n v n te lly e tled Po er b e gi e , as n a v ssu 1 8 was se n oted bo e, to i e till 33 . It e a s n n asu s n c ssa so o n 2 2 nd th t tri ge t me re were e e ry, March 1 82 6 an enactment forbade the further s a n on an n s unde and a t mpi g y ote r £ 5, the d te o f the final abolition o f al l existing small notes s fi at th l 1 82 wa xed 5 Apri 9 . Negotiations between the Government and the Bank o f England resulted in the establ ishment Of ranc s o f an in s v ra vinc a ns b he the B k e e l pro i l tow , and the granting o f the privilege to form banks f s was consisting o more than six partners . Thi “ An Act for nac . . ca . 6 e ted by 7 Geo IV p 4 , the better regulating co - partnership o f certain ” s in n a But fu and b anker E gl nd . the power l malign influence o f the Bank Of England pre vented the latter provision from operation except

- n at a distance Of sixty ﬁve miles from Lo don. It was no t til l August 1 833 that the evilly sel ﬁsh f an was c u s l c an and po licy o the B k omp l ori y h ged , S 3° LIVERPOOL BANK er BANKERS cm .

the benefit Of joint- stock banking extended to the n whole Of England . Eve no w it is a blot o n the Free Trade po licy o f England that the issue Of n s an s an an Of En ote by b ker , other th the B k g an s u in C cl o f s l d , ho ld be prohibited the ir e ixty five s a us a un n n mile r di ro d Lo do . But s ss was un v sa and a u di tre i er l , ltho gh Government felt that this commerc ial crisis s u out its own sa va n was co n ho ld work l tio , it strained by force Of circumstances to c ompel the unwil ling Bank o f England to make advances ns uc a un w agai t prod e . The mo t as limited to ns three millio . In Liverpool the Commissioners appointed by an Of n an a n s an in the B k E gl d to dmi i ter the lo , sums o f no t less than 50 0 nor more than 1 0 0 0 0 n s n as as J£ , , were Joh A hto C e, Thom c av s n and s s Flet her, D id Hodg o , Li ter Elli , with s c a c James Bunnell a Se ret ry . The ommittee rooms were Over the Government offi ce at the O m asu s a top f Water Street . The e re dopted ve succ ssfu c was a ua re- s a pro d e l , redit gr d lly e t b lished and a was a a n u , the ho rded gold g i bro ght C n into irculatio . The establishment Of branches o f the Bank o f n an and f a n Of n - s c E gl d , the orm tio joi t to k an s no t new as b ut had s nc b k , were ide , , i e the c s s of 1 8 1 and 1 82 1 n scuss ri e 9 , bee di ed both u c and va and s n c s s p bli ly pri tely, the pre e t ri i 11 JOINT - STOCK BANKS 3I

served as an opportunity fo r bringing them into 1 n bei g . a in v in 1 82 2 the a e s For ex mple, Li erpool p p r o f the day stated that it was the intention o f Government to permit the formation Of joint stock banks at a distance o f no t less than sixty ﬁve s f n n and a nc a mile rom Lo do , th t the pri ip l t n s merchants had had o ne or two private mee i g . At the meetings the advantages of the Joint ns v n Stoc k system were tabulated . The reaso gi e will no w be read with interest

f c . 1 . a a a ua o r v c n n n C pit l, deq te e ery o ti ge y f r ca 2 af s o a . . S e depo it pit l An Ofﬁc fo r sc un Of s c a s 3. e di o t re pe t ble bill , f f an us m a ns ree rom the d gero te pt tio , pre sented o n the o ne hand by too great a and fa a c ns u nc s liber lity, the t l o eq e e su n o n f a ca re lti g, the other, rom pri cio us s v in can acc o a re er e, mer tile omm d n tio .

. ans o f a in o n s s n c 4 The me llow g, horte t oti e ,

1 ' In No vember 180 7 the Co urt o f King s Bench granted a rul e with a view o f making inquiry into the l egal ity of the fo rmatio n o f j o int stoc o m nies In o o c a 1 82 2 M r. l in f New castl e issue a k p . J p , , d pamphl et in w hich he advo cated the del eting o f the c l ause in the Bank ’ o f Engl and s c harter w hic h restricted b anking co -partnerships o f mo re t an six erso ns He co mmunicate w it several mercan il e h p . d h t co mmunities wit reference to the matter and in Liver oo l so me h , p o f the l ea in merc ants memo rialise the M inisters o l in o ri i. d g h d . J p g us te the Natio nal Pro vincial Ban o f En l an and fo un ed the d k g d, d ’ 2 E OO N S B N E S can 3 LIV RP L BA K b A K R .

the most ample allowances o n real secu rities ; or o n a regulated system o f per s na ua an o l g r tee . A secure basis fo r the issue (if it should be u s a o f ca no s u n tho ght de ir ble) lo l te , po such principles as will render them ex empt from the inconvenience and hazard ’ o f v an s pri ate b ker notes .

Also in 1 8 1 7 we ﬁnd rumours current in Liverpool as to the establishment o f branches o f the Bank o f England in various parts o f the n cou try . The Bank o f England opened branches at l uc s anc s and ans a in G o e ter, M he ter, Sw e , the na in 1 82 6 f in 1 82 order med, ollowed 7 by n a v s and s in Birmi gh m, Li erpool , Bri tol , Leed , 1 82 8 cas in 1 82 u and by New tle , 9 by H ll c and in 1 8 u and s Norwi h, 34 by Plymo th Port A anc was O n at in mouth . br h pe ed Exeter 1 8 2 b ut us n ss was v 7, the b i e remo ed to Ply 8 mouth in 1 34. This extended system o f business was received a c ns a un o s On with o ider ble amo t f oppo ition. the o ne hand the already established banks c f I 82 n or sc un s. n 1 determi ed to ompete di o t 7, while the Bank o f England was discounting

at c n . v o va an s 4 per e t , the Li erp ol pri te b k were

u n c n . and anc s an s q oti g per e t , the M he ter b ker

E OO N S N E S a 34 LIV RP L BA K U BA K R c n .

claims in these respects o f the general banking c un c omm ity were eded . The first joint stock bank to commence business in Liverpool was the Manchester and v s c an c o ses at Li erpool Di tri t B k, whi h to k premi 4 5 Poo l Lane (no w South Castle Street) in v 1 82 un e ana n of No ember 9 , d r the m geme t f James Baird . The date o the general co m mencement o f the bank is given in the Report o f the Select Committee o f the House o f n as I st 1 8 n 1 6th Commo s December 2 9 . O M a 1 8 1 Ban o f v the fir s y 3 the k Li erpool , t joint- stock bank having its head office in v was n at uns c r Li erpool, ope ed 34 Br wi k St eet , un ana n o f s an n der the m geme t Jo eph L gto . The spread o f the joint- stock system was a ua b ut n ra In an cas s s n gr d l ge e l . m y e the exi ti g private bank was transformed into a joint- stock an But s o f a s n b k . ome the we lthie t a d most firmly founded private banks had an astonishing v a s a s s n u a av it lity, te dily re i ti g the pop l r w e . Of the seven private banks o f Liverpool s n in 1 8 0 ca in n fe exi ti g 3 , two be me the ext w a s n - s c an s o ne fa and an ye r joi t to k b k , iled , other did no t become a joint- stock bank till late in — ’ f the forties Barned s Bank . O the remaining

h ss 8: . was c nv in ar t ree , Mo Co o erted the ye 1 86 n N - s n an and 4 i to the orth We ter B k, the latter amalgamated with the London City and THE PASSING o r PRIVATE BANKS 35

in 1 8 M an an . idl d B k Ltd . 97 ; A Heywood , f ns 8: . was s an o v So , Co old to the B k Li erpool in 1 883 ; whilst Leyland Bullins endured till 1 0 1 n a a ama and 9 , whe it m lg ted with the North f a s an o “ So uth W le B k Ltd . CHAPTER III

BAN ERS A ND BA N I N K K G .

—Is — Origin o f p rivate bankers sue o f c o unt ry no tes Dining ho ur in — n o l i a —Currenc — Liverpoo l Ba k h d ys y of bill s Co inage and — an o f En lan no tes—D c urrency B k g d eprec iatio n of bank no tes ’ s — an ers ommissi — Fic titio us payee B k c o n Genero sity o f Liver — l nineteent - n — po o l bankers Ear y h ce tury Christian names D ress o f an ers o f ei teent and earl nineteent centuries b k gh h y h .

Barons proceeding to a detailed account o f the s v a an n us s o f v e er l b ki g ho e Li erpool, it will be c ns an s and a well to o ider who were b ker , wh t n ns o f an n were the co ditio b ki g . an o f s ea was a c an The b ker thi rly period mer h t, a a af us n ss o or l rger tr der, who gr ted the b i e f bank i o wn affa ing o n to h s irs. He would have an account with some London banker for the purpose o f paying his acceptances fo r the produce in which a and fo r c c n sco un n he de lt, the olle tio or di ti g acc anc s c o f the ept e he re eived . Some o f his n u s s us n ss s no t so eighbo r , who e b i e e were ex ns v f un a c nv n nc ass te i e, o d it o e ie e to p their ransac ns u su s an a man t tio thro gh the more b t ti l , and it was a c onvenience to the London banker a s as av th u c o f S a l o, it oided m ltipli ity m ll fs

ORIGIN o r BANKERS 37

cc un n n f a o ts. The the savi gs o the people were n us c an se and i tr ted to the mer h t , who probity succ ss had e n c nﬁ us n ss e b gotte o dence . So the b i e and a ua l c a v n f grew, gr d l y me the de elopme t rom a an an n s tr der d b ker to ba ker pure and imple . The business o f discounting acceptances and ss n s c c n o f s and promi ory ote , the olle tio bill c un n s anc o f a n s and o try ote , the remitt e p yme t , the retirement o f acceptances no w formed his a c d ily business. For the purpo se o f remittan e an u ssu his own n s the b ker wo ld either i e ote , ” his af o n his n n c s n n or dr t Lo do orre po de t , as n n a n was n ca the Lo do ge t the lled . For the purpose o f implementing the London account w ul s n u n s o f va i us an e s he o d e d p ote r o b k r ,

acc anc s and ccas nal S c . In v ept e , o io ly pe ie Li er an s no t ssu n s b ut af s n pool b ker did i e ote , dr t o ly, ’ at o ne n s a as has n or two mo th d te, bee the us n us c And n ua a d c a ra c . l tom ry p ti e , i deed , Lancashire generally was averse from the system of l c n Far s was in o al otes. otherwi e it the neighbouring Yorkshire and most other parts of n In o f u use o f the ki gdom. time tro ble the s l e s f local note d to much di aster . A ter the passing o f the Bank Restriction Ac t the number of ssuin an rs a ncr as and i g b ke r pidly i e ed , the notes varied in value from eiglzteenpeme in Yorkshire and the Isle o f Wight t o the usual guinea and 5 notes . s E OO 3 LIV RP L BANKS w BANKERS c an .

In 1 80 a ro os o f fa l u o f an an s 7, p p the i re m y b k in s l n in his Liver ool Advertiser York hire, Bi li ge p thus delivers himself

“ W e have ever been o f o pinio n (and o ur o pinio n is j ustiﬁed by daily experienc e) that the c i rculatio n o f ’ provinc ial bankers paper is highly injurious to the u c nterests ecause it ena es s ec u at ve es n n p bli i , b bl p l i , d ig i g, and o ften enn lm men to c reate a fa se ca ta and p y l pi l, thereby to enter i nto sc hemes w hic h too frequently nvo ve t o usan s in ru n fo r av n no t n to ose i l h d i ; , h i g hi g l t emse ves t e run neck or nothin nto the w est h l , h y , g, i ild and most extrava ant a ventures care ess f the c o n g d , l o se uenc es. T o the o no ur o f Lanc re b e it now n q h ashi k , no t a single note is issued by any banking house in the c ounty ; and no twithstanding the magnitude o f its manufac tures c ommerc e and o u at o n no t n is , , p p l i , hi g c urrent b ut Bank o f England paper and sterling spec ie no r is the least inco nvenienc e experienced in c o nsequence ” o f t s w se re u at o n hi i g l i .

The bulk o f the Liverpool bankers arose o ut o f n a c an s s few f tea- a s ge er l mer h t , ome rom de ler , n o n f n n a d e rom li e merchants. In the majority o f cas s af c a n s v s an s e , ter de l ri g them el e b ker , their trading business was conduc ted hand- in- hand with an n us ness a is sa u the b ki g b i ; th t to y, tho gh

a n an s had su s a us n ss s . m i ly b ker , they b idi ry b i e e But t he more successful bankers gradual ly freed s v s f suc n an n s and them el e rom h e t gleme t , relied n o n e tirely banking . As n a c an so an with the ge er l mer h t, the b ker

' E OO N E a 40 LIV RP L BA KS {9 BANK RS c n . f n the new s a o f n s and in un ormi g to t te thi g , J e 8 ssu f n c cu a 1 7 4. they i ed the ollowi g ir l r

W m C ar e o n rt ur e woo M essrs. . 8: S s l k , A h H y d , n d es C ldwe 8: Co a ua nt t e r So 8: CO. an C ar a . c , , h l ll q i h i fr en d e c t a fter the 1 th nst the ours i ds an th publi h t a 2 i . h fo r transac ting public business at their respec tive banks ’ w b fro m n n to t r e c oc and o n T hursda s ill e i e h e o l k, y ” from nine to one as usual .

The reason for the shorter hours o n Thursday was a a was an os - da n n th t th t the bl k p t y to Lo do , and hence the business community took its half o 0 a s v c holiday n that day. By 1 79 the m il er i e to London had been so ac celerated that Friday h d c s a be ome the hort day. With reference to the closing of the banks n o ne and is l ca betwee three , it we l to re ll the fact that the employees probably al l lived s n f within easy di ta ce o their work . The population was small ; in 1 760 it was only and b y 1 80 1 it had increased to only

an a s as suc no t b ut B k holid y h were , the n f u c a w In umber o p bli holid ys as large . process o f s u n u nc o f time the e, thro gh the i ﬂ e e the a n s o f c c ca au ful ss Gr dgri d ommer e, be me be ti ly le ,

un l . u c s and all was ti St L bbo k miled, the world a f n s o . As a a o a s f u c g y m tter i tere t , li t the p bli ’ holidays in 1 8 1 1 extracted from M ab erly Phillips PUBLIC HO LIDAYS 4 .

H s r o f Ban s in N r o f n and is i to y k the o th E gl , subjoined

’ an. 1 . New Year s Da . Rest o rat o n o f J y May 2 9. i ’ 1 8. ueen sBirthda Char es II . Q y. l ’ K n ar e s W o n a 0 C une . t . 3 . i g h l J 3 hi M d y N r rd m W d l a t o t T ues a . y . 4. hi y W ’ F b Ash e . e . 2 . nesda . ct . 2 K n s ccessio n 7 d y O 5. i g A

A r 1 2 . Fr a N . Go o o v . . p d id y. 5

1 East r M o n a hr a . . e mas D ec 2 . st D 5 d y. . 5 C i y ’ East r d 1 6 . e T ues a . 6 SL Ste hen s Da . y 2 . p y ’ Ma o 2 . T ursda 2 St o hn s Da . y 3 H ly h y. 7. . J y

With the necessary alteration o f date in the case o f the va asts th s l s s an Mo ble Fe , i i t will t d for the er are consi erin sa 1 60 good p iod we d g , y, 7 8 to I 2 0 .

The currency of bill s varied greatly . Reference ’ has been made earlier to t he bankers inland drafts ’ n e at o e or two months date. Owing to th nu c r a n en t o f sa l n - s v a es and e t i l g h the i i g hip oy g , the er s o f r va s and ates e p il p i teer pir , the tim required for the realisation o f the produce varied re was e c il s at the e nc c as . gr atly. He e dit l ti B l following terms were known at this period : 90 ’ a s s 6 1 2 1 I 1 6 d y ight. 3. . 9 . . 3. 4. . ’ d 2 s Fo r nar c urs an 4 month date . the ordi y o e a ns uce o f business these would be drawn ag i t prod . ence it is no t so su r s n as u s m H rp i i g , it wo ld ee at ﬁ s us a u n the a us es o f r t bl h, th t d ri g p rlo tim ' E N S N E S c an 4: LIV RPOOL BA K tg BA K R .

1 80 9—1 6 frequent sales by public auction are ma o f s o f c a de bill , whi h the dr wer or the w ns v n acceptor or the endorser as i ol e t . Some s a and acc and ccas na time both dr wer eptor, o io lly

a acc and n s all ns v n . dr wer, eptor, e dor er, were i ol e t Yet being based o n produce there was a certain va u a ac n s a and a s s ecu l e tt hi g to thi p per, hrewd p a ss ss o f s a n l tor, po e ed ome re dy mo ey, might well make a good proﬁt o ut o f the necessities o f the s n ac c o f a n s for ituatio . The pr ti e dr wi g bill f nc s cu n An sums including hal pe e wa rre t . item in a s acc un s fo r 1 a s s a o f the p ri h o t 794 re d , E t te ” O u n s 8 1 d a 8: C . s. . C . C ldwell , ret r ed bill (I 79 , 5 5& From 1 793 to the resumption o f cash pay — ments in 1 82 5 6 the currency o f the country was in an unsa sfac c n n ti tory o ditio . Large amounts o f coin had from time to time been ssu n b ut fo n a n for i ed by the Mi t, the reig dr i a n s fo r su s s a s and for p yme t to troop , b idie to llie , u c as o f co n n fa u o f the p r h e r , owi g to the il re a v s a nu c un o f al l fu h r e t , r pidly de ded the o try ll

. c ns in use e u n a weight gold The oi w re the g i e , a f and ua u n a s v c n h l , third, q rter g i e , with il er row ,

f- al c n s l n and S nc . a f h row , hil i g , ixpe e Copper h l nc had n in use f a u 1 6 0 - 80 b ut pe e bee rom bo t 7 , c e nn ﬁ s saw in 1 the opp r pe y r t light 797, the weight being o ne ounce That huge cart- wheel o f a c n c nc n oi , the opper twope e, weighi g two unc s was ut n c cu a n in a a o e , p i to ir l tio th t ye r , I II CURRENCY 43 and in a a n On I s u 1 th t ye r o ly . t J ly 8 1 7 the s v n and al f- s v n u o ut o ereig h o ereig were bro ght , n su an n all l c n e tirely ppl ti g other go d oi s. In aid o f the currency the Bank o f England in 1 80 ssu a l a nu o f an s ll ars 4 i ed rge mber Sp i h do , n in ss ss n a s a a o f the their po e io , with m ll he d George the Third o verstamped o n that o f Ferdi nand o f Spain whereupon a bitter wit o f the period wrote

T he Bank to make its Spanish do llars pass Stam e the ea o f a foo o n the ea o f an s p d h d l h d a .

6 in ssue at s . d. eac and They were i d 5 h, were c n ﬁ irculation fo r many years . The Ba k xed the a o f n at 1 st v r 1 8 1 6 d te their redemptio No embe , b ut extended this to February and again to M ay 1 8 1 f s a acc al l s 7. A ter thi they greed to ept other ac n a s ssu s v tendered at 5s. e h . The Ba k l o i ed il er f s and 3 6 ac n . d. . toke s o 3 1 . e h Prior to 1 759 no Bank o f England notes were ssu un 2 0 In a a 1 0 n s ere i ed der £ . th t ye r ote w

ssu and f in 1 n s. i ed, were ollowed 793 by 1;5 ote In 1 n Ban st c n Act was 797, whe the k Re ri tio ass na n an o f n an s nse p ed, e bli g the B k E gl d to di pe with its obligation to pay coin for its notes o n an a n of 1 and 2 n s was dem d , the dditio £ ote cu nc made to the rre y. The inﬂated issue o f no n- c onvertible notes pro duced in the ﬁrst place a large amount o f hoard ' E a 44 LIVERPOOL BANKS {9 BANK RS c n .

in o f n I an cas s s f un c . n wa g gold oi m y e it o d , n a men a had a whe we lthy died, th t they l rge s s o f u n u was tore hoarded g ineas . The ext res lt an appreciation o f gol d and a depreciation o f the a cu nc u n sat in p per rre y. A B llio Committee 1 8 1 0 c ns u s n and in M a 1 8 1 1 to o ider the q e tio , y Parl iament fatuously passed a resolution decl aring a 1 n and o ne s n ua o ne u n a £ ote hilli g eq l to g i e , whereas it was notorious that in the outside s 2 market the val ue o f the guinea wa 53 . It is wel l to record here the discount o n Bank o f England notes during this period

f to 1 80 2 ro m 7} 8} disco unt. 1 80 3—9 £ 2 1 3 2 1 8 1 0 1 3 9 6 1 8 1 2 2 0 15 0 1 81 3 2 3 0 0 1 8 1 4 2 5 O 0

u an u c s o f I 8 1 and 1 8 1 6 Thro gh the b kr pt ie 5 , brought o n by the heavy reduction o f inﬂated c s caus n c us s s o f c ur pri e , ed by the per i io y tem renc t e an o f n an n was a s in y, h B k E gl d ote r i ed value until in O ctober 1 8 1 6 the discount was 8 6 n But s s d. c . a a a n n 1 3 . w o ly £ , per e t thi tt i ed at the sole expense o f the public . Banking l aw was naturally in a Very immature

sta . an and c s av n c s ns ge M y o tly h e bee the de i io , and nnu e a nac n s c i m r ble the e tme t , by whi h the BANKERS ’ COMMISSION law oa n n s o n f c n , br de i g lowly d w rom pre ede t to ” r c n has sta s an n us es An p e ede t, e bli hed b ki g ag . acc ount o f these is no t within the scope o f this But n ns anc book . a i t e or two arising o ut o f a ansac ns no t b e o ut o f c In e rly tr tio will pla e . 1 88 v s Har reave Anstie 8: 7 Li e ey , g , , Smith , Hill e e c an s in failed . Th y w re mer h t the Manchester us n ss in a v ar wa so ar e in fac ha b i e ery l ge y, l g , t , t t public meetings o f merchants took place in Manchester and Liverpoo l for the purpose o f a n a n n c o f c a n o f a m i t i i g the redit ert i their p per, ’ c cr un u s fier u lest publi edit might d ly u . Altho gh men o f ar s a s had a n l ge e t te , they tr ded beyo d their ans and su n the l a had st a me , to ppleme t tter e b ” lished a n s s and had ut a dr wi g po t , thereby p us a n c c a e deal o f fictitio p per i to ir ul tion. On o f the points that had to be decided was the status o f these bills drawn in favour o f fictitious payees u s ns and negotiated thro gh third per o . urt the su c s in f c and F her U ry A t were or e, the same bankruptcy gave rise to the question whether ’ s c o f » n c the banker harge 1 per ce t . ommission fo r sc un n s in a n cu n ra di o ti g bill , dditio to the rre t te o f n s no t n c a un i tere t , did bri g the h rge der the t s was ci Usury Ac s. Thi de ded by Lord Kenyon n v and a j ury in the egati e . From the detailed accounts o f the various bankers it will be seen that a considerable propor tio n of them interested themselves in the affairs E OO N S N E a 46 LIV RP L BA K tr BA K RS c n .

n s o f the n - s c an s o f the tow . The ri e joi t to k b k withdrew this c lass o f man from the public ser v On f n unc o f 1 8 ice . the Re ormed Tow Co il 35 a u H was c n o ne an O e . o ly b ker, S m el p , ele ted During the recurring publ ic distresses whi ch arose during the Napoleonic wars the old bankers s were regularly generou . They recognised their u c s n and av acco n l c a p bli po itio , g e rdi g y ; to the h ri ties o f the town they were liberal, and took pro n n a in v n n o f ac v s mi e t p rt the go er me t their ti itie . The various news- rooms had their strong su as had a s New c an u n s pport, l o the Ex h ge b ildi g . The Liverpool Gas Company had fo r some years

bankers as its directors. But in one case they fa and fa unan m us a iled , iled i o ly, to look bro dly u n in 1 82 a m n fu . n was i to the t re Whe , 7, otio brought forward to enable the Town Council to erect a public building o n the site o f the Ol d nﬁ a a ns in no of s v n I rm ry G rde , the mi rity e e were f un all an s n ss a o d the b ker , He ry Mo , S muel a l s n and c an . Had Thomp o , Ri h rd Ley d their v s va s u av had no iew pre iled , we ho ld h e St. ’ s a George H ll . It is noticeable that from the latter part o f the eighteenth and the commencement o f the nine teenth century b egins locally the custom o f using su na s n a a n na o f r me , ge er lly the m ide me the

as ar of fo - na s v n mother, p t the re me gi e to the n f s offspri g . Be ore thi time the ordinary simple

’ 111 BANKERS DRESS 47

s a n n Christian names were u ed . T ki g o ly s av n are c nn c tho e who h e bee , or , o e ted with

an in ﬁnd nu us a s . b k g, we mero ex mple John Gladstone o n 2 9th April 1 80 0 married s n One o f his s ns was s n Miss Robert o . o Robert o

Gladstone . Samuel Sandbach o n 1 5th September 1 80 2 ma ss za s n au e o f Re v. rried Mi Eli Robert o , d ght r

f c r - d r s n o Kilt a n. a a Dr . Robe t o To y we h ve

Gilbert Robertso n Sandbach . On a4th Marc h 1 80 6 Hugh Jones married l za o is s a a fa E i beth Heyw od. There ex t l rge mily o f n s s Heywood Jo e e . On 9th October 1 80 6 James Wood married

ss n ar . Mi Marke ; he ce J . M ke Wood On I st September 1 82 0 George Holt married ’ n n One o f v r s a s Emma Dur i g . Li e pool l te t n a f n is e u n n ho or ry reeme Rob rt D r i g Holt . ss o f an o f r ic The dre the b ker the pe iod , wh h Was equall y that o f the merchant and others o f u and d c ass s was vas ff r nt the pper mid le l e , tly di e e

o - fro m the dress f to day. Brooke Ancient 2 ves a fu l ac c un f v l . o s Li erpoo , p 57) gi l o t thi

“ They then c o mmo nly w o re coats c ut muc h in the fo rm o f c o urt ress- c oats o ften w t stan - u c o l ars d , i h d p l , and usual w t t s vere tw ste o r as et tto ly i h gil , il d , i d, b k bu ns a stc oats o f ver reat en t o f the n ca e fla w i y g l g h , ki d ll d p wa st co ats the fla s e n ar e and c o nta n n o c i , p b i g l g , i i g p kets w t a sma ove o r fla over eac oc et and o f i h ll c r p h p k , ten 8 E OO N S U E S n 1n 4 LIV RP L BA K BANK R c . w t o rnamente as et utto ns shor reec es w t i h d b k b ; t b h , i h uc es o f o si ver o r fal se sto nes at the nee b kl g ld, l , , k s, and ar e uc es o f o o r s v r r o r l g b kl g ld il e , o gilt plated to resem e t ose meta s in t e r s oes T he c oat wa st bl h l , h i h . , i c oat and reec es ere o ften all o f o ne co our fr , b h w l , e ' uent o fa t o r snu r Ruff es at the wr st an q ly ligh fi co lou . l i , d w te stoc s fo r the t r re a most nvar a w o rn hi k h oat we l i i bly . Coc ked hats were commo nly used ; the kind o f co cked hat t en in fas on ca int or ea in fro nt nd h hi me to a po p k , a the ra sed art o f th w as er t an the s e i p e bac k high h id s. T he oun men and o me o f the m e-a e y g , s iddl g d men wo re t e r r on eac s e o f , h i hair dressed with cu ls h id the fac e ca e canno n cur s and w t ueues e n , ll d l , i h q b hi d, nd c u s W s a occasionally thick sho rt queues called l b . ig o f var o us esc r t o ns c as tie w s cau flo wer i d ip i , su h ig , li w s rown b o b w and us w s w t a r ig , b igs, b h ig , i h h i ow er w ere c m n o rn m e a e and p d , also o m o ly w by iddl g d er erso n T he stoc n s worn t em were eld ly p s. ki g by h enera f s met mes a n and at o t er t mes g lly o ilk, so i pl i , h i r e o r str e and in the mo rn n o ccasional o f ibb d ip d, i g ly co tt n o r w en rn o oo ll ya s.

n nd n - st s were ver enera use Ca es a walki g ic k y g lly d, w t ar e ea s o f o and so met mes o f s ver am er i h l g h d g ld, i il , b , and e o n b y . B ts w re rare use exc e t the n ca e to oo e ly d, p ki d ll d p

oo ts c ere c ommon wo rn e uestr ans. b , whi h w ly by q i CHAPT E R IV

O HN v x E J w .

Vixermforta date “ Artb w Heywood !

’ — - — — Jo hn Wyke Watch tool industry Wyke s Co urt Academy of Paint in and Scul ture—D is ensar T he Octa o nians g p p y g .

O r the doubtless numerous merchants who per fo rmed the o ﬁice o f bankers to the rising c o m merciai community o f Liverpool there is little f r in record le t . There we e the early days no nd no r s nc newspaper a di ectory . Hence i e they l ac s c u s rv t fa ked tho e who o ld pre e e heir me, their s But names have peri hed. by good chance o ne na has n s v and is acc n me bee pre er ed, th by the ide t o f his public notice announcing his withdrawal an n s n s n f f u s . W o rom the b ki g b i e Mr. Joh yke iv av n c n the ank n us n ss L erpool h i g de li ed b i g b i e , all persons having any bills drawn o n him are desired to apply to John Menzies in Williamson ua is a n s sa and Sq re, who ppoi ted to ettle the me, al l persons indebted to the said John Wyke fo r

s a n o n n s n s &c . are bill dr w by him, or ote , bo d , , desired immediately to pay the same to the said J) ' 50 LIVERPOOL BANKS Es BANKERS can .

is 1 th 1 . s John Menzies. 7 September 773 Thi the sole record we possess o f a banker anterior to the establishment o f those firms whose names n s are recorded i the directorie . In s v a s s e ne us their e er l hi torie , Brook , Sto ho e, and c n all s a o f n b ut Pi to pe k well Joh Wyke, the author is grateful that they have left to him the pleasure o f making this addition to o u n o f r k owledge him. Now what manner o f man was John Wyke that pleasure should be found in this discovery ? Picton shall answer : A man probably little n n n his a s e b ut k ow beyo d immedi te ph re, who within that sphere fulfilled all the duties o f a c z n and c s a n fic a n u nc good iti e , exer i ed be e i l i fl e e ” his a and n a n in d y ge er tio . n in sc a few s f v Bor Pre ot, mile rom Li erpool, in 1 2 0 was u u in a n us r 7 , he bro ght p the gre t i d t y o f ac anufac u o f a c s and the pl e , the m t re w t h tool ac u c in hi us movements. He q ired elebrity s b i n ss and in 1 8 n s s in n e , 75 ope ed premi e Ki g Street, v n fi s n uc a c Li erpool , bei g the r t to i trod e w t h

making to that town. He had before leaving sc u an and had a us in a Pre ot bo ght l d, ho e D le e v m a l O s end Str et, Li erpool , i medi te y ppo ite the o f Crosshall and in 1 6 Street, 7 4 5 the property ’ was u . c nst uc e s u reb ilt Here he o r t d Wyke Co rt, c was a o ut for his s nc c ac - us whi h l id re ide e , o h ho e , s a s a n anufac a us and t ble , g rde , m tory , w reho e ,

’ 52 L IVERPOOL BANKS (9 BANKERS can .

au and fo r an a s an ac v ditor, m y ye r he took ti e n i terest in the affairs o f this valuable c harity . It is stated by Stonehouse Street s o f Liverpool that the origin o f the dispensary was due to John W k l y e . a a n fic n c a the u a c Th t m g i e t h rity, Bl e Co t S hool, a s f un a f n in and in his l o o d rie d him, will , while in his na v n o f sc n remember g ti e tow Pre ot, he be e fited a s a nfir a and the Blue Co t Ho pit l , the I m ry

Dispensary o f Liverpool . The watchmaking business was conducted by n a n un a u 1 n Joh Wyke lo e til bo t 774 , whe he took Thomas Green (probably his brother- in l aw n s s n nu his ) into part er hip . Thi co ti ed till a t o th t 1 8 n n de th , Sep ember 7 7, he bei g the si - s n a s o f a e u i at xty eve ye r g . He was b r ed P s fun a c ss n f v o re cot . The er l pro e io rom Li erpo l

was preceded as . far as the foot o f Low Hill by the boys o f the Blue Co at School singing a fun a an and o n its n anc n esc er l them , e tr e i to Pr ot c n o f sc and c the hildre the hool there met , pre eded

c u c s n n o n wa . was it to the h r h , i gi g the y He buried in an altar tomb he had erected to the o f his a n s s ances rs had memory p re t , who e to s in a a s fo r n ar e c n u s re ided th t p ri h e ly thr e e t rie ,

1 In 1 782 t he dispensary w as remo ved to a spec ial ly erec ted building in C urc Street a o inin the Athenzum T he num er o f erso ns h h , dj g . b p ene te fro m 1 8 to 1 80 w as 62 1 ein at the avera e of b ﬁ d 77 9 3 ,54 , b g g ab o ut a ear In 1 82 t he estab lis ment w as remo ve to the y . 9 h d new is ensar in auxhal l Roa cal l e the No rth D is ensar d p y V d, d p y. JOHN WYKE 53 and his epitaph was written b y his friend William c Ros oe. h c His ﬁrs if Ann is ad ar i . He m ried tw e t w e, , advertised thus o n 7th August 1 760 : Whereas Ann f e f me o n 2 th da o f , my wi e, elop d rom 7 y

as u n e &c . On April l t witho t my k owl dge, 1 8th August 1 768 John Wyke married his

s con fe ss an n. n r in e d wi , Mi J e Gree The e t y Liver ool Cb ronicl e is n t : the p otewor hy Mr . fa o us fo r ns u n s in a c Wyke , m i tr me t the w t h ” wa ss n. was a n e y, to Mi Gree She ppoi t d cu r unde his a th 1 8 exe t ix r will, d ted 9 April 7 3, was a n u a s which dr w p by Willi m Ro coe . Pre sumab l y she was considerably younger than her a us an fo r c n nu n s denc in l te h b d, , o ti i g her re i e ’ s u 1 0 she o n 2 th u o f Wyke Co rt till 79 , 9 J ly that year married Jo seph Jewett o f Kingston

- upon Hull . His ar n o mas n c n nu p t er, Th Gree , o ti ed the t 6 us ness a as 1 8 1 1 . 1 v b i till le t By 79 , howe er, so me o f the buildings within the court were c nv n n n us s and u a o erted i to te eme t ho e , q ite little colony o f watchmaking artisans were collected

there . In the sixt h v olume o f the Proceedings o f the ” Historic Society o f Lancashire and Cheshire there ’ is an etching o f Jo hn Wyke s house as it appeared 1 8 1 s w a an in 9 . Thi as immedi tely terior to the ac u s i n o f the s s b the Gas C an q i it o premi e y omp y , E OO N S ’ 54 LIV RP L BA K ts BANKERS c m .

c who here ere ted gasworks. The site o f John ’ Wyke s property is no w covered by the Central ’ c Oflices n a a s a s u Poli e , the Stipe di ry M gi tr te Co rt , and B a n ra Oflic the Fire rig de Ce t l es. About 1 763 certain seceders from the dissent ing (or practically Unitarian) congregations o f ’ Key Street and Benn s Gardens built a chapel in the open district between Dale Street and White c a c n u o n a cam n n h pel, whi h , whe b ilt l ter, be e k ow “ as s c s The Temple . Thi hapel wa called The ” Oc a n f s a o f u n c t go , rom the h pe the b ildi g , whi h had been designed by a watchmaker named Joseph na f fa o f nn . n o Fi ey Joh Wyke, origi lly the ith u c o f n an was n uce his f n the Ch r h E gl d , i d d by rie d B n n n a o n as f n and e tley, well k ow l ter the rie d a n o f s a e n s co n p rt er Jo i h W dgwood , to joi thi atio n as n fo r s c ss n was a greg . The re o the e e io th t s s a u ca s v c But the member de ired lit rgi l er i e. c a no t c n nu n in new fa the h pel did o ti e lo g the ith, as fina se n was ac in 1 6 and the l rmo pre hed 77 , u n o f c n ff c is the b ildi g , whi h the i terior e e t de “ ” sc as c fu and a a was ribed light, heer l, gree ble , u a n s o f u c o f n lan bo ght by mi i ter the Ch r h E g d, ’ un o f a n s u c was and der the title St. C theri e Ch r h a n s in a fa un 1 82 0 n dmi i tered th t ith til , whe it

n a - o f was taken down. Wyke o the bre k up the congregation in 1 776 reverted to his old faith . “ On 8th January 1 852 a paper o n the Dis ” THE OCTAGONIANS 55 continued Churches o f Liverpool was read before the Historic Society o f Lancashire and sh and o f u us Che ire, the book lit rgy ed by the Octa n c n a n ch was n s n in go o greg tio , whi the how l us a n o n its - a na o f i l tr tio , bore title p ge the me n Joh Wyke . CHAPTER V

WI LLI AM C LAR E A ND SO NS K .

Wm Cl ar e 8: So ns— ransitio n fro m l inen ra er to merc ant t en . k T d p h , h — — — to banker Partners Liverpo o l Literary Co terie Inquiry into ﬁn n o f the ﬁrm—Ac cessio n o f Wm Ro —P i f is a ces . sco e art c ul ars o h

life—C at M o ss — Lo renzo de M e ic i— o ine b o s Le l an h d J d y Th . y d - El ectio n o f Wm Ro sc oe as M P fo r Liver o o l —Secessio n o f . . . p — — Tho mas Leyl and Sub sidiary b usinesses S uspensio n o f the ﬁrm Ban ru tc —Sal e o f b o o s ictures &c o f Wm Ro sc oe and k p y k , p , . , . o n Clar e -Sal es o f l an e ro ert — Deat o f Wm Ro sco e J h k d d p p y h . —Ro scoe Cl ar e ar ell 8: Co —Lo w r Ro scoe 8: ar ell , k , W d . y, W d Fl etc er Ro b ert s Ro sco e 8: Co - Account o f o mas Fl etcher h , , . Th o f l et c er Ro b erts Ro o — ulme t o f Ban ru tc F scoe 8: C . Ann n k p y h , , the an ru t c o f Ro sco e Cl ar e 8: Ro sco e b k p y , k .

HE n o f s an as in n T origi thi b k w the line trade . a o f a s v c At the d te the e rlie t Li erpool dire tory, 1 66 a l a was a n n a s n 7 , Willi m C rke li e dr per, re idi g over his business premises o n the east side o f Derby u was at unc n o f s Sq are . It the j tio Ca tle Street the s o In and north ide f Harrington Street . 1 769 he is described as merchant and linen ” a and 1 a a s as an and dr per, by 774 he ppe r b ker l n n a and has us n u o f n i e dr per, th the ho o r bei g the ﬁrst banker o f Liverpool recorded as such in ca the lo l directory. The transition from trades man rc an and n fur ro res to me h t , the the ther p g 56 v W M C SO ca. ILLIA LARKE tr NS 57 s n b an r is ca o f anke s o f s io to ke , typi l the b r thi f 1 f period . In the directory o 777 appeared o r ” the ﬁ st l a a 81 ns an e s r time Wi li m Cl rke So , B k r , the linen business being still in the name o f

a lar a n . s ns r am Willi m C ke lo e The o we e Willi , n a e 2 and n a 2 1 In u 1 8 1 the g d 4, Joh , ged . J ly 7 M rs a e and the a o f sc n nu n . Cl rk died, ide di o ti i g n n us n ss h n s d a T he the li e b i e t e eeme to rise . parting of the ways was shown by the adver tisement of 2 o th September 1 78 1 of the sal e ’ o f n s o c o f l a a s n n the e tire t k Wi li m Cl rke li e ,

ra and l ne a c s . nc f a d pery, mi li ry rti le The e orw rd the a s an s b us ness n co n Cl rke were b ker , the i bei g uc in ar in n us un the d ted H r gto Street, j t ro d

corner from the old linen warehouse . William Clarke about this time purc hased a considerable uan o f an in v n h n an uns d q tity l d E erto , t e poile su u and u f 1 0 a ar ans n b rb, b ilt be ore 79 l ge m io

fo r i s f. al s u a v a o n H s h m el He o b ilt ill ill ide, Ev r o n fo r his t and a fu h us fo r e t , mo her, rther o e his so n William o n the east side o f Everton c a s o n th Oc e 1 8 o a . Terr e He l o , 9 tob r 7 3, to k f f c n M rs . n a un se a se . to him l o d wi e , Elle Sh w so n hn a 1 0 was vin The other , Jo Cl rke, by 79 li g

at Birchﬁeld o l an no w s n to n . , F l y L e ( I li g ) A year or two earlier he had joined o n to his part nershi in the an a c a us n ss the fﬁc s p b k o l b i e , o e

of hic at ana Basin. in con unc w h were C l He, j n ith a Ro sc e ha s or and tio w Willi m o , C rle P ter, E OO N S ‘ N 58 LIV RP L BA K E9 BA KERS can . h . an ad ac u and O n o ut in Wm Germ , q ired pe ed 1 8 a l 7 9 a colliery t Orrel . Clarke dealt ex e us v in n c nn s l i ely Orrell a d a el co al . At thi a sc v in an in a period Willi m Ro oe li ed Folly L e, us a s u o f a s ho e little o th M n ﬁeld Street . He and a a un n a f n s Willi m Cl rke , j ior , were i tim te rie d , and formed the leaders o f the small band o f young men who studied classic authors in the a n n u s f usin ss e rly mor i g ho r be ore b e . They too, n f u a d . with Dr . C rrie Dr Shepherd , ormed The v o a s s a Li erpo l Liter ry Coterie , who e ho pit lity , as an un c cub o f s n u nc en li ked ixtee , De Q i ey and o n s r af a s joyed, who e memo y he , ter ye r o f auc had u his a f n s deb hery d lled mor l eeli g , sca n o f n u n ttered the ve om i gratit de . Whe he o f f u a n wrote, three the o r whom he m lig ed were

' a I n ratumsi dixms omnia dixisti de d . g , . a a un was ca and had Willi m Cl rke , j ior, deli te , s to pa s the winter o f 1 789 in Italy . He chose nc as his ac o f a and as at h s Flore e pl e bode , t i time Roscoe had resolved o n writing the life o f Lorenzo c ccas n was s z fo r s a c n in de Medi i, the o io ei ed e r hi g the Laurentian and Ricardi libraries fo r original n n s l a n and i teresti g matter . The re u t w s beyo d all c a n and a n va ua dis expe t tio , mo g other l ble coveries s o f nz c had were the poem Lore o , whi h escaped the notice o f al l previous biographers. On 2 nd July 1 790 William Clarke lost his

s c n fe. ﬁrm c n nu ss e o d wi The o ti ed to progre ,

WILLIAM CLARKE U SONS

and although doubtless distressed by the panic o f uff n 1 s no s us sf u . 79 3 , they ered erio mi ort e They by 1 79 2 had acquired more central premises at c n o f as and a the or er C tle Street D le Street , the f n o f an fac n n ro t door the b k i g the Tow Hall . a a un n u his s Willi m Cl rke , j ior, the took p re i nc in u de e the bank ho se . On th rua 1 a a e 5 Feb ry 797 Willi m Cl rke di d , a and us n ss was c n nu ged 73, the b i e o ti ed by the s ns two o . On 1 6th June in the following year William a un ar at en a ss Ann Cl rke , j ior, m ried , K d l , Mi o f a n and in 1 was Pedder th t tow , April 799 he s blessed with a o n. In n n a s af a o f looki g i to m tter , ter the de th i a a us n ss o f us was W lli m Cl rke , the b i e the ho e f u n n n co rres on o nd to be i volved . The Lo do p s s CO nd n a n n a 8c . a de t were E d ile , Sir Be j mi a o ne o f a n s o f a ﬁrm H mmett , the p rt er th t , a d n v nv s Esdail es c me ow to Li erpool to i e tigate. ’ f a o ns held about o Cl rke 81 S paper. William Roscoe was called in in his professional ca ac as a n and n a in a p ity ttor ey, Sir Be j m H mmett was so struck by the ability he displayed in arranging the affairs o f the ﬁrm that he proposed a s u c a a n th t he ho ld be ome p rt er with the Clarkes . sc a fus and was n wo n Ro oe repe tedly re ed , o ly over to consent upon Hammett threatening to ut ma e n ank u t c h . sc ad p the tt r i to b r p y Ro oe , ' c a 60 LIVERPOOL BANKS ta BANKERS n .

his exa nat n o f affa s sa sfi by mi io the ir , ti ed him self that in ordinary times there were suflicieut assets to co v all a s us the at er li bilitie . Th gre William Roscoe entered the noble army o f n ba kers . It is needless here to enter otherwise t han ’ n a cu a s o f sco s ar f briefly i to the p rti l r Ro e e ly li e, as fu er nf ma n is a cc s ll i or tio re dily a e sible . B n o n the 8 a c 1 on so n o f or th M r h 753, the ly a and za o sc at Old Willi m Eli beth R oe , the ’ n - n use a nda s no w Bowli g Gree Ho , M rti le Hill ( un asan n his a n s Mo t Ple t) , the kept by p re t , a sc had fe Willi m Ro oe w advantages in early life . ef sch at a a e o f 1 2 and at 1 6 He l t ool the e rly g , , ’ ’ after a short sojourn in John Gore s bookseller s

s was a n c d . hn s an hop, ppre ti e to Mr Jo Eye , a n the c nc us n o f his a c s he ttor ey. At o l io rti le entered into partnership with Samuel Aspinall or s nwa and co n nu in s fess n ( A pi ll) , ti ed thi pro io , ﬁ s wi t a n an and af war s t r t th h t ge tlem , ter d wi h and s ua Lac unt e m 1 2 him Jo h e , il S pte ber 79 , In 1 6 when the partnership terminated . 79

o n a - a n c e nc he retired well e r ed omp te y . He a o n 2 2 nd ruar 1 8 1 an s c n m rried Feb y 7 J e, the e o d au o f a Griﬂies n n a e o f d ghter Willi m , li e dr p r,

as t v . s e succ s C tle S reet, Li erpool He re id d e sivel in Sc Lan a nf Ga ns x t y hool e , R i ord rde , To te h a n a the n un l in 1 ve P rk, e r Di gle , ti 793 he remo d Birchﬁeld s n n r he had u t to , I li gto , whe e bo gh

WILLIAM ROSCOE 6 1 so an and c a us In 1 2 me l d ere ted ho e . 79 he ass c a se f as a fi a o i ted him l with Thom W ke eld , su a fin of v in a s c a g r re er Li erpool , ttempt to re l im ’ a ss an Traflo rd ss a ex Ch t Mo d Mo . The e rly periments seemed t o promise so well that they formed strong reasons for Roscoe resigning his r f ss n i n f legal p o e io . He hoped to turn h s be t or a cu u and icu u fi a acc un gri lt re hort lt re to pro t ble o t, b ut it finally entailed on him a heavy lock- up f a i a His ma nu s f f o c . u o p t l g m op , The Li e ” r nz c a a in n of Lo e o de Medi i, ppe red the wi ter In 1 u c ase a f f 1 795. 799 he p r h d h l the estate o n nc u n a f the re re Allerto , i l di g the H ll , rom p f M rs m n sentatives o . a a and u his H rd , took p o n 1 8 a c o f a abode there th M r h th t year . The us u c ase was a u 1 c estate th p r h d bo t 53 a res . In f w n a as n a o v was the ollo i g ye r, oted b e, he n uc u as ns o f f n s f sa i d ed, thro gh re o rie d hip, to or ke s r n and n r n c c a f hi etireme t e te i to ommer i l li e . The style o f the firmnow became Clarkes and ” Roscoe . In 1 80 2 a very considerable addition to the s n o f firm was a er tre gth the m de . They w e n as an a v a joi ed by Thom Leyl d , ery we lthy c an and a - a n us n ss man mer h t, h rd he ded , kee b i e , and firm now ca e an a s and the be me L yl d , Cl rke , u n c o f as an Roscoe . F ll oti e Thom Leyl d will “ u n u ns b e found nder Leyla d 81 B lli . William Clarke had always been o f delicate a 62 LIVERPOOL BANKS U BANKERS c n .

1 a and on zl st Oc 1 80 in he lth, tober 5 he died

his ﬁft - s c n a at us o f y e o d ye r, the ho e Robert Holt

M P u s ns . Es . Leigh, q . , . , D ke Street, We tmi ter A c lose personal friend o f William Roscoe from a u un s no t n o f e rly yo th, they were bo d by tie o ly aff c n b u o f n a t c n a a as s . e tio , o ge i l liter ry t te Cl rke, a u o f a n s s n had nu n ltho gh retiri g di po itio , ge i e a n and ns v a n n ans n a t le t exte i e le r i g . The m io th t a a had u at v n Willi m Cl rke the elder b ilt E erto , and c a had n nan his so n whi h l tterly bee te ted by , no w c ase was s a in I 80 6 and ca de e d , old e rly , be me o f N c s a u the property i hola W terho se . In November I 80 6 a parliamentary election ac and f n s o f c v and took pl e , the rie d liberty, i il us n na a sc as o ne o f religio , omi ted Willi m Ro oe can a s and u an l ace at the did te , tri mph t y pl d him he o t a f . f a can date he d the poll The de e ted di , n a Banastre a n ss Ge er l T rleto , wrote to the pre , s a n wea of n n s has boldly t ti g , The lth my oppo e t n caus o f disco mﬁture and c u n bee the e my , orr ptio ” ans o f succ ss the me their e . Under date 3 1 st December I 80 6 appeared the following circular

“ T he partnership hereto fo re carried o n in Liverpoo l the un ers ned T o mas Le an o n C ar e and by d ig h yl d, J h l k , W am Rosc oe al l o f t at ace an ers un er the illi , h pl , b k , d

1 His wife survive him til l 8th D ecem er 8 w en e d b 1 31 , h sh died at her resi ence Castl e End l o ucester d , , G .

6 E L B NKS 4 LIV RPOO A ts BANKERS cusp.

c i n and a sc e was a a n no ele t o , Willi m Ro o g i mi h a b ut f c n ted , retired be ore the ele tio . s Of an s Of Like mo t the b ker their time, the sc s had su s a u n I h s n Ro oe b idi ry b si esses . t a bee already mentioned that John Clarke had a s a at c a us n ss c nce n n s f en ep r e o l b i e , o r i g him el t O and an c a sc s ti ely with rrell Wig o l . The Ro oe a s a e in sam us n ss n im l o emb rk d the e b i e , bei g s Of a c a avin Ofﬁc at porter B gillt o l , h g their e

va c a v . al s u n No S oti , Li erpool They o b rde ed themselves with interests in a colliery and smelting s at a i a sc c n nue work B gillt , while W lli m Ro oe o ti d to take considerable interest in the Chat Moss n s la d . At the conclusion Of the Napoleonic war in 1 8 1 6 t was a c c a an c in here ommer i l p i , ow g to the in c s u great fall pri e which the peace prod ced . r s u c s n c u sc a Thei re o r e bei g lo ked p, Ro oe , Cl rke , and Roscoe had the misfortune to be unable to n a n s and n c ha ff c meet their e g geme t , oti e to t t e e t i ca ss n u 1 8 1 6 appeared n the lo l pre o rat Febr ary . On 3rd February there was a meeting o f the 1 an creditors o f the b k . ’ acc un o f s n v n in s The o t thi meeti g , gi e Gore Liver ool Advertiser has a ua n av u p , q i t ﬂ o r

" 1 Picto n M emo rial s vo l ii 2 2 ed 1 8 ives the ate o f , . . p . , . 75) g d the us ensio n as 1 81 8 and he has b een fo l l o w e so me incautio us s p , d by writers The an arran ement l in ered o n till 1 830 w en the . b k by g g , h t ree artners were fo rmall ma e an ru t h p y d b k p . MEET ING OF CREDIT ORS 65

meet n o f the c re to rs o f M essrs Ro sco e A i g di . , C ar e Rosco e was e at t he reat Roo m o f l k , h ld G ’ Lill man s o te o n Satur a ast w en a statement y H l d y l , h Of the co nc erns Of the ouse was ro uc e M r h p d d by . Rosc o e fro m w c it a eare t at the e ts Of the , hi h pp d h d b bank did not exc eed fo r the liquidatio n o f w c the means t at were s o wn affo r e no t o n hi h, h h , d d ly erfec t sat sfac t o n to the c re to rs b ut a rat f n p i i di , g i yi g assuranc e o f a handso me surplus ultimately arisi ng to

h rtners o f the o use M r. Ro sc oe su m tte the t e pa h . b i d statement w t reat fee n b ut in a c ear ener et c i h g li g, l , g i , n t n He w s rec e ve he w ear and d ma o e. a as an ly i d, h d, he ret re ac c o m an e w t the stro n est test mon o f i d, p i d i h g i y attac hment and respec t ; and tho ugh he so lic ited inqui ry in a ver o nte and earnest manner a s n e uest on y p i d , i gl q i him W en w e c o ns er the o c cas on wa no t ut to . s p h id i , no t n assure cou b e mo re rat f n o r o nour hi g, dly, ld g i yi g h ” to all the rt es able pa i . The state Of affairs was investigated by a co m mittee Of sev n and a was n and e , report pri ted f a u c . was s a a l id be ore the p bli It e tim ted th t , af a n o f all s u ter the p yme t debt , there wo ld be an eventual surplus to the partners Of But alas fo r such roseate views ! After four ’ a s s u a s ass s a ye r tr ggle to re li e the et , Willi m sc and his a n s had c an u Ro oe p rt er to be ome b kr pts . The more easily realisable assets were at once put o n the market fo r sale . These comprised the s c u s n s c n n W & . a book , pi t re , pri t , , belo gi g to illi m sc and s va ua c u s n n Ro oe , ome l ble pi t re belo gi g to ’

n a . osc s a a s 1 0 Joh Cl rke R oe libr ry re li ed £ 5 5 , 8 ’ 66 LIVERPOOL BANKS fs BANK ERS c an .

his n s 1 886 and c u s 2 . pri t £ , the pi t re 3 39

n the as na a ra Of X . Amo g l t med were port it Leo , and a a Of s 0 na 0 da nc he d Chri t by Le rd Vi i , both Of whic h were bought by the eminent agriculturist 1 Thomas Coke Of Holkham (whose hospitality Roscoe had enjoyed in at a cost o f 50 0 n 0 0 u n as s t v sa ac a d 3 g i e re pec i ely. The le took pl e ” o n 2 th u 1 8 1 6 and t n f n 9 J ly thir ee ollowi g days. T he several estates belonging to the partners s were also adverti ed fo r sale . These were n a and 1 ac s Of an n n Allerto H ll 53 re l d , belo gi g a sc O us a ns to Willi m Ro oe ; rrell Ho e , with g rde ,

1 Created Earl o f Leicester in 1 8 37. 3 ’ O ne ventures t o rep ro duce here Will iam Ro sco e s so nnet o n part f o m his ib rar it w as anded a out amo n his ri s n ing r l y. h b g f end i manusc ri t and a eare in the Liv er ool Adv ertiser th Se tem e r p , pp d p 9 p b 1 8 1 6 and Liv er ool M ercur 1 th Se tem er 1 81 6 , p y 3 p b As o ne who destined fro m his friends to part Re ret s his l o ss et o es a ain erew il e g , y h p g h T o s are t eir co nverse and en o t eir smil e h h j y h , ’ And tem ers as he ma aﬂlic tio n s art p , y, d us l o ve asso ciates ! c iefs o f el er art i Th , d h d Teachers o f wisdo m! w ho co ul d o nce b eguil e ’ M tedio us o urs and l i ten ev r t o il y h , gh y , I no w resig n yo u ; no r w ith fainting heart F o r ass a few s o rt ears o r da s o r o urs p h y , y , h , And a ier seaso ns ma t eir daw n unfo l d h pp y h , And all yo ur sac red fel l o w ship resto re ; en freed fro m eart unl imited its o wers Wh h, p , M in s al l w ith min direc t c o mmunio n o l d d h d h , And indre s irits meet to art no o k d p p m re.

’ At the sal e o f b o o k s so me o f Ro sc o e s friends bo ught vo l umes to the val ue o f 60 0 and w is e to resent them to him b ut he ratefull £ h d p , g y

decline . T he b o o s w ere t en iven to t he Liver o o l Athenz um d k h g p , w ere t e no w fo rm a istinct o rtio n o f the l i rar h h y d p b y. ’ v SAL E OF PARTNERS PROPERT IES 67

n and c ns va s w a u 2 ac s pi ery, o er torie , ith bo t 5 re o f an n n n a a l d , belo gi g to Joh Cl rke ; Crook H ll , n a an and ac s Of an e r Wig , 49 re l d , the property Of n a n as u s a u 1 6 Joh Cl rke ; Skipto P t re , bo t § ac s o n a f n re , the ro d rom Bolto to Chorley ; D um l in t o n ar a u 8 ac s s f p g F m, bo t 3 re , 4 mile rom anc s a n a a 0 0 ac s a u M he ter ; B rto P rk F rm , 4 re , bo t m s f anc s a n an and 7 ile rom M he ter ; B rto Gr ge, about 2 0 0 acres Of moss ground ; sundry trac ts Of a oss a u 2 0 0 0 ac s s l n s at Ch t M , bo t re ; me ti g work l n s s in c s at l Bagil t . There were i tere t ollierie Orre l and Bagillt ; also a small estate belonging to John “ ” “ ” a n s O and T he Cl rke, The Spri g , rrell, Crooke , r n n an s a Of 6 ac s in s n She ri gto , e t te re A hto . ’ John Clarke s pictures were removed from his us O un s in anc s ho e, rrell Mo t, to be old M he ter, 9th and xo rb January l an s a s no t s ea n The ded e t te did ell r dily ; i deed , an Of s in an n o n m y them were till h d whe , 1 8 anua 1 82 0 a c ss n in an u c th J ry , ommi io b kr pt y was ssue a a ns a sc n a i d g i t Willi m Ro oe , Joh Cl rke, a n nd William Sta ley Roscoe .

1 In the Auto io ra o f o mas Fletc er rivatel rinte b g phy Th h (p y p d) , ’ Fl etc her reco rds ho w in 1 82 1 he bo ught Hil to n s picture o f Lear ” ’ and his D au hters at W instanl e s Ro o ms Liver o o l at t he sal e o f g , y , p , ’ o n Cl ar e s ictures fo r 1 uineas it avin co st Cl ar e 1 2 0 uineas J h k p , 3 g , h g k g . ’ Hence al l Cl arke s picture s co ul d no t have bee n so l d at the earl ier ate Littl e did l et c er t en ima ine t hat he t en senio r art ner d . F h h g , h p

in l etc er ates 8: Co . w o ul d in after ears b e a artner in the F h , Y y p ’ r e s n that ﬁrm that tried to resuscitate Ro sco e 8c Cl a k b ank , a d at their do w nfall this picture w o ul d in 1 833 again ﬁgure in the auc tio n 68 O N S ' LIVERPO L BA K tg BANK ERS c an .

The smelting works and the coal mines at a uns and no w a t B gillt were yet old , were de lt wi h

by the assignees . The liquidation Of the bank did no t deter a an sc f a n fo r Willi m St ley Ro oe rom m trimo y , find a o n l o th e e 1 8 1 8 at we th t he , S ptemb r , ' Stafi o r a u e co . d anna za A dl y , , m rried H h Eli , eldest daughter Of James Caldwell Of Linley d ca s n at u V n d an n n . Woo , be me re ide t Mo t er o a sc had aft av n n a Willi m Ro oe , er le i g Allerto H ll , n v in a an no w u n n a go e to li e R ke L e ( D r i g Ro d) , ’ n fo r a s at s the while re ided 5 St . James Walk no w s Of s n v a a ( the ite the de ti ed Li erpool C thedr l) , and fina s ef 1 82 a s a lly, ome time b ore 3, took m ll us in d an n a Of en ho e Lo ge L e, e r the top B tley a no w num 1 80 and n n as sc e Ro d , bered , k ow Ro o

us . e sus a n an annu c Ho e H re he , t i ed by ity whi h his frie nds in Liverpool had purchased o n the n v s Of s f and f joi t li e him el wi e , together with £ 1 0 0 per annum pension which he received as Royal Associate Of the Royal Society Of Liter a u ass a n Of his a s in ca t re , p ed the rem i der ye r lm

literary and botanical pursuits. He died o n 3o th

une 1 8 1 in s v n - n n a Of his a e J 3 , the e e ty i th ye r g . n a no t n su v v his an ru Joh Cl rke did lo g r i e b k ptcy . i su n at al n a an He d ed dde ly Crook H l , e r Wig , f his s a es o n th u us 1 82 1 6 o ne O a . e t t , 9 A g t , ged 5 his a had v sa s Prior to de th he , howe er, the ti faction Of seeing all liabilities o n his personal COLLIERY PROPERT IES 69

s a a in fu a su us fo r e t te p id ll , with good rpl the s O joint estate o f the proprietor . The rrell c e in c and sc n s olli ry, whi h he Ro oe were i tere ted , o n v n ca a va ua later de elopme t be me l ble property, and materially increased the dividends to the c s o f an reditor the b k . His coal business was fo r some time carried o n n a n Frankl and as a n for n a by Be j mi ge t Joh Cl rke, b ut in 1 82 3 the style o f the ﬁrm is Clarke 8: an an and as suc was in s nce fo r an Fr kl d , h exi te m y a s s a n in the s Of ﬁrm ye r . A m ll poi t hi tory the , b ut o ne indicative o f the character Of the na is a u n a n s n origi tor, th t d ri g h rd wi ter , whe the c o f n n c v — iz a s ost bri gi g oal to Li erpool v . by b rge - was c ns a nc as n f s o ider bly i re ed owi g to the ro t , the price o f coal was never raised against the small u c as uc o n b his c a racti p r h er . S h a e could uy o l p cally at the same rates as during those months

n cana s f f ice. s c whe the l were ree rom Thi poli y, a sub c fo r cal s s at c n was je t politi kit ele tio time , n a n l a and c n nu af his i iti ted by Joh C rke, o ti ed ter a a 8: n an de th by Cl rke Fra kl d . The author has no t been able to ascertain when ’ n ar as a His f s or to whom Joh Cl ke w m rried . wi e s an na was c and had nu us Chri ti me Ali e, they mero children. A daughter was married 2 zud October 1 1 82 2 s a to Ambro e L ce .

1 Am ro se Lace was an atto rne in artners i w it his fat er b y, p h p h h , ’ os ua Lace The latter was Ro sco e s artner w it Samuel As inall J h . p h p ” 70 LIVERPOOL BANKS £9 BANKERS c as e.

Of the s ns a s n a I st o , Willi m Dy o Cl rke died 1 82 a 0 and f u son September 5, ged 4 , the o rth , a s 2 nd anua 1 8 6 Ch rle , died J ry 3 . a sc ha a nu u n Willi m Ro oe d mero s proge y . He s f was an n so n and his n s s M ar him el o ly , o ly i ter , a a an D aulb Of a un g ret , m rried D iel y Ryd l Mo t, s an and his I st M a 1 82 We tmorl d, died widow y 7, f a 2 . D aulb is na ged 7 A ter him y Street med . ’ Of sc s c n the s a an Ro oe hildre , elde t, Willi m St sc has fu s a a f nc ley Ro oe , ll ep r te re ere e. a s c n so n was an n c an Edw rd , the e o d , iro mer h t, s n in a Hi re idi g Toxteth P rk. s partnership with a f an was ss v v 1 82 6 Cr w ord Log di ol ed No ember , and firm n ca sc 8: Wain b ut the the be me Ro oe , 1 82 t o f his firm was a sc by 9 the ti le M ther, Ro oe , d C0 t v an k an . a a He died Ri er B k, Toxteth P r , on 1 1 u 1 in his fif a His 8 . th J ly 34, tieth ye r f a a 2 8th 1 8 0 a wi e M rg ret died April 4 , ged 53. a s so n a 1 o n rd J me , the third , died, ged 4 , 3 82 April 1 9 .

until the disso lutio n o f art ners i in Se tem er 1 3 o s ua Lace p h p p b 79 . J h 80 2 had ta en a art ner ho mas Hassal l t eir usiness l ace by 1 k p , T , h b p ein in Unio n Co urt B 1 8 1 1 t is artners i had cease o s ua b g . y h p h p d , J h Lace c o ntinuin al o ne B 1 81 8 the firmhad eco me Lace M ill er 81 g . y b , , Lace t he new art ners ein ill iam S ursto w M ill er and Am ro se , p b g W p b Lace B 1 8 2 the firm had ivide Am ro se Lace fo rmin t he new . y 3 d d , b g fi o f Am ro s Lace 8: So ns and M ill er ta in a artner Law rence rm b e , k g p , M el is man ears l ater he Peel under the st l e o f ill er 8: Pe . , y Th , y y , came M il l er Peel Hu es the l atest accessio n ein o n Hu es , , gh , b g J h gh ,

M a o i - T he resent ea o f the ﬁrm is ill iam atso n y r n 1 881 2 . p h d W W Rut erfo r P Lo r M a o r o f Liver o o l 1 0 2 - and the st l e h d , M . . , d y p 9 3, y ” o the ﬁrm has ec ome Rut erfo rds f b h .

' N 72 LIVERPOOL BANKS 69 BA KERS c an .

’ a a sc s n ns W rdell . Willi m Ro oe ote ru : For the purpose o f separating this from o ur former co n c n and o f O a n n a na ass s anc in o ur er , bt i i g dditio l i t e ank are n a n a n a n s b , we egoti ti g to t ke i to p rt er hip a v s c a un man was u ery re pe t ble yo g , who bro ght ” u u s ne ﬁrm l 1 8 0 s . w as 2 p with Thi ted till , when the Roscoes and John Clarke were declared an u ﬁrm n ca b kr pt . The the be me

Lo wa v sc e ARD L 81 E L . , Ro o , W

T he new principal o f the firm was Thomas ' s and had a in Cunlifi e Lowry , who re ided brewery f e . v s s Street They remo ed rom the old premi , l t n a No . 1 as t a C tle S reet, to 4 D e S reet, e rly s a l had Offi c al oppo ite . Both Lowry and W rdel i c nn n v Gas Co o ectio with the Li erpool Light . ; in 1 82 1 Wardell was Chairman and Lowry 1 asur sc was a an Tre er . The Ro oe Willi m St ley sc a sc av n fin l Ro oe, Willi m Ro oe h i g de ite y retired . On 1 l th September 1 82 6 William Wardell a at as za au o f m rried, Gr mere , Eli beth , d ghter n u a ne v and Joh Gregory Cr mp , ttor y , Li erpool , i s n went to reside n Er ki e Street . By the end o f 1 82 7 this partnership termi nated and a c as n , Lowry W rdell e i g to be mem

1 in 1 82 0 the Gas Co m an was entirel irec ted b an ers p y y d y b k ,

Samuel Ho e b ein C airman il l iam ardel l D e ut - C airman p g h , W W , p y h , and o mas Lo w r reasurer Th y, T . OW O SCO E s W E L RY, R , a ARD LL 73

1 s n s and n ber . Wardell we t to Che ter joi ed ’ ss s ns an c m n ns Me r . Dixo B k , the title be o i g Dixo and a and so c n nu his a in W rdell , o ti ed till de th as no w s n in u Thom Lowry, re ide t R pert ” Lane f hi c n n s s . , o te ted him el with brewery Fresh partners and capital had no w to be u u n ss sc O n ne bro ght into the b si e . Ro oe pe ed go 1 One o f the cl er s o f Lo w r Ro scoe ar ell had a ril liant k y , W d b an in career is was ames Lister so n o f the Rev ames Lister b k g . Th J , . J , Pasto r o f Lime St reet Ba tist C a el He w as wit them fro m 1 82 p h p . h 3 to 182 In the l atter ear he o ine Cunliffe Bro o s CO o f M an 5. y j d , k , . , c ester wit w o m he co nt inue unt il Oc to er 182 He then h , h h d b 9. ntere the vice o f the M anc ester and Liver oo l D ist rict Ban e d ser h p k , and in un 8 2 the mana er at Liver o o l ames Baird avin J e 1 3 g p , J , h g resi ne he was a o inte mana er ro tess is a o intment was g d , pp d g p . Th pp , l ater o n c o nfirme and he remaine w it t em until 1 8 w en o n , d , d h h 35, h , the fo rmatio n o f the Liver o o l U nio n Ban he was a o inted mana er p k, pp g o f t at an He remaine so fo r fo rt ears eco min o n his retire h b k . d y y , b g, ment a irec to r o f he an o se c areer he had mana e fro m its , d t b k wh g d co mmencement and w o se usiness had ecome urin t at erio a , h b b , d g h p d, ma ni cent mo nument to his a ilit g fi b y. 3 ’ . ar el l s w ife El iza et ie at C ester o n 2 rdM arc 1 8 . W W d , b h, d d h 3 h 35 He imself survive til l 1 th M arc 1 86 F rom his will ro ve at h d 4 h 4. , p d C ester 1 8th A ril 1 86 he a ears to ave had no so ns mentio n h p 4, pp h , ein ma e o nl o f a au ter married t o Art ur o tt o oo l e Hal l b g d y d gh h P s f H , C ester T he estate was swo rn under It is t o b e no te h . d t at o ne o f his exec t rs s the a o ve ames Lister mana er o f h u o wa b J , the g ' the Liver oo l Unio n Ban M essrs D ixo ns an was b o u ht p k . . b k g by ’ Parr s Ban in Co m an k g p y . 3 On 1 th Se tem er 1 8 0 ied Ann w ife o f o mas Lo w r in her 3 p b 3 d , Th y, fift -t ir ear T he fol l o win ear o n M arc a th t eir tw o y h d y . g y , h 4 , h au ters were marrie 1 El iza eth the el er to o mas M ann and d gh d b , d , Th ,

Ann the o un er to ames Strin er. B 1 8 2 o mas Lo w r a ears , y g , J g y 3 Th y pp

- to ave iven u the rew er and to ave o ine his so n. in l aw as h g p b y , h j d merc ants un er the st l e o f Lo w r St rin er 81 M ann. But o n t h h , d y y , g 4 Fe ruar 1 8 his so n o mas died in his tw ent -fo urt ear and b y 33 Th y h y , 8 he imself r from usiness l eavin the merc antil e ﬁr as by 1 37 h etired b , g m ” Strin er M ann The l ater o n esta lis e steam saw -mill s in g . y b h d

Seal Street. E OO N S N E S c a 74 LIV RP L BA K £7 BA K R n . tiatio ns n s a c an si n with Joh Robert , mer h t re di g in a an no w u n n a his R ke L e ( D r i g Ro d) , with ffi c at 2 a and n a n o e D le Street, with Joh T rleto , had n t n who bee brought up in he bank . The h as c s a n s in firm T om Flet her, who e p rt er hip the Of c h a s 8: CO . ad us na Flet her, Y te , j t termi ted, a ac e a an sc and v n ua ppro h d Willi m St ley Ro oe, e e t lly a new firm blossomed o ut under the title Of

L CHER O BER S RO SOO E r E & CO . F T , R T , ,

Ofﬁ c s at 8 e a few They took e High Stre t , doors away from the Old premises in Dale w S eet . Thomas Fletcher at this time was sixty years av n n n a2 nd un 1 6 s old, h i g bee bor J e 7 7, the elde t c o f n nd na c fa hild Joh a Han h Flet her . The mily na n b ut n c were origi lly yeome , both Joh Flet her and his fa f b atters a ther be ore him were , l rgely ’ in t a in as t n a f s the export r de, C tle S reet, e r Swi t as c was a n c in Court . Thom Flet her ppre ti ed his s n a a s anc an ns v ixtee th ye r to J me Fr e , exte i e a ca c an u the Of Jam i mer h t . Abo t time the expiry ’ ’ o f Fletcher s six years apprenticeship James Francc f ﬁrm av n a a a un withdrew rom the , le i g l rge mo t Of ca a and his n as pit l with them, ephew , Thom

a u s ca a o f ﬁrm. c H yh r t , be me the he d the Flet her ca un a n n n in 2 0 0 0 be me the j ior p rt er, bri gi g £ , which was largely made up o f monies borrowed f rom the family property .

’ 76 LIVERPOOL BANKS b BANKERS c an . a un s o f ca a in firm a s mo t pit l the were : J . B . Y te - - fift hs and as c fifths . three , Thom Flet her two Yates now required Fletcher to bring more ca a n c nce n n n s pit l i to the o r , well k owi g thi to ss and nc c was ac ca be impo ible , he e Flet her pr ti lly us n p hed from the firm. At this time his holdi g in the books was b ut by depreciation o f shipping this was reduced to 1:1 During his membership o f the above firm he u s v c In 1 82 ne o f did good p blic er i e . 4 he was o six c c a s fo r the fi s the ommer i l member who, r t

a c a . time, were dded to the Do k Bo rd He a n his s s s n a ret i ed seat ix year . The We t I di ss c a n was f in 1 In 1 80 A o i tio ormed 799 . 3 as c was c - a an and in Thom Flet her Vi e Ch irm , 1 80 6 a an Of Ch irm that body . Now when the negotiations for the new a n s s in sc an ca a a p rt er hip the Ro oe B k me to he d, was f un a su s ca a s n it o d th t the ppo ed pit li t, Joh s was no t a o f the ﬁrm b ut Robert , to be member , hi s c a was ut f wa in s tead a brother Ri h rd p or rd . . n uc 0 0 and as c a He i trod ed 2675 , Thom Flet her s a un n was c f imilar mo t . Nothi g expe ted rom s either William Stanley Ro coe or John Tarleton. anc s c so n Of as had n Fr i Flet her ( Thom ) , who bee

t c a s 8: . for ten a s was wi h Flet her, Y te , Co ye r , to be cashier as assistant to Tarleton at a salary o f 2 0 0 a a fo r s v n a s and af a was ye r e e ye r , ter th t a t a n s w a to be dmit ed to part er hip . There as v ETC E O E TS OSCOE C0 . FL H R, R B R , R , to 77

condition that no t more than £ 50 0 should b e advanced to any o ne person without the consent o f a o f a n s and o n su the m jority the p rt er , , the g s n Of as c anc s c was ge tio Thom Flet her, Fr i Flet her at nc a a a n a n o ne- f u o f o e dmitted p rt er , t ki g o rth ’ is fa s S s n s h ther hare . The bu i es they had was t 0 0 0 a a if c n u wor h £ 3 ye r properly o d cted . ’ But Roberts capital turned o ut to be a de l usio n n s had . Joh Robert borrowed every shil n o f 0 0 f a li g the 2575 rom Willi ms Co . of s as ac Che ter . It w pl ed to the credit o f Ri chard s b ut n n an acc un at an Robert , Joh ope ed o t the b k, and by degrees drew the whole amount o ut in wa o f an s f and so a the s y lo to him el , rep id Che ter an vanc In s f B k their ad e. the word o Thomas “ c In s was a is c n Flet her, hort, it wh t ommo ly ’ n n as a fa a - ih k ow ir t ke . s and a n a Robert T rleto drew together , the l tter ma n o n 1 6 u 1 8 0 an n rryi g, the th J ly 3 , J e Elle , the s s o f f sc had fu fa i i ter the ormer. Ro oe ll ith n a n su n a the sanc T rleto , the re lt bei g th t three tio ned the loan to John Roberts and other heavy a v nc s an was s n n an fu d a e . The b k oo e t gled rther n s had a s a ua in a . s with Joh Robert He l te q rry W le , and u his s o n va us a n s bro ght bill rio ge t , employed s s a s an for sc un to ell the l te , to the b k di o t . u Ro b ertses and a n n a a F rther , the T rleto egoti ted a n s fo r an s p rt er hip other brother , Robert Robert , a ns n m c an o f with Robert R wli o , timber er h t , 8 V O e 7 LI ERPO L BANKS if BANKERS c as .

1 ef n re had an acc un S to St et, who o t with the an s ﬁrm a s b k . For thi l o were discounted bills a n a a ns sa s o f n the c un dr w g i t le timber i to o try, an o f c un c ac m y whi h were fo d to ome b k . a s ss in s wa un o n 2 rd M tter progre ed thi y til , 3 u 1 8 c sc 8: c v a J ly 33, Flet her, Ro oe , Co. re ei ed f thei n n a n s n s letter rom r Lo do ge t , Jo e , Loyd,

and CO . ann unc n a u no n , o i g th t they wo ld lo ger ’ f . accept Fletcher 8c CO . S dra ts The next day n s e a n o n the ba k topp d p yme t . They held c siderab l e a un s o f us s and c mo t C tom Ex ise money . s at nc ssu and the ffi c s o f Writ were o e i ed, o er the l aw laid hands o n all property belonging to a n s n and s ve a and sa sfi the p rt er , joi tly e r lly, ti ed n their dema ds. f r a a o f s weeks and an nv s a A te del y ome , i e tig n o f affa s was s v n an tio ir , it re ol ed to go i to b k ru t c and a fiat was ssu o n 1 p y, i ed 3th September 1 8 a a ns as c a an 33 g i t Thom Flet her, Willi m St ley sc c a r s n a n and Ro oe, Ri h rd Robe t , Joh T rleto , anc s c a n un the firm o f Fr i Flet her, tr di g der

c sc s 81 Co . Flet her, Ro oe, Robert , ’ In addition to the Roberts entanglement the bank had contracted b ad debts to a considerable a un b ut c f caus s o f ca as mo t, the hie e the t trophe acc un s o f n s and Rawl in were the o t Joh Robert , r s T he a a un o f so n 81 Robe t . tot l mo t the liabilities was and the concern only a s 3 in re li ed 5 . the g .

80 E n LIV RPOOL BANKS if BANKERS c s r. — n r s d his fa - in l aw and a we t to e i e with ther , l ter ’ obtained a place in the Poor Law Commissioner s fﬁ c o e . a a s c n au o f as c M ri , e o d d ghter Thom Flet her, was married to Henry Roscoe 2 9th October 1 8 1 and was o f the s n 3 , the mother pre e t Sir n sc f nc s He ry Ro oe o Ma he ter . au was a The third d ghter, Emily, m rried to Charles Booth o n 2 o th August 1 82 9 ; and the f u a n a s n o n 2 o th o rth , C roli e, to Ch rle Crompto c 1 8 2 Mar h 3 . Of Ro b ertses al l ac is s b ut the tr e lo t, their

- in- l aw o hn a n ca ana brother ,J T rleto , be me the m ger at Cork o f the Agricultural and Commercial

Bank o f Ireland . a an sc u n n n Willi m St ley Ro oe , d ri g the wi di g u o f an u s in 1 8 a o f p the b k, p bli hed 34 book ” s and ss s his s c n an Poem , po ibly thi , e o d b k ru tc had a the f n p y, little to do with ollowi g sonnet

T O T HE HARVEST M OON

a n t ou re nest in th o en a Ag i h ig y g ld h ll, Re o c n in th sw a fa r ueen o f n t j i i g y y, i q igh T he ru rea ers a t ee w t e t ddy p h il h i h d ligh , e rs is the arvest t e rs the o ous c a l T h i h , h i j y l ’ Fo r tasks w ell ended ere the seaso n s fall . weet o rb t ou smil cst fro m th starr e t S , h y y h igh , But w st o n t em th eams are s ed n r t hil h y b h di g b igh , ’ ’ ’ T o me tho u com st o ershadow d with a pall ANNULMENT OF BANKRUPT CY 8 1

T o me a o ne the ear at fru t ess ﬂo wn l y h h i l , ’ Eart at fulﬁll d her trust t rou all h r n s h h h h gh e la d , T he o o man at eret w ere he at so w n g d g h h h h h , And the great master in his vineyard stands But I as if m tas were all un no w n , y k k , Co me t his tes a as w t t nd o a em a s. g , l , i h p y h

He was appointed Sergeant o f Mace to the v a n a s i n c un e Li erpool Corpor tio , po it o whi h , d r f un c a ca i a sa a o f the Re ormed M i ip lity , rr ed l ry

0 er annu . l st Oc 1 8 £35 p m He died 3 tober 43, 6 1 is f aged . H wi e survived him till 1 5th ua 1 8 68 e n n a e . F br ry 54, bei g the g d Their so n a a sc o f s , Willi m C ldwell Ro oe , writer ome s n v s was n 2 o t h 1 82 promi i g er e , bor September 3, n o t 1 8 a d died 3 h July 59 . Whatever dire results to the peace and fortune o f William Roscoe were brought about by his endeavour to rescue the ﬁrm o f Clarkes from their embarrassments at the close o f the eighteenth c n u sc n an s a o n e e a e t ry, their de e d t l ter w r loy l to and so far as l a in n a him , , . y their power, e de vo ured to remove the stigma o f bankruptcy from his n u na a s in c u s ho o red me . The Cl rke the o r e o f ca ss ss o f ans o f c time be me po e ed me , whi h they made commendable use in providing a substantial further dividend (eight had already been paid) o n the liabilities o f the old banking ﬁrm o f

sc a sc . c s Ro oe , Cl rke , Ro oe The reditor there upon unanimously consented to an annulment o f ' 82 E a LIV RPOOL BANKS ES BANKERS c n .

an u c n u nc in 1 8 the b kr pt y . Whe D c Q i ey 37 is f . sc a and has un wrote Mr Ro oe de d , o d time ” a f f n no t ec n o n to be h l orgotte , he did r ko the n u an fe n u un n n ki dly h m eli g , q ite k ow to him , c a sc had ns d in i f n s whi h Willi m Ro oe i pire h s rie d . a s a an ar s the fin er The l te Jo eph M yer, ti t to g s e a n o ut va u o f a tip , r pe tedly poi ted the l e Willi m ’ sc s n u nc and c z ns o f ve Ro oe i fl e e , the iti e Li rpool o f to- day have recognised this by associating his name with the Chair o f Architecture and Applied f un in 1 88 1 in c a n v s Art o ded the Vi tori U i er ity , n v s o no w the U i er ity f Liverpool . cu n annu n o f an u c Re rri g to the lme t b kr pt y , we find that o n 2 nd and 3o th November and 3rd December 1 843 meetings o f the creditors in the f ss n bank were held be ore Mr . Commi io er Phillips fo r the purpose o f their voting upon the accept ance o f a composition offered by the family o f . the late John Clarke in order to a final examina n s a o f an u tio and upersede s the b kr ptcy . The creditors at the three meetings unanimously voted acc anc eb s v a un ept e . The d t pro ed mo ted to and c s 8 in nu reditor were 57 mber . The ss n o n ca fu c ns a n o f Commi io er, re l o ider tio al l fac s f un a s a u u s the t , o d th t the t t tory req i i c 1 and 1 6 e n ns s s. . a d tio , e 33 34 , G orge IV , o f n o f 2 th une 1 82 6 had the order Lord Eldo 7 J , f been strictly complied with . It there ore became his duty to transmit the proceedings to the Court

CHAPTER VI

C H ARLES C ALD ELL AN D C O W .

C arl es Caldw ell 81 Co — Part ners—W ar o f the renc Revo l utio n h . F h — — Bankruptc y o f the ﬁrm Great fall in Co nso l s and co tto n Tho mas ’ Sm t s so ns—Renew al o f the co mmissio n o f an ru tc in 1 8 2 y h b k p y 3 .

T H E first mention o f this firm is in the appendix 1 to the directory o f 774 . The partners were h and ar s a as T omas Smyth Ch le C ldwell . Thom Smyth was a merchant whose place o f business and es nc in a a s an r ide e were P r di e Street, the b k n ca e o n in an n n u bei g rri d adjoi i g b ilding . At this date Thomas Smyth had made himself a na as a succ ssfu c an s a and me e l mer h t . Thi ye r, fo r an succ ss v a s his na a ea s as m y e i e ye r , me pp r c a o f as ele ted to the Ch mber Commerce . He w selected as a member o f the Common Council o f " v o n rd 1 82 was e c b ailifi Li erpool 3 April 7 , le ted in Oc o f sa a and ca a tober the me ye r, be me M yor His c un in 1 8 . us was a v 7 9 o try ho e F ir iew, Tox a b eautiful l v s ua o n c s o f teth P rk, it ted the re t the

e no w uns a . hill, wh re r High P rk Street a s a was a c an acc Ch rle C ldwell mer h t who, ord in P0 11 o f 1 6 1 v in g to the Book 7 , li ed Lord b ut 1 as s n in asan Street, by 774 w re ide t the ple t a4 n F W E r CO . 8 c a. BANKRUPTCY O CALD LL o 5

c un s c o f v n n us a as o try di tri t Be i gto B h ( l , how

c an e l and 1 8 1 had m v . h g d ) , by 7 re o ed to St ’ b t av no c evi a es s . v u J m Street I belie e , h e dire t nc a was a a ne in O a a de e , th t he p rt r ldh m , C ldwell , i and CO . s ansac ns e nc a n , who e tr tio w re pri ip lly su a fi u a in v s c g r . He g red l rgely Li erpool o iety, and ac c cas na in c n unc n o ur ted o io lly , o j tio with s ca en as s a fo r ac s at be t lo l g try, tew rd the r e s an n firm came d c nt Cro by . The b ki g ire tly i o v enc in s a 1 fo r w r e id e thi ye r, 774 , they e e appointed in the Gazette o f 3o th July o ne o f c v s o f fo r c the re ei er light gold , whi h proper n weight c oins were issued in retur . Matters appear to have gone smoo thly with firm as t n a as o ne the , Thom Smy h bei g reg rded o f nc a e c ants o f t he n un the the pri ip l m r h tow , til u a t i 1 o tbre k o f the war wi h France n 793 . Their n o n a en s u n s 8: Lo d g t were B rto , Forbe , Gregory . s firm un e e o f es 8: Thi , d r the titl Forb Gregory , o f an u n n was az o n 1 Alderm b ry, Lo do , g etted 9th and a f s a fo l a c o C a . M r h, th t h rle C ldwell Co o u o th a c m Gazette n ce lowed 3 M r h . Fro the oti o f the latter failure it wo uld appear that the ’ London agents had more than an agent s interest in firm a in fac a ne s the , th t , t , they were p rt r . Business had been booming fo r some years past in Liverpool ; shipping and co tton espec ially had nc as v u and s nc as i re ed their ol me , with thi i re e c ame steadily rising prices. The outbreak o f ' 86 LIVERPOOL BANKS ES BANKERS CHAP.

ar caus f In c n a n w ed a rapid all . otto lo e the drop f 6 s . n wa rom d. to 7d. per lb Co sols dropped to the highest point o f the preceding year av n h i g been 97 . The shipping o f Liverpoo l had nc as i re ed largely. The average annual tonnage for the seven years ending 1 786 was for the next seven years the average was ns a o f to . The import tion cotton as o n a a nc as n sca 1 w r pidly i re i g le . For 790 the imports into Liverpool were pounds ; fo r 1 1 unds and fo r 1 2 79 , po ; 79 , un s as s po d . There w thu a consider ac t n of able cumula io stocks . Charles Caldwell 1 an s Of h and Co . d everal t eir clients held large uan s o f c n and nc suff a q titie otto , he e ered b dly from the enormous drop in the market value f s ss o the taple . The a ignees o f Charles Caldwell

and . c a a n n and Co were Ri h rd W lker, Joh Bolto , 2 as an and set at nc Thom Leyl d, they to work o e

1 Amon the c l ients o f C . Cal w el l 8: Co w as the ﬁrm o f Bro w ne g d . , Bro w n 8: CO t he senio r o f w o m w as the father o f Fel ic ia D o ro t ea , . , h h m ro w ne afterwar s M rs. He ans Bro w ne 8: Bro wn w ere extensive B , d . me to ie T e h ers o f co tto n and ca r f. h ass ts o f the ﬁrm and t ol d , g e , he furniture and resi ences of the artners w ere so l auctio n At the d p , d by . very time t he Bro w nes w ere remo ving their remaining furniture fro m t eir o use in D u e Street the future M rs Hemans w as o rn and h h k . b , her infel ic ito us arrival was a so urce o f inco nvenience t o the inc o ming o r elius Bo urn o w ner, C n e. The t hree assignees were perhaps the weal thiest men in Liver Fo Ric ar l er see un er re so n o o l . r a 8: Co . fo r n p h d W k , d G g Jo h

Bo l to n under Stanifo rt 8: Co . and o r o mas Le l an under , h Th y d, Le lan Bull ins y d .

' 88 LIVERPOOL BANKS Es BANKERS CHAP.

a ua an was c a gr d ted eighth Wr gler, ele ted Fellow f is u n o h s . c d . College , Peterho e , pro ee i g to M A in 1 0 fa u o f the an in 1 79 . The il re b k 793 caus o ut for n and ed him to look employme t , ' he became tutor to Richard Brinsley Sheridan s

so n as. f un n a dilﬁ elder , Thom He o d the ge er l cu o f x ac n an n f an lty e tr ti g y mo ey rom Sherid , and he records that o n o ne occasion when taking his u n n ns a o f c n fo r f a p pil to Lo do , i te d oi de r y in ns s v n s o n g their expe e , they were gi e order an a O u s a Drury L e . L ter he btained a t tor hip t us and in 1 80 was a n us Peterho e , 7 ppoi ted Regi f ss o f n s at a Pro e or Moder Hi tory C mbridge , i n which ofﬁ ce he retained till h s death . O the ! ath o f his father in 1 8 2 4 he inherited real and o n a acc un un n property , th t o t , der the the u s o f his s was c ar r le the College , Fellow hip de l ed v can un a 2 h n 1 8 a . t u t He died m rried , 4 J e 49 , at c and was u in a a Norwi h , b ried the C thedr l , a stained- glass window to his memory being erected over the grave . There is no w in the hall o f Peterhouse a por a o f a s n his tr it Willi m Smyth , pre e ted by brother, e as 1 8—1 8 the R v . Thom Smyth ( 77 Fellow o f

O O f . riel College , x ord The above particulars o f the sons are taken f c na o f a na r rom the Di tio ry N tio l Biog aphy . was a v at A third brother Edw rd , who li ed The nc M ac l esﬁeld c . Fe e , ” vi THE ENCE M CC ES E 8 F , A L FI LD 9

k s vo l 11. Earwa er as . Mr. , E t Che hire , 454 , n n 1 880 sa s Lo do , , y

T his township (Hurdsfield) c o nsists almo st entirely o f c o o est es e un er the mano r and fo rest o f pyh ld at , h ld d M a fi h Fenc e n o l o u in t s c c les eld. T e a d se , h hi to wns was in the atter art o f the seventeent hip, l p h c entur in o ssess o n o f a fam name o an o f y p i ily d H ll d, whom there is frequent mentio n in the M ac c l esfield d r 1 6 it w s the res enc e o f an o ther registe s. In 7 5 a id arr Lan fo r and a ears at t at t me o r s o rt H y g d, pp h i , h ly afterwar s to ave een in t he o ssess o n o f the Sm t d , h b p i y h fam I ma m w as v n t ere and . n 1 80 T o s S t ily 4, h y h li i g h , su se uent I e eve his so n E war Sm t Es . b q ly, b li , , d d y h, q It was fo r many years the residenc e o f the late T ho mas Bro c k e u r him fro m rst Es . and w as u c ase l h , q , p h d by Co lo nel Smyth in

During the mayoralty o f Thomas Smyth his au was a 2 th M a 1 0 at d ghter m rried, 4 y 79 , Child a n s f n n o n n. w ll, to Joh Joh o , Lo do There was at this period great laxity in ad

n s n an u s a s . v was a mi i teri g b kr pt e t te The e il re l , and at n ac suc a c a an Act le gth re hed h pit h th t , 6th o f IV t A . n n Act a n George , e ti led to me d ” l aw a n an u c was ass the rel ti g to B kr pt y , p ed , with the intent o f expediting the closing o f long- open acc un s and c ns uen s u n o f v o t , the o eq t di trib ti g di i dends uc - n ur n c e s n to m h e d i g r ditor . U der this Act there was a notice o f renewed commission o f an u c a e I st cem 1 8 2 a a ns b kr pt y , d t d De ber 3 , g i t ' " 90 LIVERPOOL BANKS ES BANKERS CH.

a s a and as o f Ch rle C ldwell Thom Smyth, both v and n s and an r Li erpool , Joh Forbe D iel G eg ory , o f London (carrying o n business at Liverpool un nam s ﬁrm o f a s a der the e , tyle , or Ch rle C ld — men all o f n s nc well Co . ) poor , them lo g i e — dead and the commissioners were to meet to

au acc un s and c a a v n . dit the o t , to de l re di ide d A later notice kindly stated that it was necessary to o uc s a s o f s and s pr d e the bill , Prob te Will , Letter o f d n s a n n a s as A mi i tr tio . Be it oted th t thi w 1 f u only forty years after the original de a lt .

1 There w as even a lengt hier interval in recent years betw een t he efaul t and a ivi end O n 2 th une 0 t ere w as a sitt in at d d d . 5 J 1 9 3 h g the Co unt Co urt M anc ester t o ec l are a ividen o n t he estate o f y , h , d d d D aint b me an ru t th ul 8 r R l e CO . an ers w ho eca 1 1 y, y , , k , b b k p 7 J y 4 —ao interval o f sixt - tw o ears R l e w as fat er o f o n C R l e y y . y h J h . y , r t i o o f iv r ﬁ s B sh p L e po o l .

9 2 LIVERPOOL BANKS U BANKERS CHAP.

f in 1 66 Nat an e their livings by the Ac t o f Uni o rmity 2 . h i l h d tw so ns o ne ear n his o wn name and the o t er a o , b i g , h n R c h r R c ar em rate to ro e a and amed i a d . i h d ig d D gh d , n r nt t ere av n no carried o business as a me c ha h . H i g c ren he nv te his ne ew Ben am n so n o f hild , i i d ph , j i , Nat an e t en a o t tw e ve ears o ld to res e w t h i l, h b u l y , id i h him as is a o e n c c r n he w ent and after h t so . o d p d A di gly , , being initiated by him into the art and mystery o f t he ’ merc ant s c raft in due t me suc c ee e to a t r v n h , i d d h i i g ness H marr e nne ra am t he au ter o f us . e G b i i d A h , d gh Genera rt ur Gra am o f rma and n ec e to the l A h h A gh, i t en M a o r o f ro e a t ro u w o m he n er te h y D gh d , h gh h i h i d

an e estates in Ire an st in ossess o n o f the fam . l d d l d, ill p i ily He e in 1 2 in the t rt - e t ear o f his a e di d 7 5, hi y igh h y g , v n i T he w ow ro v lea i g a large fo rtune to h s family . id p ed ' rse f a ver Co rne a to his c ren refus n all Oﬁers he l y li hild , i g o f marr a e and evot n erse f ent re to t e r w el i g , d i g h l i ly h i f re he tw o s n n m rt ur and B n am n a T o s w er e . . e a ed A h j i rt ur came to L ver o o in 1 1 and serve an A h i p l 73 , d apprenticeship o f ﬁve years to Jo hn Hardman o f Allerto n f h in en a n e M . . r B m a e c te P o r t e o o u 1 . H ll, l d b gh 754 j i came ten ears ater in 1 1 and was oun a rent ce y l , 74 , b d pp i to James Crosby (M ayo r in 1 7

Arthur Heywood at ﬁrst had his business s s and s nc in and is premi e re ide e Lord Street , described o f that address in an advertisement ’ Adv s P 11 in Williamson s erti er for 1 758. The 0 o f 1 6 1 a s Book 7 lso give him as o f Lord Street . But a s c 1 66 c n a ns the e rlie t dire tory , 7 , o t i the ‘ n r : u and n a n e t y Arth r Be j mi Heywood , mer ” c an s an v had u t h t , H o er Street . They b il them v u EXCHANGE OF LIGHT GOLD 93

us s s s No s. 8 and in 1 ho e ide by ide ( 5 59) 774, o n as s o f an v r n the e t ide H o er St eet, betwee Seel and a and a Street Gr dwell Street, immedi tely w n behind their property as a te nis court . The an as suc is no t n n in c b k , h , me tio ed the dire tory o f 1 b ut u ss var us a s and va 774 , do btle io tr der pri te s ns had as was cus m in s a s per o , the to tho e d y , entrusted their accumulations to the responsible c an s and m was no w fo r mer h t , the ti e ripe the emergence of the bank from the double part o f a a ﬁn n a a n s c a merch nt nd a ci l ge t . Thi h nge was brought prominently before the public by the a n m n in a su n a I st u ppoi t e t , ppleme t d ted J ly 1 774 to the Royal Proclamation o f 2 4th June f n as 1 o . a d . s ns in 774 , A B Heywood the per o Liverpo ol authorised to receive the light gold n in c cu a n and c an for the ir l tio , to ex h ge it gold is a a o f full weight . It m tter to be noted that the va us c a a ns c na re re rio pro l m tio , whi h med p sentative ﬁ s in all a s o f the n in no rm p rt ki gdom , sc as an s n case de ribe them b ker . That disti ctive a e a n is s v for an o f n an pp ll tio re er ed the B k E gl d . ss sa s s n n o ut o f ss s Needle to y, thi i gli g Me r . w u e s in the n Hey ood pert rb d other tow , who rightly considered that they had some claim to

c ns . nc . a 8e CO . be o idered He e C C ldwell , who appear as bankers in the appendix o f the local c o f 1 n a a are a s dire tory 774, i tim te th t they l o a n as n ﬁ in the Gazette o f o th u ppoi ted , oti ed 3 J ly, ' N a 94 LIVERPOOL BANKS £9 BA KERS c n .

v f e a Sa c rs o th c n. u re ei e gold oi Simil rly , m el a n s 1 1 as n a s W rre , gold mith, C tle Street, i tim te a s has c v is th t he al o been appointed a re ei er. It n s n s v a w s a u i tere ti g to ob er e th t Hey ood , ltho gh t he are no t in an fﬁ c a s o f an s y y o i l li t b ker , yet a u c c cu a f an v d te their p bli ir l r rom B k, Li er v n no a ss a u pool , gi i g other ddre , ltho gh the place is given in the body o f the notice

BANK LIvaaPOOL 215 Jul 1 , , 1 y 774.

His M aj esty having been pleased to appo int US fo r this plac e to rec eive the diminished Go ld Co in o f the Rea m and to exc an e the same a reea e to His l , h g , g bl Ro yal Proc lamatio n o f 1 sth June last We do itereby g ive notice that attendanc e w ill b e given fo r that Pur o se at o ur ﬂi No no v r r t fr m and C c e . a e St ee o p , 59 H , after the 1 5th July to the 3 rst August next (inc lusive) ’ between the Ho urs o f T en O c lo c k in the M o rning and ne in the Aftern o n and etw xt Fo ur and ix in t he O o , b i S fterno o n ever W e nes a and Satur a fo r Peo e A y d d y d y, pl fro m the Countr and T o w ns Peo e ssesse o f sma y, pl po d ll Sums and ever M o n a ues a and Fr a fo r the , y d y, T d y, id y r In a n o the h bita ts.

ART HUR EY OOD SON 8: Co . H W , ,

Having thus introduced Arthur Heywood o n his u c ca is s a a s u p bli reer , it de ir ble th t we ho ld a c n i v h rk ba k to co sider him in h s pri ate capacity . a s n c a n o f s We l o oti e the p rti g the brother , both o f them quitting the career o f merchants fo r that f b an s o ker .

m O W S N C . A. E O O O H Y D , to 9 ,

In 1 n n n - a s o f a e 739 , bei g the twe ty two ye r g , u w a za au o f Arth r Hey ood m rried Eli beth , d ghter a ue O n o f ss v and S m l gde Mo ley Hill , Li erpool , n his f au and co - e ss o f Pe elope , wi e , d ghter h ire n n a u ss of s had Joh Pemberto , b rge Che ter , who a ass a a f un as a v c an m ed l rge ort e Li erpool mer h t. n n had a s a au h Joh Pemberto l o d g ter Bridget , who n s o f a ﬁ had married Richard Mil e W ke eld . They 1 s v a c n o ne n na anna e er l hildre , bei g med H h . za 8th ua 1 8 Eli beth Heywood died Febr ry 74 , av n a au as the ssu o f a a le i g d ghter i e the m rri ge. On 2 6th April 1 750 Arthur Heywood married 2 - n n anna n s the above me tio ed H h Mil e . In 1 1 n a n a t b c 75 Be j mi Heywood m rried , ’ th S s s ﬁ f e i ter o f Arthur rst wi e . s succ ssfu in u The two brother were e l b siness. had nc o f the f can a They their experie e A ri tr de , a a in va n av n d bbled little pri teeri g , h i g their Letters o f Marque ; were recognised as repre sentative c an s and as suc c mer h t , h were ele ted to f c the Chamber o Commer e . The change from merchant to banker in the cas o f u o l ace in 1 e Arth r Heywo d took p 773, he

8 Fro m ano t er c il o f Ric ar and Bri et M il nes came as h h d h d dg , ran so n Ric ar M o nc t o n M il nes Lo rd Ho u to n g d , h d k , gh . An advertisement o f s 8th M ay 1 756 indicates part o f the p ro perty ’ w hich Richard M il nes came int o by marriage w ith Jo hn Pemberto n s daughter ; T o b e Lett a new Large Ho use and Wareho use in

Fenwic Street near D r Bri e el o n in to M r R. M il nes o f k , y dg , b g g . ” a e eld En uire o f M r. A rt ur He w oo . Eit er t is o r W k ﬁ . q h y d h h , ’ ro ert co nt i uo us to it ecame in 1 8 the site o f He woo s Ban p p y g , b 79 y d k . 6 E O N ' N HA 9 LIV RP OL BA KS £9 BA KERS C P.

n n fift - five a s o f e n a s c n bei g the y ye r ag . Whe e o d notice relative to the diminished gold appeared o n 1 1 1 6 was s a a O a ns th April 77 , it t ted th t per tio ” c n uc at tlze Bank in Castle Street a s were o d ted , l o ’ at u w s ffic in n v Arth r Hey ood o e Ha o er Street . A c urious feature o f this second notice is that Heywoo ds were no t content to exchange the at s a ss s b ut c a n s c gold merely tho e ddre e , ert i pe i fied dates were given o n which the y would visit sc a n n and O ms fo r co n Pre ot , W rri gto , r kirk the venic nce o f c un s c s the o try di tri t . When the bank was established in Castle n a nar s r e n 1 8 f Street , the row t e t o ly eet wide , c a the s so n o f hu u his Ri h rd , elde t Art r , took p s nc o n an s s as was usua re ide e the b k premi e , the l cus On 2 th M a 1 8 1 ar a tom . 5 y 7 he m ried M ry , au o f a a o f c ss the d ghter Willi m E rle Red ro Street . In 1 8 n u w s 8e . n 7 4 Arth r Hey ood , So , Co ope ed a branch at Manchester under the management a no t v n a o f Richard Ogden. The l tter pro i g suc c ss in 1 86 hu v e , 7 Art r Heywood took o er the ’ ana n b ut af six m n s x nc o f m geme t , ter o th e perie e c s the an it lo ed br ch . n a n had s ns n a n Be j mi Heywood two o , Be j mi u and a an s n in Arth r N th iel, re idi g with him n a n r u was in us Hanover Street . Be j mi A th r b i n ss in v un e Chorley Street, Li erpool , der the title o f a 8: w a s in ancas as a P rke Hey ood, l o L ter P rke,

8c n a . a t ﬁrm was Heywood , Co w y The l t er

SAMUEL THOMPSON 97

ss v in M 1 in f c n di ol ed ay 785. They dealt A ri a s v n had r va s b ut &c . a d good , i ory, , p i teer , their s a as he s n was as t ple trade w linen. T e ior Thom Parke (see Gregson 8: In 1 88 n a n u and a an 7 Be j mi Arth r N th iel, being then aged thirty- three and twenty-e ight a s s c v c anc s and ye r re pe ti ely, pro eeded to M he ter, , fa as S n o n 2 6th M a co m with their ther e ior, y menc us n ss n s The f un a ed b i e as ba ker . y o ded r a n ss g e t busi e . Some time before 1 785 Richard Heywood had ac u and was s en at a l s q ired , re id t , L rk Hil , We t s in ss ss n o f sc n an s o f the Derby, till po e io de e d t w s and his l ace in the an us was Hey ood , p b k ho e

a n r u w un r. t ke by A th r Hey ood, j io In 1 786 the west side o f Castle Street was a n n and the s ca ac its t ke dow , treet rried b k to s n a n n uns c n ne pre e t lig me t, Br wi k Street bei g ope d at sa s n c ss a the n the me time . Thi e e it ted e tire u n o f an s s reb ildi g the b k premi e . When the mighty financial crash came in 1 793 ’ s s firm and su asu s Heywood tood , pported the me re a n for th a n n nc o f c t ke e m i te a e redit . Shortly afterwards there was an accession to the firmo f a n u n ew a o s . e had member, S m el Th mp o H n in fo r s In the c e bee their employ ome time . dir tory fo r I 796 he appears in the appendix under the ” a o f 81 h m s n c an s he d Heywood T o p o , mer h t ,

b ut not till I 80 0 is he mentioned as banker . 9 N ' E S H 98 LIVERPOOL BA KS E9 BANK R C AP.

On 1 1 th February 1 795 died Arthur Hey the f un o f ﬁrm n n in hi wood, o der the , bei g the s s v n - n n a and o n l o th u us o f e e ty i th ye r, A g t the sa a his and n a n me ye r brother , lo g time p rt er, n a n at anch s a Be j mi , died M e ter, ged In 1 79 8 the Heywoods began the construction — o f the building which is still associated with — their name the bank premises in Brunswick

w n - us a ac av n Street , ith dwelli g ho e tt hed, h i g e wic entrance from F n k Street . The date o f removal from Castle Street to Brunswick Street is approximately given in the following advertisement o f January 1 799

T o b e so ld all those buildings o n the w est side o f er Cast e Street no w use in art s n High l , d p a a ba k by

d - essrs. e wo o CO. an in art as a w e n e M H y d , p d lli g hous

t coac - o use e n Po ssess o n ma b e h d i wi h h h b hi d . i y a n M a 1 80 0 o r so oner if the new an u n y , b k, b ildi g by M srs e in Bruns es . wo o s w c reet s l H y d i k St , ha l b e ready ” 2 f r oc c u t o n o pa i .

On rd M a 1 80 0 c a w d 3 y Ri h rd Hey ood ied, a at his s a at a a n an ged 49 , e t L rk Hill, ge tlem un v sa s c fo r his n n v nc i er lly re pe ted i tegrity, be e ole e,

’ 1 A rt ur He w o o s wi o w Hanna survive him till 8th h y d d , h, d Se tem er 1 80 6 in at her t en resi ence reat eo r e Street p b , dy g h d , 4 G G g , ’ at the a e o f 8 Ben amin s wi o w P oe e re o v ni t g 3. j d , h b , m ed to 1 6 K gh Street w ere she ie s th M a 1 810 a e 8 , h d d 5 y , g d 4. The buil ding in Castl e St reet was taken do wn in 1 864 to make wa fo r t he new uil in o f the M ercantil e and x c an n y b d g E h ge Ba k , w ic had a s o rt and in l o rio us career It is o w o cc u ie the h h h g . n p d by c tt s ws Insu ance Co m an S o i h Wido r p y.

v n HUGH JONES 99

1 and n ss of a . had no c n and good e he rt He hildre , the headship o f the bank devolved o n his younger brother Arthur (II) . a n a u s n had in 1 80 0 The p rt er, S m el Thomp o , his s nc at 8 c an b ut on 1 th re ide e 4 S hool L e , 3 u us 1 80 1 a ss u s A g t he m rried Mi H ghe , the of n u s s f au E . o s d ghter Joh H ghe , q , Che ter, and took a house in the more fashionable quar o f a s a u ter Sl ter Street , where he re ided till bo t 8 6— n v 1 0 n . 7, whe he remo ed to Rod ey Street The fourth so n o f Arthur (I) was John r n a a s s Pembe to Heywood , b rri ter, who re ided f at a fi . o his s ns c ar W ke eld Two o , Ri h d (II) and n n ca s o f Joh Pemberto (II) , be me member the banking firm. T he second so n o f Arthur (I) was Benjamin s at an a l a fi (III) , who re ided St ley H l , W ke eld . had a za o f a He m rried Eli beth , the widow Willi m

Ser eantso n. s au za j Their elde t d ghter , Eli beth, ’ h a c 1 80 6 a o n 2 t at . as s m rried 4 M r h , St Thom

urc v u n s. Ch h , Li erpool , H gh Jo e Hugh Jones was the youngest so n o f Tho mas n s 1 0 — o f u a so n Jo e ( 74 99) The Co rt, Wrexh m , o f n n s had a a a M ar Joh Jo e , who m rried M ri a a au and cO- o f Sir as g rett , d ghter heir Thom

n u v a . as n s was f Lo g e ille, B rt Thom Jo e ormerly u nan in the l o th and su s u n Lie te t 4 Foot, b eq e tly

1 His w i o w M ar ie 1 2 th D ec em er 1 8 1 in her sevent - ﬁ d , y, d d b 3 , y fth ’ r at her o u in St. M ic ael s o xtet Par yea , h se h , T h k. 1 E N S ’ 0 0 LIV RPOOL BA K 69 BANKERS CHAP.

a a n o f l a o f n s r and C pt i Mi iti , both De bigh hi e n h s . ad a e firs an Merio eth hire He m rri d , t , J e n s s c n Ann and u n s Jo e ; e o dly , Lloyd , H gh Jo e was an Offs n o f the sec n a T he pri g o d marri ge . a was b n 2 o th 1 His l tter or September 777 . s as n u v n s elde t brother, Thom Lo g e ille Jo e , took by Royal Licence the name o f Longuevil le in u o f a o f n s and was n lie th t Jo e , the proge itor Of fa o f Lo n uevil l es o f Os st On the mily g we ry . his a a u n s ca a a n in m rri ge , H gh Jo e be me p rt er ’ w s an and u his s nc at Hey ood B k, took p re ide e 8 a o ua b ut 1 8 1 had Gre t Ge rge Sq re , by 3 he 6 1 i a n a us . n c s n r a t ke ho e , No , the ho e ret e t f amuent and n fi n o . the dig i ed, Rod ey Street On 2 th 1 82 2 at his s a 4 September died e t , an a a fi n a n St ley H ll , W ke eld , Be j mi Heywood , 0 was succ d at an a aged 7 . He ee ed St ley H ll b his so n u a I st y Arth r (III) , who m rried ,

un 1 82 a D uro ure . in J e 5, M ry He died 1 1 83 . On 1 6th December 1 833 died in his thirty s c n a an o f the ﬁrm c a e o d ye r other member , Ri h rd so n o f n n o f a (II) , Joh Pemberto Heywood W ke

ﬁeld . The year 1 835 marks the transference o f the ’ n a n acc un s s an e tire Corpor tio o t to Heywood B k, n u es the ﬁrm F u thus addi g f rther pr tige to . ller note o f the matter is given under Leyland and f n a saw an v s Bullins. The ollowi g ye r m y e ent

v u SAMUEL HENRY T HOMPSON 1 0 1 which had inﬂ uence o n the proprietorship o f the an b k . On th anua at his us in the 9 J ry, ho e Aber 1 cro ua a u l T s n in his mby Sq re, died S m e homp o , s - was succ in ixty ninth year . He eeded the an his so n a u n s n b k by , S m el He ry Thomp o , who a 2 th anua 1 8 za t s m rried , 4 J ry 37, Eli be h , elde t au f s s a s o f s n d ghter o Jo eph Brook Y te We t Di gle. ’ On 2 8th 1 8 6 u c anua at . s J ry 3 , St George Ch r h , v was a s n a s n Li erpool, m rried Robert o Gl d to e , 3 s c n so n o f n a s n o f ve e o d Joh Gl d to e Li rpool , and as u nca n s a n F q e , Ki rdi e hire , to M ry Elle , au o f u o nes a ar n in third d ghter H gh J , p t er ’ I fu ss o f o n s . n n s Heywood the l e time their , e s n a s n O a n a a n rs in Rob rt o Gl d to e , bt i ed p rt e hip the an b k .

1 In a itio n to his artners i in the an Samuel o m s n dd p h p b k , Th p o had a su si iar usiness as insurance ro er o intl w it ill i m b d y b b k , j y h W a o m so n unio r ames o m so n unio r and o n unnin Th p , j , J Th p , j , J h G g. is artners i w as o w ever isso l ve 1 st D ecem er 1 82 an Th p h p , h , d d 3 b 4, d Samuel Thompso n in 1 82 5 Opened an insurance o fﬁce o n his o wn acco unt at 10 Exc an e All e On 1 st No vem er 1 82 6 he was el ec te h g y. b d a mem er o f the Co r o ratio n and ec ame Bailiff fo r 1 82 8 His el est b p , b . d ’ au ter was marrie at St M ic ael s C urc Liver o o l o n 6th d gh d . h h h , p , Au ust 182 to Owen nne o f Sli o el est so n o f illiam nne g 9 Wy g , d W Wy , Es o f Du l in and his seco n so n Art ur w as marrie at th q . , b ; d , h , d e Paris C urc Pren er ast o n 1 0 th Se tem er 1 8 6 to Frances h h h , d g , p b 3 , Cat erine el est au ter o f ames Bellairs Es o f The M o unt h , d d gh J , q . , , Haverfo r w est d . ’ It is w o rthy o f no te that in Billings s Liv erpool Adv ertiser fo r 180 0 a ears a sin l e- l ine entr th A ril o n l a sto ne Es to pp g y, a9 p , J h G d , q . , ” is so n Tw o o f t e so ns o f t at marr a ere the M s Ro bert . h h i ge w abo ve Ro ertso n la sto ne and ill iam Ewart l a sto ne o f w o rl -wi e b G d , W G d , d d 2 V ' 10 LI ERPOOL BANKS ﬁf BANKERS CHAP.

’ On 2 1 st as a t s April w m rried a St . George u c v n n Ch r h , Li erpool , Joh Pemberto Heywood , third so n o f the late John Pemberton Heywood o f a ﬁ nna a a s c n au W ke eld, to A M ri , e o d d ghter o f a v b e the bo e Hugh Jones . This marriage tween close relatives certainly consolidated the s v a n s s in n e er l i tere t the ba k . On 1 3th September o f the same year died

u in h - a o f Arth r Heywood (II) , the eig ty third ye r 1 his a e g . On 1 1 th October was married at Ambleside c a s so n o f u n s Ri h rd Heywood , elde t H gh Jo e , to

a a n au o f n a s n Es . M rg ret, o ly d ghter Joh H rri o , q , o f s a a av n v n a Amble ide . He ppe rs to h e bee gi e s i e s partner hip n th bank a little earlier than thi . a n av o f b an in 1 8 ﬁnd T ki g le e the k 37, we the s n a n s are u n s his so n c a exi ti g p rt er H gh Jo e , Ri h rd n s n n and Heywood Jo e , Joh Pemberto Heywood, a u n s S m el He ry Thomp on. f a o f hu u A ter the de th Art r Heywood , H gh Jones succeeded him in the occupancy o f Lark s u d n s Hill , We t Derby, where Arth r Heywoo Jo e

1 ere is no mentio n o f his marria e in an o ﬂic ial acco unt b ut in Th g y , ” The Creeve Pa ers un er ate rd No vem er 1 8 ho mas y p , d d 2 3 b 33, T Creevc y w rites that A rt hur Heyw o o d had married what is kno w n in ” c nt sl an as o man o f no im o rt ance He mentio ns a in urre g a w p . k d n s o ne Art ur He w o o to a so n o f the Earl o f Sefto n w ho es d by h y d , had co mmitte a simil ar im ru ence and a s as to Arthur He d p d , dd , y ’ o o s wife As she w as a remar a l o o in o f w o man he ma w d , k b y g d k d , y ’ t in t at Ber ele s tit ma b e the same vo l ii 2 68 e itio n h k h k y y ( . . p . , d

’ v n T HE T HOMPSONS GIFT S 10 3

s s s. 2 th un 1 8 2 at Co n till re ide He died, 7 J e 4 ,

nau ac s a in his s - s ght Pl e We t, Hyde P rk, ixty ixth 1 a ye r . John Pemberton Heywood resided at the bank us in n c b ut a a an ho e Fe wi k Street, little l ter th this period had his country residence at Norris s in 8 n s . . . 1 . Gree , We t Derby He died p 77 Samuel Henry Thompson resided with his fa in c ua b ut o n his ar a ther Aber romby Sq re, m ri ge v n a near the he remo ed to Di gle Cott ge , Toxteth , ’ i f l v In 1 8 u home o f h s wi e s re ati es. 47 he p r c as n a a nea v l h ed Thi gw ll H ll , r Li erpoo , with n c about 30 0 acres o f park la d . He died De ember 8 1 8 2 a . 9 , ged 5 The banking business was sold in 1 883 to the

l ‘ in a no tice o f his death in the Liverpool M ercury o ccurs the fo ll o w ing It w o ul d b e difi cul t to name a singl e benevo l ent institutio n ' w ic has no t ex erience his enero sit and will no t sufier his h h p d g y, by " t He l eft 0 0 to the Liver oo l Infirmar and 00 to the dea h . 5 p y , £ 5 D is ensaries p . No acco unt o f this bank w o ul d b e co mpl ete w itho ut grateful reference t o the benefactio ns w hich the city o f Liverp o o l has received ’ mue As to n o m so n- at fro is entl eman s so ns Rev . Sa l es m th g , h Th p Y m so n T o the fo rmer who ie No vemb er t s o . and Henry Ya e Th p , d d 1 0 Liver o o l Universit is in e te fo r its ma ni c entl e ui e 9 3, p y d b d g fi y q pp d w o m Liver o o l el i te t o l a o ato ries. T o the l atter medical b r , h p d gh d ho no ur in Octo ber 190 1 by co nferring o n him the ho no rary freedo m o f the cit Liver o o l o wes it s s len i al m- o uses in Seft o n and y, p p d d p h

Stanl e Par s wit a e uate furniture. in ano t er irec tio n he is y k , h d q h d mar a l e as avin een the ro rieto r o f the Pall M al l Gazette re k b h g b p p , during w hic h perio d James Greenw o o d and Jo hn M o rl ey w ere suc i o rs He was al so the urc aser o f the ma ni cent Ash cessive ed t . p h g ﬁ urn am co l lectio n o f manusc ri t s and the l i rar o f Newn am b h p , b y h c to hi o sit Co ll ege o w es mu h s gener y. E S CHAP. 1 0 4 LIVERPOOL BANKS BANK R

1 0 6 E v n LIV RPOOL BANKS U BANKERS c n.

Bank o f Liverpool for and is known ’ no w as the Heywoods branch o f the Bank of

Liverpool . c nv n nc o f f nc u n s For o e ie e re ere e, o tli e pedigree are v n o n a s 1 0 —1 0 gi e p ge 4 5. CHAPTER VIII

WM . R E SO N S O NS PAR E A N D M O RLA ND G G , , K , .

— — Transitio n fro m merc hants to bankers Part ners War o f the F renc h ’ Revo l utio n— ins ectio n o f an s aff i — Wm re so n So ns a rs . p b k G g , , Par es Cl a —D isso l utio n o f l ast - n m d ﬁrm— re so ns and k , y a e G g — — Clay Suspensio n o f the bank Co rpo ratio n rewards and punish ment s—Cl aims ai in ful l p d .

T H E earliest records o f this house c ommence ’ during the period o f the Seven Years W ar with anc va was ac s Fr e . Pri teering pr ti ed by both na ns and v c n u its u a o f tio , Li erpool o trib ted q ot find a c an n. n s rmed mer h tme Amo g other we , i 1 6 n w n ss s . s n 8: a 75 , Me r Greg o Bridge tr di g ith W s n s in an ar v ss and in the e t I die med e el , the following year despatching a frigate o f eighteen un s n f a v firm o f g s. The e ior o the bo e mer c an s and o f su s u n an n firm was h t , the b eq e t b ki g ,

a s n so n o f n s n. Willi m Greg o , Joh Greg o The a 2 l st u 1 8 in - l tter died J ly 75 , the eighty third a o f his a e and at a a s n ye r g , th t time Willi m Greg o , in his f t a as a a an n n mer ortie h ye r, w lre dy emi e t f c an . c an s O h t Like other mer h t the period, he did no t conﬁne his activities to o ne line o f In n his can c business . additio to mer tile (whi h ' 1 8 N E H 0 LIVERPOOL BANKS {9 BA K RS C AP.

ncl u f can s av a s n n i ded the A ri or l e tr de), hipow i g ,

and va r n u su s . s n had a pri tee i g p r it , Mr Greg o

- a and was an nsu anc un rope w lk, i r e broker, or der as s u at s n writer, we ho ld pre e t term it . The style o f the mercantile firm was Gregson and su s u n l s n B 8: Bridge, b eq e t y Greg o , ridge , Holme . There were two insurance- broking firms with ntifi — s n c was ide ed as 8: CO . whi h he Greg o , C e, , and s n Br 81 CO . s l a Greg o , idge, Both the e tter firms appear to have dissolved partnership in 1 8— On c cu a is as f s 77 9 . e ir l r ollow

I st January 1 779 .

he rtne rs carrie o n etween the su sc r ers T pa hip d b b ib , as nsuranc e ro ers un er the st e o r ﬁrm o f re so n i b k , d yl G g , r i s s v mut n n B e 81 CO. s th da so e ua co se t . idg , , i y di l d by l Perso ns o wing mo ney are requested to pay their debts to T o s M o r an t e r c er at the oﬂic e near the h ma l d, h i l k, x E c hange. W M REGSON . G . A RI l J M ES B DGE. T Ho s EARLE . .

T Ho s BI RCH is . .

1 am s Bri e was B He ie th e m e e ail iff in 1 6 1 D ce r 1 1 . J dg 7 5. d d 5 b 79 His w ido w M ar survive him till 2 nd ul 1 8 ein t en a e 1 , y, d J y 35, b g h g d 9 . 3 T h a o v o mas Earl e was ro a l o mas Earl e afterw r s e b e Th p b b y Th , a d o f S ekel ands o rn 1 w ho marrie his co usin M aria au ter o f p , b 754, d , d gh o mas Earl e o f Le o rn 2 0 th A ril 1 86 and ie th ul 1 82 2 Th gh , p 7 , d d 9 J y . ro u t em the Earl e famil is c o ntinue to the resent da Th gh h y d p y. ho mas Birc was Bail iff in 1 1 and M a o r in 1 He was T h 77 , y 777. 30 11 o f Cal e Birc o f ite aven he marrie El eano r au ter b h Wh h d , d gh o f Bernar Bus and ie in 1 82 . His so n o se was tn d hby, d d 7 J ph par er

’ E HAP 1 10 LIV RPOOL BANKS 69 BANKERS C .

the house at the corner of Folly Lane (no w c an n a s Brunswi k Road) d Everto Ro d . Thi

us had n f nan . a us ho e bee ormerly te ted by Dr F bi , and subsequently by the father o f Joseph John ’ n n Adve tiser so n a n i s r . , p rt er with Joh Gore Gore In f n o f un s was a u c and ro t the gro d p bli well , the site is no w approximately indicated by the ’ ” n n as n s hostelry k ow Gregso Well . us n t he an n ﬁrm as suc c s a J t whe b ki g , h, ry t l lised o ut from the mixture with other businesses a s n f n the is no t clear . The e rlie t mentio o it i v c s is in a 1 0 n Li erpool dire torie the ye r 79 , whe is v n a s n ns a and it gi e , Willi m Greg o , So , P rke, ” an an s 1 - 1 6 a a s n a Morl d, b ker , 5 P r di e Street, e r t e en o f an no t h lower d College L e . They do appear in the joint circular o f the bankers in June 1 784 (see Chapter b ut the newspapers o f 1 788 and 1 789 make references which indicate f n n the existence o the bank as a separate i stitutio . Hence it is considered that it emerged about the a s n n his new us sa time Willi m Greg o e tered ho e, y 8 — 1 7 5 6. s ns in n n The o the ba k were Joh and James. An a was a n e 2 nd elder brother, Willi m, ppoi t d , u us 1 80 n o f v o n A g t 7 , Tow Clerk Li erpool, the a o f anc s Gildart b ut in ua de th Fr i , died Febr ry o f f n ar o n his assa s n the ollowi g ye p ge to Li bo , whither he was proceeding fo r the beneﬁt o f his a he lth . T HOMAS PARKE 1 1 1

un s c a rd eb The yo ge t brother, Ri h rd, died 3 F ruar 1 86 y 7 . a s n a s had a au was Willi m Greg o l o d ghter, who 1 a 1 st D c 1 8 s m rried 3 e ember 7 3 to George Ca e . At the time o f the public appearance o f the an n s n was an e an o f ve b k, Joh Greg o Ald rm Li r " o av n e n c Bailiﬂ in 1 and po l, h i g b e ele ted 777, i 1 8 s in u at a n . M yor 7 4 He re ided D ke Street, c n o f uff t and a e l o th the or er S olk S reet, m rri d , M a 1 86 M ss a au o f a y 7 , i Cl y, d ghter the l te c a a Ri h rd Cl y . His a s f win usua cus brother J me , ollo g the l tom o f s s v the an ﬁ s in the time , re ided o er b k, r t

a a s and n in . n P r di e Street, the Lord Street Whe , o n 1 Oc 1 a ss 5th tober 799 , he m rried Mi Rigg, he u s ac s and u his q itted the e b helor room , took p 1 residence at Duke Street . as a an o f a n s was a Thom P rke , other the p rt er , o f f n in v r descendant a amily lo g resident Li e pool . His grandfather was a successful captain in the ha s s n a a . d s ns a We t I di tr de He two o , Thom , who was in business in Liverpool as an iron m n and anchorsmith and hn was a o ger , Jo , who c an in c u c an n n mer h t Ab h r h L e , Lo do . Whether these two brothers had ventures in common is

1 eo r e ase was so n o f o n Case o f Presco t He ecame a suc G g C J h . b cessful Liver o o l merc ant and was M a o r in 1 8 1 . en o n p h , y 7 Wh J h re so n ie in 1 80 eo r e Case succee e him as Receiver- eneral G g d d 7, G g d d G o h t v m f axes fo r t e Count o f Lancas er. He ie 2 nd No e er 1 8 6 T y d d b 3 , ed 88 at his resi ence al ton Prio r g , d , W y . ’ 1 1 2 E O N S N S can LIV RPO L BA K 69 BA KER .

not n n b ut ﬁ u in sa k ow , they both g red the me

Gazette 2 2 nd N v 1 8. r , o ember 75 Their mothe t n a was so aff c s Dorothy , he widow, e ted by the e misfortunes that she immediately took to her b ed and n- a a in c , died broke he rted e rly De ember. v in s n ua and She li ed the pre e t Derby Sq re , her household goods were sold by auction in January 1 759 ° It will give some indication o f the wide spread interest taken in privateering when it is remarked that the managers Of and principal shareholders in a (then) large vessel o f 2 50 ns 1 6 ca a uns 2 0 s v s and 1 men to , rri ge g , wi el , 54 , as a n n and an were Thom P rke , iro mo ger, St hope

as n a . M o , dr per as ar su s u n an was so n Thom P ke, b eq e tly b ker, o f s as a and a a s in o ur ar s thi Thom P rke, ppe r e lie t 1 66 s s C n c a a a 81. O . n dire tory, 7 , Thom P rke , li e mer 1 6 c an s v n a n. had v d h t , Co e t G rde By 7 9 they remo e Ol d u c a and a o n us n ss to Ch r h Y rd , l ter their b i e f t in n was ans . c tr erred to Chorley S reet He, ommo v c an s at ﬁ st v with the other Li erpool mer h t , r li ed v his us n ss s s b ut 1 8 had o er b i e premi e , by 7 4 he f h na u t had a house in the as io ble D ke Stree . He by the regular process o f evolution risen from n and r va n M at trader to shipow er p i teer ow er . s s r and a u 1 8 1 had u ter pro pe ed, bo t 7 he bo ght

and ccu Hi hﬁeld us s . o pied g Ho e , We t Derby This spacious mansion was formerly the residence

' 1 1 E OO N S N S H 4 LIV RP L BA K {S BA KER C AP.

’

ancas s Own t a. s. . 2 nd L ter Mili i He died p , ua 1 8 2 t e nsh m n a C a a n a . Febr ry 3 , y B k, Chelte h m s ns n and a Two other o were Joh R lph , who s both died .p. un s so n was a s ﬁ s o f The yo ge t J me , r t the a s r- at- law n ar n Middle Temple, b rri te , ext B o a and su s u n ns a P rke, b eq e tly Lord We leyd le . n 2 2 nd a c 1 82 a 8th Bor M r h 7 , he m rried , April 1 8 1 c a a a anc s a un s 7, Ce ili Ar bell Fr e B rlow, yo ge t au o f a u a Of M iddl ethor near d ghter S m el B rlow p,

. av n no su v v n a succ sso York H i g r i i g m le e r, Sir James Parke was deemed by Lord Palmerston in 1 856 a proper person o n whom to confer a f B t us o f s li e peerage . u the Ho e Lo rd would av n n o f and the u c was a h e o e it , o t ome th t the usual patent had to be substituted fo r the pro o n His was a n ns a o f posed e . title B ro We leyd le u f an His a n in c n o cas . s W lto , the o ty L ter elde t au e c a nn a 2 1 st d ghter, C ili A e, m rried, September 1 8 1 a t th a n t 4 , Sir M t hew White Ridley, 4 B ro e , and so n was ﬁ s sc un her the r t Vi o t Ridley, who 8 v 1 0 2 o h died 2 th No ember 9 4 . She died t 8 ns a 2 th April 1 4 5. Lord We leyd le died 5 Feb 1 8 8 - o f hi ruar 1 6 in s a s a e . y , the eighty ixth ye r g

1 Tw o b rief no tices o f Baro n Parke by a go o d judge may b e given ar as a reat l aw er and e ucated fo r the l aw w en the Baro n P ke w g y , d , h c ul tivatio n of advo cacy and g reat kno wl edge o f the l aw w ere essential ” to suc cess.

e was o ne o f the s rew est o f men as an o ne wo ul Baro n Park h d , y d ” o t e ted to eceive him Reminiscences o f Sir disc o ver w h a t mp d . ” Henr Haw ins 1 0 . y k , 9 4 v m T HOMAS MORLAND 1 1 5

During his lifetime his fondness o f legal subtleties gained fo r him a suggested epitaph

Hic acet aco us Par e j J b k , ui e es An ae in a sur um reduxit Q l g gli b d .

as a had a s au s Thom P rke l o three d ghter . The s Hanna was un a and 2 th elde t , h , m rried, died 5 1 82 March 7 . s c n c was a I st u us The e o d , Ali e , m rried , A g t 1 1 at a n v 79 , W lto , Li erpool , to Sitwell Sitwell, so n o f ranc s o f Renishaw s F i Sitwell , Derby hire . d nd s n T he ha au s a a o . a y two d ghter The l tter, e was b n 2 o th 1 and his G orge , or April 797, f n t mother died the ollowi g mon h . Sitwell Sitwell was created a baronet o n 3rd October 8 8 1 0 .

Ann was a 2 rd The third , , m rried , 3 September 1 80 n o f Wo rsfield 5, to Joh Groome Smythe , s and his th v Shrop hire , died widow , 4 No ember 1 8 2 5 . The remaining partner in the firmwas Thomas an had n in e o f Morl d . He bee the mploy a s n fo r an a s and had ac Willi m Greg o m y ye r , ted as liquidator o f the various firms in which l a s n had n n s and Wil i m Greg o bee i tere ted, c in c ss o f had e n ss v whi h pro e time b e di ol ed . in 1 8 1 was s n in an v He 7 re ide t H o er Street, a o n 2 6th u 1 8 c au m rried J ly 7 9 Ali e, d ghter o f e a s n and 1 0 es Rob rt Willi m o , by 79 r ided 1 16 E S ' LIV RPOOL BANK 59 BANKERS CHAP.

n i Seel Street . He came from a Knutsford fa mily . i a r s n a f his us ness co n W lli m G eg o , like rom b i nectio ns as f his un c a s n had a rom m i ip l po itio , gre t n u nc in n and is no t su s n i fl e e the tow , it rpri i g find a a n acc un s a to th t the Corpor tio o t , ye rly a nc as n in va u r pidly i re i g l e, were kept with s n Greg o 81 Co . The firm commenced its business in Paradise b ut s n rav a n a the c n Street, oo it g it ted e rer to e tre o f c c c an ommer e, the Ex h ge . a in 1 2 ccu s s at N 1 E rly 79 it o pied premi e o . 3 c nv n n c Lord Street . It will be o e ie t here to all to remembrance that Lo rd Street was no t the s c us s no av n broad pa io treet we w h e . O the co n nfi trar was a na c n s . as y, it rrow, o ed treet C tle Street then ran in an unbroken line across the present Splendid mouth o f Lord Street right to a and the n anc s f as C ble Street, e tr e rom C tle Street r u h as c on n s were th o g C tle Dit h , the orth ide f a n n t o n s u f o a rom H rri gto S reet, the o th r m C ble

Street .

s n O. r n Here Greg o 81. C we e whe the panic o f f 1 ss ss n o n an . suff 793 took po e io E gl d They ered , and o n 1 1 ssu f n April 5, 793, they i ed the ollowi g n c : c s o f i a s n oti e The reditor W lli m Greg o , ns a 81 an are u s at So , P rke , Morl d req e ted to meet ’ an o n n s a n at ten c c the b k Wed e d y ext, o lo k, to f c v o ss s . a as and re ei e the report Me r W lker, C e,

1 1 8 LIVERPOOL BANKS £9 BANKERS CHAP.

The new partners were Thomas John Parke an ﬁ so n o f d Henry Clay . The rst was the as a and had n the an fo r Thom P rke , bee with b k s a s and nr a h n ome ye r . Both he He y Cl y ad bee appointed members Of the Town Council o n 7th u November 1 792 . He grad ated to bailiff in

1 - n 794 . At this time he was joint tena t with James Gregson o f the bank house in Lord b ut o n his a a 2 o th Oc Street , m rri ge , tober 1 80 au o f n u 4 , to the d ghter Joh Colq itt , the n a us in an a Tow Clerk, he took ho e R el gh ac Pl e . n a was the so n o f c a a He ry Cl y Ri h rd Cl y , who 2 8th 1 a was an died October 774 . The l tter n n acc anufac u s n in u c emi e t tob o m t rer, re idi g Ch r h his a us s and anufac r in Street , with w reho e m to y c o f his ﬁrm s a 8c S hool Lane . The title wa Cl y W 1 his so n succ . n in Midgley he 774 eeded him , o f ﬁrm eca a n 81 the title the b me Cl y , Holdi g , a and so c n nu 1 0 n s P rry, o ti ed till 79 , whe the tyle

ca a ar 8c d . n a be me Cl y , P ry , Mi gley He ry Cl y 1 continued to live with his widowed mother at 2 u c t o n his a a 2 th 3 Ch r h Street , ill m rri ge , 5 1 1 M ss anc s s n re April 79 , with i Fr e Wil o , he

moved to 62 Duke Street . As s a a ve was a n n t ted bo , he ppoi ted to the Tow

Council 7th November 1 792 . He became bailiff in 1 a in c n an . 793, the ye r whi h he joi ed the b k

1 M rs Cla die th 30 m l”? ‘ ~ . y d 4 9 794 v m SECESSION OF THE PARKES 1 1 9

His s s had a r his a n n s n i ter m r ied p rt er , Joh Greg o , in 1 86 e ﬁr us c ns u 7 . T h m th re o tit ted pro ressed fav u a and 1 6 n s n g o r bly , by 79 Joh Greg o had a n t he Ofﬁc a u n s obt i ed e , with l rge emol me t , o f Receiver- General o f the Land T ax fo r the c un o f ancas and had v his a o ty L ter , remo ed bode 6 a But the s n a to Sl ter Street . e ior, Willi m s n o n 2 8th c 1 80 0 a Greg o , died the De ember , ged 8 1 n n fa o f a n Of , bei g the ther the Corpor tio v n s n u n v d Li erpool . Joh Greg o there po remo e ans n at v n and in 1 80 to the m io E erto , here 3 he n a n o f c s e tert i ed Prince William Glou e ter . In 1 80 ca a 5 Henry Clay be me M yor. But u a 2 t tro ble was in store fo r the b nk . On 5 h November I 80 5 the following c ircular was issued

T he co -partnership carried o n by us under the name o f Gre sons Par es 8: C a as an ers is t s da dis g , k , l y, b k , hi y so ve mut c nsent l d by ual o .

n NO . REGSON (Sig ed) J G . As REGSON J . G .

T HOS . PARK E.

H PAR T OS . . KE. J ” ENRY CLAY H .

us n ss was c n nu n s n The b i e o ti ed by Joh Greg o ,

a s s n and n a . J me Greg o , He ry Cl y Some undisclosed scandalous conduct in the ’ f bank 8 affairs o n the part o Thomas J . Parke was f r ss u i n But can the reason o the di ol t o . there ' 1 2 0 LIVERPOOL BANKS {S BANKERS CHAP. be no doubt that the defec tion o f the Parkes ’ caused a considerable weakening o f the bank s capital. The new partnership continued business till 2 I st r 1 80 n n s n c m Ap il 7, whe Joh Greg o om itted suicide by hanging himself at his house in Ever

to n n n a 2 . , bei g the ged 5 an n c as us n ss and its affa s The b k the e ed b i e , ir nu f s s dragged o n fo r a great mber o year . Smither ” . 6 1 82 sa s v 1 . v r Li erpool, p 7 Li e pool, 5) y a u n ﬁna a us n o f conc ns th t po the l dj tme t the er , c n a fu a un Of all s re e tly m de , the ll mo t the debt were paid . In January 1 80 8 the freehold and other pro perties belonging to the bank were Offered fo r n m a a o f the n sale . Amo g the w s moiety Golde ” n Inn a ee c in 1 8 —8 ca Lio , D le Str t , whi h 37 be me the site o f the building o f the Liverpool Royal an B k . Early in April 1 80 7 the Corporation o f Liver pool voted Henry Clay a piece o f plate valued at 1 0 0 u n as as a s n o f a n g i e , te timo y the Corpor tio to

f s n . H . the respec t ul attention how to H R. the f s Prince o Wale o n his visit to Liverpool . He had recently taken a country house in e ane and at s he v in n Lodg L , thi li ed retireme t f r a o some ye rs . But r a n o f v a v its the Co por tio Li erpool, wh te er fau s n t f its f 1 un o n s. On lt , did orget rie d 7th J e

1 3 2 ’ LIVERPOOL BANKS 69 BANKERS c an .

mission held in I 833 to inquire into the Liver

a n M r. n s n pool Corpor tio , Joh Fo ter, the the n s a a ra n ss ss Tow Clerk, t ted th t the Corpo tio po e ed its e s c had exer power to expel memb r , whi h they ised n c as c i ns an s . n ar two i t e , Mr Thom Joh P ke and s n Mr . We to . f a . . a t o A ter while Mr T . J P rke retired anc c n o ne o f a a o f Fr e , be omi g the l rge rmy fu s av n i c un fo r re gee , who , le i g the r o try their ’ c un r s c ns ra su s o t y good, yet drew o ide ble m f s a s u c n u n the rom their e t te , witho t o trib ti g to av a a n of e at he y t x tio the period. He di d his s nc au é u n a u s o n th re ide e, Be S jo r, e r To r , 5 8 September 1 2 3 . His fa as ar c n nu his s ther, Thom P ke, o ti ed re i nc at Hi hﬁeld a ﬁne r us v a de e g , , glo io , jo i l old ” ” man in s o f Old a un , the word The St ger, til h 1 8 1 0 is his a o t N v a . H de th , 3 o ember 9 , ged 9 f nn su v v 1 6 c r wi e , A e , r i ed him till th De embe

- I 82 n n in a . 7, bei g the her eighty eighth ye r a n n a n a s s n c o n The rem i i g p rt er , J me Greg o , nn his nd n n us n ss and 1 8 1 I had ti ed i epe de t b i e , by removed from Great Ge orge Street to 46 Rodney n av n an nsu anc fﬁ c at Street, the h i g i r e o e the n s f a va orth ide o the Town H ll . Both the pri te and business addresses indicate a certain amount o f - n b ut a rac s o f are no t well bei g , l ter t e him av ailable . His character is preserved by The Old vm JAMES G REGSON 1 2 3

a s u - na s c s are all o f St ger , who e th mb il ket he men had had u c c o f he met . We also o r ir le

s . s n v in n wit Jim Greg o , who li ed Rod ey a man o f ac u u i a fun o f Street, r y h mo r, w th d originality about him which revelled in the utter ” an o f ce good things. CHAPTER IX

HO M AS SAM U EL AND O S EPH C RAN E. T , , J

T H I S was no ans an an ﬁrm and by me import t , h a b ank b t a sh s n ﬁ s ad as u c . , , ort exi te e The r t o f the family who honoured Liverpoo l with his s nc was a u l av n had s pre e e S m e , who h i g ome n n nc in - s n c nc Lo do experie e book elli g , omme ed business o n a4th November 1 775 at Water s a as a s Street, oppo ite the T lbot Hotel , book eller a in u 1 he as a and stationer. E rly J ly 777 w m rried ’ h ss His s at . nn s u c ass. St A e C r h to Mi Gl brother , as and se c s in s Thom Jo ph , were gro er Che ter,

av n a l n - us and an at u n h i g dwel i g ho e l d Bo ghto , where they carried o n the manufacture o f stone and uss an u h n an s and Pr i bl e The t ree joi ed h d , o n 1 6th November 1 786 the following circul ar a a : as a u and s an ppe red Thom , S m el , Jo eph Cr e respectfully inform the public that they have n a an c n o f a n a ope ed b k , the or er D le Street , e r c an h us n ss in a n the Ex h ge , w ere b i e th t li e will u a a n a s s be reg l rly tr nsacted o liber l term . Thi

us was nu 1 a . In ho e mbered 74. D le Street

’ l z 1 2 6 LIVERPOOL BANKS {9 BANKERS eu.

n s as nu 8 in 1 0 . cha ge . Thi w mbered 5 79 By the directory o f 1 796 the business appears as an 8: n s and s ﬁrm u s The Cr e Jo e , thi p bli hed Liv r o l uide I 80 0 f an e p o G . By the name o Cr e had sa a di ppe red. CHAPTER X

S ANI O R H I N RAM BO LD AND D ALT ERA . T F T , G , ,

Stanifo rt In ram Bo l d 8: Dal tera—T he artners and t eir eo n h, g , , p , h neetio ns—In ram ennett In ram o f Wakeﬁeld—Disso l utio n g , K 8c g o f artnershi p p .

T H E banking firm under the above style had nOt a n ca b ut s v a a n s fu lo g reer, the e er l p rt er were lly u f n and t e typical Of their time . F ll O e ergy s u c n a in u fa us us n ss s o r e, they e g ged m lti rio b i e e , and enjoyed considerable reputation in their day n a n and ge er tio . They commenced business as bankers at the a end Of 1 1 and c s o n 1 st anua l tter 79 , lo ed the J ry I n n s i an 795. The ba ki g house wa n Pool L e no w u as at the c n o f ( So th C tle Street) , or er an m a O s n Litherl d Alley, im edi tely ppo ite Ki g a n s as an f Street . The p rt er were Thom St i orth, l r anc s n a nas and s D a te a. Fr i I gr m, Jo Bold , Jo eph T HO M AS STANI FO RTH was an eminent mer c an nc a n a in n an h t, pri ip lly e g ged the Gree l d fis s s us n ss was c nc in herie . Thi b i e omme ed ’ v in 1 0 a s Go o re Bailifi in Li erpool 75 by Ch rle , a in 1 — and 1 6 M yor 754 5 7 7, who died 1 2 8 LIVERPOOL BANKS U BANKERS CHAP.

1 8 a 8 1 His f a l th a c . g M r h 7 3, ged wi e M rgery, au Of n a sa Of v n d ghter He ry H l ll E erto , died 6 P 1 2 th u us 1 6 a 0 . u 1 A g t 77 , ged 7 Abo t 7 4 ( ) Thomas Staniforth appears to have married their ’ au za and o n a s Go o re s re d ghter Eli beth , Ch rle n f us n ss s 1 tireme t rom b i e ome time prior to 774. his so n n av n th u us 1 1 ( He ry h i g died 7 A g t 77 , aged 3 Thomas Staniforth joined the business

- — o f himself and his father in l aw . Go o re had also a ropery extending from Ranelagh Street to s u end Of ensha e and s the o th R w Stre t, to thi h n f s cc n T omas Sta i orth al o su eeded . Whe Rane lagh Street was built up and Lawton Street f Oflices o f and n anc e ormed, the e tr e to the rop in walks were the l atter street . A large business was n in su n c a 8 m a do e pplyi g ord ge , , to the r pidly increasing number Of mercantile and privateer v essels. The produc ts Of the Greenl and fisheries were s a s ns s a Oil a n and al Oil e l ki , e l , wh lebo e wh e , ’ Stanifo rt h s warehouse for the whalebone being o f an v at the top H o er Street . Thomas Staniforth is given in o ur earliest c s as s n in n n b ut 1 dire torie re idi g U io Street, by 777 he had built and oc c upied a large mansion in t v Ranelagh S reet . This e entually became the ’ fa us nn s a and its s mo Ly W terloo Hotel, ite is now ccu n a n wa o pied by the Ce tr l Statio . He s a s a a n in a n rum and an firm l o p rt er wi e, , br dy ,

T HOMAS STANIF ORTH 1 2 9 b ut s was ss v I st u 1 6 us n ss thi di ol ed J ly 77 , the b i e b e n c n nu his a n s cha M achel l i g o ti ed by p rt er , Ri rd and a u n vas a f Thom s B rto . Like the t m jority O c a s Of v had s ar s in the mer h nt Li erpool , he h e s av s and o n f a n o f f can l er , the orm tio the A ri Association in July 1 777 he was appointed a f As s 1 O fi s c . a a member the r t ommittee e rly 774. was ct am Of c and he ele ed to the Ch ber Commer e , c n n s n s o ti ued hi services fo r ma y year . He took an active part in municipal govern n av n n a o n n un me t, h i g bee pp i ted to the Tow Co cil in 1 8 1 in c a a s ca a ff. 7 , whi h ye r he l o be me B ili was c a in 1 af an e He ele ted M yor 797, ter xtremely c was a man o f n h n severe ontest . He e lig te ed v s and was in 1 8 o n the f un n Of iew , 7 9 , o di g the Liverpool Marine Society fo r the benefit Of as s o f v ss s s and c n m ter e el , their widow hildre , s n a n s in appointed first Pre ide t . He w s i tere ted us c and was at o ne es n o f m i , time Pr ide t the us c a l f unn o f o ur sen M i H l , the orer er pre t Phil 1 th c harmonic Society . He died 5 De ember

1 80 in his s - n n a his f surv v n 3, ixty i th ye r, wi e i i g 2 th anua 1 82 2 n n a him till 9 J ry , bei g the ged 8 had a au l th 4. They d ghter , who died g Feb 6 ruar 1 1 a 2 . y 79 , ged so n a u an f succ The , S m el St i orth, who eeded to us n ss and s nc was a n a cha the b i e re ide e , ot ble r is f u n f in acter . He req e tly re erred to the “ “ ” e c n s u s as u u Sam le tio q ib S rly or S lky , 1 3° LIVERPOOL BANKS ta BANKERS c m .

c his e a n us ﬁ and had whi h temp r me t j ti ed, he the n n the u i s m i reputatio Of bei g gl e t an n Liverpool . was a ff in 1 80 and a in 1 8 1 2 b ut He B ili 4, M yor , a in f no t s in us n ss and l ter li e he did pro per b i e , a n s o f s u o f a s obt i ed the po t Di trib tor St mp . He th 1 8 1 a 82 his f a died 5 April 5 , ged , wi e M ry, was c nn c Littl edal es hav n who o e ted with the , i g predeceased him o n 2 4th August 1 being n a n in us n the ged 73. Whe b i ess he had as a partner in the rope - making concern William a d b ut a n s was ss v 1 st L ir , the p rt er hip di ol ed 3 December ’ a u s so n was as n e the S m el Thom , who e ter d u c and was in 1 8 2 n uc c Ch r h, 3 i d ted to the re tory Of n- in- B an o n s n a n o f Bolto owl d , the pre e t tio ’ n n Of s n Joh Bolto Storr , Wi dermere .

1 il l iamLair t en went to Bir en ea and o ine D aniel Ho rto n W d h k h d, j d as o -m r is n rs w s s il er a e s. art e i a is o l ve th Oct o er 1 82 8 b k Th p h p d d 4 b , ill iamLair co ntinuin W d g. 3 Jo hn Bol to n was the retired w eal thy West Indian merchant and ac tive Liver o o l o litic ian w o se o use in Du e Street witn ss p p , h h k e ed man no ta l e el ect o n events He was a vi o ro us su o rt y b i . g pp er o f annin and from the al c o n o f his o use Cannin ma e h s C g , b y h g d i last ub l i s ec in Live o o l On t he resum tio n o f the war wi p c pe h rp . p th F ranc e in 1 80 3 Bol to n raised and equipped at his so le ex pense a

e iment o f 80 0 men. is the t st Battal io n o f the Liver o o l r g Th , p o unt rs he co mman ed and he is t erefo re co nstantl referre t o V l ee , d , h y d

as Co l o nel Bo l to n. He had w il l e his co untr seat Sto rrs in er d y , , W d mere wit 0 0 0 acres o f l an surro un in it to Harol Littl edal e b ut , h 3 d d g , d , , in c o nsequence o f t he l atter having l o st £ 30 0 0 in hel ping a Sco tc h man to w o r a el inventio n in the estern Isl es b e al tered his w ill k k p W , s t mil t he Rev o mas and evi e the estate to the Stanifo r fa . d d h y, Th Stanifo rt succee in w it a ro viso t at fail in mal e eirs it s o ul h d g, h p h g h h d r ver to H ro Littledal e T he Rev o as tan fo t d e i e t a ld . . Th m S i r h i d n

1 2 N ’ 3 LIVERPOOL BA KS 69 BANKERS c an . successfully raised four companies Of volunteers fo r the f nc Of n n de e e the tow . Each compa y was acc u at its own ens ne o f o tred exp e . O the c an s was ca a n a n a omp ie pt i ed by Willi m I gr m , “ and made a brave show o n review in 1 760 in sca c a s and c s a l d and fac rlet o t bree he , l pe le ed with n n a s c a s - ac a s and gree , gree w i t o t , gold l ed h t , ” as b - queue wigs. He w then ut twenty four

ea s Of a e. was a s s an had y r g He good port m , his a - c c a c s and ac his rs s g me o k m t he , r ed ho e a a ns va s fo r 1 0 0 u n as a s g i t ri l g i e ide. When Sir William Meredith contested Liver in 1 6 1 o ne o f his nc a su s pool 7 , pri ip l pporter , and s u n l c n was a ho t d ri g the e e tio , Willi m

n a . On c ara n Of Sir I gr m the de l tio the poll, William was chaired from the Exchange to the an house in Pool L e . u 1 6 a n a Ou n Abo t 7 7 Willi m I gr m retired to lto , near Wa ﬁ and 1 Oc 1 0 ke eld, died 4th tober 77 , 6 a e . a 1s t anuar 1 g d 34 He by will , d ted 3 J y 7 3, his a a devised his estate to mother S r h . is n had N v 1 8 H brother Joh died o ember 75 , a 2 1 had s in Kirk ate a ged He propertie g , W ke ” ﬁ c n u us n s c eld , o tig o to the Six Chim ey , whi h had been surrendered to him in 1 750 b y John v and in 1 66 his was c nv Be er , 7 property o eyed his n su v v n and n to o ly r i i g brother ext heir, ” s s no t a fac Francis . Thi doe gree with the t n v that William was the li ing . PRIVATEERING 1 33

a a n a a 2 th a c S r h I gr m, by will d ted 7 M r h 1 6 a n s a so n ranc s 77 , ppoi ted her e t te to her F i , who thus practically came into al l the family

property . ’ He succeeded to his brother s business and s s 1 6 premi e in Liverpool about 7 7. The business was n ss that o f a general mercha t . Needle to “ sa ha u f an s av y t t it incl ded the A ric or l e trade . ﬁnd in 1 2 a n in v h and We him 77 de li g i ory, teet , a s and ca a o f the ﬁ s h rdwood , he be me member r t f can in 1 A ri Committee 777. anc s n a CO a s n s in Fr i I gr m 8: . l o were i tere ted privateers during the War o f Independence and su s u n ar anc una the b eq e t w with Fr e . Fort tely s c s o f s us su v v and s ome re ord thi ho e r i e , ome o f the letters o f instruction given by them to Captain Haslam o f the Enterprise privateer ’ are given in extemo in Gomer Williams The ” iv va s s a ad L erpool Pri teer . They how gre t n s ra v a t and are a a s o f mi i t ti e bili y, h ppy ex mple the ca f e u and ca ac s a re, or tho ght , p ity di pl yed by a n s in a Liverpool merchant o f this date . P rt er their enterprise were Thomas and William Earle and as an anc s n a had a s Thom Leyl d . Fr i I gr m l o a s a in a us n ss un o f h re ropery b i e , der the title n a n 8: O b ut s was ss v in C . I gr m, Brow , , thi di ol ed a c 1 8 and us n ss c n nu M r h 77 , the b i e o ti ed by a n a s 1 8 a v s Thom s Brow . Tow rd 7 9 he d erti ed his us for sa as he was a n u ho e le , prep ri g to q it ' 1 LIVER OO ANKS ANKE S CHAr . 34. P L B ts B R

v fo r a fi c was awn Li erpool W ke eld, to whi h he dr so an fa s n t fin ur by m y mily tie . It did o d a p c as and a a s as ccu in c h er , he ppe r o pier the dire tory o f 1 0 ss c n nu n in ss ss n un 79 , po ibly o ti i g po e io til was a n v an in 1 1 it t ke o er by the b k 79 . In a fi s a a an n firm n a W ke eld he t rted b ki g , I gr m , nn 8r n a his a n rs n his so n Ke ett, I gr m , p rt e bei g , d n n nn a a c a n a an a . Abr h m Ri h rd I gr m , Be j mi Ke ett a s n a s a us n ss at a fa his He l o ope ed imil r b i e H li x, a n s n his s ns a n p rt er bei g three o , Willi m , He ry,

and a a c a d and o ne a . Abr h m Ri h r , Robert With m Precisely when these businesses were started is no t n n b ut find a o n t h v k ow , we th t, 7 No ember 1 2 a a a l ace at cc s w n 79 , m rri ge took p E le bet ee B n am n nn o f a fi b anker and ss e j i Ke ett W ke eld , , Mi f at . c C h Steer o the same pla e . ’ Some o f Francis Ingram s businesses in Liver n n had ac u po ol were co ti ued . He q ired the works o u Copperas Hill fo r the manufacture o f c as and un s o f n a and opper , der the tyle I gr m Spranger the manufacture was there continued un l un 1 80 n the s ansf ti J e 7, whe work were tr erred 1 n to Litherla d . Other interests were continued under the title s m h d o c Of n a 8c CO . c fir a fii es I gr m , Rigby , , whi h

” 1 Picto n M emo rial s o f Liver o o l vo l ii 2 0 2 ed 1 8 sa s the p , . . , . 75) y s i b co pperas w o rks o n Co ppera H l l w ere disco ntinued efo re 1 796. This is inco rrec t : they were disc o ntinued in t he name o f the fo rmer ro riet o r Ric ar Hu es In the ma o f 1 6 as Pic to n no t es p p , h d gh . p 79 , , t he w o rk s are still sho w n.

‘ 1 36 LIVERPOOL BANKS ED BANKERS CHAP.

The co - partnership at Halifax was found indebted

the co - a n s at a fi and ro to p rt er hip W ke eld , the p perty was conveyed so that the proceeds o f sale should be applied in discharge o f the debt of a fa us a fi o n the H li x ho e to the W ke eld e. It is satisfactory to note that at the finish all the s o f n a in fu debt the ba k were p id ll . anc s n c n nu s in Fr i I gram o ti ed to re ide St . ’ n s ac a fi 2 8th Joh Pl e , W ke eld , where he died , u u 1 8 1 a 6 His f s n s . a A g t 5, ged 7 wi e , Chri ti , su v v 1 ua 1 8 1 6 n r i ed him till 7th Febr ry , bei g n the aged 74 . They were both buried beneath the chancel o f a n s a s c u c o f a fi l no w All S i t , the p ri h h r h W ke e d, r u c a s u the Cathed al Ch r h . Here l o were b ried a n s o f anc s a and a a the p re t Fr i , Willi m , S r h , with n n nd z c a a a. their other hildre , Willi m , Joh , Eli s a n Ann a a a and n Al o C theri e , , S r h , M ry , He ry, children o f Francis and Christian Ingram ; en was un es so n and 1 H ry the yo g t , died 3th 8 a c 1 0 a 6 . M r h 5 , ged 9 s anc s l th 1 8 1 Al o Fr e , who died g September 3 , a 6 the f o f n so n o f anc s ged 5, wi e Joh , the Fr i , a s c n as c and l o their hildre , Thom , Frederi k , a n C roli e . T he stones which recorded the above were covered over when the c hancel was paved with s b ut asses ac o n s s cor tile , br were pl ed the pot

s n n u n - a s re po di g to the b ryi g pl ce . F RANCIS INGRAM 1 37

In 1 866 o f a a c a , by the will Abr h m Ri h rd n a a nu n o f his I gr m , mo me t to the memory parents was raised in the church by the ﬁlling o f the east window with new tracery and painted ss t c o f 80 0 n ass el gla a a ost £ . O a br b ow the window is the following inscription

In memo riam Franc isc i ct Christiane Ingram Parentum hanc fenest ram vit ream ex t estamento Ab rahae Ric ardi ﬁlii co rum heredes reﬁc iendum et ” du c r v r n d xv m cc c . r o rn n u a e u . pic tu a a m t a . d l i

’ It is no t found that Francis Ingram s eldest so n n was v en ﬁ an o f , Joh , e er id ti ed with y the

us n sses. a 1 1 ua 1 b i e He m rried , th Febr ry 794, at c ff s ances n au and Wy li e , York , Fr , o ly d ghter if ss o f a a o f a n a a a . heire Willi m Gre m He th , e r H l x In 1 833 he erected a brass at the west end o f the south aisle o f Wakeﬁeld Church to the memory o f his a n s anc s and s an his au p re t , Fr i Chri ti , d ghter nd his f u a n a ances . His so n C roli e , wi e Fr , H gh anc s ac a a ass at s end Fr i , pl ed memori l br the we t h n a s his fa f o f t e orth i le to ther and sister . A ter s a n a n o th anua 1 8 1 and t ti g th t Joh died 3 J ry 4 , v n a cu a s o f s s sa s gi i g like p rti l r the i ter, it y

D eo sc c et n r did r nt Ro ma ili a imas ed e u . ” r tr ro u en U bis in a mu s sep lc hrum hab t .

From the fact that in all these inscriptions no ’ n n is a o f anc s s so n a o ne me tio m de Fr i Willi m , o f his f a n s at a fa the au ormer p rt er H li x , thor H 1 38 LIVERPOOL BANKS BANKERS C AP. is inclined to connect with this family the f n ca e o n us n ss as c al ollowi g , who rri d b i e o c an s in Oldhal l and re n mer h t Street, we i terred ’ in s . a an v l St Philip , H rdm Street , Li erpoo

W 6 m In ram d 1 6 t e . a . c . 1 82 a illi g , O 4, g d 5

ane f f 1 8 1 e 6. w e o do d N v. a . . 2 o J , i , 9 9, g d 4

Franc s In ram d 1 6 an 1 8 a e 0 . i g , . J . 2 5, g d 5

Both the names and the ages point to this nc s i lu ion. ar n O NAS OLD was a The third p t er, J B , member o f a v v fa c nc ery old Li erpool mily. He omme ed us n ss o n his o wn acc un a av n ac u b i e o t e rly, h i g q ired in 1 68 Old u a s n a the 7 The S g r Mold Work , e r no w s n n f ca o n in Folly ( I li gto ) , ormerly rried the o f was h n in name Charles Wood dc Co . He t e his n - a the s e twe ty third ye r . At work w re a su a u s and s c n u s m de g r mo ld drip , him ey mo ld , a e a s fo r a ac u s o f s z s c uc s l rg j r w ter , bl k m g i e , r ible ” and n s fo r s v s s f un s dec. melti g pot il er mith , o der , But o f c u s us n s in fo r the , o r e , he m t eed go f can n 1 as o ne o f A ri trade . I 777 he w the African merchants who formed a committee to e u a s ss i ﬁrm u n the a s r g l te thi busine . H s d ri g w r ca anc a n and an with Ameri , Fr e , Sp i , Holl d de s at ched va rs in c n the p their pri tee , ommo with ma o f c an s In a jority Liverpool mer h t . the e rly part o f his career he lived at 64 Strand Street . far o ff at 1 cr ss t n a Not , 4 Red o Stree , e r the

P 1 40 LIVERPOOL BANKS U BANKERS cHA .

f c he c ns uc a c un n Street , rom whi h o tr ted o ti g us and su a a us s n n n as ho e g r w reho e , joi tly k ow ’ s u Bold Co rt . Sometime prior to 1 80 7 he acquired a house in u n n a h 2 o th B rli gto Street, B t , where he died ,

O c 1 82 2 a . tober , ged 77 His s so n u ca ca o f elde t , Arth r, be me Vi r Stoke Po 1 1 1 is uc s and 2 st anua 8 . g , B k , died there , J ry 3 s c n so n in rs th u us The e o d , Peter, died Je ey , 5 A g t 8 aa 1 2 . so n s c O a a 3 The third , I ldh m , m rried , 1 8 un 1 8 1 6 l za au o f a th J e , E i beth , d ghter the l te John Gregson o f Everton (see Gregson 8: was a c an n n unc He mer h t , e tered the Tow Co il , " and ca Bailiﬂ in 1 82 at sa m as be me 7 , the me ti e a u s n o ne o f a ne s in S m el Thomp o , the p rt r Hey ’

s an . th ec 1 8 wood B k He died 5 D ember 53 , a 68 and his f za 2 6th M a ged , wi e Eli beth died y 1 8 6 1 a d . 57, ge B is na e af nas in old Street m d ter Jo Bold, who 1 786 had a lease o f the land granted him by the n f Corporatio . He orthwith proceeded to l ay o ut the street . He al so owned land at the top o f ’ s n n v s o f u s the treet, exte di g o er the ite St . L ke c Chur h . He also owned by 1 790 several acres o f an in v n n a n l d E erto , e r St . Domi go Mere . ma n n a n was OS EPH D ALT ER A The re i i g p rt er J , a s a c an One o f his v l o mer h t . early ad ertisements has caused certain ill- informed people to imagine that the sale o f human beings was the regular JOSEPH D ALT ERA 1 4 !

us i f s n c n v . s o c u was ot tom Li erpool Thi , o r e , cas fac a ac ca o f the e . The t th t pr ti lly the whole the sales took place far beyond the ken o f the man in the street was o ne o f the main causes of the apathetic attitude o f the bulk o f the people a ds v c sn ss o f s av a a tow r the i iou e the l e tr de . H d the r s o f traﬁic n f s ho ror the bee be ore their eye , there is no doubt b ut that the iniquity would have n s a a n f t he n bee wept w y lo g be ore time whe , by s s n ff s o f n hil anthrO ists s the per i te t e ort oble p p , thi s ns anc s o f ac ua sa was accompli hed . The i t e t l le c un o n ﬁn s o f o ne an might be o ted the ger h d , u is n us a a ac a n an tho gh it otorio th t bl k tte d t, a c a n as a c a was f u n reg rded ert i ly h ttel , the req e t a ana o f a fas na s a s n p ge hio ble e t bli hme t . a v s n a a n un a 1 The d erti eme t , ppe ri g der d te 7th un 1 is as f s J e 757, ollow

T O b e so 10 es o f ra s n w ne a arc e o r ld pip i i i , p l o tt e c er and a ne ro b o a to o se D al tera b l d yd , g y, pply J ph , merc ant in n o n Street who se s at his ware o use h , U i , ll h near the Sa t ouse o c Gates ﬁne sec o n and c oarse l H , D k , , d, ” f ur lo .

s r fo r a in b us n ss and in He pro pe ed while i e , 1 ﬁn l c a o f 774. we d him e e ted to the Ch mber c But in 1 8 was c a an Commer e . 77 he de l red b k u his a n s n n s n and n r pt , p rt er bei g Joh Dob o Joh

a e c as . a a s av s n W lk r , de e ed He ppe r to h e oo a a s f fo r in 1 80 was a ain reh bilit ted him el , 7 he g : m LIVERPOOL BANKS £9 BANKERS cm .

l c f c H s f a o e. i e e ted to the Ch mber Commer li e , af his c n a a n in an was ter be omi g p rt er the b k, b ut s had af o ne c an s o f hort . He , ter or two h ge a ss s n in fas na e an v ddre , ettled dow the hio bl H o er s m 1 and t e Street o etime prior to 774, here he s his a zu Oc 1 d . ided till de th , tober 793

His wif an su v v - ars e J e r i ed him thirty three ye , n at us in dn l o th anuar dyi g her ho e Ro ey Street, J y 8 1 2 6 in n n a of a e . , the i etieth ye r her g had a so n s u no o ne v They Jo eph , tho gh e er cal led him by that name : to every o ne he was “ n Joe . Nominally he was an attorney a d n :b t his f n ut a u a e was a o f a o . ot ry, re l li th t di er In an as a and raconteur as his dem d wit , he w ted undoubted talents in o ne long round o f dining an ss a Ol a h s n d di ip tion. The d St ger a ma y a us n a s o f his sa n s and n s m i g p ge yi g doi g . As f s a an s b ut a few be ore t ted , the b k exi ted ’ ”

a s . is no t n n in s c ye r It me tio ed Gore Dire tory, because there was no issue o f that valuable volume w n 1 0 an 1 6 But in f bet ee 79 d 79 . the brie period o f its existence it had experience o f o ne o f the stormiest times that ever the banking and co m c o f n n su c e s a n mer e E gla d were bje ted to . T h tr i caused by the declaration of war with France in 1 was - n n a and in v o 793 well igh i toler ble, Li erp ol a a a and n a led to rem rk ble bold experime t, det iled in a s a at c a c un ac un v sa ep r e h pter, to o ter t the i er l s us di tr t .

CHAPTER XI

T H E LI V ER PO O L C O R PO R ATI O N I SSU E

O F NO ES T .

— The panic o f 1 793 Spec ial meeting and reso l ut io ns o f To wn Co unc il - Appo intment o f j o int - c o mmittee o f Co mmo n Co uncilmen and — — merc hants Repo rt M eeting s o f merc hants and reso l utio ns — Applicatio n fo r assistance to Bank o f Engl and Refusal o f ap — pl icatio n Appl icatio n to Parl iament by petitio n fo r l eave t o b ring in a Bill autho rising the issue o f neg o tiabl e no tes- State — — ment o f Co rpo ratio n pro perty Bil i passed Issue o f no tes i t f no tes— Al l o ans ai O f Earl y ret remen o l p d f .

H EN an c a set in o n c a a W the p i th t , the de l r n o f war anc in 1 u n d an tio by Fr e 793, r i e m y han s of the s s a us v r merc t highe t t t , o erth ew

a s a 81 CO . and nac Ch rle C ldwell , me ed the other s and c an s in n was f banker mer h t the tow , it elt that a united effort was needed to Cope with the

u n. n a a n a n sit atio The the M yor, Cl yto T rleto , o n the 2 o th March 1 793 held a meeting Of the principal merchants o f Liverpool in the Ex s ns ass nd n . un u a cha ge S dry re ol tio were p ed , in compliance with o ne of them the Mayor a s c a n o f unc c called pe i l meeti g the Co il, whi h sa da e o f was held the me y. The r port this 1 44 ca n FAILURES O F 1 793 145

n a n f the a o n co s meeti g , t ke rom Corpor ti Re rd , is as follows

1 M erck so 793, . - T e ON M a or Cu r l OH AR , y .

T he M ayo r having repo rted to this Co unc il that the ate extens ve fa ures art c u ar o f so me reat l i il , p i l ly g co mmerc a and an n o uses in Lo n on were a most i l b ki g h d , l immediat ely fo llo wed with the failure o f a very Old and pri nc ipal banking ho use in Liverpoo l ; that the latter failure had no w caused suc h an alarmin this town and its ne o ur oo t at not o n the t er an n ouses ighb h d, h ly o h b ki g h w ere reat stresse b ut t ere was an a re ens o n g ly di d , h pp h i Of a enera ca am t to the merc nts tr ers and g l l i y ha , ad , n a tants o f t s ac e nd to the Count o f Lancaster i h bi hi pl , a y at ar e fro m the s oc t u c conﬁ ence and fro m l g , h k o p bli d the want o f mme ate ec un ar reso urc e at un er i di p i y . Th d this impressio n he had this day held a meeting o f so me o f the r nc a merc ants in the Exc an e at w c p i ip l h h g , hi h severa reso ut o ns were entere nto and t e had l l i d i , h y unan mo us su sc r e the f o w n a er earnest i ly b ib d oll i g p p , ly requesting him to convene the Commo n Co unc il to c o nsider w hether it might no t b e pro per to o ﬁer the Co rpo rate Seal to the Bank o f England fo r a loan o f mo ney to assist the c redit o f this plac e by an applic atio n un er the rec t on o f a Co mm ttee c om ose o f an d di i i , p d equal number o f M embers o f t he Co mmo n Counc il and o f res ec ta e M erc ants o ut o f the Counc o r to c o n p bl h il, s er w et er it was oss e fo r the Co mmo n Counc id h h p ibl il, t n measures in t e r Co r o rate c a ac t to avert by aki g h i p p i y, the c o mmo n ruin that seemed to threaten the co mmerc e

o f theto w n.

It is t erefo re now unan mo us reso ve the , h , i ly l d by It 1 46 LIVERPOOL BANKS BANKERS CHAP.

Co unc il that the very unprec edented and truly alarming state o f the u c c re t o f t s c o untr and o f t s p bli di hi y, hi to wn in art cu ar oes in the o n o n o f t s Co unc p i l , d , pi i hi il, well justify the M eeting o f the M erc hants held here t his day and the requisitio n made fo r the co nvening o f this S ec a Co unc p i l il . T hat the representations now made o f the dist resses o f all c o mmerc ial perso ns in this to wn do well deserve the ver ser o us attent o n o f t s Counc so as to n uc e y i i hi il, i d t em to c o ns er w et er an and w at c ifec tual re ef h id h h y, h , li

can b e affo r e in t e r Co r o rate ca ac t . T at t he d d h i p p i y h y, t erefore do now no m nate the fo l o w n six mem ers h , i l i g b , th M r e man r viz e M a o r . r Ea M r m . e er an y , Ald l , . Ald W am r un o r r C os e M . erman Case M r illi bi , j i , Ald , . r m a Comm t nf B oo s and M r. Stat a t ee to c o er w t k , h , i i h the same number o f gentlemen appo inted by the M erc hants at large at t heir meet ing held this day in t he Exc hange ; that suc h Committee b e requested to prepare themselves with a repo rt o f what they may c o nsider pro per to b e do ne ; t he same to b e made at a further Spec ial Counc il w hic h the M ayo r is now instruc ted to call to b e held to - mo rrow evening at six ’ ” o c lock .

The members appointed at the meeting o f

n - c s merchants to the joi t ommittee were Mes rs. n n wa a n c a a Joh Brow , Ed rd F lk er , Ri h rd W lker, as a u s as an and ac Thom H yh r t , Thom Leyl d , J ob s n Nel o . c and a a The ommittee met prep red report , whic h was presented to the Council at their

' 148 LIVERPOOL BANKS 69 BANKERS CHAP.

’ T wo mo nths ate at een th usua and cm d , as h h b e l ” r rac t c e toma y p i .

ne erc d ﬁrms Sig d by 2 2 3 m hants an .

On 2 5th March a further advertisement appeared

At a GENERAL M EET I NG o f the M erc hants and T raders in t s to wn e in the Exc han e n W ednes hi , h ld g o

thc 0 th nst . and at a SPECIAL COUNCI L e in the 2 i , h ld even n o f the same da to c o ns er o f the most ro b i g y, id p able means fo r resto ring the public c o nﬁdence in the resent Sta nat o n o f Cre t the fo o n ent emen p g i di , ll wi g g l w ere appo i nted a jo int COM M IT TEE to deliberate upo n the mo st speedy and effec tual means o f ac complishing so iz es ra e an O ec t v . d i bl bj ,

Committee o M er hants Commit e o Coun il c te c . f . f

o n Bro wn C a to n T ar eto n r J h , l y l (Mayo ), E war Fal ner erman Ear e d d k , Ald l , R c ar W a er erman W m Cros e i h d lk , Ald . bi , T o mas a urst un h H yh , J . , T o mas Le an A erman Case h yl d, ld , aco Ne so n o se Bro o s J b l , J ph k , R c ar Stat am i h d h , w c Committee av n sat the tw o fo o w n a s are hi h , h i g ll i g d y happy in ﬁnding that the result o f t heir delib eratio ns ears to ave met w t eneral a ro at o n and the app h i h g pp b i , mo re so as they entertain the pl easing ho pe o f the goo d c o nsequences being soon experienc ed :fromtho se mo ti ves t hey are induced to submit the fo llo wing reso lution to the co nsideratio n o f the public x: APPL ICATION TO BANK OF ENGL AND 1 49

Resolved unanimousl T at t s Co mmttee av n the y, h hi i h i g interest and w elfare o f the to w n o f Liverpool very muc h at eart and ta n nto c o ns r t the diﬁic ultics h , ki g i ide a io n that may arise in providing fo r the bills whic h may b e returne in the resent c r t ca state o f c re t no M OST d p i i l di , EARNEST LY RECOM M END to the o rs o f suc s as h lde h bill , o ne very important means o f o btaining t he abo ve laud a e ur o se t ma e the a ments as eas to the art es bl p p , o k p y y p i w ho may b e c alled upo n as shall b e c onsistent with ru enc e to t emse ves : And as in man cases p d h l , y , Forb earance may b e a wise measure fo r the interest o f the u c in enera and o f the o ers in ar p bli g l, bill h ld p tic ular t s Committee recommen as muc n u enc e , hi d h i d lg as the exigency o f the times and their own disc retio n w a m t and as ma b e most ru ent and e e in ill d i , y p d ligibl , ever n o f v ew y po i t i . man OHN BRO N Chair . J W ,

The Town Council conﬁrmed the report Of io int—c and a n a u a the ommittee, ppoi ted dep t tion to proceed to London to Wait o n the Chancellor o f the Exchequer and the Bank o f f n l an a ca n was no t succ ss u . E g d . The ppli tio e l n a ns c n a e e While egoti tio were pro eedi g , l tt r signed A Tradesman appeared in William ’ son s Advertiser o f 8th April recommending the pledging o f the Corporation credit for three months by the issuing o f notes to the amount o f or and ef r n a n o f u n r e ri g to the Corpor tio D bli , who, is a v t n the an o n it lleged, borrow e ery hi g y w t ’ 1 50 LIVERPOOL BANKS 69 BANKERS CHAP.

n ur s s was in u o f Debe t e . Thi to be lie the Corporation treating with the Bank o f Eng s n an land fo r the pre e t lo . A special Council meeting was called fo r I April 5.

It having been repo rted by the M ayo r that the nego tiatio ns with the Bank o f England fo r the loan o f o n the Bo nd o f t his Co rpo ratio n no t having een succ essfu he and the o t er e e ates fro m the ver b l, h d l g y urgent nec essity o f remo ving with the greatest expediti o n o t he resent sta nat o n o f c re t in L ver oo p ss ible p g i di i p l, t ou t it the r ut to a and ac co r n have h gh i d y pply, di gly a e to Par ament et t o n in the names o f the ppli d, li by p i i M ayo r and o thers o f t he Co mmo n Co unc il then in Lo ndo n o n b ehalf o f themselves and the rest o f the Co unc fo r eave to r n in a B fo r the ur ose f il, l b i g ill p p o empo w ering t he Co rpo ratio n to issue nego tiable no tes to a c erta n amount and fo r a ven er o on the c re t o f i gi p i d, di t he Estate o f the sa Co r o rat on id p i . T his Co unc il do fully in all respec ts ratify and co n ﬁrm ever ste w c has een ta en and er fu y p hi h b k , h eby lly empo w er the delegates to take every measure whic h shall seem to t hem expedient and nec essary in o rder to carr nto effec t the sa et t on y i id p i i .

The latter was as follows

T hat t he trade and c o mmerc e o f the to wn have o f ate ears reat nc rease and w ere co nt nu n to do l y g ly i d, i i g so till the stagnatio n o f c redit w hic h has lately taken place both here and in o ther parts o f the kingdom

1 s E OO N S 5 LIV RP L BA K tr BANKERS c w .

GENERAL ACCOUNT AND VALUATION o r T HE EST ATE AND REVENUE BELONGI NG T o T HE

o r LIvERPOOL T AKEN T H I ST OF , E a

I om r ne efo 1 792 .

s. d. Fines rec eived fo r renewal o f leases 2 2 70 1 4 4 Gro und rent rec eived fo r 1 792 10 2 7 1 10 Rent fo r u n s in ossess o n let to b ildi g p i , tenants at will 51 66 I 7 6 Rents fo r an in o ssess o n let to tenants l d p i , at will ’ Amo unt o f tow n s duties Graving do c ks Anc ho rage Small to lls called ingates and o utgates W eighing mac hine ’ Rent o f ts in t eo r e s C urc sea S . G g h h Arrears o f interest fro m parish o f Liver poo l 360 0 0

1 7 1 1

I nterest and Annuities aid in 1 2 p 79 .

nnua nterest u o n the o n e ts A l i p b d d b , r nc a er c ent p i ip lly 4} p . Annuities upo n bo nd 2 1 0 9 Balance in favo ur o f the Co rpo ratio n 1 70 55

1 7 1 1

1 In t he statement iven b A i in “ irt M il es A ro un g y k , Th y d ” M anc ester 8 Lo n o n o f the Co r o ratio n Finances h , p . 37 ( d , p , t ere is an erro r o f 2 0 0 0 in the Revenue Statement is has b een h £ . Th ’ ” co ie into Bro o e s A ncient Liver o o l . 0 8 Liver o o l p d k p , p 4 ( p , CORPORAT ION ESTAT E 1 53

Va ue o f the a ove art c es a n t at l b i l , ddi g h o f the an no t u t o n and the l d b il , strand o f the river Valuatio n o f the debt

Balance in favour o f the Co rpo ratio n 8 0 Exc lusive o f a balanc e due fro m the t tees o f the oc s and o f the rus d k , reversio nary interest o f c ertain lo ts o f roun a o ut fo r u n g d l id b ildi g, bo t h to gether estimated at ! 0 f c n s Exc lusive also o publi buildi g , and gro und appro priated to public ur oses va ue at 8 p p , l d o o

0 Net value o f Co rpo rat io n pro perty 0 0

The Bill so promoted passed its ﬁrst reading o n 2 nd M a the s c n a n o n rd M a y, e o d re di g 3 y by a a o f and ass n m jority p ed i to Committee , ﬁna ass n l o th M a and is n n as lly p i g y, k ow 33

ca . 1 . s Act na t he George III . p 3 Thi e bled Corporation o f Liverpool to issue fo r two a s a a ns s o f a v s cu ye r , g i t the depo it ppro ed e ri s ss n s fo r and 1 0 no t tie , promi ory ote 5 , a n n s and o f 0 and 1 0 0 a be ri g i tere t, 5 J£ , be r in n s a a oun no t c g i tere t , the tot l m t to ex eed

1 In the mino rit vo te o n arl eto n of Liver o o l t en mem er y d J h T p , h b fo r Seafo r in Sussex In 1 6 he c o nteste Liver oo l and t is vo te d , 79 d p , h was t en ro u t u a ainst him h b gh p g . ' 1 4 E OO N S 5 N E S CH 5 LIV RP L BA K 5 BA K R AP.

The Corporation then issued the following

ORPORATION LOAN OFFI C CE.

T o t he M erc ants and In a tants o f L ver oo h h bi i p l.

GENT LEM EN —T he Co mm ttee fo rr n n , i r ca yi g i to effec t the Ac t lately passed fo r issuing nego tiable no tes the Co r o rat o n o n a n efo re o u h r by p i , l yi g b y t e ules and regulatio ns by whic h the plan w ill b e c o nduc ted and the terms o n w hic h loans will b e granted by the Commo n Co unc b e eave to o serve t at t e ave il, g l b h h y h framed bo t h with a View to give every ac co mmo datio n to the u c c o ns stent w t due safet to the Co r p bli , i i h y

o tat o n Estate. T s was n s ensa t e r ut and p i hi i di p bly h i d y, they flatter themselves thei r endeavours to unite those o ects w b e fo un effec tua and b e v ewe and bj ill d l, i d re t c an our cei ved wi h d . “ T he business o f a Loan Offic e on the princ iples intended by the Ac t is w itho ut a parallel ; and there be ing no inst itutio n fro m whic h the Co mmittee co uld er ve nfo rmat o n to aid t e r e erat o ns t e do d i i i h i d lib i , h y no t suppose that the rules and regulatio ns now laid befo re yo u are the best possible ; a little experienc e ma o nt o ut t e r efec ts and t o se efec ts w b e y p i h i d , h d ill t e s v re T he remedi ed and remo ved as h y are di co e d . n b f n unem rrasse mo de o f Obtaining a loa will e o u d ba d, e s and ex e t o us the terms are as mo erate as the a y, p di i d Cxpenses w hic h will unavo idably attend the institut io n wo u erm t and fixe o n t at sure as s w c w ld p i , d h b i hi h ill r n fr m n ur p o tec t the Co rpo rat io Estate o i j y . It no w rests w ith you to sec o nd the endeavo urs o r th Co r o r t o n T he nco nven ences resu t n fro m a e p a i . i i l i g c o nvulsio n befo re unknown in the Co mmerc ial histo ry o f

1 56 LIVERPOOL BANKS U BANKERS CHAP.

M a e r e the II nt t ‘ An Ac t to est K n o I . e e j y, i g G g , i l d n h o mmo n nc o f the tow n o f L ver oo e able t e C Co u il i p l, in t he Co unt o f Lancaster o n e a f and o n ac co unt o f y , b h l the Cor o rat o n o f the sa to wn to ssue ne o t a e p i id , i g i bl ’ no tes fo r m t t me and fo r a m te amount the a li i ed i li i d , sa Counc do no w aut or se eo r e Case T o mas id il h i G g , h Ear e enr B un e o se Bro o s T o mas Na or l , H y l d ll, J ph k , h yl , and enr C a all o f L ver oo afo resa merc ants H y l y, i p l id, h , and R c ar Stat am o f the same ac e ent eman i h d h pl , g l , and eac o f em severa and res ect ve to S n and h th lly p i ly, ig subsc ribe fo r and o n behalf o f the said Co rpo ratio n o f L ver o o the no tes to b e ssue and a the sa i p l, i d p id by id Co mmo n Counc v rtue and un er the ow ers o f il, by i d p the Ac t f P r ment said o a lia .

L UITT Tow n Clerh. CO Q ,

N B — T he Co r o r n Ex . . at o Loan Oﬁic e in the p i , c an e is O en fo r the es atc o f us n ss the ru es h g , p d p h b i e , l and regulations o f whic h may b e had at the said ” oﬁicc .

Judicious use was made o f the powers thus ac u and su w as a a succ ss . q ired , the re lt gre t e So much so was it that the Loan Committee found themselves in March o f the next year in the happy position o f being able to take up notes in h o f a f h due and t eir priority d te be ore t ey were , public notice was given to the effect that notes a a in un u a en u in p y ble J e wo ld be t k p April , and later a second notic e stated that the notes LOANS PAID OFF 1 57 payable in June and July would be paid o n t 2 I s April . On l ath March 1793 the Annual Report of N a N Oﬁice was s n the egoti ble ote pre e ted, by which it appeared that the notes issued to 2 5th February amounted to and the value 6 o f s cu s s I 1 6s. d. the e ritie depo ited to f; 5 , and that the amount o f notes then in circulation

was 1 . t s a a uc 35, 3 5 The Commit ee t ted th t m h had n n ssu and o f good bee do e by the i e, were Opinion that the Act should be extended fo r h ns n was another t ree years. The exte io allowed n n On th fo r a other year o ly . 7 September 1 796 the Committee presented a report pre paratory to the ﬁnal winding up o f the opera n ns s a tions u der the Act . The loa were t ted av al l n a o ff and n s to h e bee p id , the ote

withdrawn. The engraved forms o f the promissory notes were as follows

No LI VERPOOL . ,

T welve mo nths after date I pro mise to pay to o r earer O ne un re o un s t nt b H d d p d , wi h i erest f h me af er he r te f or t e sa t t a o er c ent . the ear p by y .

Fo r the Co r o rat on o f L ver o p i i p o l .

O ne un r h d ed .

Entd. 1 58 LIVERPOOL BANKS tr BANKERS

No I RPOOL . L VE ,

O n demand I pro mise to pay to o r earer F ve Poun s ac co r n to ct o f r m nt b i d , di g an A Pa lia e passed in the thirty- third year o f the reign o f His M a est K n o r e the r j y i g Ge g T hi d .

Fo r the r r t n o f L ver oo Co po a io i p l .

The notes fo r 50 and 1 0 were respectively n a v in accordance with the two forms as give bo e .

CHAPTER XII

R M I C HAEL CRO M I E BAR . POWNO LL AND S I , T , , HAR M AN T .

Sir M ic ael C ro mie Bart Po wno l l Hartman—No te-issuin h , . , , g bank Part ners Bank disso l ved Bankruptc ies o f Po w nol l d Hartman an .

T H I S bank is no t mentioned in any history or directory o fLiverpool that the author is acquainted h its s nc is a un an a s wit , yet exi te e b d tly tte ted by su v va o f an o f n s ssu the r i l m y the ote i ed by it, and by various legal notices relative to its bank c is s cia n s n s nc is ru t . p y It e pe lly i tere ti g , i e it the only genuine banking house in Liverpool that n as f un ever issued notes . Whe it w o ded is quite un n n b ut f r nc s s a in k ow , re e e e eem to be m de to it the postscript to the second edition o f Jasper ’ i e s n s . . a s ur Wil o ( . Dr J me C rie) letter to William : an is s at as and o ne Pitt A b k propo ed Gl gow, has n s a s at v fo r s ss bee e t bli hed Li erpool, thi expre ” i e issu o f a u s . . cu nc . But p rpo e , the e pper rre y s is a 1 and all n s o f s thi d ted 793, the ote thi firm yet seen are dated 1 80 1 If the reference is ’ no t to s us n ac c n . u e s thi ho e, the , epti g Dr C rri 3 59 160 E ‘ LIV RPOOL BANKS ts BANKERS CHAP. s a n as fac av an a - ssu n t teme t t, we h e other p per i i g us o f c i In ho e whi h no record s obtainable . the c fo r 1 6 n an n use dire tory 79 , either the b ki g ho no r any o f the partners individually are in any f i a wa . As s s y re erred to mo t prob ble, the a n no n s n is su s p rt ers were re ide t. It gge ted also that only the later issued notes o f the bank v i c c a n u su v v z . s in u as wo ld r i e , tho e ir l tio , the earlier ones would o n suspension o f the firm be ca r a a s But h s o f c u s r ied w y or de troyed . t i , o r e , is su s an n ffi c was at mere rmi e . The b ki g o e the n 2 o o n n n S s the 5 L rd Street, the orther ide , ome where about where the present Lord Street s sa s s ccu in Arcade i . The me premi e were o pied 1 un 1 80 1 Yaniewicz s n a J e by Felix , howi g th t by that date the bank had ceased to b e.

1 Fel ix Yaniew icz so l o vio linist im resario music and musical , , p , n trument eal er was a reat fac to r in l o cal musical l ife He co n i s d , g . ucted at the l o al musical festival s and there is am le testimo n t at d c , p y h s an excellent vio l inist He o ccu ied the remises o f the he wa . p p an in co m an so m a B t e ﬁ h defunc t b k g p y fo r e ye rs. y 1 8 1 1 h rm ad eco me Yaniewicz reen B 1 81 8 he had ta en remises o n the b G . y k p so ut si e o f Lo r Street t en numb ere 60 and had as a artner h d d , h d , p b D as ar s ill o u ei s. T he l atter w as a ﬂute l a er. i W g y . G p d W p y H s so n b o rn and A ril 1 82 0 w as il l o u b Hunter eiss who w as , p , W gh y W , cel eb rated as a b ass sin er in o rat o rio and who co m o se a o ut 1 8 g , p d b 54 ” the ex trao r inaril o ul ar settin o f T he il l a e Blac smit d y p p g V g k h . th ct o er A ec nt m o He died s4 O b 1 867. r e em ry o f his vo ice appears in ' H l ein s irt Years o f M usical Life in Lo ndo n Lo ndo n . K Th y ( , Heinemann w en he ic tures the Princ i al o f O ie H us , h p p p o e

Sc o o l No rwich descri in to his b o s 1 8 - t he remarkab l h , , b g y ( 63 4 e ’ vo ice he had ear in the b ass so l o s o f the M essia the famo us h d h , e ﬁ m co ntinu d at L eiss . T h r e 60 o r Street t il l 1 82 w en o n W d 7, h , 1st Au ust the ave not ice t hat the remo ve fro m t at addr ss to g g , y g y d h e

x11 SIR M C E C OM E T . 1 6 1 I HA L R I , BAR M a n s c a ar . The p rt er were Sir i h el Cromie, B t ,

l n Po wno l l and saac a an. Phi emo , I H rtm c a was so n o f a Sir Mi h el Cromie Willi m Cromie, a c an in u n and s c n so n o f a mer h t D bli , e o d Willi m

o f co a . a Cromie Cromore , . Me th Willi m Cromie o f u n ar a ss s and had D bli m ried Mi Fi h, two au s and s ns c a and d ghter two o , Mi h el, the heir, n i fo r s n O s. c a was Joh , Holy rder Mi h el ome M f r s ann n n as a a . P. o al a d w c time B ly h o , re ted a n o f an o n 2 th u 1 6 n n b ro et Irel d 5 J ly 77 , bei g the

sc as o f Stacumine a . ar de ribed , Kild re He m ried u n su v v n au h and ss o f Gertr de, o ly r i i g d g ter heire

a ﬁf a o f avan. Ford L mbert, th E rl C She died rd M a 1 6 in a av n o ne 3 y 79 , her thirtieth ye r, le i g so n a a and a au , Willi m L mbert Cromie , d ghter,

a n u n s Es . who m rried Wit ey Melbo r e We t, q Philemon Po wno ll is described in his bank ru t c n c as o f iccad n n an p y oti e P illy, Lo do , b ker,

’ is o m a C urc Street late M r Hadwen s Ban . w as t he sec nd ti e h h ( . k) Th in the hist o ry o f the ﬁrm t hat they o c c upied the premises o f bankrupt ” an r c o n m al s o Liver o o l vo l . ii. 8 sa s e s Pi t M e o ri f . 1 b k . p , p 5 ) y the co ncern was isc n in ut 8 is w as no t so . elix d o t ued abo 1 82 . Th F ’ Yaniew icz w as call ed to Edinburg h to c o nduc t the Gentl emen s Co n cert s b ut his artner eiss co ntinue fo r man ears as so l e ro , p , W , d y y p rieto r o f the ﬁrm t t He a ears at t he same l ace p a a Churc h Stree . pp p in the direc to r fo r 1 8 His w ill w as ro ve at C ester 1 st ul y 45. p d h J y

1 8 . But an o ffs oo t o f the b usiness aro se efo re 1 8 2 is w as 53 h b 3 . Th t eir rinci al assistant ames Smit who ac uire art o f the b usi h p p , J h, q d p ness and O ene remises at 6 Lo rd S treet and in this ear o f race , p d p 7 , y g 1 90 5 the premises and business o f James Smith 81 80 11 are kno w n to ever musical Liver u l ian Fel ix Yanl ew icz had a so n o f the same y p d . name who w as a entist in Bo l St ree t and who in 1 8 was Presi , d d , 49 e t o f the Liver o o l Li rar d n p b y. E O N S 1 62 LIV RPO L BA K if BANKERS CHAP.

b ut he is no t to be found in any London dirce tory between 1 790 and had n s s in sev a v fi s He i tere t er l Li erpool rm . A meeting was called fo r 9th April 1 80 2 at the ffic s o f ss s ac 81 assa v o f o e Me r . L e H ll , Li erpool, s o f s v a fi n the Creditor the e er l rms wherei Mr . w l l s a n Po no wa lately a p rt er . Of Isaac Hartman all that is known is that was a c an av n s a s in s he mer h t, h i g e t te the We t s Indie . On the affairs o f the bank becoming involved c a sca anc Sir Mi h el Cromie e ped to Fr e, where he As h s so n m v an a s. i a a li ed m y ye r , Willi m L bert, succ a n c in 1 82 is as n eeded to the b ro et y 4 , it re o able to suppose that Sir Michael died in that

year . a had a in 1 8 1 6 nne ac Sir Willi m m rried A R hel , n c o f a c s a b t . u o ly hild Sir Willi m Hi k , B rt , died 8 s . in 1 1 n . ca nc p 4 , whe the title be me exti t . The n s a s n Rev a o f e tailed e t te we t to . Willi m Cromie ’ dmo r ce co n f Ar an . a so o c a s , M yo, Sir Mi h el n had a u ana brother Joh , who m rried Emily J li n au o f a n Brow e, d ghter Lord Kilm i e . a n s no t so n The other p rt er were fortu ate . A

1 It is ver unco mmo n name and in the en eavo urs to trace him a y , d co rres o n ence was entere into wit A S D er Es o f 8 Co n p d d h . . y , q . , 9 o Ham stead N W who in l sent a tantine R a . . e i ree o f the s d, p , , k d y p d g Po w no ll famil s o win P il emo n Po w no ll s fro m 60 8 to 1 80 the y, h g h 1 7 , l ast name ein Ca tain P il emo n Po wno ll who was sl ain 1 th d b g p h , 5 une 80 a o ar the A oll o w ic was in ursuit o f F J 1 7 b d p , h h p a rench fri ate But no furt er ro ress has een a g . h p g b mde,

x11 BANKRUPTCY OF PARTNERS 163 c ss n o f an u c was ssu th a c ommi io b kr pt y i ed, 9 M r h 1 80 2 a a ns n Powno ll b ut was no t , g i t Philemo , it until 1 2 th April 1 80 8 that bankruptcy was “ ffec in cas o f saac a an a o f e ted the e I H rtm , l te v an b ut no w a s n in the Li erpool , b ker, pri o er ’ King s Benc h (late partner with Sir Michael a and n ffa s Cromie , B rt . , Philemo A ir o n dragged n with the usual slow ess . No men tion is anywhere made as to the amount o f the a s b ut sun v n s a o n li bilitie , dry di ide d were p id ’ m n Po wnol l s s a ﬁna o ne n Phile o e t te, the l bei g 1 h 1 anua 8 1 . a an o n is an 5th J ry 3 H rtm , b k f 8 in ru tc a an ff o S . c s p y, m de o er the whi h doe no t a a av n acc as in ppe r to h e bee epted , the follo wing year his creditors again met to co n sider the nature o f the proposition made by ” 1 a an s Isaac H rtm to ettle with them . The notes issued by this ephemeral bank are

v cu . On the f at is a ery well exe ted le t , the top , v n o f v n a o n ig ette the Li erpool Tow H ll , the ”

na e n v an . right boldly or te lett ri g , Li erpool B k So far as the writer knows they are o f two n m na ns n o ne u n a and ten u n as de o i tio o ly, g i e g i e , n for each ss is ff n I a d the letterpre di ere t. n case “ o f o ne u n a a s s a the g i e it re d , I promi e to p y

1 ’ Livin as he did un er the rivil e es o f the rul o f the g, , d p g es King s Benc the c re ito rs had no o wer to co m el him to iv u h, d p p g e p his ro ert It reste entirel wit the deb to r w et e h p p y. d y h h h r e c ho se to co m ro mise wit his cre ito rs o r to l ive in securit o n w at r p h d , y h p o perty m was left to hi . E S 11 an 1 64 LIVERPOOL BANKS tr BANK R C .

the Bearer o n demand in that o f the ten “

u n a s a . g i e , I promi e to p y Mr or ” a o n an T he au has Be rer Dem d . thor two s c m ns o f u n a n ac a 2 rd pe i e the g i e ote , e h d ted 3 ua 1 80 1 and s na s n s Febr ry , the ig torie to the ote us av n o n a da m t h e bee kept well employed th t y, 6 for o ne is nu 1 2 2 and 2 2 . mbered , the other 4 Beneath the vignette o n the ten- guinea note it

is s a a was n av a s v . t ted th t it e gr ed by Y te , Li erpool s is a u a s se s in r Thi S m el Y te , who hop Lord St eet w s n n T he ﬁrm a a ext door to this ba k . l ter

ca - n n o ne o f a s 81 ss be me the well k ow Y te He , v n f s n s a and c a n a s . a o to e , e l, opperpl te e gr er M y n s are S n o n a f o f a ne s the ote ig ed, beh l the p rt r , n has n su ms by George Brow e , who bee r i ed to n ca fa o f M rs ans be ide ti l with the ther . Hem . s a a s u sufﬁc n f un a n Thi ppe r to be witho t ie t o d tio . Rather more probable it is that he was o ne o f the sc ns o f us o f a n n c io the ho e Kilm i e , i to whi h Sir ’ ie s n ha a n M ichael Cro m brother Joh d m rried . O an are assu a the other h d , we well red th t the

J . King who signed some of the notes is Joseph n and acc un an s n s Ki g , bookkeeper o t t, who e I tere t Tables are largely used in the mercantile world o f - a to d y.

1 66 ' LIVERPOOL BANKS Eﬂ BANKERS CHAP. his m 1 c 1 in other died 7th De ember 794, her

i - ﬁrst a us an av n c as e ghty ye r, her h b d h i g prede e ed

. had a s a au was a her She l o d ghter , who m rried , 6th un 1 a a n a in s J e 775, to C pt i P rry, the We t n an a In s a a s a u s I di tr de. thi tr de l o, e phemi m f r o s av a was a a n c ar an . the l e tr de , C pt i Ri h d H ly As early as 1 770 we ﬁnd him recorded as captain o f Lib ert at a a s s av s f the y B rb do , with 447 l e rom nn Bo y . He was a very prominent member o f that Liverpool Fireside whose records have n s 1 6 1 1 bee pre erved from 77 to 78 . T hey fanci fully described themselves in their proclamation as si n and M s o f The Pre de t ember the Society , deputed by IEo l us to sell winds at the Port o f v at o ﬁ ce n o f Li erpool , their , Sig The Three ’ ” 1 uns in t an T , S r d Street . On 2 th a c 1 6 an n uns a a n 5 M r h 77 e try r , C pt i

1 T he aut o r has een enab l e the in ness o f C ril Lo c ett h b d by k d y k , Es to ins ect t is vo l ume T he So ciet w as almo st entirel c o m q . , p h . y y o sed o f ca tains o f vessel s sl avers and rivateers w it a minute l a p p , , p , h y el ement o io m n in the nei our o o ni f su er r trades e . D e te sums p ghb h d ﬁ , w ich dul w ent fo r refres ment o f the memb ers w ere xed fo r fair h y h , ﬁ in s Ano t er s u ce f inco me was the su sc ri tio of w d . h o r o b p n eac h mem er o f as 6d t o cel e rate his irthda A l ist o f the irt a s b . . b b y. b hd y the ear o w ever ein o mitted is iven o f ninet - tw o mem ers ( y , h , b g ) g y b . Li ew i e eac new suit o f cl o t es o r sin l e arment had tri ute l aid k s h h , g g , b

o n it. " T he o st ess o f the “ ree uns at 1 St rand St reet w as M ar h Th T , 3 , y ' Cat erw o o d In t at ver rare vo l ume “ ill iamso n s Liver o o l h . h y , W p M emo randum Bo o fo r o c curs amo n the l ist o f ca tains k , g p in the est In ia t ra e the name o f Al exan er Caterw o o d as master W d d , d o f a ve sel It is u este that t he w i o w o f a fo rmer s i er w o ul s . s gg d d k pp d b e l ikel y to o btain the suppo rt o f his fo rmer asso c iates and their rien s f d . ” x111 ! RECORDS OF LIVERPOOL FIRESIDE 1 67

c a an as f f n s M a Ri h rd H ly h paid or a air wi d 3 . y ”

s a s . us av he pro per . S iled thi day It m t h e been an amazing sight to see these rough priva teersmen c o ut in al l ﬁn n , de ked their ery, meeti g t a their Club at the c lose o f each voyage . ’ Captain Hanly s taste was mild compared with s is su s s that o f many member . H it were imple ” in c u en su o f cl o at hs c c a olo r, gre it , ho ol te ” ” c u c s u c s sa n olo red lothe , bl e lothe , ge gree ” c s s O n n lothe with white ilk . ther ge tleme pre sent sported garments o f al l the colours o f the a n c s n c s sk — u a n r i bow, rim o lothe , y bl e, m roo ,

- 81C. One n an had u co a ﬁre ge tlem bl e t, with hell ” a s c a and un and n n r c s w i t o t, th der light i g b ee he , an r n c a ac co a and othe , brow o t, with bl k ll r ”

u ns v v r c s and a s c a . yellow b tto , el et b ee he w i t o t ’ Captain Hanly s birthday was celebrated each th b ut an n r uns un a 7 September, e t y r der d te “ 1 4th September 1 779 : The gentlemen present ’ have this day drank Captain Richard Hanly s

a for his i a th ns . and a s e he lth b rthd y 7 i t , p edy release to him from his present confinement in n Fra ce . was no t n v fo r find his He kept lo g, howe er , we reappearance at the club duly noted o n 1 st June 1 80 W n s v t W a s n 7 . hen o hore he li ed a 9 illi m o ua s n ss sse of s o f Sq re, howi g him to be po e d ome ’ this world s goods. n has no t n ac b ut Whe he died bee tr ed , by ' 6 S x111 1 8 LIVERPOOL BANKS Efl BANKER C11.

1 rs an a rs s a . 790 M . H ly ppea a widow She died 8 2 6th M a 1 0 . had s ns : 1 c a y 9 He three o ( ) Ri h rd , the subject o f this notice ; ( 2 ) Thomas Askew an ca an a n his fﬁc H ly , who be me ttor ey, with o e in 1 6 at an and in 1 80 0 at 79 9 Elbow L e, a s a and v n 3 M r h ll Street , Lord Street, li i g with his mother in Houghton Street : he disappears f n n 1 80 anc s un s rom me tio by 7 ( 3) Fr i , the yo ge t , ’ who died l o th February 1 80 0 at his brother s s i a 2 u n ns a . ho e Re h w Street , ged 3 had a s a au an a He l o d ghter, J e , who m rried ,

th 1 80 as a n o f O . 7 April 7, Thom P y e rrell c a an af the a of his fa Ri h rd H ly, ter de th ther, commenced business as a merchant at 2 8 Renshaw r St eet . a rd N v 1 a ss He m rried, 3 o ember 794, Mi 8 u 0 is sc as n . St art . By 1 3 he de ribed a ba ker But o n 8th October 1 80 7 he executed a deed o f ass n n in fav u o f his c rs and ig me t o r redito , two years later a ﬁrst dividend was declared o n his O v n s a as n s a . e t te ther di ide d were p id , the l t oted 1 8 1 8 O l n n in . o bei g He retired to rre l , where , 1 un 1 8 1 0 his f a 0 and 4th J e , wi e died, ged 4 , here f r 8 0 s ua 1 2 . he him el died , 3 d Febr ry

CHAPTER XIV

LE LA ND AN D BU LLI N S Y .

— — — Tho mas Leyl and D il l o n 81 Leyl and Lo ttery p rize Christo pher Bull in—Le l and Cl ar es 81 Ro sc o e— al to n Hall — o mas y , k , W Th — — — Leyl and el ec ted M ayo r Sl ave trade Leyl and Bull ins J o hn — — — — Nayl o r King St reet D eath o f Tho mas Leyl and W il l Char — — — acter Ric hard Leyl and Co rpo ratio n bank acc o unt Partners — o f Leyl and Bul l ins Amal gamatio n w ith No rth and So uth l es Ban Limite Wa k d .

T HE creator o f this noted bank was Thomas n n 1 2 H s f as c a a n i . i a w Leyl d, bor 75 ther Ri h rd f f n n e an o n s o n h n is . L yl d K ow ley, whom ot i g k ow AS early as 1 774 Thomas Leyland was in busi n ss G a n as a a n un e with er ld Dillo p rt er, der the s o f n 81 an at end o f tyle Dillo Leyl d , the lower a t in s a W ter S reet . They were the Iri h tr de , ’ a n in a s as a a a ac n s de li g o t , pe , whe t , o tme l , b o , hog

a 81 C. had a a b ut ss v l rd , They moder te progre i e b ut in 1 6 ha s c us n ss d a o f u . b i e , 77 they troke l k z o f They drew a pri e in the lottery . ’ n a 2 th ec 1 6 a s n s U der d te 7 D ember 77 , Willi m o Adv ertiser v s us : a n o n gi e it th No . dr w Saturday last a prize o f is the property o f ss s Le l n in . n 81 a d e c an s s Me r Dillo , m r h t thi Gy ’ 1 » 70 LIVERPOOL BANKS 69 BANKERS can .

” 1 n. ﬁ n his f un and tow Pro ti g by good ort e , Leyl , o n 1 M a o f f n a a at 4th y the ollowi g ye r, m rried ’ mas u c . s n au o f a St Tho Ch r h , Elle , d ghter the l te a B a a a a Edw rd ridge . He ppe rs to have t ken use in u o n t n a s n a ho Ho ght S reet, the re ide ti l s treet . f n a 1 8 s u n The ollowi g ye r, 77 , Chri topher B lli , ' a Staﬁ o rdshire a c an at a s w re mer h t, th t time re i n ih a e his a us in de t M thew Str et , with w reho e

ca an u . f York Street , be me b kr pt He ormerly s in u and af a s at re ided D ke Street , terw rd the ’ c nt o f us n ss a s no w e re the pottery b i e , Sh w Brow ( a n had a M ar Willi m Brow Street) . He m rried ’ ar as an s s s and an g et , Thom Leyl d i ter, Leyl d appears to have had a great regard for the u n a s ave members o f this family . B lli ppear to h n us in u a ow ed the ho e D ke Street , with the w re houses extending along York Street to Henry and at nf c sa Street . Whether Leyl , the e or ed le in 1 8 u s s s is no t n n b ut 77 , bo ght the e premi e k ow , c a n a a in his an s and ert i ly little l ter they were h d , s here he re ided for many years . In 1 779 we ﬁnd Dillon 81 Leyland taking a two- sixteenth share in the privateer Enterprise o f n a n f 81 . 81 . see a n a F I gr m Co ( St i orth, I gr m ,

” 1 In the M S “ Rec o rds o f a Liver o o l iresi e 1 —81 t is . p F d , 775 , h new s iv n at the me tin el rd D ec em er 6 b ut the was g e e g h d a3 b 1 77 , number o f the tic ket there given is Under t he date 2 1 st ’ ” D ec mb r the s m num r is iven in o re s Annal s o f Liver o o l e e a e be g G p , b ut the names o f the fo rtunate rec i ients are no t s ec i e p p ﬁ d.

1 7: LIVERPOOL BANKS ts BANKERS cm .

was n s in n and f e behi d thi He ry Street, rom her c n c his n ns On 6th he o du ted large co cer . Sep tember 1 80 2 appeared an advertisement that a n a f the o f W lto H ll , ormerly home the Ather ns an v fa had c n to , old Li erpool mily who re e tly a u a s nc a a migr ted to L dlow, Re ide e dmir bly suited fo r a commercial Gentleman o f the ﬁrst ” was fo r sa n n anc . a co import e , le Leyl d rightly sidered a ﬁ u s c n n and th t he lled the req i ite o ditio , so u s us promptly bo ght the e tate . Previo ly to s had n co - th Oc 1 6 thi he bee opted, 5 tober 79 , a o f n unc and sa member the Tow Co il, the me a was c a ff In 1 8 was c sen ye r ele ted B ili . 79 he ho n u n as Mayor . At the period whe s ch ho ours as the n c u ffe at his s osa tow o ld o r were di p l , Thomas Leyland was extending vastly his Opera n in f can s av a and ac u a tio the A ri l e tr de, q ired en i nc f s s u c His a n s sp d d i ome rom thi o r e . p rt er in s us n ss his n c a Bu n thi b i e were ephew, Ri h rd lli , and mas n u b ut in o ne v n u his Tho Moly e x, e t re

a n was a n - a p rt er Willi m Brow . The well rmed African traders in many instances carried letters o f a u and nc as ﬁ s ca u n m rq e, i re ed their pro t by pt ri g o f n n s the ships natio al e emie . In 1 80 2 he entered o n the profession o f a an c n s n in n is in ﬁrm b ker, be omi g e ior the the ex t g

o f a s 81 sc . u su n Cl rke Ro oe He q itted them dde ly, the circular announcing the dissolution being a e 1st c 1 80 6 and c nc d d t d 3 De ember , omme e

1 7, LIVERPOOL BANKS tr BANKERS o f n n nc s an a a a a moder te de ie , the b k m lg m ted with and a s the North So uth W le Bank Limited . In 1 8 1 4 Thomas Leyland was again elected

Mayor . During the hard times o f the peace c f af a o f a whi h ollowed ter the b ttle W terloo , when the industries which had been necessary in o f war fa fo r an o f ccu a n time iled w t o p tio , when the inﬂated prices and consequent high a s c as and n u a n f w ge e ed , the worki g pop l tio elt vu s n s was no s nu us the re l io mo t, there more tre o supporter o f the rights o f the people against the oppression o f the middleman than Thomas m Leyland . Whether he re embered his o wn early s u s his s ns o f us c was tr ggle , or whether e e j ti e no t n But fo r n n . sse kee , we do k ow the e gro r, 1 f s a the a had no c the ore t ller, regr ter he mer y . u n his a a o f o a He , d ri g m yor lty the mem r ble a 1 8 1 —1 ma his na a s ye r 4 5, de me terror to the e - o s s an c evil do r . Thoma Leyl d was ac ustomed v s the a s s na and u to i it m rket per o lly, bro ght to s se u o f ff c j u tice tho g ilty these o en es . Christ opher Bullin does no t seem to have taken any part in the slave ventures or in local f But w s u f political li e . it a q ite dif erent with hi c As n n s a . a v elder brother, Ri h rd me tio ed bo e ,

1 An eng ro sser w as o ne who bo ug ht l arge quantities o f market suppl ies in o rder to inﬂuenc e the p rice in the o pen market ; the fo restall er o ne who o u t ro visio ns efo re t e c ame to mar et , b gh p b h y k in o rder t o raise the price ; the reg rater was o ne who bo ught and so l ro visio ns in the same mar et t us raisin the rice d p k , h g p .

’ 1 6 E OO N S AN E S CH P 7 L IV RP L BA K Eﬂ B K R A .

a s a n a t as re resen w rd Sir Willi m Brow , B r ) , p tative c an a n s n a n mer h t, m ki g the pre e t tio . n ann n t n fo r v Whe C i g, he member Li erpool, returned from fulﬁlling the post o f Ambassador a was a n s n o f to M drid , he ppoi ted Pre ide t the a o s c s his re Bo rd f Control . Thi ne es itated c n f r n ~ o v . a was a ele tio Li erpool Mr . Leyl d p

ro achcd s b ut c n s an . p by the Whig , de li ed to t d In s o f s was n na and pite thi he omi ted , the l c n a o n fo r f u and a a f a s e e tio dr gged o r h l d y , 6 2 su : ann n 1 2 0 an . with the re lt C i g , ; Leyl d, 73 Canning characterised it as a struggle with ” nv n an i isible pha tom . About 1 8 1 7 Anﬁeld House seems to have been acquired by Christopher Bullin as a nc country reside e . This many years later was s nc o f a su s u n the re ide e George Arkle , b eq e t ﬁrm partner in the . In 1 82 0 Thomas Leyland was elected Mayor fo r and in f n a the third time , the ollowi g ye r c a u n was n u a a Ri h rd B lli ho o red with the m yor lty, ’ a f u a s c n s s n after o r d y o te t . He wa appoi ted

P fo r c un o n 2 nd ua 1 82 . J. . the o ty Febr ry 4 On 2 th M a 1 82 as an 9 y 7 Thom Leyl d died, s n - ﬁ e s Hi a 1st a v v a . s ged e e ty ye r will, d ted 1 82 2 and v at s 1 1 April , pro ed Che ter, th anua 1 82 8 a f l n v s ns J ry , m de the ol owi g pro i io f s c ﬁc u s s his l n his A ter pe i beq e t to widow , E le , n s c ar and r s u n and ephew Ri h d Ch i topher B lli , x1v THOMAS LEYLAND 1 77

s nc u n s few c a a u s s other , i l di g ome h rit ble beq e t , he willed that his property should go to the lawful male heirs o f his nephews Richard and s and fai n ssu a s Chri topher , li g i e to the m le heir o f his n c a T as n ie e , Dorothy N ylor, hom , Joh , a va u o f s a and Richard N ylor. The l e the e t te was Sworn under From the will we a a had u azakerl e a g ther th t he bo ght F y H ll , offered for sale at the bankruptcy o f Joseph Hadwen He also bequeathed £ 1 0 0 to f ss o f a so n o f as Pro e or Smyth C mbridge, Thom Smyth

as e an was P and . . Thom L yl d both J. . D L fo r c un o f ancas was the o ty L ter . He , to ” u Old a a man o f a az n q ote The St ger, m i g s n ss sa ac and u nc hrewd e , g ity, pr de e . We will no t c ompare him to the animals which ‘ ’ are sa see n b ut s n u id to the wi d , , by ome i t i n ns nc s n n ca a o u tio , i ti t , or pre e time t, ll it wh t y s d a a s av a a n n o f will, he eeme lw y to h e w r i g an c n s in n a and y omi g torm the mo ey m rket , and s s and in sa trimmed teered the hip , took il

- acc n . was a ﬁne n man ordi gly He looki g , with a s u a s n and f n b ut wh t ome tho ght ter orbiddi g , a s u ﬁ n ca a rm a d d c . wh t we ho ld ll e ided, look u ss ss o f a a was Tho gh po e ed gre t we lth , it currently reported that he was extremely par s n us and s ui s u n a a imo io , the q b , d ri g the p rli mentary elections fo r which Thomas Leyland N 1 8 E OO ' 7 LIV RP L BANKS ES BANKERS CHAP.

was n na b ut for c c n omi ted , whi h he de li ed to s an un s a n l a t u his uc ance t d , he it ti g y t rib te rel t to s s n n ss c ru a ns s heer ti gi e , whi h g dged the l rge expe e n c ss the ne e ary. — But he had no sympathy with hole- and c orner f nc r n nanc work with re ere e to the Co poratio fi e . To his credit be it said that during his second tenure o f the office o f Mayor in 1 8 I 5 he pub lished fo r fi s ra n acc un s the r t time the Corpo tio o t , stating that the Mayor should l ay before the b ur ss s an acc un o f n ansac ns ge e o t their mo ey tr tio . He also then caused the accounts fo r the seventeen a s c n u s fo r usal ye r pre edi g to be p bli hed their per . n e a es c a sa in c Co t mpor ri redit him with y g, whi h ’ s s u una the writer memory tell him , tho gh ble to v f nc was us o ne a an gi e the re ere e , ed by gre ter th he al an b ut c his ens v nc T leyr d) , whi h ext i e experie e as thrice Mayor o f Liverpool would bring home to him Many o f those yo u invite soon forget ’ f se o u n nv n v . it tho y do t i ite , e er orget it The business was no w conducted under the n Old style by Richard and Christopher Bulli . The Gazette o f 3o t h June 1 82 7 contains licence f W and au c a u n Es . o ar thority to Ri h rd B lli , q , c us azakerl e assu na bre k Ho e , F y, to me the me and bear the arms o f Leyland in compliance with the conditions o f the will o f his late maternal unc as an a n a 1 st r le, Thom Leyl d , be ri g d te Ap il 8 1 2 2 .

’ 1 80 LIVERPOOL BANKS ts BANKERS CHAP. c s i an 81 u ns b ut s no t lo ed w th Leyl d B lli , it doe t f c quite ﬁ with a ts . The Corporation account was with Gregsons 1 f r and Clay till their suspension in 80 7. A te a no u c n n is a o f the acc un th t p bli me tio m de o t, a au is a a o f i Parliamen th t the thor w re , t ll the tary Enquiry into the Corporation was held in 1 8 a ﬁnd a 33. From th t report we th t the Cor

o ratio n had acc un s . e p o t with both A H ywood,

ns 81 . and an 81 u ns and a So , Co Leyl d B lli , th t n u the i debtedness was fairly equally distrib ted . On 1 8th October 1 832 the balance due by the

a n . ns 81 . was Corpor tio to A Heywood , So , Co f 0 3 . d. and at end O v 9 , the twel e 6 d. months it had increased to 9s. For the same dates the balances due to Ley 6 an 81 u ns w 1 s. and l d B lli ere , 8 1 3 6d. v n f . E ide tly, there ore , the Corporation had extensive dealings with Hey ’ woods prior to 1 83

1 ’ “ ” ere is a c urio us erro r in Baines Histo r o f Lancas ire vo l . Th y h , v Lo o n 8 T he amo nt o f in e te ness to He i . . 1 n 1 6. u p 34, d , 3 d b d y ’ ’ w o o ds is iven as 1 s . 6d and to Le l an s 81 . g 9 . , y d But if t h c o l umn in w ic t ese ures a ear is a ed u t ere e h h h ﬁg pp dd p, h

wil l b e fo und a triﬂin difference o f 1 81 . 1 1 d As t is is g . h , ’ w it in a few ence t he in e tedness to Le l an s it a ears ro a l e h p , d b y d , pp p b b t hat the acco unt fro m w hich Baines to o k his ﬁgures o riginal l y stoo d thus ’ D ue t o Heyw o o ds 9 6 ’ Leyl and s 1 8 6 To g et her 8 0

and that Bain s to o e a er t o u t inst t e k th l tt wo am n s ead o f the ﬁrst wo .

1 82 E OO ’ LIV RP L BANKS (9 BANKERS CH. x1v

Heb lethwaitc s anc s a a n (who e e tor, C pt i Heble wa e ﬁn s n n in c s o f 2 th it , d me tio the Re ord Liverpool Fireside who like the Arkles had n an as an a n c and e tered the b k ppre ti e , who d in 1 0 0 n a n the 1 die 9 . Joh N ylor died o 3th u 1 88 and in 1 8 ea fﬁc o f J ly 9, 95 the h d o e the bank was removed to new premises at 36 Castle and in M a 1 0 1 as f s a Street, y 9 , be ore t ted, the bank was amal gamated with the North and u a s an So th W le B k Limited . CHAPTER XV

O H N A S PI NA LL A ND SON J .

— - Jo hn Aspinal l So n Transitio n fro m tea deal ers to bankers Ban ru t c — ames As inall an er— ames As inal l 81 So n k p y J p , b k J p Central Ban o f Liver o o l k p .

T H E first mention o f this firm in the local c is in 1 6 n un o f dire tory 79 , whe , der the title n s nal 81 ns c s had Joh A pi l So , Gro er , they their S at ua a a us at hop 5 Derby Sq re , with w reho e 0 T he s o f the ua 4 Castle Street . ite Derby Sq re premises was l ater o n occupied by Thomas a fo r the Liv er ool Courier n n s K ye p pri ti g work , and is no w c overed by the head Office o f the nd a s an North a South W le B k Limited . They had in 1 793 a shOp at the top o f Dale b ut at at e end o f a a v Street , the l t r th t ye r remo ed n f e ua and as e to the cor er o D rby Sq re C tle Str et . firm was c s o f n s na the The ompo ed Joh A pi ll ,

fa and am s and a s ns . On ther, J e Willi m , the o 6th February 1 797 they notiﬁed the public that t hey have also opened t he Grocery and T ea Warehouse in Castle Street lately occupied by

a s . s was nu 1 6 Mr . !J me ! Wright Thi mbered n 6 is n a in s v o f i 1 79 . It oteworthy th t e eral 1 83 1 84 LIVERPOOL BANKS E! BANKERS CHAP.

their public notices they describe their principal business premises as situate corner Of Market ” ac a u n na Pl e , ltho gh the ewer me , Derby in se f r an a s As ua had n u o . Sq re , bee m y ye r was c us l v v s s the tom , they i ed o er their premi e in as But o n 2 nd 1 6 C tle Street . September 79 a s s nal l a at an a a J me A pi m rried , Leyl d , M rg ret Bro xu of u n n a l and he o p E xto , e r Chor ey , t ok up his abode above the o ne o f their business s c as u ss s n premise whi h w abo t where Me r . Nixo ’

and s s s no w s an . s tea Thew premi e t d To thi , f &c . us n ss a ua a ac s a an n , b i e gr d lly tt hed it el b ki g us n ss and s av s b i e , the two eem to h e pro pered , — fo r in 1 80 2 3 we ﬁnd that they built several spacious and elegant stone dwellings o n the o n f v n west side f the orth end o E erto Terrace . In o ne o f s n s na s n o f the e Joh A pi ll , the e ior the

ﬁrm n s . , we t to re ide By 1 8 1 1 James Aspinall had bought and was t 2 8 n f s n a NO . a c o s n re idi g Cl re Street , or er I li g h ac is t o n c ad s an a . H , whi h ome l d tt hed to it mother died at Everton o n 2 7th M ay o f this a a 1 and his f no t l n su v v ye r, ged 7 , wi e did o g r i e,

8 i - n 2 o th u 1 1 n n n a . dyi g J ly 3, her thirty i th ye r O n 9th August 1 8 1 3 the Aspinal l s circularised their friends

“ o n ames and W am s na b e to nfo rm J h , J , illi A pi ll g i their friends and the public that a disso lutio n o f partner s has t s da ta en lac e in t e r o use and t at the hip hi y k p h i h , h

' S H 1 86 LIVERPOOL BANKS Es BANKER C AP.

When going into their assets it was found that their houses in Everton had been c onveyed n n c s n n s Fr 81 a an to their Lo do orre po de t , y Ch pm , n But doubtless as security fo r adva ces made . James Aspinall had a life interest in two farms and an s c a s at u n other l d , with three ott ge , E xto , n a al l o f c a ca him e r Chorley, whi h prob bly me to f had a s his us through his ﬁrst wi e . He l o ho e ﬁrm and land in Clare Street . The held two us s in as a n as a ho e C tle Street, Corpor tio le e , p rtly

in use as an and sun sma s. the b k, dry ll propertie u a n d a o n fo r an a s The liq id tio r gged m y ye r , s v a s a v n s n a ﬁ s o f e er l m ll di ide d bei g p id, the r t 2 6 in 1 1 a s . in 8 n s n d. the early 7 . Joh A pi ll u 82 a In a n rd a 1 . died 3 Febr ry 3, ged 75 dditio s h au s s to his two ons he ad d ghter . The elde t a 2 th Oc 1 a vans m rried , 7 tober 799, Edw rd E ; a 8 1 an a un 2 th M a 8 . other, M ry , died m rried y 34 James Aspinall reverted to his old business as a tea and s c a us n ss ac pi e de ler, with the b i e pl e in as at c n o f a n n C tle Street, the or er H rri gto v in and c n nu a . Street , o ti ed to li e Cl re Street s as fo r s a s un in 1 82 Thi l ted ome ye r , til 3 he a a n l ss o ut as a an an n g i b o omed b ker, the b ki g n 1 2 o ﬁice being in Harri gton Street . By 8 7 he had m v an ur nc re o ed the b k to Temple Co t, whe e in 1 82 8 he respectful ly acquainted his friends that owing to the stoppage o f his London cor

s n n s ss s. 81 a an had re po de t , Me r Fry Ch pm , he xv CENT RAL BANK OF LIVERPOOL 1 87

a an ss s. 81 rr ged with Me r Drewett Fowler,

an s n n fo r fu u us n ss. His o wn b ker , Lo do , t re b i e car v s c v a c c fo r eer, howe er, hortly re ei ed he k, in the Gazette fo r 1 2 th June 1 832 he is l c a But in un 1 8 s de l red a bankrupt . J e 33 thi bankruptcy was annulled Then a circular f u I o th u 1 8 n fi s us rom Temple Co rt, J ly 33, oti e “ that James and Bro xup Aspinall respectfully inform their friends that they have commenced us n ss h un the firm o f am s b i e toget er, der J e s na 81 So n and a acc un is A pi ll , th t the o t with ” s s a CO an n a 81 . s n Sir J me E d ile , b ker , Lo do . The joint- stock mania was very prevalent at s an s s n n u in v thi time . B k were pri gi g p e ery c n a su sc n ca a dire tio , people were re dily b ribi g pit l , and every o ne was to make his or her fortune in f s As inall s u a a ew year . The p tho ght th t they too would invite the public to share h f un so n a an o f t eir good ort e , the Ce tr l B k Liverpool was duly floated o n I st August 1 8 6 a ca a o f n na in 3 , with pit l omi l 1 0 s a s h its ffi c s in u £ h re , wit o e Temple Co rt , n it ana a s s na Bu v n a d s m ger J me A pi ll . t e e the credulous public Of that date did no t quite S a us th 1 8 wallow the b it . Th by 4 March 37 the

- a un o f a u ca ital l was n 0 mo t the p id p p o ly £579 .

1 On 17th Jul y 1 831 there had been a b urgl ary co mmitted o n the ’ em l e Co urt remises w ere As inall s l o st 80 0 in cash and b ill s T p p , h by p £ , o n t a large amo u t . 1 ? S H xv 88 LIVERPOOL BANKS £9 BANKER C .

f n n a n s s a 81 CO . Their ormer Lo do ge t , E d ile , c a s in 1 8 b ut en a an o f oll p ed 37, the C tr l B k Liverpool appears to have transferred its agency u c 81 s 1 8 to L bbo k Co . ere thi . By 39 the an has sa ar f c and b k di ppe ed rom the dire tory, the writer has been unable to trace when or van T he na o f a s s na how it ished . me J me A pi ll i n m f his so n is v n s a s a s n . a o l o b e t The e gi e , b ut 1 8 has n by 4 1 that too go e .

’ N E S H 1 90 LIVERPOOL BANKS Es BA K R C AP.

2 th M a 1 62 and was n as a f an 5 y 7 , e rolled reem in 1 0 77 . c nc us n ss as a r m c an He omme ed b i e timbe er h t , hi ﬁrs ﬁrm n a ss 81 O s C . t bei g T ylor, Mo , , the partnership in which was dissolved 1 5th April 1 6 h as ss c n nu n in a s 77 , T om Mo o ti i g the old y rd at the east side o f Salthouse Doc k and bottom o f Lord Street . ’ n th M a 1 a at s O 9 y 777 he m rried St . Peter u c v an n c l o f as Ch r h , Li erpool , J e , o ly hi d Thom s was sc n f Arrow mith, who de e ded rom the f 1 Cottingham amily . In 1 778 the new partnership he had formed l f ss was under the tit e o Thomas Mo 81 Co . ss v and c nc a f sh a n s di ol ed, he omme ed re p rt er hip o f s u n 81 But un s . s der the title Mo , S tto , Co thi was o f f u a n as in f n a brie d r tio , the ollowi g ye r was ss v his a n s a s u n and it di ol ed , p rt er , J me S tto

a c n nu n us n ss. In 1 80 Edw rd Lowe , o ti i g the b i e 7 he had acquired a new timber yard o n the east ’ o f c In 1 8 had Side St . George s Do k . 77 he purchased land o n the road from Liverpool to c n u us ha n b c a Low Hill , o tig o to t t ow ed y Ri h rd il art T he s t s nd Gildart G d . s s a tree , Mo Street sufﬁ c n t ss a ca . Street , ie tly m rk the lo li y Mo Street n 1 80 was cut through the la d about 9 . His name appears as the owner o f a privateer

1 o mas Co ttin am die at his mansio n o use at Ness C es ire Th gh d h , h h , o n 2 2 nd M a 1 8 y 7 3.

’ H 1 9 2 LIVERPOOL BANKS 69 BANKERS C AP.

In sa a 1 80 n ss a the me ye r , 5, Joh Mo m rried o n rd at a hu c 3 September, the Collegi te C r h , anc s anna a au o f M he ter , H h T ylor , d ghter the n late Thomas Taylor o f Mosto . ’ In 1 80 7 appeared an advertisement in Bil linge s Adv ertiser c au has a a s whi h the thor lw y , rightly or ’ n c nn c n Of ss s wro gly , o e ted with the origi Mo Bank :

ent eman ossess n a ar e s o sa e ro ert A g l , p i g l g di p bl p p y, nce w t the v r t o se in Lo n o n in c o rrespo nde i h ery ﬁ s h u d , u treat w t o ne erso n o f no wn ro ert to w o ld i h p , k p p y, s a BANK at LIVERPOOL u o n t he most so establi h , p lid ermanent as s w c the Pu c w b e and p b i , by hi h bli ill nt nst n fo rtu to us event Letters fo r guara eed agai a y i . h Po t fﬁc e L ver o o ost a fro m A B C . at t e s O . . , i p l (p p id), r nc a s w t rea s natures w b e atten e to if P i ip l , i h l ig , ill d d , o me es ra e N B —An ct ve rt c o nnex n is ee . . a a i d d d i bl . i p i a so ute nec essar as that is the o n m t ve fo r s b l ly y, ly o i ” this advertisement .

h su s n W ether the rmi e be right or wro g , the u a n is n e s n in s f as s n q ot tio i t re ti g it el , howi g t he feeling that properly equipped banks were essential to the needs o f the vastly expanding c c o f n ommer e the tow . But we have the fact that John Moss in this a n a an at c an e u n s ye r ope ed b k 4 Ex h g B ildi g , un l o f ss a s 81 s is der the tit e Mo , D le , Roger . It no t mentioned in the body o f the directory for 1 80 b ut has a s c a n in a n x. 7, pe i l e try the ppe di ‘ . N. . E R ta G . E DAL 1 93

a s e n a had The D le w re Roger Newto D le, who a o n th a c 1 80 2 a ar S s Of m rried 9 M r h M rg et , i ter n ss and a a o n Joh Mo , George Edw rd D le , who th Oc 1 80 had a n an h 9 tober 4 m rried Elle , ot er f n ss ca f a n sister o Joh Mo . They me rom He to

s n a c . a was a Norri , e r Sto kport . R . N D le 1 f m o f v s O f o ﬁr a a 81 C . o member the D ie , D le , , c ss v sa s had Red ro Street , Li erpool , dry lter , who and a n a us in c ss their oil p i t w reho e Red ro Street , and anufac at un their m tory 44 H ter Street. a s u n a n c a s They were l o , d ri g the N poleo i w r ,

va n s . a t a pri teer ow er . R N . D le lived a W ver and at his us 2 rd uar tree , died ho e there , 3 Febr y 1 80 a d 9 , ge His a o t . n n su v v brother, G E . D le , did lo g r i e as at his us in n him , he died ho e Rod ey Street , 1h anua l f s v a c r n 9 J ry He e t e er l hild e .

1 Earl in 1 80 8 D avies D al e 81 Co disso l ved art ners i . Business y , , . p h p w as carrie o n at the o l d remises b ames D avies and R N D al d p y J . . e under the st l e f me i s O hi th o a s D av e 81 C . w l e the o er art ner y J , p , o se Banc ro ft entere into artners i w it his b ro t erin-l aw J ph , d p h p h h , o se D utto n un er the st l e o f D utt o n 81 Banc ro ft J ph , d y . 3 His w i o w w ent t o resi e at C el tenham b ut die t th d d h , d a e ho use o f he r b ro t e Henr i aver r r n t ee 1 th M a 1 82 2 . h y W , 5 y 1 T he w ido w w ent to Leamin to n w ence her sec o n au ter g , h d d gh , l l en as m r i n t m to v E w a r ed 2 2 d Se e er 1 8 1 Re . Hu M atthie , , p b 3 , gh , Recto r Of o rt enb ur l int s surviv in o nl to a8th ul 1 8 6 W h y , F , g y J y 3 . T he el dest au ter Sara ane w as al so marrie at Leamin to n o n d gh , h J , d g

2 2 nd Au ust 1 8 t o . R. o o w ard o f Bir en ea M rs D al e g 33 T W d k h d . . c an e her residence to Farn o n C es ire w ere her o un est h g d d , h h , h y g Hanna d e au ter ied th Feb ruar 1 8 6. M rs D al ersel f die d gh , h , 7 y 3 . h d o n 2 8th Se temb er o f the same ear at the o use o f her so n- in- l aw p y h , R o o war T . . W d d. S H 1 94 LIVERPOOL BANKS U BANKER C AP.

n so n wt n a 1 8 The o ly , Roger Ne o D le , died th 1 8 8 f his a e e 2 in n a o . Septemb r , the twe tieth ye r g

The other partner was Edward Rogers. He was is v so n o f a s a , it belie ed, the Edw rd Roger , c an o f v a s ca o n an mer h t Li erpool , who l o rried nsu anc and a us n ss un i r e broker ge b i e , der the title f s a ﬁrm as s o Rogers 81 Ripley . Thi l tter w di s v I st c 1 8 and a s ol ed 3 De ember 7 5, Edw rd Roger o n us n ss a n at 6 an carried the b i e lo e Ch ge Alley . a at av n 2 th c e He m rried Whiteh e , 9 De emb r 1 8 a ss c s n o f a n b ut she 77 , Mi Ni hol o th t tow ,

no t n su v v n un 1 82 . did lo g r i e , dyi g J e 7 To Edward Rogers belongs the distinction o f being the originator in 1 757 o f the proposal fo r the formation o f the Liverpool Library t he ﬁ s c cu a n a in n ( r t ir l ti g libr ry the ki gdom) ,

l s l fl u s n 1 . happi y ti l o ri hi g . He died 795 The so n o f Edward Rogers took up his residence in v n e v a u 1 82 2 E erto , wher he li ed till bo t , n m v 2 u un whe he re o ed to So th H ter Street , ’ c an n . c ae s a h gi g to St Mi h l Hill, Toxteth P rk, a u 1 8 1 c n nu s af bo t 3 , where he o ti ed to re ide ter his retirement from the bank a few years a l ter . ’ On 5th September 1 8 1 1 John Moss s younger n was ma at O ha brother, He ry, rried ld m to anna s c n au o f a s o f H h, e o d d ghter J me Clegg n and sa a he was a a Be t, the me ye r dmitted a n in an c was no w M ss p rt er the b k, whi h o ,

NEW BANK PREMISES 1 95

O ss In Sa n ALE ERS 81 . D , R G , Mo the me mo th was completed the building facing the Town a at end o f a c was H ll , the D le Street, whi h the home o f the bank until the private bank ca a n - s c c nc n in 1 86 un be me joi t to k o er 4, der - s r n the title o f the North We te n Ba k . The building was then reconstructed. The press notice o n the present occasion was as follows 16“ e teu her 1 81 1 S p .

A small b ut very fine spec imen o f Do ric arc hi t c tur remar a we exec ute in c o c e freesto ne e e, k bly ll d h i , is no w exhibited in the building just erec ted at the to p f a treet w c is sa to b e nten e fo r the o D le S , hi h id i d d M n o use o f M essrs. oss e R an a o ers 81 . b ki g h , D l , g , Co uc struc tures as t ese in the m e o f r t n S h h , iddl a g eat o w , co ntr ute reat to the c re t o f and o f c o rse to th ib g ly di , u e nefit o f the ace in w c t e are ere te be , pl hi h h y c d ; whilst they reflec t ho nour o n the taste and spirit o f their ” rs pro prieto .

John Moss had lived fo r some time at Mossley b ut had now ac u and was s n Hill, he q ired , re ide t f te o l — at s a o Ot rs o . in 1 8 1 2 1 , the e t te p Here 3 he started an oil mill in partnership with George l n ars Fo rwoo d. For ma y ye there had been a

1 o e Fo o o so n o f Lieutenant Fo e r rw rwo o R. N. and Faith G g d , d , , ,

his w ife w as an excee in l ab l e man. He t ri , d g y ed his hand at vario us usinesses was a ent fo r naval varnis eneral merc ant i b , g h , g h , nsurance a ent and o verseer fo r the o o r He was fat er o f g , p . h Geo rge Pepl o w Fo rwoo and omas Brittain Fo rw oo and ran fat er o f th t d Th d , g d h e la e

Sir Art ur B. Fo rwoo Bart . so metime Secretar to the A miral t h d , , y d y, n Sir Wil i m Forw o a d l a B. o d. 1 6 ' 9 LIVERPOOL BANKS 69 BANKERS CHAP.

o n s r T e t ers mill the ho e . h O t po o l stream f an uc u h c had e n im ormed embo h re , w i h b e v n s nc pro ed by embankme t . He e barges had c acc ss In 1 8 dire t e to the mill . 7 0 the ﬁrm of a an 81 i s n nc s a a T te, Alex der, W l o e lo ed p rt o f the strand o f the river Mersey and erected a snuff s mill . Thi was continued for many a s and was un as a n ye r , held der Thom T rleto n as In 1 8 1 6 n ss o le e . Joh Mo purchased the interest o f the lord o f the manor (John Blackb urn) in the strand in front o f his and a fu an n s property, m de rther emb kme t . The was u n n an a s a o b ut oil mill b r t dow m y ye r g , an n s o n a su v n n n the emb kme t mmer e e i g, whe ” s f is the s nn a a fu s fo r o te o e, m ke delight l pot s and c n a n s is n a re t o templ tio . Here Mer ey e rly at s and ff c o f a s c her wide t , the e e t the bro d tret h o f a n and n S s o f w ter, with the gree ge tle lope Cheshire leading up to the background o f the v as n s of a s e erl ti g hill W le , the whole lighted u a us suns is at nc c a n p by glorio et, o e h rmi g and restful . By the death o f George Edward Dale in 1 8 1 5 the Dales dropped o ut of the title o f ﬁrm c now ca ss O ERS and the , whi h be me Mo , R G ,

ss and so c n nu i s . Mo , o ti ed till the th rtie On 2 0 th January 1 8 1 6 John Moss was created P r n o f ncas I 1 2 fo c u a . n 8 2 J. . the o ty L ter c nc d in c n unc n s e o f he omme e , o j tio with om

E a 198 LIVERPOOL BANKS U BANK RS c n .

n fif n c rs c h o f whe tee dire to were ele ted , t ree r n n s o f a us whom we e omi ee the Bridgw ter Tr t . At the first meeting o f the directors on the f n da a s a nc was c ollowi g y, Ch rle L wre e ele ted a an and n ss u - a man o f Ch irm , Joh Mo Dep ty Ch ir n the Compa y. Later o n John Moss identified himself with a a un a n s and in 1 8 1 was other r ilw y dert ki g , 3 Chairman o f the Liverpool and Birmingham a a R ilw y . His brother Henry contented himself with un c a a s and was c s n a m i ip l m tter , ho e member o f n u 6th 1 2 the Commo Co ncil October 8 4 . can a s e no t n re f n Mer tile m tter w re e ti ly orgotte . John Moss had some very large sugar plantations in n f the eighbourhood o Demerara. an c n nu s and a n d The b k o ti ed to pro per, obt i e f a air share o f public support . n ss rd Oc 1 8 8 and was Joh Mo died 3 tober 5 , ’

u at nn s ur . an o n b ried St . A e , Aigb th The l d which the church was built had been given by 1 8 and as . was n in w him It ope ed 37, embel lished by his further gift o f a painted glass window. His s ns as and G t n two o , Thom ilber Wi ter ss had n fo r s ass c a Mo , who bee ome time o i ted

fa no w c n nu an . with their ther, o ti ed the b k ss r Rev n Two other sons o f John Mo we e . Joh a s ss s ca of n s J me Mo , ometime Vi r Upto , Che hire,

’ zoo LIVERPOOL BANKS b BANKERS cw m a th Oc 1 8 0 and a in 1 8 5 tober 5 , m rried 73 a a Everilda au o f n n M rg ret , d ghter Colo el Joh n Ireland Blackbur o f Hale Hall . The other so n o f John Moss interested in n n o as the ba k was Gilbert Wi ter M ss . He w no t uc in v nc as a u c c a ac m h e ide e p bli h r ter , b ut was greatly esteemed fo r his artistic tastes

and c a a n . n l st a c 1 82 8 h rit ble be t Bor 3 M r h , f n 1 8 0 was cr a a . P. o r a cas in he e ted J , L hire 5 , 6 1 and died th July 899 . In 1 6 va an was ans April 8 4. the pri te b k tr f n a n - s c c nc n un ormed i to joi t to k o er , der the t o f N s n an as ti le the orth We ter B k , Thom Edwards- Moss and Gilbert Winter Moss b e c n c s a a n a ct omi g dire tor . The l tter rem i ed dire or until the octopus- like tentac les o f the London 1 and Midland Bank c lutched it in October 897 . Later o n the latter bank became the London an n an City d Midla d B k Limited .

so z OO S ’ E LIVERP L BANK b BANK RS c an . c n uc d o n ﬁ s fl s tea o d te the r t oor , whil t the ,

&c . us n o n ss was ca o n un f o . , b i e rried the gro d l or He also ceased to reside over the bank in ’ u c n his fa s f Ch r h Street , goi g to ther ormer u in s . nn n ss ho e St A e Street . The ba k progre ed u fo r n s In 1 8 1 0 s Ha q ietly ma y year . Jo eph d wen took down a windmill which he owned in am e and c a c a sc o n Hoth Stre t , ere ted h rity hool the site . 82 dw n s o f - u In 1 3 Ha e had a troke ill l ck . He had o n hand £2 0 95 in old £ 1 Bank o f n an n s and f a a E gl d ote , orw rded them by the m il e c An ns n s is to b ollected . i ight i to the time v n us acc un o f nc n gi e by the o t the i ide t. To avert suspicion as to the nature o f the contents o f the parcel the notes were no t addressed to

his n n a n s a c a van 81 Co . Lo do ge t , B r l y, Be , , Lom a b ut a u s in sa b rd Street, to dr ggi t the me n c Co st a a a 81 . reet , to be by him h ded to B r l y But o n its arrival in London the contents were found to be metamorphosed into a collection f a ll s o waste p per o f a de criptions. The direful year o f 1 82 5 claimed as o ne o f it s v c s s Hadwen His c cu a i tim Jo eph . ir l r announcing the fact is noteworthy

“ It is w ith muc h regret that I have to info rm t ee t at in co nse uenc e o f the ene a ressure o f h , h q g ‘r l p the t mes to et er w th some rec ent fa ures I ave i , g h i il , h thought it desirable to have the advic e o f so me dis BANKRUPTCY 2 0 3 interested friends relative to the situation o f my ' aﬂairs. In pursuance o f thei r reco mmendat ion I have co nc u e u o n sus en n m a ments a measure l d d p p di g y p y , tru stress n to m o wn fee n s art cu ar so in ly di i g y li g , p i l ly n to the var o us em arrassments it ma c cas n loo ki g i b y o io . “ W hat may remain to me aft er paying my c redito rs in full must depend upo n management and c irc um stances unfo reseen.

o sarn AD BN J H W .

“ m 87 1 m a n 1 8 6 Cava m d 2 . , ,

The liabilities were estimated at b ut the assets were in such a liquid condition un n 2 6 in n s a 1 d. that divide d mo ti g to s. the were paid to the creditors before twelve a n f months were over . A l rge umber o the members o f the Society o f Friends banked with Hadwen an o f s n a and , m y tho e bei g le ther a s c s so as hide de ler . The reditor were ple ed with the favourable aspect o f affairs that they presented the assignees o f the estate with a piece o f plate in recognition of their assiduity

in winding up t he estate. Among the properties belonging to Joseph Hadwen which were brought to the hammer Fazakerl e a u u l n s ar were y H ll, with o tb i di g , g

den c ar s and an s a un n 8 . , or h d l d , mo ti g to 4 acr s ds 1 0 s c was u e , 3 roo , pole , whi h bo ght by Thomas Leyland ; the bank in Church a LI RP L a m x o 4 VE OO BANKS w BANKERS c .

hi s n and s c in . nn t Street , re ide e St A e S reet . c e s l n f The r ditor were al paid i ull . In December 1 82 6 Joseph Hadwen announced that he had gone into partnership with Eliza Fielden und s o f Hadwen and beth , er the tyle Fiel den as tea and c ff a s at h , o ee de ler the T ree an s s in c an a n a a C i ter New S otl d Ro d , e r Gre t N s n N. nc 1 8 1 1 a n el o Street , Si e M ry Fielde had conducted the tea- dealing business in 1 u a n us Ch rch Street beneath the b nk . Sto eho e ’ sa s a Hadwen s s s s ss s Had y th t i ter , The Mi e

wen c n uc t ea us n ss. ss , o d ted the b i e Po ibly an explanation may be fo und by assuming that Elizabeth Fiel den was the married name o f o ne o f Hadwens c s v no c u the . The dire torie gi e l e as she was a f . to whether m id, wi e, or widow v ﬁrm o f Hadwen 81 Fielden Howe er, the was in existence as late as 1 845. ” 1 Streets o f Liver oo l 1 5 ed 1 8 p , P. 5: . 79

CHAPTER XVIII

SAM U EL H O PE AND 0 0 .

ue Ho e Cc — eo r e Ho l t—Co tto n ro ers and an ers Sam l p . G g b k b k — — Disso l utio n o f part nership Edw ard Burrell Liverpo o l Bo ro ugh — — — Bank Crisis o f 1 847 Crisis o f 1 857 Suspensio n o f Bo ro ugh — t s f a e n Bank M e ho d o man g me t.

T HE f un o f s ﬁrm was a u o der thi S m el Hope , s i a a o n o f W lli m Hope . The l tter was a c and a v n for an a s at mer er dr per, li i g m y ye r 1 n his a us a n n Atherto Street, with w reho e djoi i g at 1 an no w u as 4 Pool L e ( So th C tle Street) . s c o f is a t Thi blo k property , I t ke it , rep e ’ s n a 2 0 in vo l o f an s e ted by Pl te . ii . Herdm ” cs o nc n v Pictorial Reli f A ie t Li erpool . Here s his so n amu af with him re ided S el, who , ter an a n c s N c as a us ppre ti e hip with i hol W terho e , commenced business in 1 80 3 as a cotton broker at 2 a o n s u s immedi W ter Street , the o th ide s ately below Ca tle Street . 1 By 1 80 7 William Hope had retired from us n ss and had u s f a us at b i e , b ilt him el ho e the c n o f and a an or er Hope Street H rdm Street .

1 He ie ac th M arc 1 82 a e 6 d d h 7, g d 7 . so; “ 2 0 6 LIVERPOOL BANKS E9 BANKERS can .

u a s v us is Here Sam el Hope l o li ed . The ho e no w the expensively decorated Philharmonic In the sa a th Oc 1 80 Hotel . me ye r, 7 tober 7,

as a n c a 1 . he took ppre ti e George Holt , ged 7 a so n o f O v was n at The l tter, li er Holt , bor

n c a on 2 th un 1 0 . Tow Mill , Ro hd le , 4 J e 79 At the conclusion o f his apprenticeship in 1 8 1 2 a u 0 n ar n , S m el H pe took him i to p t er s c cu a a 2 8th N v hip. The ir l r d ted o ember 1 8 1 2 is as f s , ollow

I have pleasure to apprise you that I have taken M r eo r e o t nto artners w t m se f un er . G g H l i p hip i h y l d ‘ ’ the t t e o f amue o e av n een i l S l H p 81 C6. H i g b invited to this measure by the assistanc e I have de ’ from M r o t s a t and a c t o n n rived . H l bili y ppli a i duri g the ﬁve years he has been ac quiring a kno wledge o f the us ness in m c ﬂic e I am enc oura e to o e b i y , g d h p that these qualities will po werfully sec o nd my o wn ” exert ons to mer t a c o nt nuance o f o ur atro n e i i i y p ag .

To the business o f cotton brokers they added a o f s later o n th t banker . On 1 7th September 1 8 1 6 Samuel Hope ’

a at . n s anc s c ca m rried St Joh , M he ter, Rebe (or h f s a a au o a an Es . Rebek ) , d ghter Thom B tem , q , n o f c n a anc s b ut the Higher Ardwi k , e r M he ter, su s u n o f n a Yo ul reen b eq e tly Middleto H ll , g ,

co . . Derby On I st September 1 82 0 George Holt mar

2 0 8 E OO N S U N E S LIV RP L BA K BA K R c an .

in Gazette fo r 8th M a 1 82 n the y 4 . I view Of the different parts enacted by the partners in connection with their joint concern as c otton s and an s is cu us n the broker b ker , it rio to ote allocation Of the businesses which no w became

v . a u had na di ided S m el Hope, who origi ted the c n us n ss ca an s and otto b i e , be me b ker olely, is sa a n a George Holt, to whom it id th t the i iti n Of an n us n ss was due ca tio the b ki g b i e , be me c otton broker solely . a was Here we p rt with George Holt, who n n succ ssfu in us n ss and emi e tly e l b i e , who died, fu Of n u s o n 1 6 uar ll ho o r , th Febr y

1 His wife Emma o rn zo th e ruar 1 80 2 ie th ul 1 8 1 , b F b y , d d 7 J y 7 . eo r e Holt was unwearie in his exertio ns wit eart b rain and G g d , h h , , urse fo r the im ro vement w et er o f min o o r estate o f his p , p , h h d , b dy, , - s a t me l ess fo rtunate fell o w c itizen . At i w en u l ic O inio n w as h p b p , ” t o sa the l east a athetic as t o the val ue of sec o n ar e ucatio n y , p d y d , o v ua le t ime and ener to its su o r His o r b e dev ted al b gy pp t. w k in ’ furt erin the o ec ts o f the M ec anics Institutio n no w the Liver h g bj h , oo Inst itute was incessant and his urchase o f Blac kb urne Ho use p l , , p , f t h fo rmatio n in co nnectio n w it the Liver oo l Institute o f a o r e , h p , ’ i s ic Sc oo l ro ve him to b e l o n in a vanc e o f c urrent G rl Publ h , p d g d id as The uil in and ro un s o f the latter sc o o l the rst o f it s e . b d g g d h , fi i in n l an were o n his decease resente his famil to the k nd E g d , , , p d by y D irecto rs o f the Liver o o l Institute as a memo rial o f eo r e Ho l t p G g . ari es o f the to w n fo un an unfailin frien He al so In him the c h ti d g d . o c c u ie imsel f wit u l ic affairs ein a memb er o f the o w n p d h h p b , b g T As C airman o f the ater o m Co unc il from 1 835 to 1 856. h W C m ittee he c o nducted the difficul t task o f c o nvert ing unlearned o ppo sitio n to the Rivin to n ater Sc eme into a rec iat io n o f its nec essit g W h pp y. Thus ’ w as l ai the fo un atio n o f Liver o o l s ma nificent w ater su l A s d d p g pp y. a mem er o f t he D o c Bo ar he sto utl maintaine t he nec essi b k d, y d t y o f tr atin its aims and o ects as a natio nal trust rat er t an a e g bj , h h s o f

urel lo cal co ncern. He was a J. P. o t fo r o ro u and co unt p y b h b gh y.

2 1 a 0 LIVERPOOL BANKS U BANKERS c n .

CO n u 81 . . e a Hope , the Co b i g Edw rd B rrell , n u o who had bee with Sam el Hope f r some time . s and a men n They pro pered , were we lthy whe , un n u nc o f cu n an a der the i ﬂ e e the rre t m i , they converted the private bank into a joint- s toc k c ompany under the title o f the Liverpool u an a ca a o f in Boro gh B k , with pit l 1 0 s f un c n su a s. h re They o d ex elle t pport, o ut o f the shares being appro riated f u c ssu n p be ore the p bli i e . The mai points o f their c ircular to their c lients are

1 6“ June 1 336.

W e ave ven no t c e a vert sement and no h gi i by d i , w rt c u ar a r se o u o f o ur ntent o n to ec ne the pa i l ly pp i y , i i d li

cc e Samuel Ho e Co in usiness and b uil in No w o n su eed d p . b d g . J h i in and was suc e b i o n omas T he arl eto n e 1 cee h s s . T d d 773, d d y Th po sitio n o f his ho use can b e sho w n by c o mparing the earl y direc tories

1 — al b o t ater Street o mas arl eto n 10 ater Street 774 T , 7 W . Th T , W . do 1 81 Do 6 . D o . do . 7 . 9

hus arl eto n l ive el o w t he al o t Ho tel o n the site o f whic the T T d b T b , h Ban of Liver o o l no w stan s k p d . In 1 86 w en the west si e o f Castl e Street was t ro wn ac t he 7 , h d h b k , ho uses at the upper end o f Water Street w ere cut o il: Hence in 1 790 ' w e find the o use o f D aniel D al e T he in s Arms is ater h , K g , 5 W ' t o w D aniel Dal e w n in 1 o nin th in s ms S reet . N e 86 e e Ar , h 7 p g K g ” Ho tel a vert ise it as Late the o use o f o mas arl eto n In , d d h Th T . ” 1 82 ames Brierl e Binns Co ll ec tio n vo l xiii. s et che the 9 J y , . ) k d ’ ” Paris Offices late in s Arms Inn s o win it to b e o n t he eas t h , K g , h g ' c o rner o f Ram as} Street T he al o t is s o w n next oo r i er u . T b h d , h gh p ater Street W . T he same erro r is fo un in the no te to a e 2 80 vo l i ed 1 8 d p g , . . . 75, itself a co rrectio n o f a reater erro r in the first e tio n g di . m u EDWARD BURR ELL 2 1 1 banking business from and after I st July next in favour f L ver oo o r f r M r the B o u Ban o w c ou . o i p l gh k, hi h B rr is a M n d M r e E war u e o nte a a er an . o d d ll pp i d g , H p the C a rman o f the Boar o f rec to rs T he us ness h i d Di . b i w b e c o n uc te as ereto fo re and o n the same ill d d h , r m es r tefu c no w e ments o f c o nfi p e is . G a l a k l dg nce ur n the t t rt een e rs de d i g las hi y a .

AM UEL OPE Co S H 81 .

But the connection o f the original partners o f a u n - f S m el Hope 81 Co . with the ewly ormed

' n - s t n n 2 r joi t tock bank did no last lo g . O 3 d 1 8 a u in n n September 37 Edw rd B rrell died Lo do , in ff aged 44 . He had resided Sta ord Street from a u 1 82 0 1 82 8 v n nc bo t to , remo i g the e to Lither an and a f 1 8 2 O if l d, l ter, be ore 3 , to rrell ( indeed these two latter abodes be no t the same us his was at o f his ho e) , where home the time

death . was o f u a n a a s his He h mble p re t ge , e rly lo t fa and was u u at the n a u ther, bro ght p Ke d l Bl e had a — n and Coat School . He m rried whe to fa ﬁn as whom the author has iled to d. She w na a a b ut no t a a av med M rg ret , they do ppe r to h e His v at s a an c n. h d y hildre will, pro ed Che ter th v 1 8 f an annu his 4 No ember 37, le t ity to mother, usan u n f Of c a u n S Tro ghto , wi e Ri h rd Tro ghto , n a av and va us n fac ns Ke d l, we er, rio be e tio to u c c a s am n s n a u s p bli h ritie , o g t them bei g beq e t f 0 0 u n as K n a u a c o 5 g i e to the e d l Bl e Co t S hool, 2 1 2 LIVERPOOL BANKS U BANKERS c an .

o f which institution he frequently expressed ” s fu c va u o f the mo t grate l rec olle tion. The l e

s a was s n un 0 0 0 0 . the e t te wor der J£4 , On 1 5th Oc tober o f the same year Samuel at us Of his fa - in—l aw Hope died the ho e ther , as a an n a n a a Thom B tem , Middleto H ll , e r B ke 1 h - m n in is fift s v n a . was a a well, y e e th ye r He o f c ns a s n Of c a ac and had o ider ble tre gth h r ter, n unc a s In an c en pro o ed Liber l view . phil thropi deavo urs was v f and was he e er to the ore, he earnest in his promotion o f educational improve ment . When a meeting was called On 8th June 1 82 5 ’ to support the project o f Mechanics Institution ( no w the Liverpool Institute) he was o ne o f nc a s a s fi s f the pri ip l pe ker . He identi ed him el s n an - s av v n and tro gly with the ti l ery mo eme t, was an influential speaker at public meetings in 1 82 9 and 1 83 1 in connection with the agita tion fo r the removal o f restrictions o n c ommerce caused by the exclusive charter Of the East s f n a an . u nc n s . I di Comp y A t rdy No o ormi t, Mr Hope took the chair o n two occasions in 1 837 when the question o f the abolition Of church u rates occupied p blic attention. It is to be feared that the untimely removal o f the original proprietors Of the bank from the

3 His w ife Re e ah o rn 12 th A ril 1 ie o n 8th Oct o er , b k , b p 794, d d b 8 e had ten chil ren 1 83 . Th y d .

xvm 2 14 L1VERPOOL BANKS tr BANKERS cn. va at all c a n se n lidity ex ept th t e dor me t . The total loss was estimated at the whole i a f n in us s capt l O the ba k be g th wept away . There was no question as to advances having en a fav u s ns the improperly be m de to o red per o , disasters being caused by want o f discretion in na n the ma geme t . nc n a a a n a I ide t lly the P rli me t ry Committee , appointed to inquire into the causes o f the an c Of I 8 v a f of p i 57, re e led the ormer method

the management o f the bank . There were v c rs a n mana n twel e dire to , who ppoi ted two gi g c rs and a a an The n c n uc dire to ch irm . e tire o d t Of the accounts was entrusted to the two ana n ec s and the ana the t m gi g dir tor m ger, o her directors no t being in touch with the customers a c n s or their c ou t . CHAPTER XIX

E ANS C H EGWI N AN D HALL. V , ,

T HE above was a ﬁrm o f booksellers and stationers who had their place o f business in f 1 8 1 6 at 1 4 Castle Street . Very little in orma n is f c n c nc n n On Of tio orth omi g o er i g them . e the pec uliarities Of the case is that only Evans and Hall are designated in the directories as " an s and s s Che win a ar n b ker book eller , g ppe i g as bookseller and stationer only . a n s u s vans as The p rt er were H gh Elli E , Thom 1 Che win and a a n a . g , Willi m E to H ll Of Hugh Ellis Evans nothing is known except a a 1 u 1 8 1 ss anc s th t he m rried , 3th J ly 3, Mi Fr e n s and a fo r s s at Jo e , th t he ome time re ided

Brownlow Hill . William Eaton Hall was the so n of Eaton a n and Frances Hall . E to Hall was an enameller in P t e 2 1 st c e 1 8 1 6 itt S reet , where he di d De emb r ,

1 ’ He married rd Au ust 1 816 at St. eo r e s Everto n M ar , g g , G g , , y, au ter o f Sedman Par er T he l ast named ie 1 th Se tem er d gh k . d d 4 p b

1 82 a e 62 He had a sl i t c o nnectio n w it the b an in co m. 7, g d . gh h k g munit inasmuc as he to o o ver t he usiness o f Cl ar e the ro cer y, h k b k g , ho issue the Liv er ool Hal enn w d p fp y. 2 1 5 ” x x 2 1 6 LIVERPOOL BANKS £9 BANKERS cn. i a 6 is f th M a 1 8 2 ea s. H ged 7 y r wi e died 4 y 3 , a 0 a a a n a had n ged 7 ye rs. Willi m E to H ll bee resident for so me years in Russell Street. It ss s appears that he had been a clerk with Me r .

. ns 81 CO . A Heywood, So , The sole records Of their banking are in the ’ v o r c s c in succ ss v a s Li erp ol di e torie , whi h, e i e ye r ” sc n n s s de ribe them as ba kers a d book eller . But ea o f 1 82 ca and na s the dire y r 5 me , the me o f Hugh Ellis Evans and William Eaton Hall a ea no n pp r more as b a kers. They both at this time c hanged their resi dences and n s in u , both we t to re ide Seymo r r St eet . The ﬁrm o f vans Che win 81 a as E , g , H ll printers and stationers is given in the directories u 1 8 1 b ut in a 1 8 is p to 4 , the ye r 45 the title

vans Che win. E 81. g

” 2 1 8 LIVERPOOL BANKS £9 BANKERS can .

His London correspondents were Williams and i CO . w u n v , th whom he t r ed o er annum no nc ns a sum in s per , i o ider ble tho e days . Later o n in the year 1 82 4 an action was brought against him fo r discounting a Bank o f n n s n Engla d note fo r £ 1 0 0 0 which had bee tole . Threlfall had discounted it for a Jewish slop s na saac n o f an eller med I He ry , Pool L e , keeper o f n r can fo r a v c K . a n. a C. Ame i t er S rlett , , led s cu n and av u o f his the pro e tio , he g e the ro gh edge n u an s suc as s na and fa to g e to b ker h A pi ll Threl ll , drawing very invidious distinc tions between their us n ss s and os Of ss d and b i e e th e Mo , Heywoo , an a a a n was ﬁrs Leyl d , It ppe red th t the ote t ’ Off As inal ls fo r sc un sa tizat ered to p di o t , who id t e izad not so c mo in fize lace v c hy mu k ney p . A erdi t o f 1 0 0 0 a o s s a a ns n nd 40 9 . c t was entered g i t Joh fa Threl ll . s v n His estate realised c on iderable di ide ds . c n nu in u n o f us n ss He o ti ed the liq or li e b i e , s a s n s f in s a an e t bli hi g him el Cro bie Street , P rk L e , the site o f which is no w covered by the London

nd - s n n s a n a North We ter Wappi g Good St tio . He next became a wine merchant in Cornwallis af a s at sa ac a v s n Street , terw rd the me pl e pro i io an merch t . n a hr fa ale and A Joh M yor T el ll , porter is su was his so n r s brewer , whom it pre med , e ided ’ xx THRELF L W L D . 2 1 A L S BRE ERY CO. T 9

here and had a r at and with him , b ewery 3 4 os t af sa Cr bie Stree ore id . ’ n T hrel fall s f 1 2 th 1 82 6 Joh wi e died September , a ha a was . d a u c ged 53 They d ghter, Ali e , who married 1 7th April 1 82 3 to Samuel Antwiss o f

s n s . A to , Che hire John Mayor Threlfall about 1 832 commenced his n us n ss in s and un brewi g b i e Cro bie Street , til 1 8 c n nu r in c a had 47 it o ti ed the e , whi h ye r he established a supplementary brewery in Trueman B 1 862 had O n a w r in Street. y he pe ed bre e y anc s n n and 1 86 M he ter . He died betwee the 4 , n s and his executors co tinued the three brewerie . By 1 866 the address o f the Manchester brewery f s as a was a . was Cook Street , S l ord It regi tered a c an o n 1 6th a c 1 888 limited li bility omp y M r h , and was thus formed to amalgamate the businesses

f fa an a s n. d . . o J. M . Threl ll W A M the o The present capital paid up is CHAPTER XXI

R O B ER F A I R EA H ER T W T .

T H E author is unable to give any account o f this n is in c Of 1 8 1 8 sc ba ker. He the dire tory de ribed as n a an s n at an a bei g b ker re idi g 34 R el gh Street, in 1 82 1 as Of 60 an a and in 1 82 as R el gh Street, 3 o f 2 as s b ut in 1 82 is sc as C e Street, 5 he de ribed n an Of 2 as s r a ge tlem C e St eet . He was the so n Of Patrick and Ellen Fair f n su weather. The ormer we t through the u al a a ns o f s av ca a n va ca a n gr d tio l er pt i , pri teer pt i , va e n ﬁna s n n On s as pri te r ow er, lly ettli g dow hore n a mercha t. ﬁnd a his S D alrim le c had We th t hip p , whi h sailed from Liverpool fo r Old Calabar o n 2 0 th Oc 1 2 was in f n a c as tober 77 , the ollowi g M r h hore M o n the Isle o f ay. is rs B n 8: CO H . av the employe , olde , g e him c an Of Bell ow 2 0 ns 2 uns omm d the , 5 to , 4 g , and 1 0 men and s v a z s 4 , with her he took e er l pri e , o ne c n a a ca in 1 80 n , whi h he took i to J m i 7 , bei g worth £40 0 0 .

’ 2 2 2 E OO B N S E S x t LIV RP L A K ts BANK R c n. x

n n airweather o th o f dow . Elle F died n s October sa a a 6 a s the me ye r, ged 7 ye r . Robert Fairweather after her death resided fo r a at O and at his us in v n while rrell, died ho e E erto s 6 h 8 1 a s c n on e t ua 1 2 8 a . Cre e t Febr ry , ged 4 ye r C HAPTE R X XII

E B N M ERS Y A K .

— - M ersey Bank F raudul ent no te issuing bank o f Lo ndo n o rigin — Att empt to st rangl e the fraud at birt h Writs against Liverpool — — M m fo r libel Bill fo rgeries Bill disco unting extrao rdinary Inso l venc o f the an —No n-exist ent artners y b k p .

O F the fraudulent character o f this bank there u was S c a f s can be no do bt . It imply re ted to oi t ss a o n u c and b ut fo r worthle p per the p bli , , the vigilance and plucky perseverance o f Egerton h av succ a a r n Smith , mig t h e eeded to gre te exte t ’ an In a s r n a a o f h th it did . Ari Bi mi gh m p per 7t M ay 1 82 1 appears a story to the effect that an engraver had been employed by a ﬁrm professing to trade under the name o f the Mersey Bank a n s for 1 and and s fo r 1 to prep re ote £ £5, bill £ 5. a s c and an The pl te were ompleted , h ded to the l er ca u a n fo r emp oy , who de mped witho t p yi g u ra n o n ssrs them . They p rport to be d w Me .

au n a a CO. an s Will erto n 81. , Be mo t , Gr h m, , B ker , a ac a a n n n W terloo Pl e, P ll M ll , Lo do , by Morto , f n a a 81 o s a . H rdie, W lker, Smyth, the Mer ey B k In M ay 1 82 1 the M orning Cb ronide published “ 3 ' 2 2 E AN S N E S 4 LIV RPOOL B K ts BA K R c m . a notice to the effect that an attempt had ' been made to bring o ﬂ a huge Swindle in v r Li e pool. On 1 2 th M a 1 82 1 n r s was u y D . A d ew bro ght u at u a c a ns v f au p the G ildh ll h rged with exte i e r d . n n in c us n s f un a He i te ded , oll io with other , to o d fraudulent bank under the name o f the Mersey an n uc n r na s o f B k , i trod i g two or th ee me well known respectability intermixed with those of persons whose intention it was to commit o ne o f s sc v us and u n us f au s a was the mo t mi hie o r i o r d th t , a s v ac se N s n na perh p , e er pr ti d. ote to the omi l amount o f many thousands o f pounds were pm s n u u ff ar s duced a s c t o . , with the ig t re The p tie , having had some intimation that the fraud was dis c v s v n a c a o f f o ered , did thi to pre e t h rge orgery . The prisoner was discharged o n account o f no evi dence being produced that any o f these notes had ut n o c cu at n Liver ool M erc r been p i t ir l io . The p u y u s all a v and its n and p bli hed the bo e , the editor n was v n on proprietor, Egerto Smith , ery kee obtaining and retailing al l information o n the su c and c u ns o f M ercur am bje t , to the ol m the y I n fo r all fac s o f s a i debted the t thi p per. The so called bank had opened a place Of business in u c t na s an Ch r h S reet , with the me Mer ey B k a n n and at nc ssu p i ted thereo , they o e i ed two writs o n the Liverpool M ercury for publication o f ’ f n n o f a v ac s. . s r s the bo e t Mr Joh o Gore , Go e

E N E S 2 2 6 LIV RPOOL BANKS if BA K R can .

o f a was s a at a . s n wh t t ted the tri l The pri o er, n uc h had ca o n o ne na an Joh D kwort , lled Jo th a acc n s c a e v s a n B ll , tob o i t , White h p l, Li erpool , t ti g a was a acc n s in n th t he tob o i t Chorlto Row,

anc s and u c as 0 o f acc . M he ter, p r h ed £5 worth tob o He paid fo r it by a bill o f exchange bearing the

n s n o f a s ea . s an e dor eme t Sh ke p re G Sike , b ker, u sﬁ c H dder eld, whi h , together with the bill , s f un a f r s n s wa o d to be orge y . The pri o er wa n n a apprehe ded at Cove try. Willi m Hide Sikes was also committed at the same time fo r passing f s fo r 1 2 a n orged bill . A bill £ 5, dr w by Tho f s 81 . o c n a and Hogg Co Holbe k, e r Leed , having the endorsement o f Rawdon Briggs and a s CO nd a s a 81 . a . CO . a , Willi m B te , Sh ke pe re G w s s n at n o f s s a a s s . Sike , pre e ted the b k Me r sc 81 a o f v fo r Lowry, Ro oe, W rdell Li erpool discount by a Mr. Matthew Samuel Haynes o f 1 a t and s a had c v 5 Bl ke S reet, who t ted he re ei ed

i s. it n a letter from Leed Messrs . Lowry f n and CO . av n u a f e , h i g o d the bill to be org ry, ’ sent a n s n s and to Mr . H y e lodgi g , were there ” f s an in u c re erred to the Mer ey B k, Ch r h o f c c nc n a n s was f un Street, whi h o er Mr . H y e o d c s n n c f s to be the orre po di g lerk . A ter ome difﬁculty they succeeded in getting from him 1 I wlzol e o th mo s. c sa was e ne £ 7, , whi h he id the f y then in the b ank n f r . They were the re e red by

. n s o hn Mr Hay e to a Mr . !J ! Richardson o f m t BILL DI SCOUNT ING 2 2 7

1 n n was s a 4 Upper Newi gto , who t ted to be the ” cas s an and f hier to the Mer ey B k , rom him c v s o ne o f 2 0 and they re ei ed two bill , £ , the other f 0 c had v us o 3 (whi h bills Lowry 81 CO . pre io ly a a n s and a anc Of p id to Mr . H y e ) , the b l e the 1 n a f o n n n a a f £ 2 5 i dra t Lo do . It ppe red rom the testimony o f Haynes that the prisoner Sikes presented the bill to the Mersey Bank fo r sc un and had sc un in local di o t , there it di o ted note: their own c n o f 0 in of , with the ex eptio £3 n a o f sc v o f f cash . O the d y the di o ery the orgery Sikes sent a bill to the Mersey Bank to be dis f 8 1 6 n n n s c un o r s . a o ted £9 , , dr w by Joh Mil e , u sﬁ o n i am c ns n n n H dder eld , W lli Di ki o , Iro mo ger ’ an n n acc at M asterman s and en L e , Lo do , epted , n k s a s a a a . dorsed George Cl y d Sh e pe re G Sike . n a ca s n n ac c The mythi l per o , Joh Pe o k , writ in f 0 a n v D ub lin g rom 4 W ppi g , Li erpool , to the M ornin Post n s the accu ac o f a v g , de ie r y the bo e account which had appeared in the Liverpool M ercur s a s a M ercur had y . He t te th t the y 1 0 0 an l s s s offered £ 0 d al expen e to Messr . m s n a 81 . c Worto , H rdie , Co to o promi e the action o f libel which the latter were bringing ns f m M ercur agai t the or er . Whereon the y ’ a s n s a v o ﬂet ed w xe wroth , de ie th t they e er 1 0 0 0 fa n s uc ss 1 0 0 0 n rthi g , m h le £ , to Worto

and Co . n u s a are s a es ; it i q ire who the l tter , t t a cann ac in an wa a u th t it ot tr e them y y, ltho gh ” 2 2 8 VE OO N S N E a LI RP L BA K £9 BA K RS c n .

the bank in Church Street is decorated with na s and sa s a v ve their me , y th t they erily belie a are no suc s ns in s nc th t there h per o exi te e . It

a s an s n . ac c is and l o w t to k ow who Mr Pe o k , as s fo r s f nc an c an k ome re ere e, b ker, mer h t , or a s an can v uc fo r his res c a tr de m , who o h pe t b ilit y. Then the M ercury o n 1 1 th January 1 82 2 a t n O n bec me even more ou spoke . The pinio we formed as to the c haracter and views o f the projectors o f the Mersey Bank has been too c nﬁ no t s a o n fully o rmed . We do pe k light grounds when we pronounce the Mersey Bank is a av all a n a b e , wh t we h e lo g reg rded it to , L EN are no in s NS O . w n t I V T There thi tow , bo h in an s o f an s and rs ns the h d b ker other pe o , sev a o s for no n- a n er l f their bills prote ted p yme t . s a s for and v n se fo r 1 Their m ll note 5, e e tho £ , ” r are s ve a co m have been dishonoured. The e e r l n s One s n municatio ns from corresponde t . pre e ted 1 c Wil l erton 81 CO o f n s fo r a . two the ote £ e h to , a ac and was fus a m n W terloo Pl e, re ed p y e t. The reason assigned was that the house at Liverpo ol ’ had overdrawn ; b ut they Will erto n s) are in anc cu daily expectation Of a remitt e . A jo lar correspondent writes that although the house se b e n u n a s emed to blow po , yet their p per goe o f an v an r farther than that y other Li erpool b ke . The bills o f the latter go to London and stop

’ 2 30 L IVERPOOL BANKS b BANKERS c an . and Richard Roe av s n ss ss n o f , who h e pre e t po e io ” an in u c the b k Ch r h Street . The cashier o f the Mersey Bank was called as a n ss in a f cas in n t and wit e orgery e the ex April , in reply to questions said that o f the four part ners Of s Ban had n v s n the Mer ey k, two he e er ee , a an an n s at W lker d Smyth . D iel Worto re ided

s a and a at a a . Little Chel e , Willi m Smyth P ll M ll n o f s in v No e them re ided Li erpool . In M a in a cas o f ns v n s was y, e i ol e t debtor , it stated in Court that none o f the partners o f the s an f un Mer ey B k or Waterloo Bank could be o d . In October o ne o f the notes o f the Mersey Bank o n Will erto n au n 81 a a was u n , Be mo t , Gr h m ret r ed cas ans No suc ﬁrm in to New tle with wer, h ” n existe ce . In November 1 82 2 Thomas Ambrose applied f r his a in s v n s r o disch rge the In ol e t Debtor Cou t . He had been disc harged about two and a half s a o f s a un f 0 year g rom debt to the mo t o £7 0 0 . Six months after his discharge he took the house in a ac a a f W terloo Pl e, P ll M ll , rom where the n was ca o n ns v n Waterloo Ba k rried . The i ol e t s n an n us a n in n re wa a o ymo p rt er the ba k. The W l was such a person as i l erto n in existence . He f v at n f act and no w s s at ormerly li ed Po te r , re ide

was a s a s n na B au n . Hull . There l o per o med e mo t He f s d at s n n b ut his r s n ormerly re ide I li gto , p e e t c is un n n s residen e k ow . Bill were drawn in the xxn WAT ERLOO BANK 2 3 1

na o f . ss n b ut no s n o f a na me D Mi to , per o th t me n had to do with the bank . Asked if a bill draw in a na was no t in his an t n ns v n th t me h dwri i g , i ol e t appealed to the Court that he was no t bound to n fus a s sc a d. wer. Di h rge re e

2 34 INDEX

' Bankers continued Banks Private Liv l con ( ) , , ty erpoo ( Lo ndo n Cit and Midland Ban tinned y k , )

9 0° Ha l Ri rd 6 - 8 34 n y , cha . 1 5 Lu b ’ b o ck Co . . 188 Heywood . Arthur , S ons. 5 Co M anchester and Liverpoo l D IS 9 1 - 1 0 6 ’ — tric t Bank n ax n Ho e S amuel 6 Co . 2 0 1 . 34. 73 . . o . p . . . 5 4 M ercantil e Ex Le l and é ‘ Bul l ins 1 6 —82 and change Bank . y . 9 8 11 l and Cl urk é ‘ Roscoe 6 1 - 9 . Ley . er. , 3 Natio nal f osc ’ ardel l 2 - Provincial Bank o Low ry . R oe. 6 W , 7 4

En land 1 re M rse Bank 2 2 - 1 g . 3 . e y , 3 3 North and South ales Bank M oss D ales 6 ’ Ro ers 1 2 W , , . g . 9 1 1 8 1 1 82 18 M oss D ale Ro ers 6 ’ M ass 1 35. 74. , , 3 . , g . . 95 North- estern Ban 1 2 00 M oss Ro ers ° M ass 1 6 W k, 34. 95. , g , 6 , 9 ' - Parr s Ban n. o ke R osc 6 1 k, 73 R scoe, Cl ar . 8? oe, 3 7

8 11 Peter Po le Co . 28 os rke Wardel l 8? Co. . R coe . Cl a , , .

illiams CO Chester 1 - W . . 77 7 2 m 1 2 1 8 ill ia s & CO . London S tani orth I n ram Bold and W , . 35. f . g , , Ban ers a - k D al ter , 1 2 7 43 Thre al l ohn 2 1 - 1 lf , J , 7 9 D f k 0h? — ress o , 47 . 48 Wy e 1 “ 49 55 Earl 6 Banner Anne 1 8 rt y ' 3 1 37 . , 5 .

of b u in Bill in e 1 8 n. Hours s es s . 39. 40 g . 5

Lib eralit Of 6 Harmoo d 1 8 1 8 n. y . 4 , 79 , 5 . 5

- - 8 . S moo d Ban s o int sto c 2 0 1 . Har k , j k . 9 . 3 4. 7 J . 5

Bank s a er ismin 1 2 I ho mas n. . p p g . 5. 9 s S9 : T , 5, 5

2 2 Barlo w Cecilia A. F . 1 1 2 3 . 2 7 , , 4 S mu l 1 arth Pr ivate o Liver ool . ee Sa e 1 B . , f p . 4 adin s Bateman Reb ecea 2 06 also sender separate he g , , As irsal l S ‘ S an ohn 1 8 - 8 ho mas 2 0 6 2 1 2 f . J , 3 T . .

Bel lairs rances C . 10 1 n , F , . ’ - m o i l am 6 a es 10 1 n. CIarhe 6 S ns . W l i , 5 9 J . ' H l arkes 6 Roscoe 61 Berr enr n. C , y , y , 5 C r ration o Lever ool 1 - 8 Bever o hn 1 1 - 2 o po f y , 44 5 , J , 3 a u nd Billin e Anne 1 8 Crane. Thomas . S m el . a g , . 5 n. — omas 1 8 n os h 1 2 6 Th . J ep . 4 . 5 '

ie S ir M ichael Bart. Billin e s Live ool Advertiser 1 Crom . , , g m , 9,

- Pownal l . Gr Hartman . 1 59 6 4 38 . 1 92 e win Hal l 2 1 - 1 6 Bills 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 8 Evans. Ch g . , 5 . 7 . , 3 , 33 . 4 , 4 . 4 . 3 3 5- 7

Eleanor . 10 8 n.

- Sir ose h Bart. 10 8 11 J p . 9 . — m 1 — or l and 1 10 1 ho as . 0 8 10 8 n. and M . 7 T . 9 Sir ho mas Bernard Bart T ,

- 1 1 10 n. and Cl ay , 1 7 9 9

- dwe ose h 20 1 Blac b urn. ohn I. . 2 Ha n. J p , 4 k J 99 INDEX 2 35

l a urn M a e E 2 CALDWELL B ckb , rgar t . 00 Co Charles. 2 .

Blundell Henr 1 6 8 - 0 . y. 5 4 9 . 93 t Race f d harl es 8 - Boa . Ox ord v . Camb ri ge . C , 4 7 1 n 8 1 3 1 n. . 99 . James, 6

- Boats Eto n Ca tains o f 1 rs. Cannin eo r e 1 0 n. 1 6 , p , 99 g , G g . 3 . 75 B l A t 1 0 o d r hur Case eor e 1 1 1 n . 1 1 6 , . 4 . G g . , Elizab eth 1 0 ohn 1 1 n 4 J , 1 .

Isaac O. 1 1 n 8 . 39 , 40 Jo hn Ashto . 30 . 1 9 11 . o nas 1 2 1 8- 0 ho mas 1 0 1 8 rs J . 7 . 3 4 T , 9 . 9 . Peter 1 0 Al derman Tho mas 1 6 1 8 . 4 . 4 , 4 , Bo lden Co 2 2 0 rs . 1 89 . Bo l to n o hn 86 1 1 0 v n Earl of 1 61 , J , , 30 , 3 n. Ca a . , Bo o th Charles 80 Che win ho mas 2 1 , . g , T . 5 Bostoc Elizab eth n Cl ar e ran l and 6 k, . 75 . k F k . 9

u W ill i m 2 6- Bo he Sarah A. 1 n Sons a g y, , 1 3 . . , , 5 9 Sir h mas B 0 m 8 6 o art. 1 1 n 6 68 T F , 3 . 1 , 57 1 5 1 5. 7 ! Bo urne Corn l i W ill iam 6— . e us , 86 n. . 5 9 B E l m - radl e lizab eth 1 1 il ia un. 62 y, 3 W . J , 57 9 . Brid e Ed ard Cl ar Ro scoe 1 8 61 1 2 g . w , 1 70 kes . , , 1 71 . 7 Ellen 1 0 Cla rances 1 1 8 1 1 8 n . 7 y. F , . . ames 10 10 n Henr 1 1 8- 2 1 J . 7 . 7 . y . M ar 10 n Ho l din Parr 1 1 8 y . 7 . g y, Brierl e ames 2 10 rt M id l e 1 1 8 y . J . . g y . Bro o s o se h 1 6 M iss 1 1 1 k , J p , 4 , Bro wn o hn 1 6 1 8 Parr Mid le 1 1 8 . J . 4 . 4 y g y. ho mas 1 Richard 1 1 1 1 1 8 T . 33 . .

Sir illiam Bart 1 2 Cl a to n Case Co . 10 1 8 n. W , 7 , y , . . 9 . 9 1 M ar et 1 n 75 gar , 89 . Bro wne Br Sar h 1 8 n , o wn. 81 CO. 86 n. a , 9 . m 1 8 n Emil ul iana 1 62 ill ia . y J , W . 9 Felic D Cl e Hannah 1 ia . . 86 n. gg , . 94 mes 1 eor e L 86 n. a G g ( ). J . 94 eor e IL 16 Co ina e 2 2 2 2 G g ( ). 4 g . . 3 . 4 , 43 Bro xu M ar aret 1 8 Co e ho mas 66 p. g . 4 k , T . Bull in Christo her L 1 0 1 Col uitt ohn 1 1 1 1 8 , p ( ) . 7 . 73 q , J . 3 , Chr to her IL 1 - 1 8 Co mmerce 2 - 8 86 2 12 is p ( ). 73 5, 7 . , 4. 5 . . o mmerc ial anies 1 1 1 8 2 1 1 81 C p . 4 . 5 . , , D oro th 1 3 9 2 3 8 86 3 16 3 3 y. 73 0 31 0 44 0 1 97 » : 4 M 1 1 - 1 1 8 2 1 2 1 argaret . 70 44 5 , 5, 3 , 5 - - Co l s 1 1 8 Richard . 46 . 179 4. 1 78 81 nso , 7 ,

Bunnell ames 0 Co eras wor s 1 1 rs. . J . 3 pp k , 34, 34 Burrell Edward 2 10 - 1 2 Cor oratio n o f Liver oo l 1 100 . . p p , 5. . M ar are 2 1 1 2 0 —2 1 - 8 8 -80 g t . 1 , 44 5 . 17 Burton ho mas 1 2 Corre ctions . T , 9 B m n 2 n ushb Be nrd 10 8 n At i 1 . y , . . k . 5 d B ﬁ Butler . Richar , 1 35 E. aines , e aw INDEX

Corrections continued Daulb n el ( ) y. Da i , 70

Brooke 1 1 n. 2 Davies Dale 1 1 ﬂ . 7 . 1 5 n. . . Co . . 93. 93

cto n n ames Co . 1 Pi . “ . . 134 rs. . 2 07 te. . 2 2 9 J . . 93 n. 2 10 D 1 11. awson. Benjamin K. , 35 il l ms 2 0 rs De uince ho ma 8 2 . ia s 8 G W . 7 . Q ! . T . 5 . ottin ham Th as 1 n Derric Samuel 1 2 C g , om . 90 . k . . .

- Crane . S . & . 12 6 Dill on Le land 16 . T J . 4 y . 9 on 1 Din of h J es. 26 ing hour merc ants. &c. . 39 se h 0 Jo p , 4 - Distrm comm c l 1 - Samuel . 1 24 5 . er ia , 4 . 18 2 4. ho mas 12 8 - 8 0 18 T . 4 7 , 3 1 5

Creeve Pa ers 102 is 1 Dixons Co. y p . " 97 . 73

Cri an Rev Claudius 1 1 a. ardell g , . . 3 W . 73 r P Cro mie. Sir Michael . Ba t ow O —6 n ll . “ mm . 17 s 1 59 ‘ 48 ' c l 16 ca ins 16 Anne Ra he , 2 pta . 7 Emil ul iana 160 Duckwm'th o hn 22 -6 y J , . J , 5 6 B rnin Em Gertrude. 1 1 u g . ma. 47. 2 07 R v ane 3 0 e . Jo hn. 161 J , 7 - Sir Michael . Bart. , 1 61 2 illiam D ahl ia 161 Duroure Mar 10 0 W , . . y, ill iam Cram 1 61 Dutton ose h 1 rs W . , , J p . 93 . Re William 62 Banc ro ft 1 is v. . 1 , 93 .

Sir ill Ia m Bart. 161 A 1 6 n W iam b ert. , Dyer. . S. . 2 . Crom ton Charles 80 p . .

r e Em a Maria 10 8 11. C osb i , James. 92 . .

— - illiam un. 1 6 8 Al derman W . J . 4 M8 17 . Crum Elizab eth 2 homas o f S ek l ands 10 8 p. , 7 T . f , . o hn re or 3 10 8 m 1 J G g y. 7 . 33 0 mm h ho mas of L horn 108 n ww 4 T . eg . . Currie Dr ames 1 1 8 1 illiam 6 1 l 6 1 8 . . J . 3. 4. 7 . 5 . 59 W . 9 1 33 1 ‘ s 4 East India Com an p y. 3 . 4, 2 0 . Da mn R o 1 2 1 le Co. 1 . , y . . g Da Ed Am C 1 le , Daniel , 2 10 rs. wards. y . . 99 l l 1 Richard 1 E en (L) . 1 93 . 193 1 . . 99 l i Edwards-Moss Sir ohn Bart e E l en (IL) . 193 s. . J . . S e eor e Edward 1 1 6 211140 Moss G g . 93 , 9 an a 1 11 8 a sander M H n h. 93 . Jo hn. oss M r n S arga e t . 1 93. 193 . Margaret E. ee under Moss o r B R ge Newton. 193 Sir Thomas , art. See under Ro II ger ( . 1 94 Moss Sara ane T ottin ham e u d h J , 1 93 rs. om C g . S e n er Moss n Ja e. 143 - Jm phs 19 7 . 340 4 Enﬁ l d, Df o s K. 75' 75 o’e h 3 3 Esdail e Co 1 86 J P o Jun. , 4 . . 59.

2 38 IND EX

Halsall Henr 1 2 8 He wo od Nathaniel Liver ool and . y, y . . p Hanl rancis 168 y . F . ane M i 6 ve 0 J , ss, 1 8 Oli r. 9 ane 1 Phe b e 8 rs J . 65 . 95. 9 . Rich 8 6 - Ri hard D ro heda 2 ard . 1 . 1 5 8 c , g , 9

Ca tain Richard 1 6 - Richard 6 8 p , 5 7 . 9 , 97 , 9 ho mas Askew 168 Ric hard 1 0 0 T , , 99 . Hardie ames 2 2 2 2 2 2 ho m so n , J . 3 . 5. 9 T p , 97 Hardman o hn 2 H i r e - , J , 9 eywoo d Ped g e . 104 5 Harriso n o hn 10 2 Hic Ann Ra h . J , ks , e c el . 1 62 M ar ar t 1 m Bar 62 e 0 2 Sir ill ia t. 1 g . W , Hart man Isaac 1 61 - Hod Davi . . 3 gso n, d. 30 Hasl am Ca tain 1 Holida s Ban and Pub lic 0 - 1 . p . 3 y . k , 4 Ha hurst ho mas 1 6 Hol t Emma 2 0 y , T . 74. 75. 4 . . . 47 . 7 1 8 eor e m 9 08- a 4 G g . 47 . o. 9 H n Ma - a es tthew S . 22 6 eor e 2 0 11 y , 7 G g . 9 . Heb lethwaitc Ca tain 1 82 Ol iver 2 06 , p . , o hn W 2 R r in 1 J . 1 8 o b e t Durn g . 47 , 2 0 9 1.

Hemans Feli H m el 2 - cia D 86 n. o e Co . Sa u 0 1 . p . . 5 4 He o o d A yw , rthur, So ns . Co . . 35. Reb ecca . 2 0 6

1 - 10 6 1 180 2 1 6 Samuel 2 0 - 1 2 9 . 79 . , , 5 Arthur So ns CO M an illiam 2 0 . . W . 5 H n i rs orto , Dan el . 1 30 . Anna o h n Ri r Maria, 10 2 H ug to . cha d. 19 1 Anne raham 2 Hu hes o hn G . 9 g . J , 99 A hur 2 — M rt , 9 . 94 6 , 98 iss . 99 Ar hur R char n t , 97 . 10 2 . 1 0 2 n. i d, 134 .

Arthur Wake el d 10 0 H ndman H. M. 2 6 . ﬁ , y . ,

Ben amin an NGRAM b ra m R 1 1 j . Liverpool d I . A ha . . 34. 37 Ann 6 . 1 3 Ben amin Wak ld 10 0 Bro wn o 1 j , ﬁe . 99 , C . . 33 Ben amin Li l Caroline 1 6-4 j Arthur. verpoo , 3 ; and M anchester 6 Catherine 1 6 , 9 . 3 Elizab eth , 95. 99 l i 6 E za , 1 3 Elizab eth Mar 1 0 rs rances 1 6 y . 9 . F , 3 7 Hannah 8 n rancis 1 2 1 1 - 8 . 95, 9 . F , 7 , 3 o hn Pemb erto n 1 J , 9 re . 99 .

1 02 1 0 rancis Co . 1 0 . 3 F . . 7 o hn Pemb erto n W J . akeﬁeld. Henr 1 1 6 y. 34. 3 - Mat 6 3 Hu h rancis 1 Yr 9 1 99 0 g F . 37 an 8 J e, 13 Nathaniel 1 1 rs o h 1 2 1 . 9 . 9 . J n. 3 , 37 Nathaniel 2 In . 9 Kennett , gram. 134 IND EX 2 39

I n ram Ma g , r , 1 6 Lewin Edmun y 3 , d, 20 7 11 . S arah — , 1 1 1 6 Lassel l 3 3 , 3 . 2 0 7 71. S arah 1 , 36 Le land Bulhns 1 8 - y , , 35, 169 82 r S an er, 1 Clar es 81 Ro s p g 34 k , coe , 61 , 1 7 1 Tho mas 1 6 , Christo her. C Bul 3 p S ee . lin ilh - am, Oul ton 1 1 1 6 Ell en 1 0 1 8 W , 3 3 , 7 , 0 — illiam. Hal ax 1 M ar aret 1 W if , 34 5 , g , 70 — 1 7 8 Ric hard 1 3 , 69 W l lliam Liver ool 1 1 Ri , p , 3 chard. S ee R. Bul lin

I n rams Butl er 1 - g , 35 ho mas 1 8 61 86 1 1 T , , 3 , , 7 , 8: Cc . . Ha l z ax 1 1 1 6 1 8 2 f , 34 33 , 4 , 4 , 0 3

Ri b - . Co . 1 Lister ame g y . 34 5 , J s, 73 n. Inns and ho tels — , 1 2 8 1 66 n. 2 1 0 n. Lntl edal e Haro ld 1 5, , , , , 30 1 71. S arah Annab ell a 1 , 1 3 n. AMES W ilham J , , 1 1 7 n. Litur No nco nformi - gy, st, 54 5 evo ns M ar A J , y . , 7 1 Liver oo l ho m p as , 7 1 T Ac adem o f Arts y , 51 Pt o f W . . S . , 7 1 Ac ts o f Parha ent rela i m t ng to . ewett ose h J , J p , 53 S ee Acts o f Parl iament o hnso n o hn 8 J , J , 9 ' Advertiser Bill in e s , g , 19 , 38 o se h 1 1 J p , 0 ’ Wilham n s so , 1 69 o nes Anna M J , aria , 10 2 Arms 1 , 73 Ben amin He wo od 1 j y , 0 5 Ban o f 10 6 k , 5, 34, El i zab et ' h , 99 Ban er hﬂ k Bai s. S ee Banker rances 2 1 F , 5 M a o r S ee Ba y s. nker Hu h 1 g , 47 , 99 , 10 0 , 0 1 , 10 2 , Co mmerce 2 8 , 85, 6 1 0 n 3 . Co r oratio n 1 1 — p , 5, 1 00 , 2 0 2 , 1 44 o hn J . 99 1 8 1 —80 L 5 , 79 o d 8: Co . 8 y , . 7 , 79 D inin ho urs 0 g , 39 , 4 M ar ar g et , 10 2 D is ensar 1 2 10 n y , 5 , 5 , 3 . M ar Ell en 10 1 p y , ireside Rec o rds o f 1 6 — 1 n F , 6 7 . 70 . Richard He woo d 1 0 2 y , 1 82 , 2 2 1 T ho mas , 99 Gas Co m an 6 p y. 4 . 53 . 54 Lo n u vi . g e ll e, 10 0 T Hal f nn 2 e y, 1 5 n. o lin ho mas n p 1 . J p , T , 3 Ho und Hunt, 8

i - Inst tute 2 0 8 n. 2 1 2 KAYE ho mas 1 8 , 9 , . T , 3 Lib rar 1 Kennett Ben amin 1 y , 94 , j , 34 Li htin Kin ose h 16 g g , 9 g , J p , 4 Literar Coterie 8 y . 5 LACE Amb ro se 6 6 a Loan Co mmi io n rs 1 8 0 . , 9 , 9 . ss e , , 3 .

o shua 60 n 1 - 8 J , , 69 . 54 Laird ill iam 1 0 1 0 71 Ofﬁce 0 1 6 . W . 3 , 3 . . 3 , 5 Lamb ert o rd Earl o f Cavan 161 M ail Service . F , . , 5 ertrude 1 61 Marine So ciet 1 2 G , y, 9 ’ Lan to n o se h M echanics Institution 2 0 8— in g , J p , 34 , 9 , Lawren Ch l - 2 1 2 ce, ar es, 1 97 8 E 2 40 IND X

Liver ool continued Menzies ohn o p ( ) . J , 49 . s

M o randum Bo o 166 n. n o f m 1 em k, Merchants, meeti g s : o 3 . meetin s o f 2 0 2 2 — Merchants . g . . 1 44 9 dress o f 8 Meredith Sir ill iam 1 2 . 47 . 4 , W , 3 — ”8 7 03 7 3 3 0 ” o Merse Ban 2 2 1 7 . 4 S y k , 3 3

Para et wal s . 8 , Mil nes Hannah p k 9 , , 95

vateers 10 1 1 2 1 1 8 . c n Pri , 7 . , 33 . 3 Ri hard, 95, 95 . ”0 1 0 nc to n 2 . 9 . Richard Mo k , 95

Roads and coaches, , M ratio n of Se hton 4 5 ock Co rpo p , 165 African 1 1 M o l neux homas 1 2 , 3 , 7 y , T , 7 merican 2 1 i l ve A , 3 , 3 M oo re, S r C ea , 9 al tic lice 1 1 B , 3 Morland, A , 5

3 1 2 1 2 - M t Indian. 1 20 . homas 10 8 1 1 1 1 1 n. 30 4 , T , , 5 7, 7 Insh 16 Morton Hardie alker Sm th , 3 , 9 , , W y ,

b so l ete 1 1 1 2 - O , , 2 2 3 3 1 est Indian M oss Dales Ro ers 1 8 1 2 W , 3 , . g , , 9 ' - 1 own s meetin s . 2 0 2 . . Dales Ro ers M oss 10 1 T g 3 , g , , , 95 —6 s M o ss 1 6 144 Roger , , 9

8 10 m 20 n. rd 1 Universiq . 2 . 3 , 9 Amy Charlotte Edwa s. 99

l unteers 1 0 n. 1 2 1 l n 1 Vo , 3 , 3 , 39 E le , 93 ater i es 1 0 ilb ert inter 1 8 2 00 W p p , G W , 9 , - ater su l 2 08 11. Hannah 1 2 W pp y, 9 , . 9 r o o l and Manches ter Railwa Hannah 1 Live p y, , 94 1 - 8 Henr 6 1 97 y, 4 , 94

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h mas un. n. o o Thomas 8: C . 1 0 T , J , 73 , , 9 Sir homas Edwards 1 8 - T , 9 9 M ACKELL Richard 1 2 ho mas ohn 1 1 , . 9 T J , 9 Th mas n Mann, o , 73 .

n arrie 2 8 n. 1 1 n Marti eau, H t , 99 , 99 .

10 11110 79 : 80 ‘ Mario tt NA LOR Christo her ohn 1 81 , 79 Y , p J ,

Maso n Bisho 1 1 2 . D oroth 1 1 8 1 , p, 3 y . 73 , Stanho e 1 12 o hn 1 p , J , 73

l l n. Matthie , E en, 193

h 1 a . ohn 181 Matthie , Hug . 93 J ,

2 42 IND EX

Rosco Ed d 0 S an or h T - e, war , 7 t if t , ho mas, 1 27 9 H enr , 1 Rev. ho mas 1 0 1 0 y 7 T . 3 , 3 Sir Henr 1 80 1 1 n y, 7 , 3 . m E a es 0 Stan forth . . 1 1 a J . 7 y , W 3 . Statham Richard 1 6 , , 4 , 148 M Steer Catharine argaret , 70 , , 134 Mar Anne 1 Stoneho use ames 2 0 y , 7 , J , 4 Ric hard 1 Strin er ames n , 7 g , J , 73 . il l iam - 6 1 81 - W . 4. 53 . 57 . 59 . 3 S ers Rob ert 2 0 1 9 1 y , , 7

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S 1 3 . dress o f 1 2 arah, 13 , 3 INDEX 2 43

AKEFIELD homas 61 ilso n rances 1 1 8 W . T , W , F , alker Richard 86 1 16 1 1 7a itham Rob ert 1 W , , , , 7 , W . , 34 1 6 1 8 ood ames 4 . 4 W . J . 47

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