9781108427326 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42732-6 — German Science in the Age of Empire Moritz von Brescius Index More Information 401

Index

A Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet artefacts collected. See collections (Das), 312 Aryanism, 207n181 A Tibetan-English Dictionary, with Sanskrit Asie Centrale (Humboldt), 42 , 43 Synonyms (Das), 312 Assam Abdul (draughtsman and assistant to the British conquest, 63 Schlagintweits), 185 – 87 , 315 rubber plantations, 83 – 84 Afghanistan, 64 Athenaeum, The , 20 Africa criticism of the appointment of Brandis myth of the Dark Continent, 118 – 19 in Burma, 85 – 88 age of empires criticism of the i rst volume of Schlagintweit brothers’ careers in Results , 313 – 16 different empires, 7 – 8 criticisms of the Schlagintweit mission, age of enlightenment, 118 88 – 89 , 226 – 29 age of exploration leaked petition from the Schlagintweits cultural imperialism, 118 for further patronage, 236 – 51 agency, 4 , 56 , 162 , 206 , 346 Athenaeum Club Agricultural Institute in Schlagintweits’ invitation to, 295 Allahabad, 76 Atlas of Panoramas and Views Agricultural Society of Bavaria, 281 (Schlagintweit), 214 – 16 Albert, Joseph, 319 collaborative production of Albert, Prince, 50 views, 317 – 20 Algeria, 79 Auckland, Lord, 70 Allen’s Indian Mail , 230 authority Alpinism, 35 associated with the large Schlagintweit Alps collections, 352 – 53 excursions of the Schlagintweit international authority of German brothers, 32 – 41 science, 350 – 51 plaster mountain reliefs created by the power asymmetries exploited by the Schlagintweits, 37 – 40 Schlagintweits, 355 American Baptist Mission, 76 privileged mobility of the Schlagintweits American opus (Humboldt), 68 in India, 355 American Presbyterian Mission, 76 scientii c authority and the Amin, Mohammad (caravan trader role of indigenous assistants, and guide to the Schlagintweits), 351 – 52 176 – 79 , 181 , 191 – 99 , volatile nature in transnational 213 , 288 – 90 science, 348 – 49 Andrade, António de, 64 Anthropological Society, 314 Bamberger, Fritz, 319 anthropology, 17, 24 , 102 , 121 , 141 – 48 , Banks, Joseph, 18 , 68 , 75, 260 191 , 207 , 238 , 243 , 272 , 276 , 286 , Bara Mani (Indian merchant, helper of the 288 , 289 , 352 , 353 , 355 Schlagintweits), 173 anthropometric measurements, 146– 47 Barter, Charles, 83

401

402 Index

Barth, Heinrich, 40 , 80 , 102 , 107 – 8 , 222 , British imperial power 327 – 28 , 333 indigenous rulers and, 150 – 54 Basel mission, 76 British Museum, London, 279 Bastian, Adolf, 276 British patrons Bengal, 62 allegations of Schlagintweit treachery Berghaus, Heinrich, 41 , 44 , 218 regarding Russia, 111 – 12 Berlin suspicion of the Schlagintweits’ hub of Indian and central Asian loyalties, 99 – 108 geography, 41 – 52 British rule in India scientii c societies, 37 – 41 legitimacy questioned after the Indian Berlin Academy, 52 Rebellion (1857), 225 – 26 Berlin Geographical Society, 3 , 40 , 102 , British scientii c establishment 104 , 194 connections made by the Schlagintweit Bernstorff, Albrecht Graf von, 220 , 249 , 275 brothers, 49 – 52 Bertillon, Alphonse, 80 Brown, Ford Madox, 68 biogeography, 207 Buch, Leopold von, 232 distribution of plants, 38 , 69 , 71 Buddhism in Tibet (E. Schlagintweit), 283 plant acclimatisation, 72 Buddhist scholarship Bismarck, Otto von, 269 use of the collections by Emil Blanc, Eduard, 342 Schlagintweit, 282 – 83 Blanford, Henry Francis, 310 Buist, George, 143 – 44 Bombay (Mumbai), 57, 58 , 84 , 91 , 103 , Buitenzorg laboratories, 82 110 , 112 , 113 , 117 , 130, 143 , 144 , Bunsen, Christian Karl von, 15, 44 , 54 , 55 , 180 , 187 , 226 , 229 , 318 91 , 102 , 108 , 114, 220 , 223 – 24 , 261 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 8 Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig, 333 territorial ambitions for south Asia, 62 businessmen, 77 Bonplandia , 326 Botanical Survey of India, 81 Calcutta (Kolkata), 13 , 20 , 63 , 77 , 82 , botany 102 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 123 , professionalism of, 68 – 69 130 , 133 , 135 , 137 , 141 , 145 , 151 , Brandis, Dietrich, 80 , 81 , 248 , 356 154 , 183 , 186, 187 , 194, 231 , 286 , criticism of his appointment in 318 , 354 , 355 Burma, 85 – 88 Calcutta Botanic Garden, 51, 63 , 69 , 70 Brandt, Max von, 341 – 42 Campbell, Archibald, 129 , 150 – 51 , 186 , 202 Braun, Alexander, 272 Cancrin, Georg, 42 Britain Canton (Guangzhou), 65 patriotism and xenophobia in caravan traders response to the Indian Rebellion source of route information, 140 (1857), 225 – 26 cartographers British Association for the Advancement of expectations of data from the Science, 50 , 51 , 226 Schlagintweits, 92 – 93 British geographers and naturalists cartography, 12 , 15 , 34 , 41 , 44 , 104 , 107, concerns over the Schlagintweits’ 135 , 165 , 180 , 196 , 214 , 216 , 218 , capabilities, 95 – 99 243 , 349 British Guiana, 74 Castle Jägersburg, Bavaria, 277, 278 , 281 , British imperial expansion 289 , 292 , 296 controversy over dependence on external centres of calculation, 350n9 expertise and manpower, 347 channelled mobility, 18 history of exploration beyond the north Cheji (assistant to the Schlagintweits), 315 Indian frontier, 66 Chibu Lama (‘political agent and recruitment of non-British representative’ of the raja of expertise, 74 – 85 Sikkim, 202 – 4 spread of territorial and administrative China control in India, 66 misinformation about the route to typology of transnational Peking, 204 – 5 recruitment, 74 – 85 suspicion of the Schlagintweits, 153 – 54

Index 403

Chinese Turkestan, 1 , 117 , 152 , 153 , 175, comparative ethnography, 24, 207, 353 192 , 197 , 229, 231 , 303 Cook, James, 8 Schlagintweit excursions into, 152 – 54 Cosmos (Humboldt), 32 , 52 cholera cotton, 69 , 138 , 238 , 259 , 265 pandemics in India, 82 counter-espionage, 153 work of Robert Koch, 82 Court of Directors, 12 , 15 , 20 , 49 , 54 , 55 , class, 125 , 155 , 162 , 295 , 337 , 352 56 , 71 , 72 , 84 , 99 , 102 , 103 , 113 , 115, coal mining, 133 117 , 133, 135 , 224 , 236 , 237 , 245 , collaborative nature of the Schlagintweit 249 , 260 , 261 , 270 , 309 , 348 , 352 expedition, 129 – 30 Crimean War (1853–6), 89 , 347 collections, 278 – 80 , 353 – 54 criminal tribes, 76 – 77 commercial exploitation of, 283 – 86 Crown contributions to science and transfer of authority over India to, scholarship, 352 – 53 81 , 347 dispersal of the artefacts, cultural encounters, 23 , 118 , 161 – 79 , 201 , 277 – 80, 292 – 93 206, 211 , 212 , 358 ethnographic, 243 power asymmetries, 17 ethnographic heads, 286 – 90 Cunningham, Alexander, 324 Humboldt’s advice on artefact collection, 259 – 60 D’Orville, Albert, 64 India museum (Berlin), 292 – 93 Dalai Lama (13th), 313 indigenous paper samples, 280 – 81 Dalhousie, Lord, 56 , 102 inl uence of the India Museum in Daniel, Eleazar (assistant to the London, 259 – 60 Schlagintweits), 187 mineralogical collection, 352 Darjeeling, 83 oriental scholarship of Emil Darwin, Charles, 35 , 67 , 69 , 97 , 98 Schlagintweit, 282 – 83 Das, Sarat Chandra, 311 – 12, 313 privatisation by the Davies, R. H., 197 Schlagintweits, 277 – 80 Davis, Joseph Barnard, 141 , 352 question of ownership, 113 – 14 Decken, Karl Klaus von der, 102 question of scientii c authority, 352 Desideri, Ippolito, 64 relocation of, 292 – 93 Deutsche Morgenländische skulls and skeletons procured by the Gesellschaft, 283 Schlagintweits, 148 Dhamji (‘butler’ of H. Schlagintweit), 182 textiles, 265 – 67 , 280 – 81 Dickinson, J. D., 251 colonial context Dictionary of Indian Biography , 313 power asymmetries, 17 Dieffenbach, Ernst, 333 Schlagintweits’ utilisation of imperial disciplinary boundaries, 22 – 23 power, 148 – 54 consolidation of, 22 Schlagintweits’ use of privileged disciplinary specialisation status, 142 – 48 in the nineteenth century, 36 colonial fairs, 8, 138, 239, 354 trans-disciplinary approach of colonial fantasies, 10n40, 336n156 Humboldt, 35 – 38 colonial infrastructure, 27 , 119 , 154 , 187 , discriminatory treaties, 9 189 , 241 distribution networks, 357 utilization by the Schlagintweits, 148 – 54 Dórje, Dávang, 214 colonial interests in the Schlagintweit Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm, 50 , 271 , mission, 355 – 57 272 – 74 colonial motivation of exploration, 206 Duff, M. E. Grant, 259 colonial settlement, 249 Dutch East Indies, 79 colonial sociability, 157 – 58 Colville, James William, 150 East India Company, 2 , 4 , 19 , 20 , 62 , 100 , Colvin, John Russell, 189 102 – 3 , 236 – 51 , 253 – 54 communication strategies of the Company science, 60, 72 , 135 Schlagintweit brothers, 99 – 108 , consequences of the Indian Rebellion 219 – 24 , 357 – 58 (1857), 219 , 224 – 25

404 Index

East India Company (cont.) facial plaster casts, 17 , 24– 25 continuing support for the indigenous people, 142 – 46 Schlagintweits, 115 Nain Singh, 208 control of access to their colonial family crest of the Schlagintweits, 297 – 300 possessions, 49 – 50 Faraday, Michael, 51 , 91 decision to employ the Fashoda Crisis (1898), 326 Schlagintweits, 53 – 56 i eld reports dissolution of, 1 privileging German journals and end of rule in India, 81 newspapers, 101 – 8 history of the India Museum, 257– 59 First Indian War of Independence, 217 pursuit of territorial expansion, 11 – 12 First Opium War (1839–42), 204 recruitment of foreign experts, 74 –85 Five Weeks in a Balloon (Verne), 340 scientii c patronage, 11 – 12 , 70 – 73 , 346 l y-shuttle loom, 76 sponsorship of the Schlagintweit Forbes Watson, John, 239 , 259 , 265 , 280 brothers, 12 forestry, 36, 61 , 81 , 83 – 84 , 85 , 279 , 346 terms agreed for Schlagintweit Forster, Georg, 8 publications, 249 – 52 Forster, Johann Reinhold, 8 economic geology, 132 – 34 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798), 257 Economic Museum, Bombay, 144 France Ehrenberg, Christian interests in the Himalayan region, 66 Gottfried, 270 , 271 popularity of the Schlagintweit Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 62 brothers, 340 Elliot, Charles M., 54 self- assumed civilising mission, 3 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 91, 149 Francke, August Hermann, 312 entrepreneurial aspects of the Franklin, John, 322 Schlagintweit expedition, 25, 211 , Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, 12, 256 , 284, 336 , 339, 354 45 , 48 – 49 , 54 , 261 , 264 , 302 Escher, Johannes Konrad, 47 presents sent by the Schlagintweits from ethnographic heads India, 103 production, 145 – 46 Schlagintweits’ requests for more tension between personal and scientii c i nancial support, 113 – 14 functions, 286 – 90 support for the Schlagintweits’ ethnographic studies, 24 – 25, 141 – 42 , 201 , expedition, 56 – 57 , 111 207 – 12 , 352 – 53 French Egyptian campaign (1798), 8, 252 facial plaster casting of indigenous French geographers and naturalists people, 142 – 46 high expectations of the Schlagintweit ethnology, 300 , 325 , 352 expedition, 94 – 95 European empires lack of access to British India, 80 controversy over dependence Freyre, Manoel, 64 on external expertise and frontier, 62–66 manpower, 347 empires of opportunity for foreign Gardeners’ Chronicle, The , 246 experts, 345 – 47 Gauß, Carl Friedrich, 126 history of German scientii c gender, 125 , 340 , 352 travellers, 8 – 11 gentlemanly science movement of foreign experts ideals of, 67 – 73 within European imperial Geographical Glossary from the Languages of systems, 345 – 47 India and Tíbet, Including the Phonetic openness to actors from outside, 345 Transcriptions and Interpretation trans-imperial mobility of scientii c (Schlagintweit brothers), 141 expertise, 74 – 85 Geological Survey of India, 133 expeditionary science, 3 , 12 , 19 , 66 , 89 , geology, 132 – 34 97 , 121 , 122 – 42 , 220 , 256 , 278 , 292 , German states 303 , 318 , 349 , 350 development of imperial ideology and expert commissions, 272 , 276 aspirations, 25 – 26

Index 405

imperial ambitions linked to German Great Indian Uprising. See Indian explorers, 342 – 44 Rebellion (1857) public lectures of Robert Schlagintweit, Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, 60, 324 – 25 , 337 – 40 63 , 180 , 227 , 248 , 316 , 351 Schlagintweits portrayed as scientii c Grueber, Johann, 64 heroes, 323 – 44 German museology, 256 Halley, Edmond, 126 German newspapers and journals Harkishen (‘Native Doctor’ and travel privileged receipt of i eld reports, 101 – 8 companion of the Schlagintweits), German press, 330 189 – 90 , 193 claims of global achievements of Harvey, William Henry, 246 German exploration, 332 – 34 Hay, William, 149 , 196 , 230 Schlagintweits as scientii c herbarium, 97 , 247 , 352 heroes, 333 – 34 Herbert, James D., 65 German public hero-making interest in trade and settlement mechanisms among European imperial opportunities, 333 – 35 powers, 326 permeation of imperial ideology, 335 – 40 heroes of science German science, 10, 273 , 330 – 33 , 343 , portrayal of the Schlagintweits in the 349 –50 German states, 1 , 26 , 323 – 44 German press support for the Schlagintweits portrayed as, 333 –34 notion, 330 – 31 Herrnhuter Gemeinde Moravian political dimension, 350 – 51 religious order German scientii c experts missionaries in the western Himalayas, 66 ambiguous perceptions of the Herschel, John, 54 Schlagintweit brothers, 45 – 49 Heuglin, Theodor von, 102 detached political stance, 80 Heyne, Benjamin, 75 exploitation of empires of hierarchies, 13 , 88 opportunity, 345 – 47 changing between the Schlagintweits high- status in the mid-nineteenth and their companions, 119 – 21 century, 3 multiple hierarchies and power history of service in empires of relations in the Schlagintweit opportunity, 8 – 11 expedition, 179 – 82 recruitment by European racial, 85 empires, 74 – 85 social strata in hill stations, 158 shift in perceptions of, 78 – 80 Higginbottom, Sam, 76 German universities high- altitude research, 139 – 40 modernising agendas, 78 – 80 High Asia concept, 118 , 159 – 60 reputation for expertise in laboratory hill stations, 157 – 58 , 160 , 184 , 238 research, 10 Himalayas, 3 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 20 , 24 , glaciers 42 , 58 , 63 , 65 , 70 , 71 , 104 , 118 , 130 , Schlagintweits’ studies and records in 133 , 140 , 169, 182 , 206 , 239 , 240 , the Alps, 37, 96, 139 241 , 304, 306 , 307 , 314 , 318 , 319 , global history, 21 , 359 – 60 334 , 356 globalisation Schlagintweits’ studies and records of dynamics of inclusion and glaciers, 139 – 40 exclusion, 359 – 60 Hochstetter, Ferdinand von, 333 Globus journal Hodgson, Brian Houghton, 43, 44 , 65 , attack on British men of science, 330 149 , 207 , 233 , 324 glorii cation, 159 , 236 , 326 , 333 , 343, 350 Hooker, Joseph, 19 – 20 , 29 – 30 , 35 , 44 , 55 , Gnari Khorsum (Ngari), 153, 169 107 , 186 , 202 , 221 , 233 , 280 , 324 , Goedsche, Hermann, 230 – 31 330 , 348 , 352 Government of India Act of 1858, 252 association with Humboldt, 43 Great Exhibition (1851), 259 concerns over the Schlagintweits’ Great Game, 1n2 mission, 95 – 99

406 Index

Hooker, Joseph (cont.) imperial ideology criticism of the Schlagintweit enterprise, ambitions of the German states, 342 – 44 72 – 73 , 113 , 246 – 47 , 249 , 294 – 95 , permeation into German 301 , 314 society, 335 – 40 diplomatic pressure to allow him access imperial outsiders, 11, 26 , 55 , 78 , 99 , 160 , to Sikkim, 150 – 51 295 , 344 , 346 Flora Indica , 71 – 73 , 221 , 246 degrees of marginality, 74 – 85 on timber resources in the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 41 Himalayas, 242 India raising the scientii c status of health risks for Europeans, 306 – 9 philosophical botany, 68 – 69 identii cation of suitable places for struggle to i nd sufi cient European settlement, 306 – 9 patronage, 67 – 73 India Act of 1784, 62 Hooker, William, 30 , 43 , 51 , 55 , 67 , India in Words and Images (E. 83 , 314 Schlagintweit), 283 Hügel, Carl von, 66, 76 India Museum humanitarian organisations, 76 proposal for Berlin, 7 Humboldt, Alexander von, 15 , 29 – 30 , Schlagintweits’ attempts to create in 43 – 44 , 62 – 68 , 69 , 101 , 102, 126 , 218 , Berlin, 255 – 56 , 257 – 77 220 , 225, 253 , 259 – 60 , 269 , 272 , 277 , India Museum of the East India 282 , 324 , 347 – 48 Company, 244 American opus, 62 – 68 history of, 257 – 59 American voyage (1799–1804), 8 inl uence on the Schlagintweits association with Joseph Hooker, 43 collection strategy, 259 – 60 attempt to promote the Schlagintweits’ India Ofi ce, 15 , 252 , 259 , 279 , 280 , reputation, 220 – 23 297 , 317 Cosmos , 32 , 52 Indian Civil Service (ICS), 84– 85 failed attempt to travel to India and colonial statecraft, 84 High Asia, 14 competitive entry examinations, 84 friendship with Edward Sabine, 52 Indian candidates, 84 inl uence on the Schlagintweit brothers, Indian Forest Act of 1878, 81 35 – 38 , 40 – 41 Indian Forestry Department, 9, 81 letters of introduction, 149 – 50 German expert recruitment, 81 magnetic observatories, 53 Indian Meteorological Department, 81 mentor of the Schlagintweit brothers, proposal of Hermann 14 – 15 , 18 , 45 , 48 – 49 , 50 , 54 , Schlagintweit, 309 – 11 91 – 92 , 325 Indian Rebellion (1857), 1 , 81 , 111 , 194 , Personal Narrative , 35 196 , 207, 225 – 29 , 311 , 347 raising expectations for the Schlagintweit consequences for the East India expedition, 91 – 92 Company, 219 , 224 – 25 support for the Indian Museum project, impact on the Schlagintweit 270 – 71 , 276 controversy, 217 treatises on central Asian question of the legitimacy of British geography, 41 rule, 225 – 26 work for the Russian Empire, 42 Indian subcontinent Humboldtian science, 17 , 35 – 38 , 48 , 184 , early European travellers and 237 , 317 , 347 – 48 , 349 , 356 missionaries, 63– 64 Huschke, August Heinrich, 84 Indian Surveyor-General’s Bureaus, 13 hydrographical studies, 134 – 35 indigenous informants, 28 , 124 , hypsometrical data, 130 – 32 186 , 205 indigenous knowledge Ibi Gamin (Kamet), 118 , 221 Schlagintweits’ dependence imagined community on, 206 – 7 the German states, 329 – 30 indigenous partners Imperial Geographical Society of composition of the expedition St Petersburg, 2 party, 161 – 79

Index 407

description in the i rst volume of Kashgar, 1, 2, 130, 158, 194–97, 206, 341 Results , 314 – 15 Kashmir, 64 , 76 forced recruitment, 180 access for the Schlagintweits, 152 implications for the scientii c authority description by the Schlagintweits, of the expedition, 351 – 52 306 – 7 lack of recognition of their contribution, Kew Gardens. See Royal Botanic 4 , 161 – 79 , 213 – 16 Gardens, Kew means of access to indigenous Khan, Wali, 194 – 95 cultures, 24 – 25 Kiepert, Heinrich, 41 , 92 – 93 motivations for joining the Schlagintweit Kitchener, Herbert, 326 expedition, 199 Kladderadatsch, 328 multiple hierarchies and power relations satirical attack on the in the expedition, 179 – 82 Schlagintweits, 234 – 35 nature of the Schlagintweits’ relationship Klotzsch, Johann Friedrich, 271 with, 119 – 21 knowledge gaps range of tasks and accomplishments, between Germany and 12 – 13 , 140 – 41 , 183 – 99 Britain over Indian role in cultural and religious artefact exploration, 323 – 25 collection, 141 consequences of the death of Adolph Schlagintweits’ dependence on, 179 – 82 Schlagintweit, 229 – 36 indigenous rulers Koch, Robert power exercised by the Indian work on cholera, 82 Government, 150 – 54 Königliche Legationskasse, 269 – 70 indigo, 16 , 138 , 239 König, Johan, 75 industrial collections and interests, 258, Kumaon, 58, 64, 189 265 , 281 , 356 Kunlun range, 24 , 113 , 118 , 193, 194 , informal empire, 350 222, 223 , 229 , 319 , 325 information management by the Kunlun Shan, 42 , 221 , 230 Schlagintweits, 99 – 108 information order labour market, 10 , 84 , 88 attempts to spread misleading Latham, Gordon, 325 information, 204 – 6 Lauth, Franz Joseph, 32 concept, 200 – 1 Lawrence, John, 230 fragility of, 199 – 213 Le voyage aux régions équinoxiales instruments for the Schlagintweit expedition du nouveau continent types and costs, 109 – 11 (Humboldt), 317 intermediaries, 7 , 43 , 104 , 119 , 141 , 171 , Leichhardt, Ludwig, 333 183 , 199 , 200 , 223, 282 , 284 , 312 , Lepsius, Karl Richard, 252 315 , 319 , 323 Liebig, Georg von, 77 – 78 , 84 irrigation, 134 , 138 , 240 Liebig, Justus von, 10, 77 , 79 Linguistic Survey of India, 81 Jacquemont, Victor, 66 , 80 Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), 12, 75 , 78 jade stone, 133 , 197 Linnean Society, 51 , 314 Jäschke, Heinrich August, 312 Livingstone, David, 106 , 124 , 301 , 322 Java criticism in the German Buitenzorg laboratories, 82 press, 327 – 28 Jesuit missionaries, 64 Missionary Travels , 322 Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Löfl er, August, 319 Miscellany (W. Hooker), 51 London Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal , 102 preparation of the Schlagintweits’ Asian Justhus Perthes Anstalt publishing house, 41 expedition, 97 – 99 travels of the Schlagintweits (1850/51), Kaempfer, Engelbert, 333 50 – 52 See also East India Company; Karakoram chain, 24 , 42 , 65 , 103 , Linnean Society; Royal Geographical 113 , 118 , 193, 223 , 231 , 314 , 319 , Society ; Royal Society 322 , 325 London Missionary Society, 76

408 Index

looting Morocco boundary between collecting and, 17 Spanish military invasion in plundering of tombs, 148 1859–60, 6 – 7 procurement of skulls and skeletons of mountain morphology studies, 130 – 32 indigenous people, 148 Mueller, Ferdinand von, 74 Ludwig II, King of Bavaria, 292 Mughal Empire, 62 Luitpold, Prince of Bavaria, 293 Müller, Max, 349 Lyell, Charles, 98 Murad (Jewish caravan trader, companion Lyman, Theodore, 284 of the Schlagintweits), 191 – 92, 195 , 290 Macpherson, J., 129 Murchison, Roderick, 19 – 20 , 45 , 108 , magnetic crusade in Britain, 15, 17 , 52 – 56 220 – 23 , 232 , 253 , 294 , 301 , 324 magnetic observations, 126 on David Livingstone, 322 magnetic observatories, 53 equivocal view of the Schlagintweits’ magnetic survey capabilities, 95 – 97 , 247 – 49 , 321 training for the Schlagintweits, 98 – 99 museology, 4 , 7 , 256 malaria Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, 277 anti-malarial campaigns of the Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin, 276– 77 Rockefeller Foundation, 77 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, contracted by Hermann Paris, 266, 288 Schlagintweit, 309 Museum of Economic Geology in Manjapra, Kris, 11 India, 133 Mann, Gustav, 83 – 84 , 356 museums mapping of south Asia. See Great difi culty of turning collections Trigonometrical Survey of India into, 292 – 93 marble, 267, 279 , 280 See also India Museum and specii c Marchand, Jean-Baptiste, 326 museums , 277 Markham, Clements, 134 myth martyr of science, 1 , 343 , 358 solitary explorer, 118 – 19 , Maury, Alfred, 80 155 – 60 , 161 – 79 Maximilian II, King of Bavaria, 12, 31 , 59 , 91 Namgye, Chomphoe, Raja of ennoblement of the Schlagintweit Sikkim, 150 – 51 brothers, 296 – 300 Napoleon III, Emperor, 94 meteorological research, 126 – 29 nationalism, 359 meteorology Nepal, 303 inl uence of the Schlagintweits’ work in difi culty of access for Europeans, 57 India, 304 – 11 political pressure to allow the mineral resources survey, 132 –34 Schlagintweits access, 151 mineralogical collection, 83 – 84 networks missionaries, 76 , 312 Anglo-German, 49 – 52 Schlagintweits’ encounters with German cross-border, 11 missionaries in the Himalayas, 66 cross- border networks of missionary organisations, 76 – 77 patronage, 18 , 20 Missionary Travels (Livingstone), 106 , 322 distribution of i eld observations, 104 mobility fragility of cross-border networks, 360 channelling of, 18 informal German networks in India, privileged, 160 , 355 84 , 110 social, 28 information networks of informants, 213 modern research laboratory, 10 , 79 knowledge networks of British Monteiro (assistant to the imperialism, 44 , 52 , 67 , 92 , 101 , Schlagintweits), 183 – 85 148 – 50 , 350 Montgomerie, Thomas George, 212 logistical networks, 84 Montgomery, Robert, 197 mechanisms of inclusion and Moorcroft, William, 64 – 65 , 158 exclusion, 21

Index 409

patronage networks, 349 promotion of the Schlagintweits’ Prussian consuls in India, 57 achievements, 325 – 26 Schlagintweits’ use of, 44 , 50 , support for further German-led 160 , 284 expeditions, 332 scientii c, 54 , 84 Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, sources of tension and controversy, 21 41 , 107 , 329 trans-regional networks of Peters, Wilhelm, 272 merchants, 183 Petersburg Society, 342 Neue Pinakothek, Munich, 292 philanthropic organisations, 76, 77 Nicholas I, Tsar, 42 philosophical botany, 68 – 69 Niebuhr, Carsten, 8 , 333 See also Hooker, 69 Nilgiri Hills photography, 118 , 132 , 145 , 321 , 353 suitability for settlement by Europeans, physical anthropology, 17 , 24 , 141 – 44 , 307 148 , 288 , 352 context of British rule in India, 142 – 48 Olfers, Ignaz von, 270 , 271 , 272 measurements, 24 opium, 69 , 197 Physical Geography (Somerville), 246 Opium Wars, 65 , 175 Physikalische Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 41 Order Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Pitt, William, 62 Arts, 52 plague Osten- Sacken, Baron von, 342 outbreaks in India, 82 Otto, King of Greece, 281 Plassey, battle of (1757), 62 Overweg, Adolf, 80 , 108 , 222 Poggendorf, Johann Christian, 104, 271 power asymmetries Palmerston, Lord, 50 exploitation by the Schlagintweits, 355 paper manufacturing facial plaster casting of indigenous commercial interest in the Schlagintweit people, 142 – 46 collections, 280 – 81 in cultural encounters, 17 Paris Geographical Society, 2, 94 , 342 power relations within the Schlagintweit Gold Medal awarded to the expedition, 179 – 82 Schlagintweits, 301 press coverage Parsons, William, Earl of Rosse, 55 Collectanea Critica, 290 – 92 patronage collection by the Schlagintweits, 290 – 92 Hooker’s struggles with, 67 – 73 professionalism, 73, 219 , 256 , 271 inl uence on scientii c enquiry, 3 – 4 philosophical botany, 68 – 69 reasons for the Schlagintweit Prussian Meteorological Institute, 50 controversy, 90 Przheval’skii, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 341 shifting motives of the Schlagintweit public health, 77 expedition, 347 – 48 public sphere, 8 , 11 , 14 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 26 , 27 , sources of controversy for the 58 , 60 , 71 , 85 , 88 , 89 , 100 , 104 , 217 , Schlagintweit brothers, 18 – 23 219 , 225 , 235 , 237 , 247 , 249 , 260 , tensions caused by changes in, 18 – 23 302 , 324 , 327 , 339 , 351 , 358 patrons pundits, 208 , 212 – 13 escalating costs of the Schlagintweit exchange with the Schlagintweits, 311 – 13 expedition, 108 – 15 high expectations for the Schlagintweits’ Qing Empire, 153 mission, 90 – 99 Quarter Master General information management by the Bombay, 180 , 187 Schlagintweits, 99 – 108 Deputy Assistant’s Ofi ce, Mooltan, 186 People of India survey (1868–75), 353 Madras, 13 , 180, 185 , 355 Personal Narrative (Humboldt), 35 Quetelet, Adolphe, 146 Petermann, August, 41 , 93 , 102, 104 – 6 , 108 , 324 race, 85, 125 , 146 , 148 , 352 link between Britain and the German Radde, Gustav, 331 lands, 43 – 44 Ram, Basti, Governor of Leh, 152 –53

410 Index

Ramsay, Colonel, 149 , 151 Royal Society, 19 , 20 , 37 , 44 , 51 , 53 , 54 , Raumer, Karl Otto von, 45 , 48 , 269 , 55 , 62 – 67 , 74 , 88 , 253 270 , 271 – 72 expert advice offered to the Red Cross, 296n149 Schlagintweits, 97 – 99 Reiss, Wilhelm, 102 Rudel, Alwin, 280 reliability of data, 125 , 208 , 215, Russegger, Joseph, 333 234 , 348 Russell, William Howard, 111 Report on the Improvement of Indian Russian Empire, 28 , 53 , 175 , 194 , 333 Agriculture (1893) (Voelcker), 83 allegations of Schlagintweit treachery reputation, 4 , 25 –26 , 37 – 41 , 49 , 50 , 59 , with, 111 – 12 101 , 107 , 114 , 199 , 218 , 219 – 24 , ambitions in Tibet, 64 226 – 29 , 235 , 246 , 247, 253 , 275 , 281 , British rivalry with, 108 , 196 , 251 , 313 294 , 295 , 313 – 23 , 327 , 328, 332 , 353, Crimean War (1853–56), 220 354 , 355 employment of Humboldt, 42 resource exploitation popularity of the Schlagintweit proposals from analysis of expeditionary brothers, 340 – 41 data, 137 – 39 Robert Schlagintweit’s lecture resource imperialism, 72 , 356 tour, 339 respectability in science, 19 , 67 , 73 , territorial ambitions for south Asia, 62 294 , 296 translation of geographic works into Revolutionary Wars, 62 Russian, 41 – 42 Ribbentrop, Berthold, 81 travellers and missionaries in south Asia, Richardson, James, 108 41 , 312 Richthofen, Ferdinand von, 3, 102 , 194 , 331 Sabine, Edward, 20 , 52 , 55 , 57 , 97 , 126 , Ritter, Carl, 18 , 31 , 44 , 46 , 50 , 92 , 102 , 253 , 272 – 73 , 327 , 347 104 , 222 – 23 , 270 , 324 inl uential connections, 51 – 52 inl uence on the Schlagintweit magnetic survey training for the brothers, 40 – 41 Schlagintweits, 98 – 99 publications on Asia translated into Said, Sayad Mohammad (munshi, Russian, 41 – 42 companion of the Schlagintweits to rivers Berlin), 141 , 187 – 89 , 211 effects of erosion by, 139 Salvation Army hydrographical studies, 134 – 35 industrial homes’, 76 potential for resource reformatories, 76 – 77 exploitation, 137 – 39 social disciplining, 77 search for the sources of, 64 , 139 sanatoriums in south and high Asia, 16, Rockefeller Foundation 304, 307 , 356 anti-malaria campaigns, 77 Saussure, Horace-Bénédict de, 51 Rohlfs, Friedrich Gerhard, 102 Scheuchzer, Johann Jacob, 33 – 34 Roquette, Alexandre de la, 94 – 95, 301 Scheuchzer, Wilhelm, 319 Rose, Gustav, 271 , 272 Schiefner, Franz Anton, 282 Ross, James Clark, 67 , 69 Schlagintweit, Adolph, 6 Route-Book , 124 , 140 , 200 , 239 , Amin’s reports of his murder, 195 – 96 240, 356 attempt to obtain his Habilitation from routes Berlin University, 45 – 49 intelligence gathered by the attempts to retrieve his notes Schlagintweits, 140 and instruments after his Roxburgh, William, 75 death, 231 – 32 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 19, 67 , 70 , circumstances of his murder at Kashgar, 83 , 257 , 279 193 – 95 , 206 – 7, 229–31 Royal Danish Arabia Expedition consequences of his murder at (1760s), 8 Kashgar, 311 Royal Geographical Society, 19, 43 , 44 , 66 , death linked to German imperial 96 , 220 , 222 , 314 ambitions, 342 – 44

Index 411

erection of a monument in his memory, building a reputation, 37 – 41 1 – 3, 341 – 42 change in public sentiment in i nal excursion in 1857, 1 Britain, 226 – 29 Jules Verne’s telling of his collection and use of positive press disappearance, 340 coverage, 290 – 92 mystery surrounding his death, 328 –29 communication strategy, 99 – 108, portrayal as a martyr of science, 358 219 – 24 , 357 – 58 Schlagintweit, Eduard, 6 – 7 concept of High Asia and its Schlagintweit, Emil, 6 , 114 , 342 inhabitants, 159 – 60 dispersal of the collections, 293 consequences of the Indian Rebellion Tibetan scholarship, 311 – 13 (1857), 217 , 224 – 29 use of the collections, 282 – 83, 353 disclosure of their private Schlagintweit, Hermann, 6 , 46 fortune, 296 advice valued by Raj surveyors and divergent reputations in different travellers, 303 – 4 countries, 25 – 26 , 313 – 23 death of, 293 early education and training, 31 – 32 effects of malaria, 309 ennoblement by the King of Bavaria, lecturer at Berlin University, 46 296 – 300 meteorological work in India, 304 – 11 excursions in the Alps, 32 – 41 on Schlagintweits’ lack of exploitation of the collections in various acknowledgement in Britain, 322 ways, 353 – 54 proposal for an Indian Meteorological failure of their i rst (1852) petition for a Department, 309 – 11 Himalayan expedition, 45 – 49 Travels in India and High Asia , 336 – 37 German interest in trade and settlement work produced after returning to opportunities, 333 – 35 Europe, 23 – 24 high aspirations for the 1854–7 Schlagintweit, Joseph, 6 expedition, 56 – 60 distinguished medical career, 30 –31 idea for an Indian and Himalayan marriage to Rosalie Seidl, 31 expedition, 45–49 Schlagintweit, Max, 7, 357 inl uence of Alexander von Humboldt, Schlagintweit, Robert, 6, 116 – 17 14 – 15 , 35 – 38 , 40 – 41 death of, 293 inl uence of Carl Ritter, 40 – 41 description of Kashmir, 306 –7 innovations to enhance the appeal of documentation of his role as a science their work, 37 – 40 populariser, 358 – 59 integration into the British colonial invitation to explore central Asia for establishment, 155 – 60 Russia, 340 – 41 knowledge gaps after the death of lectures in North America (1868–9, Adolph, 229 – 36 1880), 337 , 339 , 340 making connections within the lectures in Russia (1867), 340 – 41 scientii c establishment in on colonial motivation of Britain, 49 – 52 exploration, 206 making use of Anglo-German on the idea to explore the Himalayas, 45 networks, 49 – 52 photography, 132 mountain reliefs of the Alps, 37 –40 public lectures in Germany, personal/ self- constructed archives, 324 – 25 , 337 – 40 4 – 5, 358 work produced after returning to petition for further patronage from the Europe, 23 – 24 East India Company, 236 – 51 Schlagintweit brothers, 354 – 55 plan for publication, 316 – 17 aesthetic quality of their images, 36 –37 plans for an India Museum in Berlin, artistic training, 32 255 – 56 , 257 – 77 association with Berlin science popularity in France, 340 societies, 37 – 41 popularity in Russia, 340 – 41 attendance at Königliche portrayal as scientii c heroes in Wilhelmsgymnasium, 31 Germany, 323 – 44

412 Index

Schlagintweit brothers (cont.) concerns about the scope of the Prospectus for their forthcoming mission, 95 – 99 publications, 252 – 53 , 300 contribution of the indigenous pursuit of scientii c medals and partners, 119 – 21 honours, 301 – 2 core practices, 123 – 26 quest for social advancement, 294 –302 denial of dependence on indigenous reception on return to Europe, 226 – 29 partners, 213 – 16 response to criticism and dependence on indigenous knowledge ridicule, 247 – 49 and partners, 179 – 82 , 206 – 7 return of Herman and Robert to different expectations of multiple Europe, 217 – 19 patrons, 14 secrecy of communications, 358 East India Company terms agreed for slide into obscurity in Britain, 321 – 23 publication, 249 – 52 social exclusion in Britain, 294 – 95 economic geology, 132 – 34 struggle to establish credibility and encounters with pundits, 311 –13 authority, 21 – 22 entrepreneurial aspects, 25 , 211 , 256 , unfuli lled ambitions, 292 – 93 284 , 336 , 339 , 354 university education, 33 escalating expenses and debt, 108 – 15 visualisation techniques, 130 – 32 establishment of a hierarchy of Schlagintweit controversy, 90 knowledge, 213 – 16 allegations of treachery regarding ethnographic studies, 141 – 42, Russia, 111 – 12 201 , 207 – 12 breaking conventions of gentlemanly excursions into Chinese-controlled science, 99 – 108 territory, 153 – 54 British resentment of non-British exploitation of their collections, 25 recruitment, 88 facial plaster casting of indigenous contradictory attacks from critics, 348 people, 142 – 46 , 208 layers of controversy, 88 – 89 following a tradition of exploration in negotiating a reputation, the region, 63 – 66 219 – 24 , 226 – 29 geology, 132 – 34 place in wider social and imperial high- altitude research, 139 – 40 debates, 217 high expectations of patrons, 90 –99 privileging German journals and hydrographical studies, 134 – 35 newspapers with i eld reports, 101 – 8 hypsometrical data, 130 – 32 Schlagintweit expedition instruments required and costs, 109 – 11 access to indigenous cultures, 24 –25 interpretative l exibility of the anthropometric measurements, 146 – 47 Schlagintweit mission, 14, 58 approach to collection of observational large volume of expedition data, 123 – 26 documentation, 22 – 23 artefact collection through indigenous magnetic observations, 126 mediators, 141 management of information provided to benei ts from imperial knowledge multiple patrons, 99 – 108 networks, 148 – 50 meteorological research, 126 – 29 breadth of studies, 22 – 23 modii cation and expansion of the brothers’ i nancial gain through mission, 56 – 60 salaries, 114 mountain morphology studies, 130 – 32 characterisation of Nain Singh, multiple hierarchies and power 208 – 12 relations, 179 – 82 collaborations with external agents, multiple roles of the brothers, 123 – 26 institutions and imperial authorities, physical anthropology, 141 –42 13 – 14 , 119 – 21 , 128 – 30 pioneering achievements, 118 collections. See collections place in the continuum of colonial context, 13 – 14 British imperial surveys and composition of the expedition expeditions, 122 – 23 party, 161 – 79 political information gathering, 148 – 54

Index 413

power asymmetries in cultural Sepoy Rebellion. See Indian encounters, 17 Rebellion (1857) problem of distinguishing reliable Seven Years War (1756–63), 62 information, 199 – 213 Siebold, Philipp Franz von, 333 processing of materials Sikkim, 70 collected, 135 – 36 diplomatic pressure to allow access to programme and objectives for the Hooker, 150 – 51 expedition, 12 , 15 Silk Roads, 1, 183 , 194 proposals for resource Simla (Shimla), 58 , 111 , 158, 196 exploitation, 137 – 39 Singh, Gulab, Raja of Jammu and recognition of commercial Kashmir, 152 opportunities, 15 – 16 Singh, Mani, 13 , 169 – 79 , 208 , 212 relationship to previous and future Singh, Nain, 13, 169 , 199 , 212 , 286 , European expeditions, 16, 331–32 288 , 290 roles of indigenous partners, 12 –13 facial plaster cast, 208 route intelligence gathered, 140 later extensive explorations in his own routes planned through India and right, 212 – 13 central Asia, 57 – 60 role in the Schlagintweits’ satirical attack by expedition, 208 – 12 Kladderadatsch , 234 – 35 training of other pundits, 311 self- portrayal as masters of south Asian Siwalik fossils, 132 lands and peoples, 213 – 16 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 284 shifting motives due to multiple social advancement patrons, 347 – 48 Schlagintweit brothers’ quest for, sources of controversy for the 294 – 302 brothers, 18 – 23 soil samples, 138 , 239, 259 , 356 studies and records of Himalayan Somerville, Mary, 246 glaciers, 139 – 40 South Kensington Museum, London, study of local names and 279 , 288 pronunciation, 140 – 41 sovereignty, 6 , 9 , 58 , 175 survey of mineral resources, 132 – 34 spice trade, 62 surveyors and draughtsmen, 13 sponsors of the Schlagintweit brothers, 12, topographic studies, 130 – 32 15 , 56 – 57 , 113 – 14 travel to India, 117 Standi eld, Rachel, 176 use of caravan traders as Stanley, Lord, 249 informants, 140 Steinen, Karl von den, 102 use of documents and materials by stereoscopic photographs, 37 scholars, 23 – 24 Strachey, Henry, 169, 221 , 231, 310 , 324 use of established travel routes and Strachey, Richard, 65 , 169 , 221 , accommodations, 155 – 60 310 , 324 Schlich, Wilhelm, 81 strategic intimacy, 201 – 5 Schomburgk, Richard Moritz, 74 surveying of south Asia. See Great Schomburgk, Robert Hermann, 74, 333 Trigonometrical Survey of India Schweinfurth, Georg August, 102 Surveyor General’s Ofi ce, 180 , 355 science as a tool of empire, 355 – 57 processing of materials collected by science popularisation, 37, 337 , 339 , expeditions, 135 – 36 354 , 359 surveyors and draughtsmen on the scientii c imperialism, 44 , 237 Schlagintweit expedition, 13, 158 , Scott, Robert H., 310 165 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 311 , 355 secrecy, 358 Sykes, William Henry, 20 , 55 – 56 , 95 , seed collections, 168 102 – 3 , 107 , 253 , 261 Seemann, Berthold Carl, 313 –14 , 348 fear of reputational damage over the Select Committee on Colonisation and Schlagintweits, 247 Settlement in India, 197 , 251 interest in meteorology and health Semenov, Peter, 41 – 42 issues, 309

414 Index

Sykes, William Henry (cont.) Travels in India and High Asia on the location of the Schlagintweits’ (H. Schlagintweit), 336 – 37 collections, 244 Trigonometrical Survey. See Great response to Dove’s letter about the Trigonometrical Survey of India Berlin India Museum, 272 – 74 trustworthiness, 19, 93 , 186 , 202 , 214 , 351 response to the Indian Rebellion (1857), Tsarist Empire, 8 224 , 225 Tsarist government, 14 support for the Schlagintweits, Tsarist Russia, 175 223 – 24 , 251 Turkestan. See Chinese Turkestan

tea, 16 , 69 , 83 , 138 , 197 , 239 , 337 Ullah, Mir Izzet, 158 textiles manufacturing commercial interest in the Schlagintweit Verne, Jules, 340 collections, 280 – 81 Vernon Smith, Robert, 224 , 249 Thomson, Thomas, 30 , 71 , 98 , 221 , 223 , Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 279 246, 247 , 280 , 324 Virchow, Rudolf, 276 Thuillier, Henry, 123 , 129 , 134 – 35 Voelcker, John Augustus, 77, 82 – 83 , 356 Tibet, 63, 64 , 70, 303 Vogel, Eduard, 222 , 332 collections used by Emil Schlagintweit, vom Rath, Gerhard, 104 282 – 83 , 311 – 13 Tibetan-Sanskrit Dictionary (E. Waagen, Wilhelm Heinrich, 77 Schlagintweit), 312 Wagner, Moritz, 79 timber, 16 , 69 , 86 , 87 , 164 , 186 , 240 , 242, Wallich, Nathaniel, 30 , 50 – 51 , 63 , 78 , 259 , 264, 279 80 , 346 Times, The , 111 , 225 , 226 water samples, 117, 138 , 239 topographic studies, 130 – 32 watercolours, 132 transnational history, 5 preparation for inclusion in the transnational imperial recruitment Atlas , 317 – 20 typology, 74 – 85 Waugh, Andrew Scott, 63 transnational science Webb, William, 64 dynamics of inclusion and Weiss, Christian Samuel, 46 – 48, 348 exclusion, 359 – 60 Whewell, William, 50 issues relating to, 3 Wilkins, Charles, 258 secrecy of communications, 358 Wilhelm II, German Emperor, 342 sources of tension and controversy, 21 William, Prince of Prussia, 275 volatile nature of authority, 348 – 49 Winterbottom, J. E., 65 transport modes of travel in India, 154 –55 Zwengauer, Anton, 32