ZAMBIA WORLD BANK
SFG2988 V6 Public Disclosure Authorized
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK Public Disclosure Authorized
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
FINAL REPORT VOLUME I
Public Disclosure Authorized FOR THE PROPOSED
IRRIGATION SCHEME IN MWOMBOSHI IN CHISAMBA DISTRICT
SUBMITTED TO ZEMA JULY 2015 Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Mwomboshi IDSP Group 1 sites
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 1
LIST OF TABLES ...... 5
LIST OF FIGURES ...... 7
ACRONYMS ...... 9
PROJECT BRIEF NOTES ...... 11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 13
ESIA TEAM MEMBERS ...... 19
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 21 1.1 Background ...... 21 1.1.1 Policy Context and Development Strategy ...... 21 1.1.2 Characteristics of the Agriculture Sector ...... 21 1.1.3 Policy Responses ...... 22 1.1.4 The Proposed Project in the National Context ...... 23 1.1.5 The Proposed Project in the Local Context ...... 23 1.2 Project Design Concept ...... 24 1.2.1 Principles ...... 24 1.2.2 Beneficiaries and Target Groups ...... 24 1.3 Agriculture and Irrigation Potential ...... 25 1.4 Location and Layout ...... 25 1.5 Spatial Extent of the Study ...... 26 1.6 ESIA Study Objectives ...... 26 1.7 Project Justification ...... 26 1.8 EIA Scope and Approach...... 27 1.8.1 Scoping Studies ...... 27 1.8.2 Approach ...... 27 1.8.3 Outcome of Stakeholder Consultations ...... 28 1.8.4 Outcome of ESIA Disclosure Meeting ...... 28
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1.9 Limitations to the ESIA ...... 30 1.10 Project Proponent ...... 30
2 PROJECT RATIONALE ...... 31 2.1 Scope ...... 31 2.2 Overall Project Objective ...... 31 2.3 Project Ownership and Cost ...... 32 2.3.1 Ownership and Implementation Date ...... 32 2.3.2 Project Costs ...... 32
3 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 33 3.1 The Project ...... 33 3.2 Principal Components of the Project ...... 35 3.2.1 Project Design ...... 35 3.3 Planned Project Components ...... 36 3.3.1 Irrigation system ...... 36 3.3.2 Cropping patterns ...... 37 3.3.3 Water supply and Conveyance system ...... 39 3.3.4 Primary pump stations ...... 39 3.4 Water impoundment and storage elements...... 40 3.5 Electrical infrastructure ...... 41 3.6 Housing and social infrastructure ...... 41 3.7 Water delivery and irrigation infrastructure ...... 41 3.7.1 Booster pumps on centre pivots ...... 41 3.7.2 Pipe distribution network ...... 41 3.7.3 Valves & fittings ...... 42 3.8 Existing Components ...... 42 3.9 Main Project Activities ...... 43 3.10 Equipment and Raw Materials Use ...... 44 3.11 Chemical Use ...... 44 3.11.1 Expected Agro-Chemical Usage...... 44 3.11.2 Residues & pollutants ...... 47 3.11.3 Expected usage of Fertiliser ...... 47 3.11.4 Residues and pollutants ...... 47 3.12 Products and By-products ...... 48
4 REVIEW OF DAM DESIGNS AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING ...... 50 4.1 General Considerations ...... 50 4.2 Design Data ...... 51 4.3 Dam Construction ...... 52 4.4 Hydrological Modelling ...... 54 4.4.1 The Model ...... 54 4.5 Dam Safety ...... 63
5 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 64 5.1 Without and With Project Alternatives ...... 64 5.1.1 Without Project Alternatives ...... 64 5.1.2 With Project Alternatives ...... 64 5.2 Alternative Processes ...... 67 5.3 Technological Alternatives ...... 69
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5.4 Materials Options ...... 75 5.4.1 Materials ...... 75 5.4.2 Alternative pipeline materials: ...... 76
6 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ..... 77 6.1 General Legal Framework ...... 77 6.2 Legislation Framework ...... 77 6.3 Natural Resources Policies ...... 81 6.4 Multilateral Agreements and Biodiversity Protocols ...... 82 6.5 Relevant International Policy Guidelines ...... 85 6.6 Institutional Responsibilities ...... 85
7 BASELINE INFORMATION ON THE PROJECT ...... 87 7.1 Physical Environmental Setting ...... 87 7.1.1 Rainfall ...... 87 7.1.2 Hydrology ...... 88 7.1.3 Catchment Extent and Characteristics ...... 88 7.1.4 Total Catchment Yield ...... 88 7.1.5 Upstream Catchment Yield ...... 90 7.1.6 Geology and Hydrogeology ...... 90 7.1.7 Water Quality ...... 91 7.1.8 Topography and Soil ...... 93 7.1.9 Water Supply, Demand and Allocation ...... 95 7.2 General description of the vegetation ...... 96 7.2.1 Vegetation Types ...... 96 7.2.2 Vegetation Classification ...... 98 7.2.3 Eco-System Sensitivity; Habitats and Species of Special Concern .... 99 7.2.4 Ecologically Important Areas ...... 99 7.3 Fauna ...... 100 7.3.1 Terrestrial Fauna in the Mwomboshi Area ...... 100 7.4 Land Use and Settlement Patterns ...... 103 7.5 Social Services and Infrastructure ...... 114 7.6 Land Ownership and Tenure ...... 117 7.7 Health and Safety ...... 118 7.7.1 Health ...... 118 7.7.2 Safety ...... 121 7.8 Sanitation and Hygiene ...... 122 7.9 Cultural Heritage ...... 123
8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 124 8.1 General Considerations ...... 124 8.2 Impacts during the Construction Phase ...... 126 8.2.1 Anticipated Positive Socio-Economic Impacts ...... 126 8.2.2 Anticipated Negative Socio-Economic Impacts ...... 127 8.2.3 Anticipated Negative Bio-Physical Environmental Impacts ...... 127 8.3 Impacts during the Operational Phase ...... 128 8.3.1 Anticipated Positive Socio-Economic Impacts ...... 128 8.3.2 Anticipated Positive Bio-Physical Environmental Impacts ...... 129 8.3.3 Anticipated Negative Socio-Economic Impacts ...... 129 8.3.4 Anticipated Negative Bio-Physical Environmental Impacts ...... 130 8.4 Impact Evaluation Mechanisms ...... 131
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9 IMPACT MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES 141 9.1 Possible Mitigations and Enhancements Construction Phase .. 141 9.1.1 Enhancements of Positive Socio-Economic Impacts ...... 141 9.1.2 Mitigations of Negative Socio-Economic Impacts ...... 141 9.1.3 Mitigations of Negative Environmental Impacts ...... 143 9.2 Possible Mitigations and Enhancements Operational Phase ..... 144 9.2.1 Enhancements of Positive Socio-economic Impacts ...... 144 9.2.2 Enhancements of Positive Environmental Impacts ...... 145 9.2.3 Mitigations of Negative Socio-economic Impacts ...... 146 9.2.4 Mitigations of Negative Environmental Impacts ...... 147
10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT & MONITORING ...... 158 10.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 158 10.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 158
11 CONCLUSION ...... 171
12 REFERENCES ...... 172
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Table Key Issues Raised at Scoping Meetings ...... 29 Table 1-2 Contact Details of the Applicant ...... 30 Table 2-1 Proposed Tiers for Mwomboshi ...... 31 Table 3-1 Irrigation sections and their respective reservoirs & pump-stations ...... 37 Table 3-2 Tier 4 existing and additional (proposed) irrigated areas (Z&A, 2013c) ...... 37 Table 3-3 Proposed cropping pattern, Tier 1 (Z&A, 2013c) ...... 38 Table 3-4 Proposed cropping patterns Tier 2 (Z&A, 2013c, amended) ...... 38 Table 3-5 Proposed cropping pattern, Tier 3 (Z&A, 2013c) ...... 38 Table 3-6 Proposed cropping pattern, Tier 4 ...... 39 Table 3-7 Pump characteristics for main pump-station (PSC) for north ...... 40 Table 3-8 Pump characteristics at secondary pump stations ...... 40 Table 3-9 Proposed reservoirs, Mwomboshi ...... 41 Table 3-10 Expected usage of agro-chemicals at full-scale ...... 46 Table 3-11 Expected fertiliser usage at full-scale ...... 47 Table 3-12 Expected annual leaching losses of nitrogen ...... 48 Table 4-1 Water Demand for irrigation from the New Mwomboshi Reservoir (MCM) ...... 56 Table 4-2 Results of model calibration ...... 57 Table 4-3 Model Parameter Values ...... 57 Table 4-4 Percent distribution of demands for irrigation from the North Bank & South Bank ...... 60 Table 4-5 Yield-Reliability analysis for direct abstractions from the reservoir ...... 61 Table 4-6 Yield-Reliability analysis for direct abstractions with no dam in place ...... 62 Table 5-1 Changes in catchment area with choice of the site for the dam ...... 66 Table 5-2 Alternative irrigation systems for Tier 1 ...... 72 Table 5-3 Alternative irrigation systems for field crops and vegetables on Tier 2 ...... 74
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Table 5-4 Alternative systems for Tier 3 & 4 ...... 75 Table 7-1 Annual runoff for Chongwe Catchment at Great East Road Bridge ...... 89 Table 7-2 Estimated annual runoff for Mwomboshi Catchment at the Confluence with Mulungushi ...... 89 Table 7-3 Water allocation in Mwomboshi catchment ...... 90 Table 7-4 General guidelines for assessment of salinity hazard of irrigation water ...... 93 Table 7-5 Guidelines for assessing sodium hazard ...... 93 Table 7-6 Guidelines for assessing potential bicarbonate hazard ...... 93 Table 7-7 Past mammals species in Mwomboshi ...... 101 Table 7-8 Animals existing in Mwomboshi ...... 101 Table 7-9 Birds observed during surveys ...... 102 Table 7-10 Crop Enterprises by Parcel, Gross ha ...... 108 Table 7-11 Staffing levels at each centre and available facilities ...... 116 Table 8-1 Criterion and Classification of Impacts ...... 125 Table 8-2A Impact Characterization: (A) BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 134 Table 8-3B: Impact Characterization: (B) SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 138 Table 9-1 Summary of Mitigation Measures ...... 153 Table 10-1 Environmental & Social Management Plan during the preparation/construction phase ...... 159 Table 10-2 Environmental & Social Management Plan during the preparation/construction phase ...... 163 Table 10-3 Environmental & Social Management Plan during the operation phase ...... 165 Table 10-4 Environmental & Social Management Plan during the operation phase ...... 167 Table 10-5 Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 169
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3-1 Diagrammatic Representation of IDSP Irrigation Schemes ...... 34 Figure 4-1 Comparison of MET Dept. of Zambia rainfall data with NASA TRMM database ...... 55 Figure 4-2 Mwomboshi Sub-Catchments & locations of proposed monitoring gauges ...... 55 Figure 4-3 Mwomboshi Sub-Catchment M, being the area between new dam & Buchcut Dam ... 56 Figure 4-4 Water balance components for Mwomboshi Dam ...... 58 Figure 4-5 Mwomboshi reservoir area & volume curves (Z&AP Anton. & L.P. et al., 2013) ...... 59 Figure 4-6 Area vs. Volume relationship for Mwomboshi Reservoir ...... 59 Figure 4-7 Comparison of spreadsheet & WRSM2000 generated reservoir volumes Yield- reliability analysis with proposed dam in place ...... 60 Figure 4-8 Scenario 2 Yield-Reliability curves for direct abstractions ...... 62 Figure 5-1 Mwomboshi catchment subdivisions incorporating positions of Sites I, II, and III ...... 66 Figure 5-2 Hose furrow system for Tier 1 ...... 71 Figure 5-3 Hose move sprinkler system for Tier 2 ...... 73 Figure 7-1 Rainfall recording stations in the vicinity of the Mwomboshi Catchment ...... 87 Figure 7-2 Typical rock types in project area ...... 91 Figure 7-3 Sections of the Mwomboshi River with pond of water ...... 92 Figure 7-4 Existing dam at Bushcut Farms (November, 2013) ...... 96 Figure 7-5 Map for Vegetation of the Project Area ...... 97 Figure 7-6 Remains of Miombo in heavily utilised area ...... 98 Figure 7-7 Map of Protected Areas around Mwomboshi project area ...... 100 Figure 7-8 Population of Residential Areas in Mwomboshi ...... 104 Figure 7-9 Years of Residence by Age ...... 104 Figure 7-10 Years of Residence by Age and Village ...... 105 Figure 7-11 Tribal Affiliation by Village ...... 106 Figure 7-12 Years of Residence by Age and Tribal Affiliation ...... 106
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Figure 7-13 Family Relationship to Household Head ...... 107 Figure 7-14 Cattle Ownership by Tribal Affiliation ...... 108 Figure 7-15 Location of the four villages impacted by the project, from west to east ...... 109 Figure 7-16 Cattle Ownership by Village ...... 110 Figure 7-17 Sheep and Goat Ownership by Tribal Affiliation ...... 110 Figure 7-18 Sheep and Goat Ownership by Village ...... 111 Figure 7-19 Age Distribution by Sex ...... 111 Figure 7-20 Frequency of Reported Household Members ...... 112 Figure 7-21 Educational Grade Reported as Attained ...... 113 Figure 7-22 Accidents, Disabilities and Sickness ...... 113 Figure 7-23 Mwomboshi Health Post ...... 115 Figure 7-24 Diarrhea in Mwomboshi ...... 118 Figure 7-25 Malaria Cases by Age (Source: Lusitu RHC) ...... 119 Figure 7-26 Pheumonia Cases in Mwomboshi ...... 120
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ACRONYMS
AFLEG African Forest Law Enforcement and Governance BOQ Bill of Quantities CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCD Convention to Combat Desertification CP&CB Community Participation and Capacity Building DACO District Agriculture Coordinator EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GDP Gross Domestic Product GI Galvanised Steel GIS Geographical Information System GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia HDPE High Density Polyéthylène HH Household Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency HIV/AIDS Syndrome IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICBP International Council for Bird Preservation IDA International Development Association IDSP Irrigation Development Support Project IFC International Finance Corporation IPMP Integrated Pest Management Plan IPS Irrigation Policy and Strategy ISF Investment Support Fund
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IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature LDPE Low Density Polyéthylène MAL Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency NAP National Agricultural Policy NIP National Irrigation Plan NWP National Water Policy O&M Operation and Maintenance OP Operational Procedure PAPs Project Affected Persons PPP Public Private Partnership RAP Resettlement Action Plan SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio SCAFE Soil Conservation and Agro-Forestry Extension SCCI Seed Control and Certification Institute SNDP Sixth National Development Plan SOFRECO Societé Française de Réalisation, d’Etudes et de Conseil ToR Terms of Reference WARMA Water Resources Management Authority WCHN World Cultural and Natural Heritage WUG Water User Groups ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency
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PROJECT BRIEF NOTES
Proponent: Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL), Zambia Ministry Of Agriculture and Livestock (Mal) Mulungushi House, Independence Rd, 3rd Floor, Box 50291 Lusaka. Developer’s Contact Person: Ms Deborah Phiri, Safeguard Specialist, +260-211-251629, +260-211-252029 +260 977988114 Project Location: Chisamba District, Central Province, Zambia Project Summary: The central concept of IDSP involve re-allocation of land and water resources for irrigated agriculture under a partnership arrangement between the Government, private operators and communities. Under this project different types of farms (i.e. Tier 1 to 4) are envisaged : . Tier 1 will be for smallholder farmers who wish to take up irrigated agriculture using mainly family labour, with individually farmed plots of 1 ha or less, using surface irrigation to grow vegetables and other high value crops; . Tier 2 will consist of larger plots of between one and five hectares each, for cultivation by emerging small-scale commercial farmers or small groups of neighbouring farmers, using sprinkler irrigation systems and hired labour to profitably grow mainly field crops; . Tier 3 will consist of large plots of at least 60 ha each under centre-pivot irrigation operated by a private company that will eventually be wholly owned by the community but initially will be jointly owned with a private sector investor; and . Tier 4 will consist entirely of existing large-scale commercial farmers who will share the infrastructure provided under the project – on a full cost recovery basis –thereby permitting economy of scale in the investment. Estimated Capital investment and Project Commencement Date: Approximate project cost is US$78.1 million. Project commencement date is 2014
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ESIA Study Consultant: SOFRECO (Societé Française de Réalisation, d’Etudes et de Conseil)
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
GENERAL The Government of the Republic of Zambia recognizes Agriculture as one of the priority sectors owing to its contribution to national socio-economic development. Statistics show that 80 percent of the population is dependent on agriculture with about 70 percent of the country’s labour force being employed in the sector. However, seasonal rainfall variability makes agricultural production in Zambia vulnerable especially that almost 70 % of food crops are produced by traditional farmers who depend on dry land farming. Coupled to this are re-occurrences of droughts over the past decades resulting in food insecurity thereby threatening 80 percent of the population. Recognising the important role agriculture plays and in light of the challenges the Sector has been facing, The Government has sourced funds to undertake an irrigation scheme project at three selected sites across the country (i.e. Lusitu in Lusaka province, Mwomboshi in Central province and Musakashi on the Copperbelt). The thrust behind the proposed Irrigation Scheme project is pro-poor economic growth through increased yields per hectare and value of diverse products marketed by smallholders benefitting from investments in irrigation. PROJECT DETAILS The project will be implemented by Ministry of Agriculture (MAL) and Livestock under the project ‘Irrigation Development Support Project (IDSP)’. While the operationalization of the proposed project will be facilitated by government through MAL, ownership of the project at operation will be shared among the local communities, Private Sector i.e. commercial farmers as well as government. The Mwomboshi project site, located 28km north of Chisamba town in Chibombo District, at latitude 4°47’46” south and longitude 28°19’44” east, and at an elevation of 1,080masl will constitute four land divisions known as tiers: . Tier 1 being for smallholder farmers who wish to take up irrigated agriculture using mainly family labour, with individually farmed plots of 1 ha or less, using surface irrigation to grow vegetables and other high value crops; . Tier 2 consisting of larger plots of between one and five hectares each, for cultivation by emerging small-scale commercial farmers or small groups of neighbouring farmers, using sprinkler irrigation systems and hired labour to profitably grow mainly field crops;
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. Tier 3 consisting of large plots of at least 60 ha each under centre-pivot irrigation operated by a private company that will eventually be wholly owned by the community; and . Tier 4: entirely consisting of existing large-scale commercial farmers who will benefit from the irrigation infrastructure provided under the project – on a full cost recovery basis. Key features of the project will include; A large dam 60 Mm3 capacity, with a crest of 1.7 km in length and 27m in height, main pump station below the dam wall, three reservoirs, twelve secondary pump-stations, as well as irrigation fields. Mwomboshi Irrigation Scheme with total area 1500 ha (phase One), will have an estimated investment cost of US$ 78.1 million and is expected to commence by the end of 2014. THE EIA AND STAKEHOLDER OUTCOME Identification of potential environmental (socio-economic and biophysical) impacts, contemplation of environmentally sound options for the design detail, and identification of issues of concern for Interested and Affected Parties (IAPs) and stakeholders involved undertaking a scoping exercise that included review of the project literature, targeted consultations with the relevant authorities and stakeholders and public consultation in form of open meetings. Arising out of this, most stakeholders expressed concern regarding: resettlement and land re- organisation that will accompany the irrigation development; re-organisation of common rights to fuel wood; grazing land and other common resources; Impact on vulnerable groups, social services; and need for capacity building. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES “Without Project” and “With project” The “NO’’ project Option or the ‘‘do nothing’’ alternative, is the current state of affairs and entails the irrigation potential for the land not being fully utilised. On the contrary, the ‘with project’ option entails increased economic activity, improved income generation and improved livelihood. Consequently this entails perpetual poverty among the local community. Beneficiaries will include substantial numbers of female headed households, female farmers and female micro-entrepreneurs, youth, HIV/AIDS affected households and other vulnerable groups. Comparing the two options, the ‘with project’ option was preferred. Project Site Alternatives Availability of suitable soils, climate and terrain for irrigation, optimal cost of implementation, availability of water, and minimum disturbance to biophysical and socio-economic environments, offered by Mwomboshi site made it a preferred option. The option to construct the IDSP irrigation scheme elsewhere was found to be economically and socially unviable as it falls short of providing a comparable site that meets standard criteria for construction of irrigation scheme and associated infrastructure. Alternative Processes Direct abstraction of water from Mwomboshi River using a pump as an option was found not to be ideal because no irrigation will be possible during the dry season when flow in the river is at its minimum. Abstraction from groundwater was found to be inappropriate for purposes of the project which seeks to expand irrigated land by more than 100ha due to relative poor groundwater yield in the area.
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Rainwater harvesting was found to be inappropriate for commercial agricultural purposes even though it’s good for domestic purposes. River impoundment guarantees availability of adequate water throughout the year for meaningful irrigation and livestock maintenance River impoundment was therefore found to be appropriate for Mwomboshi site. Technological Alternatives Centre pivot as an option has a high initial capital investment cost but its high in water application efficiency and can cover a large area of land e.g. the 50ha plus earmarked for tier 4 while conserving water for other users that include the environment. Flood irrigation has the lowest capital investment cost and water utilisation efficiency and environmentally unsound as it deprives other users much needed water resources. Sprinkler irrigation has a moderate capital investment requirement and can equally be applied to sizeable large areas of land (ideal for more than 1ha to 5ha of land) can have high water application efficiency. This option will equally be applied at all the three project sites for a particular category of farmers that will be involved in irrigating. Consideration was also given to alternative the type of pumps. Pumps can be submerged with motors and controls on the platform (vertical axis centrifugal pumps). One drawback with the shore-based option is the use of submersible pumps and motors which are more expensive to purchase and maintain than standard centrifugal pumps. Submersible motors tend to burn-out more frequently, and often need to be replaced rather than re-wound. Irrigation Field System Alternatives: Hose-furrow (proposed for Tier 1): provides better control of water application and improved efficiency than traditional flood irrigation and has low-tech and easy to maintain thus justified as best option for Tier 1. Hose-move sprinkler: The system is easy to operate as the laterals do not require moving, only the sprinklers which are mounted on tripods, every 6 hours and one worker can irrigate up to 5.4 ha (48 sprinklers). Small centre pivots (for Tier 2): Centre pivots have a higher efficiency (85%) than normal sprinkler layouts and cause less soil damage, labour requirement is very low, allowing one operator to control several pivots. Centre Pivots (proposed for Tier 3 and 4): Centre-pivots, have ease of operation, high efficiency and low labour requirement make them the first choice if water availability is more limiting than land but have high initial cost. IMPACTS/ MITIGATIONS MEASURES Major Impacts – Construction Stage . Employment Opportunities; MAL should ensure good agricultural practices, efficient as well as effective management system are adopted to sustain productivity; . Economic Growth at local and national level ; MAL should adopt a robust and profit oriented marketing system for agricultural yields to ensure high returns in order to contribute to the national treasury; . Skills Transfer to Local People; MAL should ensure there is skill transfer through an elaborate training programme under a dedicated overall project component; . Displacement of Households, Loss of community assets such houses, meeting shelters and burial sites: Relocation and compensation of affected persons should be carried out through an elaborated RAP;
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. Loss of livelihood for vulnerable groups in the short term: Alleviating negative impacts on vulnerable groups should be done through training, land reorganisation and entitlement to resources as part of project design; . Disturbance of cultural and archaeological sites: MAL should take a precautionary measure i.e. should any effect of historical nature be discovered during construction, relevant authorities (National Heritage Conservation Commission) should be notified immediately by MAL; . Increased HIV/AIDs and other STDs: MAL should ensure that the contractor (as part of the contract) sensitise workers and the communities on the dangers of HIV/AIDs and other STDs; . Re-establishment and regulation of environmental flow downstream: MAL should ensure that Mwomboshi dam operation rules are observed according to Water Resources Management Authority regulations; . Increased access to water for livestock and wildlife; MAL should sensitise the community about conservation of water resources through a dedicated awareness programme; . Loss of indigenous flora (biodiversity & forest ecosystem): Contract signed by MAL for construction should ensure that the contractor limits clearance of vegetation only to critical areas; awareness campaigns among staff and community on the need to conserve nature and adopt strict good practices in conservation are conducted by the contractor; . Groundwater Pollution: MAL should ensure all machinery and equipment at site are regularly maintained by contractor, limit servicing and repair of machinery and equipment to designated areas and dispose any used oil at a designated place in accordance with environmental regulations; . Disturbance to fauna habitat especially insects, reptiles such as lizards and small mammals: MAL should ensure the contractor limit clearance of vegetation only to critical areas, Conduct awareness campaigns among staff and community on the need to conserve nature; . Loss of agricultural and grazing fields: MAL should implement recommendations made in the RAP that include–Replacement of land through reorganisation and compensation for relocation. Major Impacts – Operation Stage . Economic multiplier effects at the national level: MAL should embark on an expansion and replication of the initiative that will resulting in demand for more inputs such as seed, chemicals, farm equipment and associated services. This will result in a chain effect by creating demand for inputs from other firms who in turn be made to increase their production levels by acquiring more equipment and employing more staff. This will have an economic multiplier effect on the general economy of the country; . Employment, skills transfer and human resource capacity development: Development of human resource capacity through establishment of a robust human resources development plan and incorporate systems to ensure that human resource development is carried out correctly must be top on the agenda for MAL. This should be done in a manner that will boost efficiency and effectiveness of crop production processes in the scheme; . Enhanced household incomes and food security: Expand crop production levels by increasing the number of agricultural fields under irrigation and purposefully MAL should employ more women where appropriate. Employing more women will have a direct positive impact on the income of the household and improve the welfare of children;
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. Loss of Biodiversity: Ensure that appropriate land management practices including preservation of strips of undisturbed vegetation are fully embraced. This will provide an environment for restoring woodland belts and interconnectivities critical for sustaining wildlife, creating positive biodiversity consequently enhancing sustainable agricultural production through soil improvement and natural controls on pests and diseases; . Technology impacts to soil structure: MAL should ensure good agricultural practices that include limited tillage and strict nutrient management are applied. As a result, there will be fewer impacts on the soil structure. Embrace new technology on the market and invest in best practices in managing water resources for efficient and effective utilization of water resources; . Soil erosion and siltation: In consultation and guidance from Forestry Dept., MAL should carry out reforestation of the disturbed area after construction activities, Limit movement of heavy machinery only to designated access routes and operational areas; . Impact due to use of pesticide and herbicide: Working with relevant authorities, MAL should ensure that recommended dosage and frequency of application of agro chemicals are observed ensure recommended types of agro-chemicals are used and conduct awareness campaign among communities on dangers of agro chemicals. Avoid use of highly toxic pesticides and instead promote use of botanical pesticides particularly for Tier 1 and 2; . Over use of fertilizers: MAL should encourage practice conservation and green farming, encourage organic farming, careful choice of crops which replenish soil fertility as well as use organic fertilizers. This would be more practical for Tier 1 and 2; . Soil degradation from inappropriate land use practices: MAL through its extension services should ensure that use of inappropriate methods of farming by communities in surrounding areas is avoided as it poses a risk of erosion and river siltation that may affect ecological biodiversity. Conduct sensitization programmes and training in good agricultural practices; . Groundwater Pollution: Ensure dam operation rules are adhered to in accordance with Water Resources Management Authority regulations. Also ensure that wood is cleared from the dam area that will be inundated prior to filling of the dam; . Change in geomorphic processes in dambos, streams and Mwomboshi River: Ensure good agricultural practices that minimise the risk of soil erosion. Ensure layout of agricultural fields is restricted to areas that are generally flat with good drainage whilst areas with steep slopes should be avoided. However, activities by communities in surrounding areas pose a risk to geomorphic processes; . Loss of biodiversity and species of special concern: Ecological surveys showed no serious loss of species of special concern, and other species important to ecosystem functioning that may have resulted in loss of biodiversity. However, Mal should ensure that clearance of vegetation is limited to critical areas designated for development; . Loss and fragmentation of sensitive habitats: Two habitats were identified as sensitive in Mwomboshi area; riparian vegetation and Dambo grasslands. These areas are important in maintaining the ecosystem functions were appropriate should ensure that development designs preserve these areas as much as possible; . Impact on faunal diversity loss: To avoid loss of faunal diversity should ensure that the EMP is implemented fully;
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. Loss of productive land: Mainly low lying swampy land will be lost but the ultimate benefits of the dam outweigh this loss. The loss of cropping land will be more offset by increased production from irrigated land, and the income will mitigate the loss of livestock production. CONCLUSION It is the opinion of the ESIA study team that social economic and environmental impacts from the proposed project can effectively be managed and reduced to acceptable levels as long as proposed measures are implemented. Consequently, the benefits arising from operations of Mwomboshi Irrigation Scheme as a developmental project outweigh environmental costs.
SIGN:…………………………… Dr Barnabas MULENGA Designation: Project Co-ordinator, IDSP Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Tel:+260 211 251 629
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ESIA TEAM MEMBERS
------SIGN: SIGN: NAME: Eng. Kenneth Nyundu NAME: Robert Walton POSITION: Environmental Expert (Team Leader) POSITION: Social Scientist
------SIGN: SIGN: NAME: Chuma Simukonda NAME: Chisanga Siwale POSITION: Ecologist POSITION: Hydrologist
------SIGN: SIGN: NAME: Mr Francois Gadelle NAME: Richard Denly POSITION: Irrigation Engineer POSITION: Agronomist
------SIGN: SIGN: NAME: Wilfred Manda NAME: Bernard Callist (Dr) POSITION: Health Expert POSITION: Cultural Expert
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------SIGN: NAME: Edwin Nyirednda (Dr) POSITION: Hydrological Modeller
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1.1.1 Policy Context and Development Strategy Agriculture contributes significantly to socio-economic development of Zambia. Statistics show that 80% of the population is dependent on agriculture with about 70% of the country’s labour force being employed in the sector. It contributes about 40% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 12% of export earnings. In spite of this, the growth of the agriculture sector has been slower than other sectors such as mining, construction, and services. Since the sector employs about 70% of the labour force and supplies raw materials to agro-industries accounting for about 84% of the manufacturing value-added in the country, this slower growth is said to be hindering economic development and instead accentuating poverty which affects over 80% of rural people. Statistics show that out of the national population of 13.8 million, about 60% are based on smallholder farms cultivating two ha or less of dry land farming and dependant on agriculture or agriculture- related activities for their livelihoods. Therefore, any strategy to reduce poverty and accelerate economic growth must allocate a leading role to the agriculture sector particularly the smallholder agriculture and infrastructure development. 1.1.2 Characteristics of the Agriculture Sector The majority of Zambia’s rural population of about 8.3 million people cultivate on customary land occupying about 29.7 million ha with limited agricultural potential and characterised by low input-low output agriculture. On the contrary, most of the good quality land (15.6 million ha) is State land and farms which are centrally located adjacent to the mining and urban areas while the other good quality land is in the enormous area devoted to game and forestry (28.6 million ha) and therefore unavailable. Furthermore, Zambia’s agricultural sector is characterised by a long history of expensive input, price controls, subsidy programmes and periodic export bans thus undermining efforts to invest in productive agriculture. Furthermore, the geography of land tenure, land resources and population distribution hinders efforts to achieve equitable agricultural development. With a total land area of 75.3 million ha, Zambia has 43.7 million ha that is said to have potential for agricultural production (NIP, 2005).
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However, despite this huge potential that exist for agriculture in Zambia, limited access to affordable credit, especially for small and medium-scale farmers; High dependence on rain fed agriculture/limited utilization of irrigation; Limited access to markets for small-scale farmers; and Low productivity remain to be challenging factors to productive agriculture in Zambia. Despite numerous efforts made in the past to improve agricultural production; Institutional constraints and poor incentives at scheme level that resulted in poor operation and maintenance (O&M) and therefore poor sustainability; Lack of skills in irrigated production; Poor market access owing to weak organisation of value chains, which negatively affected profitability; Problems of contract enforcement for the growing practice of contract farming; and Limited access to affordable short and long-term credit has constrained positive performance in the sector. 1.1.3 Policy Responses As part of measures to address the earlier highlighted challenges in the agricultural sector, the Government put in place policies, plans and strategies such as the National Water Policy, National Irrigation Plan, the Sixth National Plan just to mention a few. The National Water Policy (NWP) of 2011 promotes a holistic approach to management of the water sector by signaling the economic value and costs of water. It focusses on: . Water resources management; . Rural water supply and sanitation; . Urban water supply and sanitation. The National Irrigation Plan (NIP) (2005) is a sub set of the National Agricultural Policy (NAP) 2004-15 and part of a broader water resources action plan to develop and manage more sustainably the country’s water resources. The NIP advocates for interventions that include all categories of producers in areas with development potential, and focus on Public Private Partnership (PPP) for leverage of public investment if the high investment and management costs of irrigation could be managed. It calls for capacity-building through knowledge share and training and further recommends a package of economic instruments, including a reduction in energy costs and taxes for irrigation in order for Zambia to attain comparative advantage for import substitution or for export promotion. With these interventions, it is estimated that irrigated land in Zambia would increase by 70,000 ha (NIP, 2005). The Revised Sixth National Development Plan 2011-15 (SNDP) is a strategic framework for “sustained economic growth and poverty reduction” focussing on Water Resources Management and Development and Water Supply and Sanitation. For the agriculture sector, its goal is to “increase and diversify agriculture production and productivity so as to raise the share of its contribution to 30% of GDP by end-2015.” And irrigation is seen as a strategy for achieving a number of objectives outlined in the SNDP, including: . Achieving sustainable water resource development for social and economic development; . Providing water for productive use; . Increasing productivity and export of non-traditional export crops; . Increasing quality livestock numbers; and . Increasing crop productivity.
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As part of the SNDP, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) aims to construct 30 irrigation schemes through the Sustainable Land and Water Management Programme across the whole country with the aim fo increasing the irrigable area from 173,000 ha in 2011 to 187,500 ha by 2015. 1.1.4 The Proposed Project in the National Context The proposed project has all the features designed specifically to conform to national policy documents in which these features are rooted. These include: . Developing the natural resource taking advantage of Zambia’s irrigation potential; . Developing PPP to improve the leverage of government investment in irrigation development; . Involving the private sector in irrigation to improve implementation efficiency, realise benefits of scale in production and therefore accelerate economic growth; . Promoting irrigation schemes (and farm blocks) with a mix of commercial and smallholder farms to exploit the advantages of both production systems; . Promoting irrigation investment for smallholders on customary land by adjusting tenure arrangements (on a site-by-site basis) to a form of leasehold (e.g. community or cooperative trusts) which will improve the security of land users; and . Supporting water charging for irrigation to encourage users to pay the full costs of water supply. In line with the above, the proposed schemes are innovative and inclusive in design and will be financed through a PPP arrangement with a provision for both commercial and smallholder farmers. Irrigation management entities will ipso facto allow the State to charge for the use of water used on the irrigation scheme at its full supply cost, though there may be some initial cross-subsidy between commercial and smallholder farmers to allow the latter to accumulate operational capital. 1.1.5 The Proposed Project in the Local Context The proposed project is well supported at local level even though it took a bit of time to win the support currently being demonstrated. This is because the project was designed and sponsored at Ministerial level. Project areas were identified through a national screening process in which Provincial and District authorities were consulted but did not participate in final decision making. As a result, the proposed project is not reflected in developmental budgets of targeted districts. Nevertheless, the (District Agriculture Coordinator) DACO’s office is privy to MAL’s project planning as it affects the DACO’s District. In an effort to seek support and involvement of the districts, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL) organised a national level workshop in November 2012 attended by the District Commissioner, District technical officers and the affected Chief to discuss project implementation with MAL and the Consultants charged with furthering project design. Support for the project was unanimous and District Council technical staff have since then been participating in project activities.
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1.2 Project Design Concept 1.2.1 Principles The project design concept is based on four principles: . First, smallholder irrigated agriculture can only be sustainable if the users pay for irrigation water and real Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs and still make sufficient profit to provide an incentive to irrigate. This implies a need for improved support services, increased productivity, and improved access to markets, better prices through value addition, realistically priced water and more cost effective O&M than hitherto; . Second, successful smallholder irrigation demands professional irrigation services which can best be provided by a commercial private sector operator rather than by the public sector, although economy of scale is required; . Third, results are enhanced by inclusiveness involving all farming sectors, both men and women and by exploiting synergies between smallholders, emergent and large-scale commercial farmers; . Fourth, development can only be successful if the communities concerned feel a sense of ownership. This requires that they be empowered to take informed decisions on matters (including land and water allocation) that affect their livelihoods and that these decisions are respected in the planning process. 1.2.2 Beneficiaries and Target Groups Direct beneficiaries of the project will include: . 3,592 people from villages that include Hankwa, Toba, Malama and Kalimina. According to the census conducted in the area during the RAP exercise from 26th August to 24th September 2013, 3,592 people in 618 households were counted within the dam catchment; . 42 500 people who belong to smallholder farmer households with direct access to irrigated land; . 26 500 people who belong to households with employees engaged as workers on the irrigated land; and . A further 1 000 people who belong to households that are not involved in farming, but who will be able to establish micro-enterprises with project support. At the Mwomboshi site, a total of 3,592 people in 618 households were recorded in the RAP Census concluded on 24th September 2013. All of these will project beneficiaries with access to irrigation allocations in Tier 1. In addition there will be good opportunities for farm labour on Tier 2 and 3: about 75,000 labour days per year are expected to be required, compared with 85,000 labour days on Tier 1. The number of future micro-enterprises has not yet been established but opportunities are expected to be significantly increased through IDSP’s Irrigation Investment Trust. The direct beneficiaries will include substantial numbers of female headed households, female farmers and female micro-entrepreneurs, youth, HIV/AIDS affected households and other vulnerable groups. The project will mainstream these groups as direct beneficiaries by providing equal opportunities in general (for example access to irrigated land) and special attention and support where appropriate.
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Indirect beneficiaries of the project will include: . Supply and value chain stakeholders who will benefit from increased supplies and business opportunities generated by the irrigation schemes and the supporting infrastructure; and . Consumers (particularly in urban areas) who will benefit from improved supplies of agricultural products. 1.3 Agriculture and Irrigation Potential The Government of the Republic of Zambia recognizes Agriculture as one of the priority sectors as it contributes significantly to socio-economic development of the country. As earlier stated, statistics show that 80 percent of the population is dependent on agriculture with about 70 percent of the country’s labour force being employed in the sector. However, seasonal rainfall variability makes agricultural production in Zambia vulnerable especially that almost 70 per cent of food crops are produced by traditional farmers who depend on dry land farming. This is evidenced by the limited number of irrigation schemes across the country shown in Figure 1-1. Coupled to this are re-occurrences droughts over the past decades resulting in food insecurity thereby threatening 80 percent of the population. Even if these statistics may have improved slightly due to increased agricultural activities in recent years, there is still an opportune time for more investment in the sector taking advantage of the enabling environment and maximize the irrigation potential to expand on current agricultural production levels. Zambia ranks quite low in the region regarding overall water storage capacity and number of dams in existence. Statistics show that of the 58% of land suited for arable use, only 14% is being utilised and less than 5% is under irrigation (NIP, 2005). This goes to show that the irrigation potential in Zambia remains underdeveloped (See figure 1-11). In response, the Government of the Republic of Zambia has put in place policies and legislation that have created an enabling environment for boosting irrigated agriculture. The intervention now enables farmers to partner with financial institutions for purposes of accessing funds to invest in agriculture development especially infrastructure such as water storage reservoirs to minimize dependence on rain fed agriculture. This has created an investment opportunity in the agricultural sector. 1.4 Location and Layout It is envisaged that the overall Irrigation Development Support Project (IDSP) would be done in phases. For the proposed project being phase one, the study area include three sites identified as being suitable for the proposed irrigation schemes. These are located in Lusaka, Central and Copperbelt Provinces of Zambia. This report focuses on Mwomboshi project site located in Chisamba District in Central Province encompassing the left and right banks of Mwomboshi River. Refer to figure 1-2 for the location map for all three project sites2.
1 Figure 1-1 is available in Annex 1: Maps folder. 2 See Figure 1-2: Location of IDSP Group 1 Sites in Annex 1: Maps folder.
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The Mwomboshi project site will constitute four land divisions known as tiers. The site is located on the Mwomboshi River, 28 km north of Chisamba central Business centre in Chisamba District, at latitude 4°47’46” south and longitude 28°19’44” east, and at an elevation of 1,080 masl (location of proposed dam wall). The sites for Tiers 1 to 3 fall within the customary land on the left bank of the river, controlled by several communities under Chief Liteta, and can be accessed by using Great North Road off to Chisamba then proceeding using a gravel road. Tier 4 is within the commercial farming block on the south bank of the river, which is all state leasehold land. See the location map in figure 1-33. 1.5 Spatial Extent of the Study The spatial extent of the study area will be Mwomboshi River sub-catchment including Mwomboshi (1,555 ha of land to be developed) and surrounding areas in Chisamba district in Central province. 1.6 ESIA Study Objectives The objectives of the ESIA study were: . To review the project from an independent environmental and socio-economic viewpoint so as to identify and assess its potential positive and negative impacts and to recommend mechanisms to remove, or mitigate negative impacts; . To take environmental factors into consideration from the outset in order to optimise the functions of the project in the landscape; . To prevent polluting and nuisance impacts before they are realised; . Minimising these impacts where they are unavoidable; . To providing management tools for identified environmental risks and hazards; . To develop monitoring tools to optimise project operations that also minimise environmental, social, environmental extreme event and hazards; . To provide baseline data and anticipate project outcomes in a manner that permits a full assessment of the acceptability of the project to Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA), other regulatory agencies and to the general public; . Characterise the social set up of communities from within and surrounding areas; and . Establish the cultural dynamism of the communities from within and surrounding areas. 1.7 Project Justification Farming requires heavy capital investment and many times beyond affordability of many household level farmers as well as small scale farmers. This being the case, these groups of farmers lack necessary technical know-how, inputs, equipment and irrigation infrastructure to necessitate sustainable agriculture. As a result, these farmers most often attain crop yields below optimum. With this realisation, Government has sourced funds to undertake an irrigation scheme project at three selected sites across the country, of which Mwomboshi Irrigation Scheme is one.
3 Figure 1-3 is available in Annex 1: Maps folder.
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The thrust behind the proposed project is pro-poor economic growth through increased yields per hectare and value of diverse products marketed by smallholders benefitting from investments in irrigation in selected sites served by the project. Besides, the National Irrigation Policy states that of the 58% of land suited for arable use, only 14% is currently being utilised and less than 5% is under irrigation in Zambia. This means that 5% of arable land is under irrigation at most during the eight months of dry season. This is against the backdrop of Zambia’s irrigation potential estimated at over 423,000 hectares. Most of the irrigated land is under large scale commercial operation while most small scale farmers are generally constrained to growing only one crop cycle annually of generally low-value crops with yields mainly affected by variation in rain pattern. Thus, making farming for small scale farmers unprofitable. Therefore, the proposed project if implemented will contribute to an increase in land under irrigation and wealth creation among targeted beneficiaries. 1.8 EIA Scope and Approach 1.8.1 Scoping Studies The Scoping exercise aimed at identifying potential environmental (socio- economic and biophysical) impacts, contemplate environmentally considerate options for the design detail, and identify issues of concern for Interested and Affected Parties (IAPs) and stakeholders. The scoping exercise included review of the project literature, targeted consultations with the relevant authorities and stakeholders and open meetings. The environmental scoping process provided an opportunity for stakeholders to get clear, accurate and understandable information about the expected environmental issues or impacts of the proposed project; voice their concerns and to raise questions regarding the project; suggest ways for reducing or mitigating any negative impacts and for enhancing its positive impacts. At the same time it provided an opportunity for MAL to incorporate the needs, preferences and values of IAPs into their planning and design decisions. This process is vital for ensuring transparency and accountability in decision-making and creating sense of ownership among the community. 1.8.2 Approach The approach to the scoping exercise was done step-wise starting with a reconnaissance survey for appreciating the project area, followed by initial meetings with public officials and local leadership in the project area and lastly general consultative public meetings. The reconnaissance survey served as the stepping stone for the team to understand the socio-economic context of the project site, determine the existing governance regimes and structures in the area as well as to engage the leadership in the process of consultations for their support and cooperation. Besides, engaging the local leadership afforded the team to appreciate community structures and the acceptable way of engaging them into consultations During the consultative public meeting at the project site, the ESIA Scooping team gave presentations on the project detailing the project details and expected effects. The participants were there after accorded a chance to seek clarification,
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ask questions or voice their concerns on any issue regarding the proposed IDSP project. The discussions were conducted in a participatory manner with every individual having an equal opportunity to take up the floor and address the audience. In general the discussions focused on: . Explaining the nature of the proposed IDSP project; . Determining major environmental impacts likely to arise as a result of the project activities; . Determining level of acceptance of the project among the community; . Establishing existing infrastructure such as schools, clinics and churches that may be affected by the project; . Determining employment opportunities; . Determining benefits and liabilities that may arise from the project. For the minutes of the consultative meetings held at Mwomboshi project site refer to the Annex 16. 1.8.3 Outcome of Stakeholder Consultations The concern of most participants was related to the resettlement and land re- organisation that will accompany the irrigation development; re-organisation of common rights to fuel wood, grazing land and other common resources; Impacts on vulnerable groups, social services; and need for capacity building. Concerns about resettlement and land reorganisation will be addressed during the implementation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), the procedures for which are not part of these terms of reference, though an assessment of the measures included in the RAP taken to alleviate negative social impacts (including those on the provision of social services) and their adequacy is clearly part of the ESIA. Alleviating negative impacts on vulnerable groups is a cross cutting issue which involves training, land reorganisation and entitlement to resources. Very little direct concern was raised in affected communities about direct and indirect environmental impact of the proposed project. For a summary of issues raised during the consultative meeting see Table 1-1. 1.8.4 Outcome of ESIA Disclosure Meeting The ESIA disclosure meeting, are an important step in the consultative process of the ESIA development. The disclosure was necessary as a means to make the findings of the ESIA study and recommendations contained therein public to interested and affected parties. This was aimed at ensuring that the findings and recommendations of the ESIA study are based on factual information and representative of the aspirations of the stakeholders as part of the transparent consultative process. Key issues raised during the disclosure meeting were; . Water Availability: the need to ensure that Mwomboshi River has adequate water to fill the planned dam without affecting downstream users . Public Health: The area is prone from of bilharzia disease and the need to ensure that the creation of the dam does not make the problem worse. . Women Clubs: The need for the scheme to give special consideration to women initiative such clubs. . The need to relocate the affected Chabusha school to a new location acceptable to the community
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Table 1-1 Table Key Issues Raised at Scoping Meetings
Issue Issue Raised By Response by ESIA Team LUSITU PROJECT SITE 1. Land tenure and ownership Mr J. Simpopenda The RAP will recommend options based on mutual consultations with the concern 2. Need for capacity building for local people Mr Chikondi Capacity building for the local community is one of the IDSP components to be done 3. Lack of free land for resettlement in the area Mr Simuno Land will be found in consultation with the community and their traditional leadership 4. Need for special consideration for venerable groups such as the aged Mr Mukandela The ESIA study will pay particular attention to these groups and make recommendations 5. Need to leave room livestock grazing land Mr Gidion The issue was noted and due consideration will be given to this aspect 6. The need to ensure project design does not result into human animal conflict Mr Banda The ESIA study will make recommendations to avoid such conflicts
MUSAKASHI PROJECT SITE 7. Need to address the Land tenure and ownership Ms C. Chipanta The RAP will recommend options based on mutual consultations with the concern 8. Need to rebuild affected schools Mr G. Muhango The project will take care of all affected infrastructure including schools based on recommendation made by the RAP team 9. The need for clarity on resettlement terms Ms G. Mumba The resettlement terms will be defined based on a consultative process with all affected stakeholders 10. Need to leave provision for grazing land Ms E. Pande The ESIA study will make recommendations based on prevailing conditions and outcome of consultations with local people 11. The need to minimise disturbance to flora and fauna Mr Nyendwa The issue will be addressed through the ESIA study 12. Need for host communities to benefit Ms G. Mulenga The RAP will make recommendations based on their findings and consultations with affected persons.
MWOMBOSHI PROJECT SITE 13. Need to rebuild affected schools Mr Kalimina The project will take care of all affected infrastructure including schools based on recommendation made by the RAP team 14. Need for clear resettlement terms Mr Chilanga The RAP process will tackle the issue in detail and make recommendations 15. Lack of free land to resettle the affected persons Mr Kalimina Land for resettlement will be found in consultations with all stakeholders including local leadership 16. Need for special attention for vulnerable groups Ms Kalombe The ESIA study will take care of the issue and recommendations will be made
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1.9 Limitations to the ESIA The scope of this ESIA study covered social, cultural and ecological aspects. However, the study had its own limitations. One of the limiting factors regarding ecological aspects was the fact that the field surveys only covered flora and fauna species encountered during the survey period. Although flowering had finished for many plant species, there were few flowering plants observed. Therefore, there was high possibility that some plants and animal species were missed as the survey was done just in one season. The ideal situation is to sample in all the seasons of the year so as to cater for those species that are visible in a particular season. This is because no season specific survey can be expected to encounter all the fauna or flora occurring within a project area. With regard to social and cultural aspects, the limiting factor was the expanse of surrounding communities and accessibility. However, fruitful consultative meetings were held with sections of affected communities and resolutions made to the satisfaction of both the ESIA team and the communities. The other limiting factor was inadequate hydrological data for the project area. Very little secondary data was available and generating primary data requires field work for a number of hydrological years which was not possible under this project. 1.10 Project Proponent The proponent for the proposed IDSP project is the Ministry of Agriculture and livestock whose contact details are given in table 1-2 below. Over the years, the ministry has with support from cooperating partners developed a number of earth dams across the country to support irrigation and animal husbandry. The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL) comprises of ten departments each headed by a Director who reports to the Permanent Secretary.
Table 1-2 Contact Details of the Applicant
Name of Facility Irrigation Development Support Project for Group 1 Sites Location MWOMBOSHI IN CHISAMBA DISTRICT Province SOUTHERN, CENTRAL AND COPPERBELT PROVINCES Project Proponent MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK Address MULUNGUSHI HOUSE, INDEPENDENCE RD, 3RD FLOOR BOX 50291 LUSAKA. Contact Person MS DEBORAH PHIRI Designation SAFEGUARD SPECIALIST Telephone Office +260-211-251629 Fax: +260-211-252029 Mobile : 0977988114
Email [email protected]
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2 PROJECT RATIONALE
2.1 Scope The proposed Mwomboshi irrigation scheme will have a tier arrangement system. The 1st tier being small-holders on plots up to 1 ha growing mainly subsistence crops but also cash crops for sale; the 2nd tier being emergent farmers or farmer- groups growing mainly cash crops for sale, possibly as out-growers for Tier 3; and a 3rd tier being a commercial operation with professional management, able to justify the investment in the scheme, cover the majority of operating costs, and provide services to both Tier 1 and 2. Unlike the other IDSP Group 1 sites (Lusitu and Musakashi), Mwomboshi will have a 4th tier of existing commercial farmers who wish to participate in the scheme and expand their irrigated area. The scheme with total area 1500ha (phase One), will be supplied by a large dam of 60 million m3 covering an area of 11 km2. The proposed area of the each tier is shown in table 2-1 below.
Table 2-1 Proposed Tiers for Mwomboshi
Tier Gross area Area Net irrigated area ha Tier 1, small-holder 422 402 Tier 2, emergent 320 319 Tier 3, commercial 936 936 Tier 4, commercial 3,406 3,406 Total 5,084 5,063 2.2 Overall Project Objective The objective of the Irrigation Development and Support Project (IDSP) is to increase yields per hectare and value of diverse products marketed by smallholders benefitting from investments in irrigation in all three selected high potential irrigation at the proposed Mwomboshi irrigation scheme to be served by the project. It also aims at sustaining the increase in agricultural incomes of smallholder farmers, thus, making the goal of the project to be pro-poor economic growth
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2.3 Project Ownership and Cost 2.3.1 Ownership and Implementation Date The project will be implemented by Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock under the project ‘Irrigation Development Support Project’. While the operationalization of the proposed project will be facilitated by government through MAL, ownership of the project at operation will be shared among the local communities, Private Sector i.e. commercial farmers as well as government. Note that project area land will is planned to be converted from customary to State land. The project preparation phase and construction phase is expected to start as soon as all relevant procedures and approvals are obtained from relevant authorities and other stakeholders. Thus, it is envisaged that commencement of the project will be before end of the year 2014. 2.3.2 Project Costs The basic investment cost of the proposed Mwomboshi Irrigation Scheme is estimated to be US$ 78.1 million. Cost calculated based on a Bill of Quantities (BOQ) which accumulates all the material and labour costs of the different systems of the irrigation scheme. This excludes the field application system on Tier 4 (not a project cost).
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3 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
3.1 The Project The Irrigation Policy and Strategy and National Irrigation Plan (NIP) gives clear guidance on the development of the irrigation sector in Zambia. The NIP advocates for inclusive interventions that target all types of farmers living in areas of high potential for irrigated agriculture, whether smallholders, emerging commercial or large scale commercial. It also encourages Public-Private partnerships and small-large scale farmer cooperative arrangements. In order to successfully implement the NIP, Government has sourced funds to undertake the IDSP project. The proposed project consists of three components namely i) Irrigation Development, ii) Smallholder Commercialization; and iii) Project Management. The project concept is based on two principles: . Smallholder irrigation schemes can only be sustainable if there is a firm commercial basis that enable beneficiaries to effectively pay for irrigation water and related services; and . The successful long-term management, operation and maintenance of smallholder irrigation schemes depends on clearly defined roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders, laid down in signed public private partnerships (PPP) type agreements between the government, smallholder farmers organized in water user organizations and professional service delivering entities; . The central concept of IDSP is the re-allocation of land and water resources for irrigated agriculture under a partnership arrangement between the Government, private operators and communities. To achieve this, the establishment of four categories of farms (i.e. Tier 1 to 4). Tier 1-3 is currently none existent and government will have to establish them; . Tier 1 will be for smallholder farmers who wish to take up irrigated agriculture using mainly family labour, with individually farmed plots of 1 ha or less, using surface irrigation to grow vegetables and other high value crops;
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. Tier 2 will consist of larger plots of between one and five hectares each, for cultivation by emerging small-scale commercial farmers or small groups of neighbouring farmers, using sprinkler irrigation systems and hired labour to profitably grow mainly field crops; and . Tier 3 will consist of large plots of at least 60 ha each under centre-pivot irrigation operated by a private company that will eventually be wholly owned by the community but initially will be jointly owned with a private sector investor. Apart from operating the Tier 3 farm as a commercial entity the company will also provide support services, such as input supply, extension, credit and marketing to the other two Tiers on a commercial (i.e. profit-making) basis; . Tier 4 (for Mwomboshi project site only) will entirely consist of existing large- scale commercial farmers who will benefit from the irrigation infrastructure provided under the project – initially on a partial recovery basis but later on a full cost recovery basis –thereby permitting economy of scale in the investment. . Bulk water Water source: e.g. infrastructure: river, dam, borehole pumping station, rising main – may also include canals & night storage reservoirs
Tier 3: Professionally managed block, typically under centre pivots, growing profitable cash crops and providing support services to Tier 1 and Tier 2 farmers
Tier 2: Emergent small-scale commercial Tier 1: Smallholder farmers on farmers on <5ha plots, typically under <1ha plots, typically surface sprinkler irrigation, growing profitable cash irrigated, growing profitable cash
crops – probably marketed through the crops – probably marketed through professionally managed farm. the professionally managed farm.
Figure 3-1 Diagrammatic Representation of IDSP Irrigation Schemes A private operator (the Concessionaire) will be contracted to construct and operate the bulk water supply and associated infrastructure. Bulk water assets will be owned by a special purpose vehicle in the form of a public utility company (UtilityCo) established to act as an interface between MAL and the Concessionaire. A farming company (FarmCo) will be responsible for the operation of Tier 3 farms and the provision of farming services to farmers on Tiers 1 and 2. It is expected that the Concessionaire and FarmCo would generally be the same entity in order to achieve economies of scale.
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3.2 Principal Components of the Project 3.2.1 Project Design The overall project design will include the following : . Irrigated agricultural support services The objective of this component is to provide knowledge and skills resources, and to strengthen beneficiary capacities to prepare and operate medium to large size smallholder irrigation schemes on a sustainable commercial basis through the use of PPPs. This component will specifically provide funding for:
Planning and preparation of the irrigation scheme, including: pre-feasibility studies, cadastral surveys, participatory planning; environmental and social management planning, resettlement planning/land consolidation and reallocation processes and PPP transaction advisory services, Professional scheme operation and marketing services using a PPP approach, including irrigation scheme development and O&M as well as the provision of support services (extension, credit and marketing) through strengthened market linkages, and Capacity building and empowerment for smallholder farmers, including: Training for Transformation (T4T), formation, and capacity building, Community Trusts, Water User Groups (WUGs), producer organizations and micro-enterprises. . Public infrastructure The objective of this component is to provide public infrastructure required for the establishment of medium to large-scale smallholder irrigation schemes using PPPs. The component will provide funding for:
Irrigation infrastructure development, including: bulk water storage and supply infrastructure; and roads within the scheme, Supporting infrastructure, including: irrigation site access roads; electrification; storage facilities, drinking water points, and Implementation of site specific Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) and Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs). . Private and cooperative investment The objective of this component is to facilitate private and cooperative investment in productive equipment and assets in and around irrigation schemes, and to stimulate the establishment of small agri-enterprises. The component will provide funding for:
Facilitating access to long-and short term finance, including the following: access to credit; networking and linking access to investment support, and Investment Support Fund (ISF), including conditional partial grants for: on- farm irrigation equipment; other on-farm equipment and assets; highly specialized production inputs; post-harvest and value adding equipment and assets; highly specialized essential inputs for production and marketing grant for non-traditional activities; and seed capital for small enterprise development. The fund includes a specialized window for women, youth and other vulnerable groups (previously resettled people).
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. Management and Coordination The objective of this component is to ensure efficient and timely project resources management and use in accordance with the project objectives and Bank and Government procedures to deliver expected results and outcome. It will also support the policy and institutional framework. The component will provide funding for:
Management of the project, Supporting refining of the policy and institutional framework, Safeguards issues, management and oversight, and Monitoring and evaluation. 3.3 Planned Project Components 3.3.1 Irrigation system The layout of the scheme on the left bank is shown in Figure 1-4 and Figure 1-64. A large dam wall, with a crest of 1.7 km in length and 27 m in height, is planned to be built across the Mwomboshi River at a point approximately 3 km upstream of the railway bridge. A main pump station below the dam wall will deliver water to tiers 1, 2 and 3 via force mains to reservoirs and secondary pump stations. The three tiers (1,2 and 3) on the left bank are integrated and spread over four communities, such that there are five sections of Tier 1, four sections of Tier 2, and four sections of Tier 3. The scheme is complex, with three reservoirs, twelve pump-stations, and thirteen sections which need to be supplied with water. As such, it is expected that an independent operator will be required to ensure equitable supply to all tiers, including Tier 4 in the south Tier 4 will be supplied by two pump-stations located on the southern margin of the reservoir, fed from excavated canals. These pump-stations will feed force mains to reservoirs within the farm-block. There is a combination of field-application systems proposed for the three tiers in the northern area, designed to suit the capacity and requirements of the farmers. These include hose-furrow for Tier 1, a combination of hose-move sprinklers and small centre-pivots for Tier 2, and standard centre pivots for Tier 3. Tier 4 will use centre-pivots, as is common practice in the area. Table 3-2 provides a summary of the various sections in the northern area, while table 3 gives the proposed expansion in Tier 4 as a result of the project, all of which is expected to be under centre-pivot.
4 Figures 1-4 and 1-6 are available in in Annex 1: Maps folder
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Table 3-1 Irrigation sections and their respective reservoirs & pump-stations
Reservoir Tier & Pump- Field application system & area (ha) Z&A section station T1 Hose- T2 Hose- T2 centre T3 drawing furrow move pivot centre- ref sprinkler (18.85ha) pivot (52ha) R1 T1.1 PS1.1 56 C2-1 T1.2 PS1.2 30 C2-2 T1.3 PS1.3 28 C2-3 T2.1 63 38 C3-1 T2.2 PS1.4 39 38 C3-2 T3.1 PS1.5 104 C4-1 R2 T1.4 PS2.1 163 C2-4 T3.2 PS2.2 416 C4-2 R3 T2.3 PS3.1 34 19 C3-3 T3.3 PS3.2 104 C4-3 T1.5 PS3.3 126 C2-5 T2.4 PS3.4 89 C3-4 T3.4 PS3.5 312 C4-4 TOTAL (ha) 402 225 94 936 C1
Table 3-2 Tier 4 existing and additional (proposed) irrigated areas (Z&A, 2013c)
Farm Irrigated area, ha Existing Proposed Auld Alliance 80 520 Lawmans 50 150 Sable 450 650 Lema 150 200 Vixers 135 600 Flimwell 50 500 Bushcut 250 296 Itifwala 10 40 Herdon 450 TOTAL 1,175 3,406
The layout is complex, as necessitated by the number of tiers and sections, and it will be challenging for the operator to maintain sufficient supply to all sections within a prescribed timetable. Therefore, the use of reservoirs is proposed to add significant flexibility to the scheme to ensure balanced water supply. This will require a high lift to convey water to the main reservoirs in the north: 47 m lift to Reservoir I from the main pump-station, and 51m lift to Reservoir 2. This entails significant energy requirement and pipeline costs. 3.3.2 Cropping patterns The Interim Report for IDSP Group 1 sites (Z&A 2013a) proposes cropping patterns with target yields for each of the three tiers. These are summarised in Table 3-3 to 3-6 below:
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Table 3-3 Proposed cropping pattern, Tier 1 (Z&A, 2013c)
Tier 1 Full planted Tot. 402 ha Year Full prod° Crop area, ha Unit 1 2 3 4+ capacity Maize 322 t/ha 3.2 4 6 8 2,573 Tomatoes 121 t/ha 15 25 30 35 4,221 Cabbage 121 '000 hds/ha 20 25 30 35 4,221 Okra 80 t/ha 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 161 Rape 80 '000 bundles /ha 25 30 35 35 2,814
The target yields in Tier 1 are ambitious considering that there are many small growers involved, with varying abilities and resources. Average yields will certainly be less than the figures predicted for year 4 onwards. It is also unlikely that so much land will be planted to maize – farmers will prefer to grow high value crops instead.
Table 3-4 Proposed cropping patterns Tier 2 (Z&A, 2013c, amended)
Tier 2 Full planted Tot. 319 ha Year Full Crop area, ha Unit 1 2 3 4+ prod° capacity Maize 90 t/ha 3 5 6 6 539 Wheat 94 t/ha 4.9 7 7 7 660 Soya 94 t/ha 1.5 2 3 3.5 330 Cabbage 67 000 hds/ha 20 25 30 35 2,360 Tomatoes 67 t/ha 15 25 30 35 2,360 Sugarbeans 67 t/ha 1 1.5 2.5 3 202 Onion 67 t/ha 15 20 25 30 2,023 Green maize 45 cobs/ha 10,000 15,000 20,000 20,000 899,000
The figures presented above are amended in light of recent developments, with the five centre-pivots being now proposed for wheat and soya beans. The yields predicted above are realistic in view of the higher levels of management and inputs expected on Tier 2.
Table 3-5 Proposed cropping pattern, Tier 3 (Z&A, 2013c)
Tier 3 Full planted Tot. 936 ha Year Full area, ha prod° Crop Unit 1 2 3 4+ capacity Wheat 936 t/ha 4.9 7 7 7 6,552 Soya 936 t/ha 2.45 3.5 3.5 3.5 3,276
The yields predicted for Tier 3 are conservative considering the level of management, but are a safe assumption due to the marginal suitability of the soils for irrigation due to their shallow depth. It is expected that wheat yields will attain 8t/ha and soya 4 t/ha once the techniques of water management are refined.
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Table 3-6 Proposed cropping pattern, Tier 4
Tier 4 Full planted Tot. 3,406ha Year Full prod° area, ha capacity Crop Unit 1 2 3 4+ Wheat 3,406 t/ha 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 23,842 Soya 3,406 t/ha 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 13,624
See Figure 3 3: Proposed water supply system for Tier 4, Mwomboshi (source: Z&A, Nov. 2014)5. 3.3.3 Water supply and Conveyance system The annual water requirement of Mwomboshi irrigation scheme, including the environmental flow, is estimated to be 48.7million m3. The engineers’ draft feasibility report describes in detail the studies undertaken to ascertain the expected run-off from the dam’s catchment area. The results indicate that the dam will meet the irrigation demand with an annual reliability of 82.7%, a figure which is well within the usually acceptable range for irrigation applications (80- 85%) (Z&A, 2013c). The proposed construction method is a Central Clay Core dam (CCCD), there was insufficient clay material in the vicinity for a clay-core earth dam, and that the diversion works for an earth dam would be prohibitively expensive. A geo-membrane has been proposed as an alternative to the concrete facing, but the cost analysis showed no benefit to this option. The proposed design features a main pumping station (PSC) below the dam wall, with two groups of pumps, which supply the entire northern area, and two pump stations (PSM1, PSM2) on the southern margin of the reservoir supplying Tier 4. The large diameter (>500mm) force mains from these primary pump stations are proposed to be constructed of either steel or glass- reinforced plastic (GRP) or multiple PVC lines due to cost implications. In the north, two force mains will supply two reservoirs Reservoir 1 and 2 (R1 and R2), and another steel main will take water by gravity from R2 to R3 in the west. Water from the reservoirs will be pumped directly to the various tiers and sections through a network of PVC pipelines. Tier 4 area includes seven proposed reservoirs which will be supplied by force mains from pump station main 1 and 2 (PSM1 and PSM2), plus a small existing dam which will receive water from PSM1. The design does not cover the secondary pump-stations, distribution network, or field application systems in Tier 4 as these are expected to be provided and installed by the Tier 4 farmers themselves. 3.3.4 Primary pump stations A single pump-station housing two groups of pumps as specified in Table 3-7 is proposed to be constructed. It will be fed by the outlet works from the dam and located on the left bank above the maximum expected flood level.
5 See Figure 3 3: Proposed water supply system for Tier 4, Mwomboshi (source: Z&A, Nov. 2014) in Annex 1: Maps folder.
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Table 3-7 Pump characteristics for main pump-station (PSC) for north
Pumping group 1 2 No. of pumps 8 4 Nominal flow lt/sec 160 115 Manometric head, m 74 52 Power, kW 180 90 Discharge pipe dia, mm 250 200
All the proposed pumps will be horizontal centrifugal types powered by 3- phase electric motors. On the left bank, 12 secondary pump stations are proposed for Tiers 1, 2 and 3. These will be equipped with pumps as listed in the table 3-8 below.
Table 3-8 Pump characteristics at secondary pump stations
Pump No. of Flow, lt/sec Head m Power kW each Station pumps PS 1.1 2 75 17 20 PS 1.2 2 40 14 9 2 38 22 13 PS 1.3 2 83 41 55 PS 1.4 2 41 52 35 2 17 31 8 PS 1.5 2 58 31 28 PS 2.1 2 215 28 95 PS 2.2 2 232 27 100 PS 3.1 2 44 48 35 PS 3.2 2 58 28 25 PS 3.3 2 165 35 90 PS 3.4 2 94 56 85 PS 3.5 2 175 43 120
3.4 Water impoundment and storage elements Three reservoirs are proposed in the northern area of the project site, and six for Tier 4 in the southern area, which will serve to balance the water supply to the various tiers and sections, and provide a limited amount of storage in the case of breakdown at an upstream pump station. There are also two existing small dams in Tier 4 which will be fed from the proposed network. The capacities of the northern reservoirs have been carefully calculated to balance the different supplies and demands of the pump stations as they have different operating regimes See table 3-9. The reservoirs will be excavated from the ground, with the excavated material used to form embankments. They will be lined with a HDPE membrane, backed by geo-textile.
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Table 3-9 Proposed reservoirs, Mwomboshi
Reservoir Capacity, m3 Supplied from Lift (fall) m North – Tiers 1,2,3 R1 9,000 PSC 47 R2 8,000 PSC 51 R3 10,000 R2 by gravity -11 South - Tier 4 Flimwell 40,000 PSM1 10 Vixers 54,000 31 Sable 1 45,000 PSM2 31 Sable 2 13,500 44 Auld Alliance 1 25,300 34 Auld Alliance 2 21,600 47
3.5 Electrical infrastructure To support the irrigation infrastructure, an 11kV overhead power lines to the pump-stations with appropriate transformers will be constructed, supported by gravelled access roads within all tiers. 3.6 Housing and social infrastructure Construction of some 338 new houses and amenities for the community is planned and is detailed under the resettlement action plan. A total area of 14,250 square meters will be utilized to build the new houses. The development of Tier 3 will involve staff housing, offices, a workshop, general stores and grain silos for approximately 8,000T. For Tier 2 some permanent structures such as a chemical store, office and an equipment store are planned to be constructed. 3.7 Water delivery and irrigation infrastructure 3.7.1 Booster pumps on centre pivots Centre pivots in Tier 3 will be designed with auxiliary booster pumps to raise the pressure to the required 2.5 bar at the centres, but only where the secondary network is not expected to deliver water at sufficient pressure to the more distant outlets. For example, four of the six pivots in T3.4, supplied by PS3.5, have auxiliary pumps. This is an unusual solution. Normal practice is to install one pump at the water source for each pivot connected to the pipeline, each matched to a particular pivot. There would be no need for auxiliary pumps at pivot centres, with the increased capacity of power cables and step-up and step-down transformers that this entails. The capital cost of six medium –sized pumps, together with pressure regulating valves for each pivot, may be higher than two large and four small auxiliary pumps, but the savings in electrical materials and ease of operation would justify it. 3.7.2 Pipe distribution network The proposed network is a combination of steel and rigid un-plasticised poly vinyl chloride (uPVC), with steel being used where diameters of more than
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900mm or more are required (which is the maximum size available for uPVC). The main uPVC pressurised pipelines are specified as PN10 (maximum operating pressure of 10 bar) but the pipes are likely to be manufactured in South Africa where the nearest equivalent is Class 9 (maximum pressure 9 bar). This is still adequate as the operating pressure will be under 6 bars. All main and secondary pipes will be permanently buried to protect them from damage imposed by traffic, vandalism, UV light and excessive temperatures. The pipes will be encased with at least 15cm of excavated material free of stones. All main and secondary pipelines will be of rigid un-plasticised poly vinyl chloride (uPVC), except for the manifolds immediately after pumps which will be steel due to the need for extra rigidity and strength. The selection of uPVC is preferred by the engineers due to its “excellent technical characteristics, such as chemical and mechanical resilience, thermo endurance and light weight” (Z&A 2013c). It is also the most commonly used material in irrigation networks in Zambia and it is therefore easy to find replacements and the skills required for installation. 3.7.3 Valves & fittings The main and secondary pipelines will be fitted with various valves: . Check valves immediately after pumps to prevent back-flow when switched off. Valves of this diameter are normally ductile-iron and should be of good quality. Brass is unsuitable for this application; . Control valves will be located after the check valves to control the flow & pressure in pipelines. They will also be used at branches of the main pipelines, and at the start of every secondary pipeline. This allows sections of the network to be closed for maintenance. For buried pipelines the valves would be in a covered manhole, which would have to lockable to prevent vandalism or tampering. The design specifies butterfly valves, which are adequate for this application as long as they are of good quality non- corrodible metal. Cast-iron gate valves are more expensive and much heavier, and are unnecessary for the designed operating pressures; . Air-release valves will be located on pump-discharge manifolds and at high points on pipelines where air may get trapped. A design of 50 – 80mm valves is proposed depending on pipeline size; . Wash-out valves will be located at low points to drain pipelines for maintenance or cleaning. For buried pipelines the valves would be in a covered manhole, which would have to be lockable to prevent vandalism or tampering. Valves form a weak point in the network where leaks or damage normally occur and the number will therefore be minimised, with priority given to secure locations like pump-stations. The selection of valves will consider ease of replacement or repair, safety and ease of operation, and durability. 3.8 Existing Components There are numerous small vegetable gardens in the northern area, irrigated by portable pumps from streams and Mwomboshi River itself. It is typically a form of hose-furrow irrigation being employed, with a single plastic hose supplied by the pump which are located close to the water source. On the south bank there
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are several centre-pivots being irrigated from weirs on the river by commercial farmers. 3.9 Main Project Activities . Feasibility studies For purposes of designing the entire irrigation scheme, surveys included technical surveys for the irrigation infrastructure and supporting facilities. . Planning and consultative meetings This aimed at increasing stakeholder involvement and participation to ensure ownership from the very initial project stage. . Land clearing and level Land clearing and levelling will allow for preparing agricultural fields and construction of supporting facilities. Although the tree cover in the proposed irrigation areas in the north is limited, all cover will have to be cleared. It is estimated that there is 200ha under trees which will require clearing with bulldozers and manual labour. Much of the project area has anthills (5-10/ha) which will need to be levelled, and some of the steeper areas (>3%) require contour ridges to reduce erosion. In Tier 3 and 2 these will take the form of low ridges which can be cropped, and are only required in parts of fields which border drainage lines. Most of Tier 1 is relatively flat, but the western part will require contour ridges, around which the plots will have to be aligned. Primary tillage involving ripping and ploughing will be required in all areas. The Tier 4 area has been surveyed and it is apparent that much of the proposed irrigation area has already been cleared for rain-fed cropping, and will only require levelling of anthills. The remaining area (approx. 800ha), which is extensive grazing land, will require clearing and levelling of anthills. . Excavation of trenches Laying of pipe network for irrigation will require digging of trenches . Irrigation infrastructure The main structure is the dam itself, with a 1.7m long wall, 27m high, and a reservoir covering 11km2 at full supply level (FSL), which is expected to shrink to about 5km2 at the end of a normal season. A buffer zone extending 3m above the FSL (approx. 50m in width) is proposed, with managed natural vegetation which is intended to intercept silt and pollutants in the run-off. The reservoir area will have to be cleared of trees before flooding. . Installation of irrigation systems The main works will be construction of pump-stations, pipelines and reservoirs. The installation of centre pivots in T3 and 2 will be relatively quick as it involves laying pipes and cables, and erecting the pivots. Laying the network for Tier 1 and sprinklers on T2 will take longer due to the amount of pipes and fittings required. . Installation of irrigation equipment Irrigation equipment to be installed will include pumps, electric transformers, sprinklers and centre pivots.
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. Construction of power lines To run the irrigation scheme electricity power supply will be required. These will be constructed to supply of electricity to all facilities at the scheme. . Construction of water storage facilities Rain fed agriculture is unreliable due to climate change and weather variability. As such, to optimise the potential for the proposed irrigation scheme, water storage reservoirs and a dam will be constructed. . Construction of supporting infrastructure The irrigation scheme will be supported by social infrastructure that include schools, houses, and offices among others for provision of social services to both the work force and the community at large. . Access Roads The project will include construction and upgrading of access roads within the scheme . Sensitisation and training Given the magnitude, scope and complexity of the proposed scheme, the beneficiary community will be sensitised and trained in order to maximise the benefits. . Socio-economic surveys The scheme will require land that currently may be either under use by the local communities, occupied by existing infrastructure and or providing grazing land for animals. These have been assessed, quantified and people affected established through a socio-economic survey leading to development of a resettlement action plan. 3.10 Equipment and Raw Materials Use The main equipment that will be used will include but not limited to; excavators, bulldozers, large tipper trucks and loaders, scrapers, a crane, rock-drills for blasting, and a concrete production plant. A large tracked excavator and bulldozer will be used for the constructing the reservoirs, the canals feeding PSM 1 and 2 on the south bank, and the pump- stations. The pipeline routes need to be cleared by bulldozer. Trenches for main and secondary pipelines will be dug with a wheeled back-hoe digger, while minor trenches for tertiary pipes can be dug by hand. Road-making equipment including bulldozers, graders, loaders, tipper trucks, water bowsers and compactors will be used for the new access roads and upgrading of the main access road. 3.11 Chemical Use 3.11.1 Expected Agro-Chemical Usage Due to the intensive nature of irrigated crop production, it is expected that a significant amount of pesticides will be applied. However, their use will be minimised through the use of Integrated Pest Management (See annex 1).
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Table 3-10 below presents the expected usage of pesticides when the scheme is in full production, although the range of products used in practice may be a lot wider, even if the quantities are similar. Of the 43,700 units (kg or lt) expected to be used each year, 25% are WHO class II (moderately hazardous), the rest being slightly hazardous (WHO class III) or better. The average quantity of pesticides to be applied is expected to be about 7.8 units (kg or lt) of product per ha p.a. Knapsack sprayers will be the main method of application in small plots. This main method of application for farmers in Tier 1 was chosen because it is economical, readily available and easy to handle unlike other methods. All farmers under tier 1 will be trained to for this purpose, For Tier 3 and Tier 2 for out-growers farmers the method of application chosen is spraying by tractor and boom-sprayer. This method is ideal for medium size pieces of land where mechanization is in place. For Tier 4, where large centre pivots will be the main method of irrigation mainly with standing crops, aerial spraying method for chemical application was chosen due to the large land size involved.
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Table 3-10 Expected usage of agro-chemicals at full-scale
Tier Crop Area Ha Type Product (suggested) WHO class Rate/ha (kg or lt) Total qty (kg or lt)
Tier 1&2 Vege- 802 Herbicide Metolachlor III 0.8 642 tables Seed dressing Thiram III 0.1 80 Fungicide Copper III 4.0 3,209 Mancozeb U 3.0 2,407 Insecticide Acephate III 2.0 1,605 Chlorpyriphos II 2.0 1,605 Nematicide Bacillus & Psuedomonas sp* 2.0 1,605 Beans 50 Herbicide Metolachlor III 0.8 40 Fungicide Azoxystrobin III 1.0 50 Maize 335 Herbicide Metolachlor III 0.8 268 Seed dressing Imidachloprid II 0.1 33 Fungicide Azoxystrobin III 1.0 335 Insecticide Chlorpyriphos II 1.0 335 Tier 2,3 Wheat 4,436 Herbicide MCPA III 1.5 6,654 & 4 Glyphosate U 2.0 8,873 Bromoxynil II 2.0 8,873 Fungicide Azoxystrobin III 1.6 7,098 Insecticide Fenvalerate II 0.2 887 Soya 4,504 Herbicide Metolachlor III 0.8 3,603 Glyphosate U 2.0 9,007 Propaquizafop U 0.5 2,252 Fungicide Tebuconazole III 1.5 6,756 Captan U 0.5 2,252 Insecticide l-cyhalothrin II 0.1 450 TOTAL 5,623 Average: 7.8 43,710 * Bacterial suppressant for nematodes; Bacillus + Psuedomonas, and Gilocladium bacterial seed and soil treatments can also be used to suppress disease in all crops (see 5.3.4)
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3.11.2 Residues & pollutants Based on quantities estimated earlier and if the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan is implemented as recommended, and soil run-off into the reservoir prevented, harmful residues or pollution from pesticides will be very minimal. All the chemicals listed in table 3-10 have low persistence in the environment. Only in the event of spillage or incorrect application shall pollution be an issue for consideration, but still it is expected to be localised. 3.11.3 Expected usage of Fertiliser It is envisaged that almost all crops require fertiliser with the possible exception of sugar beans and soya beans. Table 3-11 gives the estimated usage at full scale, which amounts to about 5,000T p.a. The basal fertilisers will be NPK compounds with relatively high P concentration, as this nutrient cannot normally be applied as a top-dressing. Most of the top-dressing (90%) will be nitrogen- based, especially urea, the rest being potassium for vegetables. All soya bean seed will be treated with inoculants to improve nitrogen-fixation.
Table 3-11 Expected fertiliser usage at full-scale
Tier Crops Area Rate kg Qty p.a. T Qty p.a. T per ha Ha Basal Top-dress Basal Top-dress Tier 1 Vegetables 600 350 300 210 180 Maize 200 250 200 50 40 Beans 50 100 5 - Tier 2 Maize 135 250 200 34 27 Wheat 94 350 250 33 24 Soya 162 280 100 45 16 Vegetable 202 350 300 71 61 Tier 3 Wheat 936 350 250 328 234 Soya 936 280 100 262 94 Tier 4 Wheat 3,406 350 250 1,192 852 Soya 3,406 280 100 954 341 TOTAL / avg. 10,127 313 184 3,183 1,867
3.11.4 Residues and pollutants It is expected that in the light and shallow soils of Mwomboshi there will be leaching of nitrogen from the irrigated areas into groundwater and the dam. The risk of phosphorus pollution is lower as it is relatively immobile in the soil and would only be lost through soil erosion. Potassium, although applied in large quantities to vegetables, is not a major risk because if it is leached from the topsoil it is bound up by clay particles in the subsoil and can still be extracted plant roots. The level of nitrogen pollution is dependent on the rates of nitrogen applied to the soil, the irrigation and rainfall pattern, and soil and crop management. At full scale, it is estimated that 1,400 T of urea (46% N) will be applied, and 150 T of calcium ammonium nitrate (23% N). Urea is preferred because it is the cheaper source of nitrogen in Zambia. This equates to 675 T of nitrogen per year. The + nitrogen in urea is quickly (2-10 days) converted to ammonium (NH4 ), which is
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held by the negative sites on the clay in the soil. However, microbes can convert
this further to nitrate (NO3) which is highly leachable, and if there is little clay (as is the case in Mwomboshi, the ammonium can also be leached (Ohio SUE, 1995). Research on irrigated wheat in Mexico, which is comparable to Zambia’s wheat production, showed that leaching losses were 2-5% of applied nitrogen, but could be as high as 26% if most of the nitrogen was applied at planting (W Riley et al, 2001). Long-term research in UK (T Addiscot, 1992) revealed that leaching losses of applied nitrogen in winter wheat averaged 15%, which is more comparable to a summer crop in Zambia where rainfall exceeds crop water requirements. Catchment studies in Ontario found losses of 3.6 kgN/ha/yr in cereals, vegetables and tobacco, and 26kgN/ha/yr in heavily fertilised maize and potatoes (FAO, 1996). Over a 5,000 ha scheme, this would equate to 18 to 130T of N/yr. Only about 150T of N is expected to be applied during the rainy season, and 525T will be used on winter wheat and vegetables. It can be expected that 15% of the summer nitrogen and 5% of the winter nitrogen will be leached (see table 3-12).
Table 3-12 Expected annual leaching losses of nitrogen
Season Applied N, T Leaching % Leached N, T Summer 150 15% 22.5 Winter 525 5% 26.25 Total/avg. 675 7% 48.75 (Source: T Addiscot, 1992)
If all this nitrogen ended up in the dam (60MCM) it would result is an increase in concentration of 800mg/m3 (or 0.8mg/l). If it remained in the groundwater below the irrigated area the average concentration would be far lower (maximum 130mg/m3) as the volume of groundwater under 5,000 ha is at least 375MCM (50m depth at 15% water content). As the WHO guideline for safe drinking water is 10mg/l of nitrate-N, it is not expected that groundwater nitrate levels pose a health risk, as it would take over 70 years of leaching at the predicted rate to reach these levels, assuming a zero baseline. The risk of nitrogen pollution in the dam, and the resulting algal and plant growth, is far greater. An addition of 800mg/m3/yr could lead to eutrophication if there is sufficient phosphate pollution as well. Phosphate is normally the limiting factor, and as it is not leached, it would have to enter the water through soil erosion (FAO, 1996). 3.12 Products and By-products Once operational the Mwomboshi irrigation scheme will comprise staff housing, offices, a workshop, general stores and grain silos for approximately 8,000T mainly under tier 3 while for Tier 2 some permanent structures such as a chemical store, office and an equipment store are planned to be constructed. The other infrastructure planned to be constructed are silos to be used as agro storage facilities for the crop products prior to marketing and supply to markets. Among the products expected from Tier 3 and 4 are maize, wheat, soya beans, tobacco among other crops while from Tier 1 and 2 agro products will include both cash crops and none cash crops. No processing plant is planned to be
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constructed within the project site. Consequently no by products are expected to be produced. The social and agro-economic baseline survey conducted at the project site by Z&A in 2012/13 indicated that 90% of the farmers in the north part of the proposed scheme are small-scale, with an average farm size of 8-10ha, of which only 1-2 ha is cultivated due to constraints on labour, tools, inputs and draught power. The other 10% are regarded as emergent farmers with holdings of 5 – 20 ha, typically using oxen, and hired labour and higher levels of inputs. The main rain-fed crops are maize, groundnuts, sweet potatoes and cotton. A high proportion (73%) of farming households practice irrigation on a small scale, producing vegetables and fruit, including cabbage, tomato, watermelon, onions, okra, rape and eggplant.
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4 REVIEW OF DAM DESIGNS AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING
4.1 General Considerations During the design phase many factors were considered within the EIA context. These included consideration of optimum dam height, optimisation of dam operation and fine tuning of the reservoir operation curve, alternative dam locations (for minimisation of impacts to all environmental factors) as well as optimisation and management of the development for maximum benefit for all users. Three possible locations for the dam site were evaluated at Mwomboshi site. They are named starting from downstream, Site I, Site II and Site III respectively. Figure 4-1shows the layout at Site 2 which was selected. Each dam site was considered for its ability to store about 60 MCM. The geology at all three sites was found to be similar and the height of the dam required to store 60 MCM did not vary much between the sites. So the criteria for site selection were: . The crest length of the dam required at each site (a shorter crest length means a cheaper construction cost); . The area of land suitable and marginally suitable for irrigation that would be flooded at each site (the less suitable and marginally suitable land flooded the greater the potential future irrigation area); . The estimated number of housing units that would be flooded by construction at each site; . Other considerations, included ease of construction and maintaining river flow during construction. By analysing the relief of the site through its contour lines the crest length and height of a dam to store 60 MCM at each site based on the maximum reservoir flood level (MFL) was calculated– this is the amount of water that the reservoir can safely hold (which also depends on how it is constructed) and which is regulated by a spillway. This also enabled the area suitable for irrigation land and
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the number of households within the flooded area to be calculated. It was found that: . Site II had the shortest dam crest length required; . Sites I and II were the same in terms of the loss of land suitable for future irrigation use but Site II would flood three times more marginally suitable land. Site III would flood more suitable land and more marginally suitable land than either Site I or II; . The households in the areas that would be inundated at each site showed that Site I would flood more than Site II and Site II would flood more than Site III. In conclusion the Engineering Feasibility Consultant found Site II to be the most favourable one for dam construction. It is clearly the most favourable site in terms of the size and cost of the required structure. Although Site II would inundate three times more marginally suitable land for irrigation compared to Site I, this does not matter because marginally suitable land is only suitable for irrigation with centre-pivots and the configuration of the marginally suitable land which would be flooded (along the banks of the river) is too narrow to install them. An additional advantage of dam Site II is the option to use the existing small weir upstream of the site to regulate river flows during construction. The small weir can be also used as part of the cofferdam to help with river diversion while still holding back enough water to ensure a dry season flow during construction. 4.2 Design Data In order to provide sufficient irrigation water for the proposed Mwomboshi irrigation scheme, a dam is planned to be constructed on the Mwomboshi River. Water from the dam will be abstracted using pumps to be installed in the planned pumping stations and conveyed to irrigation fields on both the left and right bank of the river. According to the design, Mwomboshi dam with a capacity of about 60 MCM will be able to release about 7 MCM per annum for the downstream Bushcut dam as well as the requirement for environmental flow. Mwomboshi dam will be a 27.5 m high dam with a total crest length of 1,683 m. The dam will consists of two parts: . The central spillway section made entirely of concrete; . The dam embankments to the left and the right of the central spillway section which are of the Central Clay Core dam (CCCD) type. The spillway will accommodate a flood event of 1,300 m3/sec which corresponds to a return period of 2,500 years. It can also pass a 1:10,000 year flood of 1,600 m3/sec. The crest of the spillway is at an elevation of 1093.75 m.a.s.l. giving a total reservoir capacity of 62.33 MCM and live storage of 60.17 MCM. The foundation of the spillway is terraced and reaches down to an elevation of 1069.0 m. The overall length of the spillway section is 115.0 m. To provide energy dissipation of the overflowing current, a stilling basin will be constructed at the spillway toe. A drainage system is also placed under the slab that leads to a shaft at the end of the basin at the middle of the 115 m span. At the left and right of the spillway and the stilling basin, concrete walls are formed to drive the water from the spillway to the exit of the basin. Downstream of the basin the bed is reformed by excavating down to an elevation of 1070.0 m.
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Abstractions from the reservoir will be through lakeshore pumping station facilities and a pumping station located downstream of the dam. For the delivery of water to the latter, two pipes of 900 and 600 mm diameter are provided. The bottom elevation of the pipes is 1081 m. A grate will protect the entrances of the pipes in the reservoir and they will be controlled by respective valves located in the gallery formed inside the main body of the spillway section. The release of water towards Bushcut dam downstream will be done through the sluice of the bottom outlet. To provide for reservoir emptying but also to allow releases of water downstream a bottom outlet is provided at the right end of the spillway. Closing and opening of the outlet will be achieved through two sluice gates which will be installed at the entrance of the outlet. The lower one is the main sluice and the upper one is the back-up sluice, which will be used when the main one is damaged or under maintenance. The sluices will be operated by hydraulic means. For the proper operation of the sluice a ventilation pipe of 400 mm diameter is provided. At the left and right of the Spillway the two rock-filled dam embankments are formed with an upstream concrete face. The dam crest is at an elevation of 1097.5 m providing a safe margin for the predicted 1,600 m3/sec maximum flow. The slopes of the upstream and downstream dam face are 1.4:1 and the crest of the dam will have a 10 m width. The main body of the dam embankments will be constructed from excavated rock material. On the upstream foot of the dam, a concrete plinth is constructed on which the upstream concrete slab rests. On the upstream side of the crest of the dam a wall is constructed for the protection of the dam from any possible wave action. On both sides of the spillway, retaining walls are formed for water-proofing of the plinth and the upstream face slab. These walls are founded on the bedrock. It will be necessary during detailed design stage to have an additional five boreholes which will exactly determine the rocky substratum elevation. This in turn will determine the height of the foundation of the plinth and walls. The Layout and Geometry of the Mwomboshi Dam is shown in Figure 4-16. 4.3 Dam Construction Construction The Feasibility Study recommended a Central Clay Core dam (CCCD) and a lateral spillway with an open chute. However, following the submission of the first draft of the feasibility study concerns were raised regarding the construction cost. In this respect the clay core dam is favourable, since it does not require an upstream concrete slab. Subsequent investigation indicated the existence of acceptable quality clay in three areas and it was agreed that a clay core dam would be the best. More geotechnical survey would be required to establish the volume of suitable clays available. The alternatives evaluated during detailed design included: . Alternative 1.1 – CFRD Dam: The option consists of an upstream concrete faced rock fill dam (CFRD) with a central concrete spillway section. The
6 Figure 4-1 is available in Annex 1: Maps folder.
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advantages of this option are that it does not depend on the availability of construction materials, the dam footprint is reduced, a central spillway reduces excavation at the abutments and the diversion requirements during construction are limited. However, construction costs are higher and an experienced contractor is required. (US$ 36.8 million); . Alternative 1.2 – CFRD Dam with waterproofing membrane instead of an upstream concrete slab is examined. In this option the membrane will be anchored on porous concrete blocks. The membrane would be supplied and fitted by the contractor in a short time span. (US$ 35.3 million); . Alternative 2.1 – Central clay core dam: This solution consists of a rock fill dam with a central clay core and a central concrete spillway section: the availability of suitable clay is critical and this would have to be graded and compacted. The dam has the advantage of flexibility, therefore the foundation quality is not so critical, and construction is simpler and cheaper (avoiding the need for either concrete facing or geo-membrane). However, an area of 26ha would have to be excavated to 3m depth and transported to site. The dam footprint would be larger. (US$ 31.9 million); . Alternative 2.2 – Homogenous dam: a homogenous dam with a central concrete spillway. Clay requirement is not so critical, foundation quality is less important and construction is simpler. But the footprint is large, material would be required from irrigable land. The option is rejected – clay is required and the size of the footprint is a great disadvantage with a dam of this size and height. Construction Phasing Construction will begin with the ground excavations in the area of the spillway section and the retaining walls so that there is a secure distance for the preparation of the concrete alongside the excavation works. The foundation of the spillway, the walls and the plinth will be done on healthy rock surfaces. Then the construction of the retaining walls at the left of the spillway will start. These walls are founded at an elevation of 1075 m and thus are not affected by the usual average river flow, but the right wall and the plinth will be constructed in a period of minimal flow due to the lower elevation of the foundation there and so that rocky embankments are formed at the left and right of the spillway. The central part of the spillway located in the area of the existing river bed will be constructed last in order to pass any high river flows during construction. This must be done in a period of low flow, while controlling the water with the existing small upstream dam and routing the flow through a pipe diverting the water through the bottom outlet. Alongside the concreting in the area of the spillway, the plinth and the embankments on the left and right of the spillway will be constructed. After the completion of the embankments up to the height of the base of the crest wall, the concreting of the upstream slab should proceed, followed by the construction of the crest wall and the completion of the dam.
Reservoir Buffer Zone
A vegetation buffer strip is planned between the elevations of FSL (1093.75 m) and MFL (1096.82 m) around the reservoir to provide protection from siltation, filter any polluted runoff from adjacent areas and provide a natural barrier to the
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reservoir. The buffer strip will be created by maintaining the natural brush vegetation. Burning during the dry season will not be allowed. The brush vegetation will be maintained at a reasonable height (~0.5 m) and should also be periodically thinned in case it becomes very dense. 4.4 Hydrological Modelling 4.4.1 The Model In order to describe the downstream hydrological impacts of the major dam on Mwomboshi River and to compare impact of the dam at the three alternative sites; assess the adequacy of the without-project Mwomboshi River regime in meeting needs of present downstream riparian water demand; and considering changing future demand over a specified period to demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed Mwomboshi dam design to meet future demand in terms of quality, quantity and timeliness, a hydrological model of Mwomboshi River System was set up. A hydrological model for the Mwomboshi River system was set up for the catchment upstream of the proposed dam for each of the three alternative sites. Rainfall data was acquired for three stations (Golden Valley, Kamaila and Chisamba rail) to investigate if the data could be used for obtaining the calibration constants for the model. Considering that Mwomboshi River catchment is ungauged, it was found prudent to scale the flows from the Mulungushi River, a catchment adjacent to the Mwomboshi catchment. However, after comparing the period of availability of the rainfall data to the data available for flows on the Mulungushi River, it was found that the rainfall records at Chisamba Rail and at Kamaila could not be readily be used for the intended purpose. In view of the data at the nearest rainfall measuring stations being inadequate to support the analysis at hand, rainfall records were referred to Lusaka. Use of Lusaka rainfall records for analysis in Mwomboshi was also undertaken for an earlier hydrologic analysis in the catchment (Fintecs Consultants & North Atlantic Engineering Consultants, 2010). The records for Lusaka are continuous and are available on a monthly basis from July 1950 to-date. These records used to derive the calibration constants. The process of acquiring rainfall data for model operation was facilitated by setting it up to use rainfall data from NASA. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a joint mission between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall. The analyses and visualizations used for this purpose were produced with the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC (Acker & Leptoukh, 2007. A comparison of the data recordings from the Meteorological Department and from the TRMM database was made for the Meteorological Station “Lusaka City Airport”, see Figure 4-2.
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Figure 4-1 Comparison of MET Dept. of Zambia rainfall data with NASA TRMM database The comparison was done for the region of the Lusaka between the latitudes - 15.411o and -15.4205o South and 28.3145o and 28.3272o East. This region covers the Lusaka City Airport. As seen from Figure 4-1, the two sets of data compare well. The satellite data from NASA is able to pick up small fluctuations better than the records at the Meteorological Department. For this reason, the data from TRMM database can be used with confidence. For purposes of the model, the Mwomboshi catchment was subdivided into twelve sub catchments as shown in figure 4-3.
Figure 4-2 Mwomboshi Sub-Catchments & locations of proposed monitoring gauges The runoffs at the sites of proposed gauges Gauge 1, Gauge 2, Gauge 3, and Gauge 4 were then scaled down from the runoff observed for Mulungushi River at Great North Road. Abstractions Demands that were incorporated into the model were adopted from the Z&AP Antonaropoulos & Associated L.P. et al., 2013 report see figure 4-1 below.
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Table 4-1 Water Demand for irrigation from the New Mwomboshi Reservoir (MCM)
Month 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Year South Bank (Tier 0.51 0.16 0.20 0.69 0.42 1.15 0.64 0.94 2.20 4.08 5.38 3.54 19.91 IV, Less Bushcut) North Bank (Tiers 0.63 0.00 0.02 0.45 0.39 1.11 0.95 1.35 2.04 2.98 3.95 2.85 16.73 I, II, & III) South Bank (Tier 0.18 0.06 0.07 0.25 0.15 0.41 0.23 0.33 0.79 1.45 1.92 1.26 7.10 IV, Bushcut) Annual Total 43.73
WRSM2000 network setup WRSM2000 is of modular construction with five different types of modules linked by means of routes. A collection of routes and modules is called a network and the first step in applying WRSM2000 is the creation of the network. It can be seen that there are 13 runoff modules (RU, representing the 13 catchment sub- divisions) and 15 channel modules (CR). There are two reservoirs in the model, RV1 representing the proposed New Mwomboshi reservoir, and RV2 Bushcut Reservoir downstream of the new Mwomboshi reservoir. Sub-Catchment M has been included to represent the runoff module between the site of the new dam and Bushcut Dam. This area was found to be 154.2km2, see figure 4-4.
Figure 4-3 Mwomboshi Sub-Catchment M, being the area between new dam & Buchcut Dam WRSM2000 model calibration and analysis The runoff modules in WRSM2000 have 11 parameters that can be adjusted to improve the correspondence between observed and modelled flows. In this case
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the model is to be used as a forecasting tool; hence it was decided to aim for the closest correspondence between observed and modelled flows over the whole year. See table 4-2 shows a comparison between observed and modelled MAR for sites were Gauges Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 have been proposed. MARs are in units of million cubic meters per annum.
Table 4-2 Results of model calibration
Route Station Period Obs. MAR Model MAR (million m3/a) (million m3/a)
6 Gauge 1 1963 – 1987 24.73 23.75 15 Gauge 2 1963 – 1987 21.86 21.87 13 Gauge 3 1963 – 1987 20.97 20.13 30 Gauge 4 1963 – 1987 17.13 16.45
Table 4-3 lists the model parameters for the sub-catchment in the model. All modules have been assigned the Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) plus details of the 822mm based on the TRMM satellite remotely sensed rainfall data.
Table 4-3 Model Parameter Values
Parameter Value POW 2.3 SL 0 ST 700 FT 29.4
GW 0 ZMIN 1000 ZMAX 2500 PI 1.5 TL 0.25 GL 2.50 R 0.5
The agreement between observed and modeled MAR is quite good for all sites since a deliberate effort was made to achieve this requirement as explained above. Estimation of Naturalized and Environmental Flows The new Water Resources Management Act (Parliament of Zambia, 2012) puts the environment as a legitimate water user, although no guidance is given on the estimation of the environmental flows. Work is currently underway to develop a system for the assessment of E-Flows in Zambia by some organizations, notably the Wild Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of Zambia (UNZA).
Because a system for the estimation of Environmental Flows is still being established in Zambia, the Tennent method was used in this study (Tennant, 1976), setting the IFRs at survival level (10% of the mean monthly naturalised flows) in the channel to be monitored at reference observation stations. The
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naturalised flows were obtained from the model by setting all demands equal to zero, and removing the effects of the proposed reservoir.
The construction of the reservoir will have beneficial effects on the downstream groundwater reserves as some seepage water will go into the recharge of these reserves. This will aid the observance of the requirement to satisfy the environmental flows that have been computed, as groundwater reserves eventually return to the main river course. Reliability at the proposed levels of demands The yield-reliability analysis was carried out on the total water resource available. The components which contribute to the water balance of the new Mwomboshi Dam (RV1) are shown in figure 4-5.
Figure 4-4 Water balance components for Mwomboshi Dam The water balance equation for the reservoir is
Evaporation (MCM) is computed from the evaporation figures in mm and from the area of the lake. Therefore, it was necessary to develop the volume vs area relationship of the lake. This relationship was developed from Mwomboshi reservoir volume and area curves (Z&AP Antonaropoulos & Associated L.P. et al., 2013), a copy of which is shown in figure 4-6.
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Figure 4-5 Mwomboshi reservoir area & volume curves (Z&AP Anton. & L.P. et al., 2013) The Area Vs. Volume relationship was derived from and is given in figure 4-7.
Figure 4-6 Area vs. Volume relationship for Mwomboshi Reservoir It can be observed that spillage only occurs when the dam is full, and has the effect on ensuring that the dam volume does not go beyond the design volume.
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Therefore, the equation is modified to :
Computations for the water balance of the Mwomboshi Reservoir were done using the annual demand of 36.64MCM/Year (16.73MCM for North Bank and 19.91MCM for South Bank). The aim of carrying out the computations was to determine the reliability level at which the reservoir would be operating, and was utilized to make the computations. To ascertain that the spreadsheet was operating successfully, the time series of the reservoir volumes during the period 1998 to 2012 were compared to the values simulated with the WRSM2000 model. The comparison is shown in figure 4-8.
Figure 4-7 Comparison of spreadsheet & WRSM2000 generated reservoir volumes Yield-reliability analysis with proposed dam in place To perform a yield-reliability analysis for other annual demands from the reservoir, the distribution in percent form of the annual demand was found for the various months and the results are given in Table 4-4:
Table 4-4 Percent distribution of demands for irrigation from the North Bank & South Bank
Monthly Demand (MCM) (%) Month 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Year SouthBankTier4 1.16 0.36 0.46 1.58 0.96 2.63 1.47 2.14 5.03 9.33 12.30 8.10 45.52 North Bank 1.44 0.01 0.04 1.02 0.90 2.54 2.17 3.09 4.65 6.82 9.04 6.52 38.25 BushCutTier4 0.41 0.13 0.16 0.56 0.34 0.94 0.52 0.76 1.80 3.33 4.39 2.89 16.23 100.00
Yield-Reliability analysis was carried out as follows: First, an annual demand rate, given by the equation below, was set.
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QDem represents the total irrigation demand from the reservoir and is distributed into monthly abstraction using the percentages set out in Table 4-4: With this demand rate, the storage at the end of the second month is given by taking the reservoir as being full in the first month.
By varying QDem and observing the percentage of counts of months in which there was system failure against the total number of months in the entire simulation period, the yield-reliability analysis given in Table 4-5:
Table 4-5 Yield-Reliability analysis for direct abstractions from the reservoir
Yield (MCM/Year) Reliability 50 100% 52.63158 98% 55.26316 97% 57.89474 96% 60.52632 92% 63.15789 85% 65.78947 79% 68.42105 72% 71.05263 62% 73.68421 56% 76.31579 49% 78.94737 44% 81.57895 40% 84.21053 34% 86.84211 31% 89.47368 28% 92.10526 25% 94.73684 24% 97.36842 24% 100 19%
The yield-reliability curve is given in Table 4-6 yield –reliability curves under scenario 2 for direct abstraction from the reservoir As can be seen from figure 4-8, an annual demand of 43.73 MCM/Year, which is less than 50.00MCM for which the reliability is 100%, will be met at a reliability of 100% in agreement with earlier analysis, while a demand of 60.53 MCM/Year will be satisfied at a reliability of 92%.
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Figure 4-8 Scenario 2 Yield-Reliability curves for direct abstractions Yield-reliability analysis with proposed dam not in place To perform a yield-reliability analysis without the dam in place, the demands as set Equation 3 above were imposed on the river flows from the model Route No.
24. By varying QDem and observing the percentage of counts of months in which there was system failure against the total number of months in the entire simulation period, the yield-reliability analysis given in table 4-6 was obtained.
Table 4-6 Yield-Reliability analysis for direct abstractions with no dam in place
Yield (MCM/Year) Reliability 6.0 100% 10.9 96% 15.9 87% 20.8 82% 25.8 78% 30.7 76% 35.7 74% 40.6 72% 45.6 69% 50.5 69% 55.5 65% 60.4 63% 65.4 62% 70.3 62% 75.3 60% 80.2 58% 85.2 57% 90.1 57% 95.1 56% 100.0 55%
It is observed from figure 4-6 for direct abstractions from Mwomboshi, with no dam in place the demand which can be met with a reliability of 100% reduces to 6.0MCM/Year, as opposed to 50.0 MCM/Year with the dam in place.
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Design Flood Computations The WRSM2000 is a monthly hydrological simulation model which has been used to simulate the movement of water through an interlinked system of catchments, river reaches, reservoirs and irrigation areas. The catchment process module within the Water Resources Simulation Model 2000 is the Pitman Model, the general theoretical background of which can be traced in (Pitman, 1973). Because WRSM2000 is a monthly model, it is inadequate to model extreme value events such as maximum floods. However, design floods for the Mwomboshi dam site have been adequately analyzed and incorporated into the design of the reservoir spillway. Details of the design flood analysis can be found in (Fintecs Consultants & North Atlantic Engineering Consultants, 2010). 4.5 Dam Safety Although dams are essential, but they may pose public risk to human and property in case of failure. Thus the legal and moral responsibility essentially will rests with the dam operation managers. There is need to develop dam safety program which includes such important elements as inspecting, monitoring through instrumentation, maintaining the structure, emergency action planning and operating. Such a program should be directly related to the dam structure and its immediate environment. Recognition of the causes and possible impacts of dam failure points out the need for a program to enhance dam safety.
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5 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
5.1 Without and With Project Alternatives 5.1.1 Without Project Alternatives The “NO’’ project Option or the ‘‘do nothing’’ alternative, is the current state of affairs which is associated with negative economic and social impacts. The irrigation potential for the land is not fully utilised thus there are less economic activities in the area. As a result, the well-being of most communities in the area is below poverty level datum line. Given high poverty level in the area, communities have resorted to unsustainable ways of harvesting natural resources in order to make a living. In view of the above, a ‘NO’ Project Option is not beneficial to both the environment and socio-economy. Choosing this option would entail continued less income for the communities, no opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship. In addition, a do nothing approach is in variance with Government policy that aims at uplifting the standard of living for the Zambian people. Also doing nothing means limiting Government’s source of revenue for effective management of the environment itself. This option was therefore no preferred. 5.1.2 With Project Alternatives Farming requires heavy capital investment and many times beyond affordability of many household level farmers as well as small scale farmers. This being the case, these groups of farmers lack necessary technical know- how, inputs, equipment and irrigation infrastructure to necessitate sustainable agriculture. As a result, these farmers most often attain crop yields below optimum. With this realisation, Government has sourced funds to undertake an irrigation scheme project at three selected sites across the country, of which Mwomboshi Irrigation Scheme is one. The thrust behind the proposed project is pro-poor economic growth through increased yields per hectare and value of diverse products marketed by smallholders benefitting from investments in irrigation in selected sites served by the project.
The National Irrigation Policy further states that of the 58% of land suited for arable use, only 14% is currently being utilised and less than 5% is under irrigation in Zambia. This means that 5% of arable land is under irrigation at
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most during the eight months of dry season. Therefore, the proposed project if implemented will contribute to an increase in land under irrigation and wealth creation among targeted beneficiaries. Therefore this option is preferred.
The main impact of the proposed project is expected to be the generation of sustainable income for beneficiaries (PPP participants). The allocation of irrigation resources will bring wealth to each part of the community, including disadvantaged groups. This will result in incremental income expected from the proposed project and its distribution between socio-economics groups. Further analysis of the farm labour budget showed that the labour requirement for the project site (excluding Tier 2 and 3) increases from about 123,600 days to 132,300 days per annum (including labour requirements for stock): the labour occupancy rate would rise from 22% to 26%. The labour increment is quite small – this is because it is assumed that large areas of rain fed land would have gone out of cultivation as 57 of the large and very large farmers move to Tier 2. The incremental return to household labour with-project is adequate: rising from $4.92 per labour-day to $13.68 per labour-day. This is an appealing transformation: little incremental labour is required but the return to labour increases by 178%. Analysis of the food security model showed that village food energy production from rain fed and Tier 1 land will rise from about 9.2 bkcals to 14.1 bkcals per annum. This is not a great increase, explained by the fact that the incremental production will be mostly vegetables which have low kcal content per ton. Nevertheless, irrigation is sufficient to guarantee village food security, with irrigated maize alone substantially exceeding the village’s food energy requirement. Sales of maize should rise to nearly 3,000 tons per annum and sales of vegetables to over 8,000 tons per annum. This leaves the food energy balance slightly negative but the increase in cash income will allow food purchases of superior quality foods. In conclusion, choosing this option would result in several beneficiaries i.e. direct and indirect beneficiaries. The direct beneficiaries will include substantial numbers of female headed households, female farmers and female micro- entrepreneurs, youth, HIV/AIDS affected households and other vulnerable groups. Site Alternatives Dam Site Effect of Dam Site Choice on Catchment Yield The total catchment of the Mwomboshi basin up to the location of Site II, shown in figure 5-1, is 1017.8 km2. The positions of Sites I and III were also located on map, and on the basis of the background topographical map the catchments were refined to include subdivisions incorporating the said Sites I and II.
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Figure 5-1 Mwomboshi catchment subdivisions incorporating positions of Sites I, II, and III With the position of Site II as reference, the changes in total catchment area that would result if Site I or Site II where selected for the dam given in table 5- 1.
Table 5-1 Changes in catchment area with choice of the site for the dam
Area, km2 % Change Site I 1037.2 1.9% Site II 1017.8 0.0% Site III 955.6 -6.1%
From table 5-1 it can be seen that the three sites are relatively close to each other and that there is minimal change in area. Given the quality of the data on which the model was calibrated, the percentage changes are within the margins of error that can be expected, and repeating the model runs specifically for Site I and Site II would be an exercise of minimal value. The choice between the three sites was therefore based on other criteria, specifically the cost of constructing the dam in relation to the material required to achieve a dam of required capacity. Specifically, reference is made to Chapter 6 of the Final Interim Report for the feasibility study of The Mwomboshi Dam (Z&AP Antonaropoulos & Associated L.P., G. Karavokyris & Partners Consulting Engineers S.A., & Metameta Research, 2013). In the report referred to, it was concluded as follows:
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. The dam sites between them do not differ in dam height required to achieve a certain storage volume. Essentially, for all practical purposes, the sites are equivalent with respect to the height of dam that will have to be built; . In contrast, the sites are quite different with respect to the required dam crest length vs. the available storage. In this respect, Site II is clearly the most favorable one as it results in a shorter dam crest length (and hence is a cheaper alternative) for all storage volume options; . With respect to losses in irrigable land due to inundation, Sites I and II are equivalent in terms of losses of suitable land, while Site II inundates three times more marginally suitable land. Site III is clearly the worst site from this point of view for all types of irrigable land; . In terms of human dwellings that are inundated, the more downstream a site is located, the more dwellings it inundates, which is reasonable given that the reservoir surface is increasing downstream. It has to be noted that this measure is only for qualitative comparison as the actual number of dwellings has to be verified in the field. Project site alternatives were assessed for their viability in terms of engineering and social economic aspects were considered in choosing these sites out of the many potential sites across the country. These included: Overall Project Site . Construct the IDSP irrigation scheme at Mwomboshi site: With due consideration of many factors that include availability of adequate water, minimum disturbance to biophysical and socio-economic environments, availability of suitable soils, climate and terrain for irrigation as well as costs of implementation, this offered adequate availability of water, minimum disturbance to biophysical and socio-economic environments, availability of suitable soils and climate and terrain for irrigation. From the socio-economic point of view, it was economical and as well as low costs of implementation. Hence this option is preferred. . Construct the IDSP irrigation scheme elsewhere: Choosing this option would mean that the implementation of the IDSP project would be economically and socially unviable. This option falls short of providing a comparable site that meets standard criteria for construction or irrigation and associated infrastructure. Most sites would be unsuitable due to unsuitable topographical characteristics, long water conveyance distance, economically and unsuitable soil type for farming. Besides, the number of settlements or infrastructure that would be affected may be too large to manage from both environment and socio-economic point of view. Therefore this option was found to be unsuitable. 5.2 Alternative Processes Four water harnessing processes were considered; . Direct Abstraction using a pump; . Abstraction of Groundwater; . Rainwater Harvesting; . Abstraction from a dam by river impoundment.
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Direct abstraction using a pump As an alternative this involves pumping water directly from a given water body for purposes of irrigation. Due to fluctuations in river flow and strict crop watering schedules, this type of harnessing is not ideal. Choosing this alternative would mean no irrigation will be possible during the dry season when flow in the river is at its minimum. Therefore this alternative was not chosen. Abstraction from groundwater This would be another alternative but still requires a reservoir for storage. The project site (Mwomboshi) is known to have relative poor groundwater yield that can sustain commercial agriculture. Given the scale of the proposed irrigation scheme, this alternative was found to be inappropriate for purposes of the project which seeks to expand irrigated land by more than 100ha. Rainwater harvesting As a technology it is environmentally sound and should be promoted were appropriate. However, it depends on rainfall intensity and availability of infrastructure to harvest the rain water and store it in reservoirs. However, considering the amount of water that can be harvested at any given time, this process of harnessing water was found to be inappropriate for commercial agricultural purposes even though it’s good for domestic purposes. Therefore this option was not chosen. River impoundment Constructing a dam was found to be appropriate because it guarantees availability of adequate water throughout the year for meaningful irrigation and livestock maintenance. Hydrological assessments showed that the sub- catchment has potential to sustain the impoundment ensuring that even downstream users continue to have water hence this option was chosen. Choosing this option guarantees availability of adequate water throughout the year for meaningful irrigation and livestock maintenance. Hydrological assessments showed that the sub-catchment has potential to sustain the impoundment ensuring that even downstream users continue to have water hence this option was chosen. The adequacy of the without-dam on Mwomboshi River in meeting the needs of present and proposed water demands was evaluated and given in form of yield reliability analysis in the earlier section. From the yield-reliability analysis, it was determined that with the dam, an annual demand of 50.0 MCM/Year, distributed into the various months of the year using proposed cropping patterns, can be met with a reliability of 100%, while without the dam only a yield of 6.0MCM/Year can be met with a reliability of 100%. The total proposed demands from the system were previously estimated as 43.73MCM/Annum. Since a demand of up to 50.00 MCM/Year can still be met with 100% reliability, developments requiring up to 6.3MCM/Year can still be incorporated into the Mwomboshi Dam system. It was also observed that the construction of the reservoir will have beneficial effects on the downstream groundwater reserves as some seepage water will
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go into the recharge of these reserves, which will facilitate the observance of maintaining environmental flows. 5.3 Technological Alternatives Irrigation Systems Centre pivot as a technology has a high initial capital investment cost but its high in water application efficiency. This means a large area of land can be irrigated with high crop water requirement efficiency hence conserving water for other users that include the environment. For all the sites, this option will be applied for certain categories of farmers were 5oha or more land will be under irrigation as a single scheme. Flood irrigation has the lowest capital investment cost among the three options. It is appropriate for small scale farming. However, it is equally the lowest in terms of water utilisation efficiency. In most cases depending on the type of soil, three quarters of the water applied under flood irrigation is lost due evaporation and seepage. As such it is environmentally unsound as it deprives other users including the environment of the much needed water resources. In view of this, this option will not be applied at any of the project sites. Note that at household, this option may be used for gardening purposes that involves quite small pieces of land such that overall water losses are deemed minimal. Sprinkler irrigation has a moderate capital investment requirement and can equally be applied to sizeable large areas of land. Depending on the types nozzles being used water application efficiency can be quite high as well as long as there is proper management in terms of irrigation schedules and timings. This option will equally be applied at all the three project sites for a particular category of farmers that will be involved in irrigating more than 1ha to 5ha of land. Water Pumps Pumps can be submerged with motors and controls on the platform (vertical axis centrifugal pumps). One drawback with the shore-based option is the use of submersible pumps and motors which are more expensive to purchase and maintain than standard centrifugal pumps. Submersible motors tend to burn- out more frequently, and often need to be replaced rather than re-wound. However the difference between the upper and lower levels of the proposed reservoir is 12m, which is too much of a suction head for centrifugal pumps. For this reason, submerged vertical-axis centrifugal pumps with motors mounted above the surface are a preferred option as primary pumps over centrifugal pumps. For secondary pumps, there are no practical alternatives for the type of pump proposed in the design. Centrifugal pumps are simple to operate and maintain when under negative suction head, and are cost- effective. Irrigation Field Application System The alternative irrigation field application systems considered included Hose furrow, Hose mover Sprinklers and Small Center Pivots.
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Hose-furrow (proposed for Tier 1) Hose-furrow system involves hand-moved 30m-long plastic garden hoses with 32mm nominal diameter connected to a low-pressure main. The hoses are used to supply 25m-long furrows between crop rows or beds at 1.0m spacing, moved from furrow to furrow as required (see Figure 5-2). Each 0.5ha plot is able to operate four hoses simultaneously, and only one fifth of the entire scheme can be supplied at any one time (i.e. only 20% of the plots on any one secondary pipeline). The hoses are connected to above ground hydrants fitted with ball-type shut-off valves, and deliver a substantial flow of 5.3m3/hr at about 1 bar. The irrigation schedule will be designed to apply 32.4mm net every 5 days (6.4mm net/day). The peak crop water requirement would be 9.9mm/day for tomatoes in October, so the system will only supply 64% of this. However, even if the entire area was fully planted, the crops would be at different stages of development and the average crop water requirement will be around 6mm/day, as long as the plots are relatively free of weeds. A preferred operating regime which requires no change to the design would be that only two hoses are used simultaneously per plot (fewer hoses and labourers required per plot) and each plot is allowed to irrigate more frequently e.g. 4 hours every 2 days.
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Figure 5-2 Hose furrow system for Tier 1 Consideration was also given to other furrow-irrigation systems for Tier 1 which uses unpressurised water in field channels extracted by siphon pipes: lined field channels, and earthen field channels. The former was discarded due to the high capital cost of concrete lined channels, and the latter was discarded due to the low application efficiency for a similar cost to pressurised hose- furrow. The hose-furrow system is a closed system, mainly buried and has much lower maintenance costs than open field channels.
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Table 5-2 Alternative irrigation systems for Tier 1
System Advantages Disadvantages Flood irrigation (from Lower capital cost (if earth Low efficiency; not suited to light hydrants or field channels); lower energy soils; requires flat and graded channels) costs land. Hose-basin Can be used to leach soils of Higher labour requirement; salts; better control of requires medium-textured soils irrigation; that don’t cap; needs longer hoses than hose-furrow, and more hydrants. Sprinklers (hose move) Lower labour requirement, Higher energy costs (needs 3.5 higher field efficiency; can bar); higher capital & maintenance irrigate uneven land costs; Unsuited to small plots of under 1ha; Sprinklers (solid-set) Very low labour requirement; Higher energy costs (needs 3.5 higher field efficiency; can bar); much higher capital costs irrigate uneven land Drip Low labour requirement; very High capital cost, difficult to high field efficiency germinate small-seeded crops; needs filtered water; high maintenance Micro-jet Low labour requirement; High capital cost; high higher field efficiency maintenance, not suited to all smallholder crops.
Moving rain-gun Very low labour requirement; Unsuited to small plots of under
(e.g.Rotrix) 1ha;
Centre-pivot Very low labour requirement Unsuited to plots of under 15ha
The selected hose-furrow system is a significant improvement on traditional flood irrigation as it provides better control of water application and improved efficiency. At the same time, it is low-tech and easy to maintain, which is essential as smallholders will not have the capacity to repair or replace complex in-field systems. It is easier to install and maintain, and less wasteful of water than open systems which require carefully graded field channels. Although it will require some experience, planning and discipline to operate, it is justified in being the best solution for Tier 1. It also has the ability to be easily converted to drip (if filters are fitted after the hydrant) or even a portable low- pressure sprinkler system, should farmers wish to do so in the future. Hose-move sprinkler The layout will be divided into 2.7ha plots (180 x 150m) and standard sprinklers at a spacing of 15 x 15m and a pressure of 3bar. Each 2.7 ha plot will have two surface-laid 75mm HDPE laterals, which will simultaneously feed 12 sprinklers each, on 33m draglines of 25mm PE hose. Each sprinkler will have 5 positions and will be moved manually. The system is easy to operate as the laterals do not require moving, only the sprinklers which are mounted on tripods, every 6 hours. One worker can irrigate 5.4 ha (48 sprinklers).
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Figure 5-3 Hose move sprinkler system for Tier 2 The system has been designed to apply 8.8mm gross/day, which will give 6.6mm net/day as the application efficiency of sprinklers is only 75% due to non-uniform coverage and losses. The scheme will operate for 12 hours/day, so each sprinkler covers 2 positions. The peak crop water requirement would be 9.9mm/day for a crop like tomatoes in October, so the scheme can supply only 66% of this, however not all the area will be covered by fully-grown tomatoes or similar vegetables, so 6.6mm day is considered adequate as long as the plots are relatively free of weeds. If there was a need to apply more, the operating hours could be extended. Small centre pivots (for Tier 2) Centre pivots have a higher efficiency (85%) than normal sprinkler layouts due to more uniform application and less room for human error. They also cause less soil damage due to a lighter application of water from low pressure emitters. The labour requirement is very low, allowing one operator to control several pivots, or do other tasks during irrigation. The pivots can be utilised by groups of farmers growing a single crop like wheat or soya beans, or divided into a several “slices” for different crops. The application rate can be varied by
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adjusting the speed of the pivot. Soluble fertilisers and some soil-acting chemicals and biological treatments can be easily applied through centre- pivots. The flow requirement of each pivot is specified as 27 lt/sec at 2 bar pressure, operating for 16hrs/day, which will give 8.2mm gross/day or 7.0mm net/day. If planted to wheat, the peak demand will be 7.3mm net/day, and 3.5mm net/day if planted to early maize in October. Therefore, with a small increase in operating hours (to 17hrs), the scheme will be capable of being fully planted with wheat. The precise operating pressure and type of emitter will be determined in the final design in consultation with an experienced pivot supplier.
Table 5-3 Alternative irrigation systems for field crops and vegetables on Tier 2
System Advantages Disadavantages Flood irrigation (from Lower capital cost; lower Low efficiency; not suited to hydrants or field channels) energy costs light soils; requires flat and graded land. Sprinklers (portable laterals) Lower capital cost High labour requirement, higher risk of damage and losses of equipment Sprinklers (solid-set) Very low labour Higher capital costs; requirement; higher field obstructs machinery access; efficiency; Moving rain-gun (e.g.Rotrix) Low labour requirement; low Requires good management capital cost per ha, easily and maintenance; can cause moved & shared. damage to bare soil. Drip More efficient water use; Higher capital cost; needs less weed growth filtered water; difficult to germinate small seeds; requires that all top- dressings are soluble technical grade fertilisers
Centre Pivots (proposed for Tier 3 and 4) Centre-pivots, the most popular form of large-scale irrigation in Zambia today, has been selected for Tier 3, and all Tier 4 farmers intend to use this system too. The ease of operation, high efficiency and low labour requirement make them the first choice if water availability is more limiting than land. The main drawback with pivots is the large amount of land that cannot be irrigated due to the circular pattern (min 35% of a square field), and the high initial cost. The initial design specifies 52ha pivots in all sections of Tier 3, which is a 7-tower pivot with 25m overhang on the last tower. Larger pivots have a higher rate of discharge at the end, which can exceed the infiltration rate of the soil to a point where soil damage or erosion can occur, and the pressure difference on a sloping field can be too high. The selection of 52ha is a good compromise between cost per ha and the hydraulic considerations. Pivots will be ideal for the Tier 3 areas with shallow soils as they allow frequent, light doses of irrigation where the soil water holding capacity is low. They also allow soluble fertilisers and some soil-acting chemicals and
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biological treatments to be easily applied through the irrigation water with a tank and injection system at the centre. The designed irrigation duty for Tier 3 pivots is 6.5mm net/day (8mm gross) on a 20hr pumping day, which is only just adequate for wheat where the peak requirement will be 7.3mm net/day (Aug), which requires pumping for 23hrs/day. This should be re-considered in the final design, as there is little safety margin with the shallow soils in this area. Tier 4 pivots are not included in the design, but it is normal practice for these farmers to use 9mm gross/day systems to allow for power-cuts.
Table 5-4 Alternative systems for Tier 3 & 4
System Pros Cons Flood irrigation (from Lower capital cost; lower Low water efficiency; not hydrants or field channels) energy costs suited to light soils; requires flat and graded land, which is not possible in T3. Sprinklers (portable laterals) Can irrigate uneven and High labour requirement, irregular blocks. lower efficiency; higher risk of damage and losses. Sprinklers (solid-set) Low labour requirement; Higher capital cost/ha; can irrigate uneven and obstructs machinery access; irregular blocks. Lateral-movers Better utilisation of land Requires canal or flexible pipe for water supply, limited regional experience/support
5.4 Materials Options 5.4.1 Materials The hose-move sprinkler system uses surface-laid HDPE laterals and PE dragline hoses. Sprinkler and tripod construction is not specified, but the more durable brass sprinklers on galvanised steel tripods is recommended. Plastic sprinklers are much cheaper but are easily broken. Tripods can be made from normal steel bar, which is cheaper and can be easily made or repaired on- farm, and rusting is not a major concern. However, these would be better suited to the scheme if workshop facilities will be available. The laterals could be made from uPVC but this would need to be buried to protect it from damage and light. This would prevent tractor operations near the laterals, and make repairs to leaking outlets more difficult. The HDPE pipes can be moved to allow access to tractors. Alternatively, metal pipes with quick-connectors could be used for the laterals, which would be more durable, but the cost and risk of theft are higher. Therefore, HDPE is the best solution. Commercially available reinforced PVC “dragline” hose, made specifically for irrigation, is the best option for the hoses. It is durable enough to withstand the frequent moving of sprinklers, and has a lifespan of 5 to 10 years, depending on grade. An internal diameter of 20mm and length of 36m is standard. 25mm PE pipes are not generally used for hose-move systems in Southern Africa.
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5.4.2 Alternative pipeline materials: . M PVC: Its 10-15% cheaper, and lighter than uPVC and tougher due to the high compression (18MPa v 12.5MPa) of the construction. This is the preferred for the main pipeline material; . Asbestos cement: Heavy, liable to fracture, dangerous to cut (dust), requires couplings; . Steel: Very strong, can be made in large diameters (max for uPVC is 630mm), but much more expensive than uPVC, difficult to move, and requires special joints and concrete supports; . Glass reinforced plastic (GRP): Good flow characteristics, can be made in large diameters (max for uPVC is 630 mm), more difficult to install and repair than uPVC, and more expensive. The distribution (or tertiary) network will use high density polyethylene (HDPE), which has been selected because it easier to install and has less joints than uPVC. HDPE comes in 50m or 100m rolls, while uPVC comes in 6m lengths. HDPE can be surface laid as it is not damaged by UV light and is more resilient to impact and traffic than uPVC. Apart from uPVC, galvanised steel (GI) would be an alternative but the cost is much higher, and it is much more complicated to join and install. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is a cheaper alternative to HDPE but will only withstand 3 bar pressure, and the joints are liable to leak, unlike the compression fittings used for HDPE. Thus it’s not a preferred option.
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6 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS
6.1 General Legal Framework The legislative responsibility for environmental impact assessment is vested in the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) which administers the Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2011. It is responsible for enforcing environmental regulations and coordinating sectorial government agencies involved in environmental management in their sectors. The legal framework of environmental management is described briefly below. Italics indicate the measures that MAL as the project implementing agency are responsible for ensuring compliance with all relevant Acts. 6.2 Legislation Framework The Environmental Management Act (EMA), No. 12 of 2011 This Act is the principal environmental law in Zambia and provides for integrated environmental management and the protection and conservation of the environment and the sustainable management and use of natural resources. This law is the primary legal basis for undertaking environmental and social impact assessment for the proposed IDSP project. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock has commissioned ESIA process by engaging a consultant SOFRECO to undertake environmental and social impact assessment in compliance with requirements of this national regulation during implementation of the project at the three site. The National Heritage and Conservation Commission Act The objectives of the National Heritage and Conservation Commission Act apply to development activities in game parks as augmented by section 22 of the Zambia Wildlife Act that prohibits removal or damage of any objects of prehistoric, historic or archaeological interest that exist in these protected areas.
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During the construction phase of the IDSP project at Mwomboshi site there will be excavation and earth movement activities for the preparation of agricultural fields and installation of water pipeline network for irrigation. Therefore Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock shall ensure that any artefacts or objects of archaeological significance discovered in the process are preserved and reported to the National Heritage Conservation Commission. The Land and Land Acquisition Act Enacted in 1995, the Department of Lands administers the Lands Act for alienation of land under statutory leaseholds. Under the Land Act, land has been divided into the following categories: State, Local Authority and Traditional land. The proposed irrigation development project at Mwomboshi site will affect both land under Local Authority as well as traditional land. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will give due consideration to the provisions of this Act in managing land issues since resettlement of affected households is expected. The Water Resources Management Act The Water Resources Management Act, enacted in 2011 provides for the establishment of the National Water Resources Management Authority to replace the current Water Board. The Water Board established under the old Water Act has continued to administer the allocation of surface water through issuance of water rights until the new Act comes into force. The IDSP project when implemented will involve abstraction of water from Mwomboshi River through impoundment and that requires a water right governed by this Act. The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will ensure that necessary documentation regarding the water right is obtained. The Plant Pests and Diseases Act, CAP 233 The Plant Pests and Diseases Act is the enabling framework for the eradication and prevention of the introduction and spread of plant pests in Zambia. The Plant Quarantine and Phytosanitary Service implement this act. As in the case of eradication of noxious weeds under the Noxious Weeds Act, Section 7 of the Plant Pests and Diseases Act requires an owner of land or premises to take all measures prescribed and any additional or alternative measures as are reasonably necessary for the eradication, reduction or prevention of the spread of a pest which an inspector may by notice in writing order him to take. The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will be required to abide by the provisions of this Act. The Plant Variety and Seeds Act, CAP 236 This Act was enacted in 1997 to provide for the regulation and control of the production, sale, import and export of seed and to provide for testing and for minimum standards of germination and purity. It also provides for the certification of seed. The Act is implemented by the Director of the Seed Control and Certification Institute (SCCI), the designated Authority, on behalf of the Minister of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. The Cotton Act, Coffee Act and Plant Pests and Diseases Act also control the seed sub-sector. The Act prohibits any person from operating as a seed importer or cleaner
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without registration with the Authority. The Authority may register an applicant if satisfied that the applicant complies with the prescribed requirements. The Act empowers the Minister to exempt any class of seed importer or cleaner from application of the Act. The Certifying Authority may license any seed company or institution as a certifying agency in any kind of seed or plant variety. The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will abide by the provisions of these Acts given that the IDSP project will at operation stage involve planting of various crop seed. The Cooperative Act Cap. 397 of 1972 The Act provides the registration, inspection, examination and supervision of cooperative societies which belong to the people who use their services, the control of which rests with their members in proportion to the use they make, and the gains from which are distributed among members in proportion to the use they make of these services or their interest in their society. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will abide by the provisions of this Act particularly that the implementation of the IDSP project will involve some individual farmers forming groups to manage given portions of land ranging from 1 to 5ha in extent under tier 2. The Local Government Act of 1991 The Act provides for the establishment of Councils or Districts, the functions of local authorities and the local government system. Some of these functions relate to pollution control and the protection of the environment in general. The proposed IDSP project will be implemented at Mwomboshi site falling under Chisamba District. The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will ensure that provisions of this Act are adhered to during the implementation of the IDSP project in order to avoid or minimise degradation of the environment. The Fisheries Act The Fisheries department administers the Fisheries Act (CAP 314). The Act regulates commercial fishing through registration of fishermen and boats, and prohibition of certain fishing methods and equipment. The proposed project involves setting up irrigation schemes at three sites. To achieve this a hydraulic structure (Mwomboshi dam) will be constructed that may affect the fish in the Mwomboshi River. Thus this Act is very relevant to the project since the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will have to ensure that measures are put in place to avoid disturbance to migratory and breeding pattern of fish in Mwomboshi River where Mwomboshi dam will be constructed. The Natural Resources Conservation Act The act provides for the establishment of the Natural Resources Advisory Board whose main functions are to ensure the proper use, conservation and improvement of natural resources. Some of the provisions of the Act have since been repealed with the coming into force of the then EPPCA which has since been replaced by EMA of 2011. This includes the abolition of the Natural Resources Advisory Board.
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Given that the proposed project site will be surrounded by natural resources, The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will ensure that these resources are protected.
Noxious Weeds Act It provides for the declaration and eradication of noxious weeds. This is relevant to the project since the presence of a reservoir at Mwomboshi site and agricultural activities may lead to high nutrient loading resulting into proliferation of weeds if not checked. The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will abide by the provisions of this Act by ensuring that application of fertilisers is regulated to avoid unnecessary nutrient loading to water bodies. The Plumage Birds Protection Act It provides for the prohibition of dealing in plumage of wild birds except for scientific or education purposes. The three project sites and their surrounding area are home to many bird species. Therefore the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will ensure that provisions of this Act are observed at all the three sites. The Town and Country Planning Act, Cap 285 This Act provides for the appointment of planning authorities whose main responsibilities are the preparation, approval and revocation of development plans. It also provides for the control, use and change of land use zones and reservations for various purposes e.g. siting of work sites as well as compensation of those affected by planning decisions and regulated development subdivisions. The land being targeted is both traditional land and state land under title deeds by individual commercial farmers. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will ensure it obtains relevant planning documentation from the relevant Planning Authorities. The Tourism Act, CAP 155 This Act provides for the preservation of the country’s natural endowments e.g. National Heritage sites and waterfalls etc., as assets of tourist attraction. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will therefore ensure that measures are put in place to promote and enhance the conservation of natural endowment during implementation of the proposed IDSP project. The Zambia Wildlife Act, CAP. 12 of 1998 Provides for the establishment, control and management of Game Management Areas; to provide for the sustainable use of wildlife and the effective management of wildlife habitat in Game Management Areas; to enhance the benefits of Game Management Areas both to local communities and to wildlife; to involve local communities in the management of Game Management Areas; to provide for the development and implementation of management plans. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will ensure that it adheres to principles highlighted in this law during implementation of the proposed project.
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The Forest Act, CAP 199 of 1999 This act provides for, among others, the participation of local communities, traditional institutions, non-governmental organisations and other stakeholders in sustainable forest management including conservation and use of forests and trees for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems and biological diversity. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will ensure that implementation of the proposed project is carried out in a manner which will conserve sensitive ecosystems at the project site in compliance with the provisions of this Act. The National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council Act of 2002 The Act provides for the establishment of the HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council whose functions include the coordination and provision of support to development, monitoring and evaluation of multi-sectorial response for the prevention and combating of the spread of HIV/AIDS/STI and TB in order to reduce the personal, social and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS/STIs and TB. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock will ensure that the contractor promotes STDs & HIV/AIDS awareness as well as distributing condoms among construction workers during project implementation. 6.3 Natural Resources Policies National Agriculture Policy National Agricultural Policy (NAP), 2004-2015 guides the development of agriculture in Zambia up to the year 2015. The main thrust behind this policy is to ensure sustainable development of land and water resources for both rain- fed and irrigated agriculture for food security and income generation especially for rural populations where people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. In this regard, the development and use of wells, boreholes, dams and springs for irrigation throughout the country is highly emphasized by the policy. It is the policy of the Zambian Government to increase the national water reservoir capacity and consequently increase land utilization for agricultural purposes. Irrigation Policy The Irrigation Policy and Strategy (IPS), 2004-2015 was developed with the aim of guiding the development of the irrigation subsector in Zambia. Specifically, to put 70,000ha of new land under irrigated agriculture by 2011. Whether this has been achieved is yet to be established. Out of this plan, 10,000 ha is intended to be large scale commercial and 30,000ha for each emerging commercial and small scale farmers respectively. The IPS was supported by the National Irrigation Plan (NIP) that established the Irrigation Development Fund to compliment the implementation. It’s the policy of the Zambia Government to deliberately create an enabling environment to ensure that the total land under irrigation is increased in order to reduce dependence on rain fed agriculture through initiatives such as the proposed IDSP project. National Water Policy This is the revised version of the 1994 edition. The earlier edition was promulgated primarily to guide the restructuring of the water sector with a strong bias to water supply and sanitation. The 2010 Policy has re-examined
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the role of water resources in an integrated manner and has provided guidance on the institutional and legal framework taking into account modern principles of water resources management (e.g. efficient and equitable water allocation to all users) and best international practices to promote sustainable national socio-economic development. One of the new measures advantageous to the farming community provided for by the National Water Policy of 2010 is the exclusion of traditional and small scale farmers with irrigation plots not to acquire water permits for their agricultural activities. Irrigation plots of less than 0.5ha will be exempted from water permits by the new water legislation. The National Policy on Environment 2007 Provides environment and natural resources management policies to address current and future threats to environment and to human livelihoods and provides policy guidelines for sustainable development. 6.4 Multilateral Agreements and Biodiversity Protocols Zambia is a signatory to a number of international and regional agreements and conventions, which are related to the environment. Those of relevance to the project are described below. Biodiversity Protocols The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the associated Cartagena Protocol on biopiracy, and the African Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Agreement (AFLEG), are associated regulatory frameworks that have domesticated application through the Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora (1994). Application: MAL is required to be compliant with the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity as they are incorporated into domesticated documentation (including the EMA), and these provisions are now incorporated in principle into the MAL Conservation Application Policy Manual. Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted in 1992 and aims to encourage and enable all countries to conserve biodiversity and use its components sustainably in support of National Development. A number of plans falling under the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and National Parks and Wildlife Service’s integrate the philosophy of this Convention and the National Environmental Action Plan addresses many of the issues raised. The Convention on Biological Diversity (Nairobi, 1992) The Convention was adopted on 5th June 1992 and came into force on 29th December 1993. It was ratified by Zambia in 1993. The Ministry of Lands and Environment implements the Convention in Zambia. The objectives are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. State parties to the Convention have committed
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themselves to identifying components of biological diversity of importance for conservation and sustainable use and that the policies and practices within individual jurisdictions should not cause damage to the environment of other states or to areas beyond their jurisdictions. The Convention is the only globally applicable, legally binding instrument to address alien species introduction, control and eradication across all biological taxa and ecosystems. Parties are required as part of a suite of insitu conservation measures and as far as possible and appropriate, “to prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species” United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) established in 1994 emphasizes desertification and mitigation of drought, but also aims to encourage long-term integrated strategies for improved production of land and rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources. The CCD emphasizes the need for local participation in strategic programme implementation. Zambia is a signatory to the CCD but has yet to ratify it. Among the obligations of the CCD relevant to Zambia and the project is the “encouragement of decentralisation and local resource tenure to strengthen local participation” The Soil Conservation and Agro-Forestry Extension Project (SCAFE) is an example of an extension program in place which addresses the issues raised in the Convention and a number of other international conventions. Central to SCAFE, which is established through the agriculture extension services, is the promoting of community awareness of land management and conservation in order to prevent land degradation and establish rehabilitation of degraded land. Application: the CCD will have implications for climatic and micro climate change around the project site through the promotion of climate adaptation measures that may impact on future land clearing and land and water management. The CCD also has relevance to the mechanisms of land development and land use management. The objectives of both Conventions are incorporated in the MAL corporate social responsibility charter. There is increasing evidence that application of resources to these objectives and to the principles of biodiversity conservation contribute measurably to overall operating efficiency and profitability in the medium term. Pesticide and Hazardous Chemical Protocols The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and its Disposal, 1989 The Convention provides norms, rules and procedures governing movements and disposal of hazardous waste at international as well as national levels. The overall objective of the Convention is to protect, by strict control, human health and the environment against the adverse effects, which may result from the generation and management of hazardous wastes and other forms of waste. Zambia acceded to the Convention on 15th November 1994. The Convention is implemented by ZEMA. Waste disposal, especially into water changes the nutrient load. In some cases this creates a favourable environment for the proliferation of certain invasive plant species.
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Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
The Convention provides for promotion of shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm and to contribute to their environmentally sound use, by facilitating information exchange about their characteristics, by providing for a national decision-making process on their import and export and by disseminating these decisions to Parties. This Convention applies to banned or severely restricted chemicals and severely hazardous pesticide formulations. Zambia acceded to the Convention in2000. The Convention is implemented by ZEMA. Application: many of the chemicals listed under the Rotterdam Convention are still in circulation in Zambia and MAL’s attention is drawn to the requirements of this Convention and to periodic additions and changes to the list. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants The Convention provides for norms, rules and procedure governing accessibility and usage of persistent organic pollutants. It aims at protecting human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. Any party to the convention is expected to prohibit and/or take the legal and administrative measures necessary to eliminate its production and use of the chemicals listed in Annex A subject to the provisions of that Annex; and its import and export of the chemicals listed in Annex A in accordance with the provisions and restrict its production and use of the chemicals listed in Annex B in accordance with the provisions of that Annex. Further each Party is expected to take measures to ensure that a chemical listed in Annex A or Annex B is imported only for the purpose of environmentally sound disposal as set forth in paragraph or for a use or purpose which is permitted for that Party under Annex A or Annex B. Zambia is a party to the convention and ZEMA is the implementing agency. Application: all three of these global conventions have been ratified by Zambia and are now largely domesticated into Zambian legislation, including the requirement to comply with utilisation frameworks established by these conventions and the periodic changes made to them. MAL’s required by law to abide by the restrictions of the Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions and to attempt to attenuate or, if possible, remove traces of persistent chemicals from their properties. Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage The Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WCNH) signed in 1973 aims to protect areas of universal value to science, conservation or natural and cultural heritage. It contains two legal principles, one of which states “There is a legal duty on the part of all states to conserve and take responsibility for all natural and cultural heritage.” Zambia acceded to the Convention in 1984. Application: This policy will not directly affect the project, but cognisance should be taken of the context of the Convention.
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6.5 Relevant International Policy Guidelines Relevant World Bank and IFC Guidelines The World Bank Group through its members such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) has a policy that all its operations and investment are carried out in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. In this regard, IDSP project must comply with applicable World Bank and IFC environmental, social and disclosure policies. By nature of the proposed IDSP project Seven (7) safeguard policies out of the listed Ten were found to be relevant and fundamental to the project appraisal, approval and supervision process. In carrying out the environmental and social impact assessment for the IDSP project for group one sites, consideration was given to applicable World Bank Safeguard policies: Environmental Assessment; Forest; Natural Habitats; Pest Management; Involuntary Resettlement, Cultural property and safety of dams. Like the World Bank Safeguard policies, Zambia’s environmental policy and resettlement demands that adverse environmental and social impacts of any proposed developmental project must undertake a process to identify all relevant potential impacts and recommend means of avoiding or minimising such impacts. Besides the mitigation measures it’s expected that their implementation would be monitored. In either case, World Bank policy or Zambia’s policy, the objective is the similar; ensuring that identified issues are integrated into decision making process so that only environmentally and socially sustainable projects are supported. Policy Guidelines World Bank/IFC EHS Guidelines and Pollution Management Sourcebook Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook The World Bank/IFC EHS Guidelines and Pollution Management Source book (Getting to Green – A Sourcebook of Pollution Management Policy Tools for Growth and Competitiveness) World Bank Group’s Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook apply to all projects directly financed by IFC. However, taking into account country legislation and local conditions, the Environment assessment may recommend alternative emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement for the project. 6.6 Institutional Responsibilities The Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) The Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) formerly (Environmental Council of Zambia - ECZ), is established by the Act of Parliament of 2011. It reports to the Ministry of Lands, Environment and Natural Resources. It is responsible for environmental management and the protection and conservation of the environment and the sustainable management and use of natural resources. It has legislative responsibility for environmental impact assessment. It’s responsible for enforcing environmental
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regulations and coordinating sectorial government agencies involved in environmental management in their sectors. It is empowered to among others to establish water quality and pollution controls standards and determine conditions for the discharge of effluents into the aquatic environment. Under the Act ZEMA is responsible for preparation of the State of the Environment Report, environmental management strategies and other plans for environmental management and sustainable development; facilitation of strategic environmental assessments of proposed policies, plans and programmes likely to have an impact on environmental management; responsible for ensuring public participation in environmental decision-making and access to environmental information as well as facilitate the implementation of international environmental agreements and conventions to which Zambia is a party. The Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA) Water Resources Management Authority was established under the Water Resources Management Act of 2011. The Authority is responsible for promoting and adopting a dynamic, gender-sensitive, integrated, interactive, and participatory and multi-sectoral approach to water resources management and development that includes human, land, environmental and socioeconomic considerations. The Authority is responsible for identifying and protecting potential sources of freshwater supply; conserve, preserve and protect the environment, in particular, wetlands, quarries, dambos, marshlands and headwaters and take into account climate change and the challenges posed by climate change, plan for and ensure the sustainable and rational utilisation, management and development of water resources based on community and public needs and priorities, within the framework of national economic developmental policies The Authority has a Board of Directors appointed by the Ministry. The Board appoints a Director General to run the affairs of the Authority. The Authority is made up of Catchment Councils, Sub-Catchment Council and Water Users Associations.
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7 BASELINE INFORMATION ON THE PROJECT
7.1 Physical Environmental Setting 7.1.1 Rainfall Records at the Meteorological Department showed that there are three stations in the vicinity of the Mwomboshi Catchment the project area, namely Golden Valley, Chisamba Rail and Kamaila. See Figure 7-1.
Figure 7-1 Rainfall recording stations in the vicinity of the Mwomboshi Catchment Records showed that Golden Valley Chisamba had records from 1980 to 2009 while Chisamba Rail has data from 1919 to 1990.
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7.1.2 Hydrology The Mwomboshi river catchment covers 3,040 Km2 and lies entirely in Chisamba District of Central Province. The river has its headwaters in the Liteta dambo areas, north-west of the project site. The Catchment therefore extends from the Great North Road up to Mulungushi River downstream of Mulungushi Dam (figure 1-7). In the upper part of Mwomboshi catchment there are several seasonal tributaries which contribute to the overall flow of the river. These are Malamba, Kangola, Chinakuba, Chankumba, Lwambwe and Chikonkomene. Despite seasonal contributions from these tributaries, Mwomboshi River is an intermittent river and the extent of its flow in any hydrological year is dependent on the preceding rainy season as revealed by indigenous knowledge and field assessments. Mwomboshi river is however a source of water for commercial and subsistence agriculture in the area. It is for this reason that dams have been constructed on the main river and its tributaries in order to capture runoff for irrigation use and other agricultural uses. Currently there are five (5) existing dams in the area. With regard to environmental flow, Zambia has no national standards as yet for any of its River system. However, hydrological analysis conducted for reliability of Mwomboshi River in terms of river flows indicated that there current volumes are adequate to sustain ecological balance. Mwomboshi River is non perennial and there are no flows during the dry season. With the creation of a dam this is bound to change as it is a requirement that some flow is allowed throughout the year making the river system perennial to some extent possible downstream. 7.1.3 Catchment Extent and Characteristics Mwomboshi River is 100 kilometres from the source to the mouth with Mulungushi river. At the confluence with Mulungushi, Mwomboshi drains a catchment area of 3,040 Km2 (Figure 1-77). Within this area, there are several seasonal streams which contribute to the Mwomboshi River. The river is however not perennial but carries significant runoff during the rainy season. Dams have thus been constructed in the catchment to capture runoff for commercial agriculture and other uses. Figure 1-7. Relative positions of Lukanga, Mulungushi, and Mwomboshi catchments, also showing the gauging stations 4-390 and 5-815. 7.1.4 Total Catchment Yield Catchment yield is based on the expected annual runoff from the catchment and is an important factor in assessing the feasibility of a dam (FAO, 2010). For Mwomboshi catchment which is ungauged and without known flows, the methods used to estimate the yield were the Hot-deck infilling method and the Rational methods.
7 See Figure 7 2: Hydrological overview of the Mwomboshi River catchment in Annex 1: Maps folder.
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Hot Deck Infilling Method This is a widely used method for estimating flows in ungauged catchments based on the measured flows of a neighbouring catchment (Hirsh, 1979; Parrett et al, 1994). The applicability and performance of this method may improve with an increased similarity of the two watersheds in terms of morphology, land use, imperviousness, and drainage area. This is the case with Mwomboshi and Chongwe catchments which have common features in terms of hydrological characteristics and land use. Estimated Flow (X) = (Measured Flow-Q)*(Drainage Area (A)/Drainage Area (B) Where X= Estimated flow (m3/sec) of the ungauged stream A= Area (km2) of the ungauged stream B= Area (km2) of the gauged stream Using this method, the results in table 1 were used to derive the catchment annual runoff as shown in table 7-1.
Table 7-1 Annual runoff for Chongwe Catchment at Great East Road Bridge
Station No. & River Catchment Area Annual Runoff (m3/s) (km2) Min Mean Max 5-025 Chongwe 1,961 0.95 5.9 20 (Source: Shamboko, et al 2012)
Table 7-2 Estimated annual runoff for Mwomboshi Catchment at the Confluence with Mulungushi
Station No. & River Catchment Area Annual Runoff (m3/s) (km2) Min Mean Max Mwomboshi river 3,040 1 9 31 at confluence with Mulungushi
Rational and Hydrograph Methods This approach was used in the pre-feasibility studies to estimate maximum probable flood (Fintecs, 2010). The Maximum Probable Flood (MPF) with a return period of 250 years was used and was calculated from the following formula:
0,775 Log e (MPF+1) = 1,175 [log e (A+1)] + 3,133 Where the MPF is measured in m3/s and the area A is expressed in km2. The estimated MPF was calculated as 35.6m3/s. In comparison to the 31m3/s derived from hotdeck formula, it can be deduced that the catchment yield for Mwomboshi can range from 30 to 37m3/s (978Mm3 to 1167Mm3 per annum). Currently the water allocation in the catchment amounts to 282,700m3/day (42.4Mm3 per annum), (see table 7-3).
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Table 7-3 Water allocation in Mwomboshi catchment
Water Right Owner Water Allocation (m3/day) River Remarks R A Old Ltd 4,500 Mwomboshi Existing dam Bushcut Investments Ltd 6,500 Mwomboshi Existing dam Mwomboshi Syndicate 241,700 Mwomboshi Proposed David Allan Gordon 2800 Mulamba Existing dam David Allan Gordon 4200 Mulamba Existing dam Flyby Limited 15500 Mulamba Existing dam David Allan Gordon 7500 Mulamba Existing dam Total 282,700 Source: WARMA 7.1.5 Upstream Catchment Yield The upstream catchment of the Mwomboshi is where the project site and proposed dam lie (figure 1-88). The extent of this catchment is 915 km2 and is about 30% of the total catchment area. This part of the catchment comprises six (6) sub catchments (C1 to C6) which all contribute to the proposed dam site. The yield of this portion of the catchment is estimated as 283 Mm3 per annum. The proposed dam will hold of 59 Mm3. The catchment yield far exceeds the design capacity of the dam and it is very unlikely that there will be an extreme impact on downstream runoff. However taking into consideration seasonal variations, the rate of filling the new dam may be delayed. 7.1.6 Geology and Hydrogeology Mwomboshi area is underlain by crystalline rocks and metasediments of varying lithology and degree of metamorphism, ranging from the Basement Complex to lower Kundelungu. The oldest rock types in the area are mainly gneisses and granite-gneisses of the Basement Complex commonly known as the Mwomboshi Gneiss (figure 7-4). These rock types are rimmed by schists, quartzites and sheared gneisses of the Chisamba formation (Moore, 1963). Figure 7-59 shows that the entire project site lies in the granitic gneiss which is an extensive formation within the Mwomboshi river catchment. The Mwomboshi gneiss is largely made up of medium to coarse grained granite-gneiss dipping in the east-westerly direction. This formation is also restricted to the stretches of the Mwomboshi River and the middle and lower reaches of its tributaries. The weathered sections occur mainly along the Mwomboshi River itself (Moore, 1963).
8 Figure 1-8 is available in Annex 1: Maps folder. 9 See Figure 7 5: Geology of the project site and surrounding areas in Annex 1: Maps folder.
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Figure 7-2 Typical rock types in project area The project site, as stated in section 1.2 lies entirely in the granitic gneiss which is an extensive formation within the Mwomboshi river catchment. This forms a larger part of the unproductive aquifer (figure 7-610). This aquifer type has limited groundwater potential with very low transimissivity values ranging from 0.05 to 5m2/day. Borehole yields are equally low and they range from 0.01 to 1 l/s (Baumle, et al, 2012). An existing borehole at Vixers Farm yields 1.5l/s with a depth of 70m. Apart from this borehole, this study revealed that the project the project and surrounding places have few boreholes confirming that groundwater potential is limited. The western and southern stretches of the catchment forms a productive aquifer which is similar to the Lusaka Dolomite. Transmissivity in this area ranges from 5 to 75m2/day with boreholes yields varying from 1 to 10 l/s (Baumle, et al, 2012). This is the stretch that has extensive commercial agriculture in Chisamba and Chibombo areas due too high productivity of the aquifers. 7.1.7 Water Quality Heavy metals and other parameters At the time of assessment, Mwomboshi River was not flowing. The river had stretches of ponding water upstream and downstream of the proposed dam sites (figure 7-3). Sampling and onsite testing of river water could not be done
10 See Figure 7 6: Hydrogeology of Mwomboshi catchment (modified after GRESP, 2012) in Annex 1 Maps folder.
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as the ponds of water would not depict the prevailing quality of water in the river.
Figure 7-3 Sections of the Mwomboshi River with pond of water The groundwater sample at Mwomboshi (Kalimina School) was found to be at a deeper level but it also has a relatively low mineral content indicating quick recharge or replenishing of the groundwater. Irrigation water quality was analysed with respect to salinity hazard, sodium hazard, magnesium hazard and chloride hazard. These indices in annex 4 refer to the effect on soil and plant growth due to long term use of the water for irrigation. Salinity hazard According to the guidelines (Table 7-4) for assessing salinity hazard modified from Bauder et al (2008), generally the samples at Mwomboshi do not present any salinity hazard problem.
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Table 7-4 General guidelines for assessment of salinity hazard of irrigation water
Limitation Limitation None Moderate Severe EC1 (µS/cm) <750 750-3000 >3000 TDS (mg/L) <450 450-2000 >2000 Source: Bauder et al (2008), 1Electrical Conductivity
Sodium hazard The sodium hazard is estimated by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). SAR is the ratio of sodium concentration to the concentration of the square root of the average calcium plus magnesium concentration in either irrigation water or the soil solution (Miller and Gardiner, 2007). Table shows the guidelines for assessing sodium hazard based on SAR and EC. All the samples have SAR below 3. Irrigation water with low salt content and high SAR can contribute to poor soil permeability. The sample at Mwomboshi (T5) presented the moderate sodium hazard.
Table 7-5 Guidelines for assessing sodium hazard
Limitation None Moderate Severe EC, µS/cm When SAR = 0-3 and EC >700 200 – 700 <200 When SAR = 3-6 and EC >1200 300 -1200 <300 When SAR = 6-12 and EC >1900 500 – 1900 <500 When SAR = 12-20 and EC >2900 1300 - 2900 <1300 When SAR = 20-40 and EC >5000 2900 - 5000 <2900 Modified from Bauder et al (2008)
Potential bicarbonate hazard According to Table 7-6, the Mwomboshi sample (T5) has a moderate potential while in comparison to other sites which exhibit none to slight potential. High bicarbonate content tends to reduce the dissolved calcium or magnesium thus increasing the relative proportion of sodium which directly raises the sodium hazard rating.
Table 7-6 Guidelines for assessing potential bicarbonate hazard
Potential bicarbonate hazard None to slight Moderate Severe Very severe Bicarbonate (HCO3), ppm 0 -120 120 – 180 180 – 600 600+ 7.1.8 Topography and Soil The general topography is a gently undulating and flat plateau with isolated hills and low ranges forming gently sloping valleys. To present a map of soils in the project area, 24 soil pits were dug following a general survey using an auger penetrating down to 1.20 meters (Hungwe, 2012). No evidence of ancient occupations was found in the soil pits or in the auger drillings. Nine soil types were determined.
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. (M1) Loamy sands, less than 30 cm thick, overlying densely packed quartz stones and gravels; . (M2) Loamy sands overlying sandy loams which give way to densely packed sub angular and surrounded quartz gravels and stones the latter present at -50 to -80 cm from the surface; . (M3) Sandy loams overlying sandy clay loams which overlie densely packed quartz stones and gravels. Below is found the weathering rock with soil of sandy clay loam type; . (M4) On the surface is found loamy sand and weak sandy loams, letting way to sandy loams and sandy clay loams along a depth of over 80 cm; . (M5) A maximum of 30 cm soil or less onto a layer or horizon of densely packed quartz and laterite gravels and stones; . (M6) Succession of loamy sands and sandy loams; . (U1) Soil with numerous small light grayish anthills; . (U2) Soils often wet; . 9. (U3) Soils seasonally wet; . The location of these soil types is given in figure 7-811. The soils at the project site, were surveyed and revealed two soil types (M3 and M4, total 1,242ha) which were classified as “suitable” for irrigation, and one which is marginally suitable (M2 and M6, 1,080ha). Figure 7-8 shows the distribution of these soils in relation to the proposed irrigation areas. Field surveys revealed that there is a shortage of suitable soils in the project area, so most of Tier 3 (12 out of 18 pivots) has been located on marginal soils, while priority has been given to Tier and 2 which are almost entirely on suitable soils, the logic being that the Tier 3 farmer with centre-pivot will be able to manage the shallow soils better. This is a correct assumption, but it leaves the Tier 3 farmer, who is meant to anchor the scheme, with a risky investment. In the final design the Tier 3 pivots will have to be sited and sized more accurately to ensure optimum use of the available suitable soils. Much of the soil in Mwomboshi, although well-drained, has hard-packed layers of quartzite or laterite gravel at depths of 40cm to 100cm, which limits rooting depth and water holding capacity. In M2 the gravels start at 25-35cm deep, while in M3 it begins at 35-60 cm deep, and M4 is relatively free of gravel layers. The soil textures are generally light, ranging from sandy loams to loamy sands, and the pH values are low. There are no signs of sodicity. Nutrient Cycling The levels of macro nutrients in the top-soils of all the selected soil types at the project site were found to be generally of low: . Nitrogen: 0.5 (v.low) – 5ppm (low); . Phosphate: 5 (acutely deficient) - 15ppm (deficient); and . Potassium: 0.05 (very low) – 0.7 me% (moderate); . Organic matter levels are low, as is normal in these soils, and pH levels are low (4.5) to marginal (5.0).
11 See Figure 7 8: Soil suitability map of Mwomboshi north and proposed irrigation areas in Annex 1: Maps folder.
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The agricultural practices that will be employed will make full use of the natural sources of plant nutrients so as to reduce dependence on artificial fertilisers. However, production systems will be very intensive in order make an economic return on investment and labour, so it is expected that all crops planted will receive some artificial fertiliser. Practical methods that are proposed to be used to reduce the quantity of artificial fertiliser include: . Retaining crop residues where it does not pose a pest risk, i.e. where the following crop is of a different species to the preceding crop. Crop rotation will facilitate this. Minimum tillage in wheat/soya rotation is recommended; . Mulching – creates a conducive environment for soil fauna a flora which are active in cycling nutrients, and introduces organic matter; . Use of leguminous crops such as beans and groundnuts, together with inoculants; . Maintaining the plots under crop at all times so they remain moist; . Planting green manures and/or mulch crops when the land is not required for cash crops; . Use of livestock manure; . Regular soil analysis so that fertiliser application is tailored to crop requirements – this measure is only practical for Tier 3 and 2, unless Tier 1 gets external support. Soil Deterioration Risks Soils can be affected both chemically and physically. The risks of chemical deterioration are considered minimal as the quality of the irrigation water in the Mwomboshi River is considered to be good (Envsol Consult EIA, 2008). Levels of sodium in the most of the soils are low (2.5 – 8 %ESP), although soil type M6 has 11% ESP, which exceeds the Zimbabwe threshold of 9% (A Hungwe, 2012). This is in a Tier 3 section under centre pivot so any build-up of sodium can be avoided by careful irrigation. The risks of physical damage are considered to be more serious, mainly on Tier 1 where there will be frequent cultivation and the possibility of erosion or capping caused by heavy application of water with hosepipes. The hosepipes discharge 1.5 lt/sec, which equates to a velocity of 3m/sec. In the relatively light soils, this could wash away beds or ridges in if not carefully directed or softened with a baffle. Where the fields lie on steeper slopes they are at risk of erosion (see section 3.4 above). Tillage practices can damage soils by over- cultivating (pulverising) the top-soil, and creating a plough-pan through continued shallow cultivation. 7.1.9 Water Supply, Demand and Allocation According to the Water Resources Management Authority data base, there are three water rights on Mwomboshi River and four on the Mulamba tributary. These water rights have been granted mainly for commercial agriculture and have a total daily water demand of 282,700m3/day. Due its intermittent flow regime, water allocation on the Mwomboshi River and its tributaries is in form of dams and not direct pumping (figure 7-9). The design consideration for the proposed Mwomboshi dam with a capacity of about 60 MCM will be able to release about 7 MCM per annum adequate for the downstream Bushcut dam as well as the requirement for environmental flow. The effect of Mwomboshi dam on Bushcut farm was further investigated
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by an application of hydrological modelling and it showed that to the contrary Mwomboshi dam will have a positive impact on bushcut as it will act as a storage reservoir.
Figure 7-4 Existing dam at Bushcut Farms (November, 2013) 7.2 General description of the vegetation 7.2.1 Vegetation Types Three main areas with varying vegetation types were observed; an expanse of riparian vegetation along perennial streams and rivers, dambos, immediate areas of the wet areas and the uplands – the plateau table See map in figure 7-10 below. Note that Dambos being referred to here do not have water during dry season and should not be taken to mean wetlands.
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Figure 7-5 Map for Vegetation of the Project Area
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7.2.2 Vegetation Classification According to Trupnel (Vegetation classification of Zambia, 1969), Mwomboshi vegetation falls under Miombo vegetation however findings of this study, the project area would be classified as having mixed vegetation, Miombo and riparian which is along rivers and streams. Vegetation types found in the area include: riparian, open Miombo woodland and the dambo areas as described above with mixed tree species. Riparian Vegetation Riparian vegetation was found close to the banks of Mwomboshi River and other streams especially those which are perennial. Typical tree and grass species included; Diospyros sp, Tamarindus indica, Acacia nigrescens, Ficus niloticus, Lonchocarpasa capasa, Syzygium cordatum, the palm family is not common in the area. Grass Species in the Dambo Areas The river banks of the Mwomboshi River are mostly lined with papyrus grass species which occurs in varying heights and densities depending on the establishment of a particular community. In the dambos are continuous patches of highly hydrophilic grass species like Leptocchloa spp. Echinochloa pyramidalis and Echinochloa colona. Other grass species observed in the outskirts of the wet areas were; panicum deustum, Brachiaria deflexa, Panicum deustum, Sporobolus panicoides, and Digitaria longiflora, (couch grass). Also common in this area is Arundinella nepalensis and couch grass. Open Miombo Woodland Open Miombo woodland was observed on the upland and it is a regenerating young vegetation with most trees below three (3m) tall. Typical tree species included; brachystegia, Jubernada, Diphlorhycus and condylocarpon. The open woodland in Mwomboshi area was observed to have bare ground with scattered woody species in two layers: old big even more scattered trees species mostly in the range of 4 – 8m high and the other layer at shrub level constituting a different combination of woody plant species. Old tree species included Lonchocarpus capassa, Acacia tortilis, and Kigelia African.
Figure 7-6 Remains of Miombo in heavily utilised area
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7.2.3 Eco-System Sensitivity; Habitats and Species of Special Concern Sensitive Habitats Two habitats would be identified as sensitive in Mwomboshi area; riparian vegetation and Dambo grasslands. Note that Riparian areas adequate and Dambos do not have water during dry season and are not really wetlands. Sometimes they are used as a source of clay. Riparian Vegetation Plant communities along banks of rivers and streams are important for their ecological and hydrological function of holding the soils along rivers together and also being reservoirs of biological diversity. The habitat diversity influence fauna and aquatic systems. Dambo Areas Mwomboshi area has a lot of dambos which are traditionally used as a dry- season water source, for clay used for building, brick-making , dry season gardening of vegetables and water melons, and could even be used for growing rice in the rainy season. Dambo areas are also used as a source of grazing pastures. Ecologically and hydrologically dambos are important as water recharge areas where some researchers have said that they act like sponges (similar to typical wetland areas) and release water into rivers and streams. Dambos are also important as biodiversity rich areas, especially that they are expanses of grasslands; they have a particular richness in insect life and molluscs which attract birds. 7.2.4 Ecologically Important Areas The project site is closest to Muyama forest reserve which was degazetted in 2009. The other protected area is Mwomboshi forest reserve which is about five kilometers away. The map below the protected areas around the project area.
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Figure 7-7 Map of Protected Areas around Mwomboshi project area 7.3 Fauna Past studies have shown that Mwomboshi area was once rich in fauna especially mammalian species as was reported by some researchers in the early 70s. Most of the mammalian life has been disturbed largely because of anthropogenic factors such as poaching, habitat fragmentation, unplanned fires, and deforestation. There were more than 45 mammal species reported by Ansell in the late 1970’s, with the more significant species including Sable Antelope, African Wild Dog, Lion, Waterbuck, Common Reedbuck, Impala and Black Rhinoceros. Recent anecdotal reports show that the mammal compositions in the area reflect a high degree of human disturbance. So far 12 reptile, and 10amphian (mostly frogs and toads) species have been identified and documented in the subject area of study. According to documented evidence there is rich bird life in the project area, especially terrestrial birds. Much of the vegetation required to support birds has not been affected. 7.3.1 Terrestrial Fauna in the Mwomboshi Area Mammals Historically Mwomboshi area used to have most of commercially attractive mammals which are not present today. People sited the following animals as having been present in the past:-
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Table 7-7 Past mammals species in Mwomboshi
No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Buffalo Syncerus caffer 2 Eland Taurotragus oryx 3 Elephant Loxodonta Africana 4 Hartebeest Sigmoceros lichtensteinii 5 Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros 6 Lion Panthera leo 7 Rhinoceros (Black Rhino) Diceros bicornis 8 Sable antelope Hippotragus niger 9 Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus 10 Wild Dog Lycaon pictus Most of these species are now locally extinct. Kudu was however reported to be still in the area. CURRENT STATUS OF MAMMALS Not all large mammals have gone into local extinction in the project area. A number of large mammal species still exist in the Mwomboshi area; although poaching continues to be the major threat to their survival and existence. Fauna habitats in the ecosystem have largely not been disturbed; much of it is still unspoiled. The following animals exist in the area:
Table 7-8 Animals existing in Mwomboshi
No. Common Name Scientific Name Local Status IUCN status 1 African Civets Civettictis civetta Common Least Concern 2 Bush babys Galago crassicaudatus Abundant Least Concern 3 Bush Squirels Paraxerus cepapi Abundant Least Concern 4 Bushbucki Tragelaphus scriptus Rare; locally Least Concern threatened 5 Bushpigi Potamochoerus porcus Rare Least Concern 6 Duikers Sylvicapra grimmia Rare Least Concern Commons 7 Monkey vervets Cercopithecus Common Least Concern pygerythus 8 Spring hares Pedetes capensis Common Least Concern 9 Warthogi Phacochoerus Rare Least Concern aethiopicus
The Figure 1-12: Map of Animal Life in Mwomboshi project area12 shows where some of the animals mentioned above were sighted or where at least the spoor was observed. Animals which were physically seen include, spring hare, Common Duiker, Bush Baby, Vervet Monkeys, Chacma Baboons, and the
12 See Figure 1-12: Map of Animal Life in Mwomboshi project area in Annex 1: Maps folder.
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African civet. The spring hare, Bush Baby and the African civet were actually observed during a night drive. BIRDLIFE This, plus the diversity of woodland habitats provide the right environment for existence of diverse bird life. There are six (6) endemic bird species in the area around the Wonder gorge (Leonard, 2005); of these only the Rufousbellied Tit; Pale billed Hornbill, and Miombo Rock Thrush, were observed in the area. Others observed are given in the table below:
Table 7-9 Birds observed during surveys
No. Bird Species Scientific Name IUCN Status 1 African Dater Anhinga rufa Least Concern 2 African fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer Least Concern 3 African Pied Wagtail Motacilla arguimp abundant 4 Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus Least Concern 5 Blue Waxbill Uraeginthus angolensis Common 6 Common Bulbul pycnonotus barbatus Common 7 Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus Common 8 Emrald-spotted wood Dove Turtur chalcospilos Abundant 9 Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis Common 10 Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator Abundant 11 Grey Lourie corthaixoides concolor abundant 12 Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris Least Concern 13 Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudate Abundant 14 Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus Abundant 15 Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus Common 16 Miombo Grey Tit Parus griseiventris Common 17 Miombo Rock Thrush Monicola angolensis Common 18 Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis Common 19 Pied Crow Corvus albbus Common 20 Rufousbellied Tit Parus rufiventris Uncommon 21 Senegal Wattled lapwing Vanellus senegallus Least concern 22 Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava Common 23 Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethioipicus Common 24 White stork Ciconia ciconia Palearctic migrant 25 Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus Common 26 Red-eyed dove Streptopelia semitorrquata Abundant 27 Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Least Concern
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Tracks of snakes were observed across paths and snakes common to the area were cited during interviews with local people. In addition to these, some common frogs and lizards were also observed. Two types of tortoises were reported to be in the area: Leopards tortoise (Geochelone pardalis babcocki)
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and the Bell hinged (Kiniys belliana spekii). Cobras (Naja spp.), Mambaas (Dendroaspis spp.), Vipers (Bitis spp.), Adders (Causus spp.), Booslangs (Dispholidus spp.), and the African python (Python sebae natalensis) were cited during interviews as common snakes in Mwomboshi area. INVERTEBRATES All animals without backbones are invertebrates. They may be small, but are often numerous and play major roles in ecosystem processes. A significant reduction in numbers or extinction means a change in ecosystem processes. Invertebrates like so many other organisms, are becoming reduced in abundance and extinct primarily through loss of habitat. The construction of a dam along Mwomboshi River will certainly change forest habitat and change the composition of invertebrates and ultimately will affect even the bird life in the area. FISH Fish stocks within Mwomboshi River and the tributaries are of the Kafue river system. About ninety six (96) fish species were confirmed to be in Mwomboshi and the tributaries. Most of the fishermen in the area do fishing at subsistence level. The fishing is to a large extent seasonal, especially when the water levels are high around April and August, beyond which fishing becomes difficult because water levels are too low. A checklist of indigenous fish species in the Mwomboshi river system is in Appendix 10.3. 7.4 Land Use and Settlement Patterns Social economic surveys conducted in the project area revealed that several households will be affected by the proposed project. The land ear-marked for the proposed irrigation scheme will affect people, social infrastructure as well as cultural sites. It’s definite that people will have to be relocated and infrastructure replaced elsewhere. Consequently, the project initiated an exercise aimed at developing a Resettlement Action Plan through a comprehensive consultative process with all stakeholders at all levels including affected persons. The number of households to be relocated from the area designated for irrigation and the dam is in the order of 200, or about one third of the population. For more details on findings and recommendations, reference should be made to the actual RAP report. Settlement The settlement pattern on customary land in the Mwomboshi area is distinctive, with housing being linearly sited on mid-slopes following drainage lines. This enables land holders to access easily soils throughout the catenary sequence as well as a water supply. It was observed that the settlement pattern on the commercial farms is highly dispersed. Figure 1-12 shows the population of the four villages distinguishing male and female residents.
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Figure 7-8 Population of Residential Areas in Mwomboshi The Mwomboshi site has had a history of immigration from outside. Only 28% of adults over 16 have lived in Mwomboshi all their lives: these are represented on Figure 7-9 as the 45 degree line bisecting the graph. Mwomboshi is a key location: on the line of rail, near the Great North Road, near Lusaka, near the commercial farming areas for labour opportunities and with customary land available for distribution by the Chiefs’ officials. Figure 7-9 also shows that within the last 20 years the rate of in-migration has substantially increased.
Figure 7-9 Years of Residence by Age A statistical analysis of age against length of residence by village suggests a different in-migration pattern (df=3466, F=28.5, significant at 99%) between villages. The result is shown visually in Figure 7-10:
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. Kalimina and Kalimina A (probably no difference between them) is an old village with high levels of in-migration (many residents have lived there all their lives but there also many newcomers, particularly in the last 15 years). . Kalimina B is newly settled, with very few residents having lived there all their lives (Kalimina B is located within State land (Farm 1029) and residents are probably squatters). . Hankwa, Toba and Malama are all relatively recently settled (by allocation of land under the customary system): in Malama (the most isolated) no-one appears to have lived there all their lives.
Figure 7-10 Years of Residence by Age and Village Tribal Affiliation A wide range of tribal affiliation was reported. Representatives of 34 tribes are present, of which the most numerous are the Tonga (30%) followed by the Shona (23%) and the Nyanja (21%). No other tribe has a percentage of the population greater than 7% (Bemba). The indigenous Lenje now comprise only 6% of the present population. A geographical distribution can be observed which is summarised in Figure 7.17: . Most of the Tonga live in Kalimina but are also frequent in Hankwa and Toba; . Shona are the largest tribal group in Toba but are also significant in Hankwa and Malama; . Most of the Nyanja live in Kalimina; . The least heterogeneous village is Hankwa, which is also numerically the smallest.
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The tribal heterogeneity in the area is very high but there is no evidence for conflict or rivalry between the ethnic groups present.
Figure 7-11 Tribal Affiliation by Village Figure 7-12 shows that the Nyanja people have been resident in the area for some time (though there has been substantial recent in-migration), while few of the Shona and Tonga were born in the area.
Years of Residence by Age 100
80
60
40
20 Tribal Group
Tonga 0 Sona
-20 Ny anja YEARS -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
AGE
Figure 7-12 Years of Residence by Age and Tribal Affiliation Family Structure The overall family structure of Mwomboshi households is shown diagrammatically in Figure 7-19 in relationship to HHH. The family has a nuclear structure, with 86% of people being reported as household heads, spouses and sons and daughters. A small but significant proportion is grandchildren, suggesting that children may remain associated with parents
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after their marriage, or that possibly children with separated or deceased parents may be cared for by grandparents.
Figure 7-13 Family Relationship to Household Head Land Use Land use on customary land is dominantly rain fed maize grown in rotation with groundnuts, sweet potatoes, soya, cotton and sunflower. On land of lower fertility cropping may be no more than one year in three. Vegetables (mostly tomatoes, melons and rape) are regularly grown as rain fed crops and under minor irrigation in favourable locations and are important sources of cash income. In all these areas field boundaries are visible on the satellite imagery. Land not in cultivation is under heavily degraded Miombo woodland or wooded grassland in lower sites. This land is used communally for grazing, wood fuel and forest products. Land Organisation A summary of the cropped areas obtained from the RAP census 2013 are summarised in table 7-10. The garden parcel is mostly cultivated with a wide variety of vegetables (81% of the cropped area) the most important of which are water melon (38%), tomato (28%) and rape (15%). There are also areas of maize (17% of the cropped area). Parcel 1 is in maize (45%) and groundnuts (37%). Cotton is also a significant crop (6%). Areas are gross, implying some double cropping under irrigation in the dry season.
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Table 7-10 Crop Enterprises by Parcel, Gross ha
Garden Parcel 1 Parcel Parcel Total 2 3 Fruit 2 2 Vegetables 420 35 1 455 Beans and Pulses 2 29 1 31 Industrial crops 3 98 6 106 Oilseeds 3 595 2 11 610 Roots 3 137 2 141 Cereals 87 718 14 819 Total 520 1,610 24 11 2,165
Local Economy and Livelihoods Livestock The local economy in the project area is mainly dependent on agriculture i.e. crop and animal husbandry. The number of cattle in all villages is estimated to be only about 812 head in the Mwomboshi Farm Register and 808 in the RAP census13. While the Shona have a reputation of owning large numbers of cattle, Figure 7-20 indicates that numerically the Tonga own more and the Nyanja have similar numbers to the Shona.
Figure 7-14 Cattle Ownership by Tribal Affiliation
13 The Socio-economic Baseline Survey Report of the Mwomboshi Pre-feasibility Study (FINTECS, 2010) mentions that most cattle in the area were wiped out by corridor disease in 1980s and 1990s. Re-stocking has been slow.
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Since cattle ownership is concentrated in the hands of members of only three tribes and most of the grazing area is in the west of the Mwomboshi area it would be expected that these cattle would be associated with Hankwa (See figure below), Toba, and Malama. As shown in Figure 7-21 this does not seem to hold; the owners of most of the cattle say they are resident in Kalimina. Over 60% of cattle are held on farm holdings larger than 10 ha and only 16% of households are cattle owners.
Figure 7-15 Location of the four villages impacted by the project, from west to east Comparing the small number and local distribution of the cattle and the large area of land allocated to livestock holders (only 119 livestock holders (19% of households) control 1,727 ha (42% of total farm area) with no significant difference between holding size of male and female stock holders) it would not seem justifiable that the interests of cattle owners would predominate over the proposed irrigation scheme: alternative arrangements should be found for this relatively small economic activity which consumes such a large proportion of the land resource.
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Figure 7-16 Cattle Ownership by Village The number of sheep and goats in the Mwomboshi area totals 793 head, of which only 12 are sheep. The Shona own the greatest proportion, followed by the Tonga and Nyanja. Over half of sheep and goats are found in Toba village.
Figure 7-17 Sheep and Goat Ownership by Tribal Affiliation
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Figure 7-18 Sheep and Goat Ownership by Village Demography According to the CSO 2010 population census, the population grew at a rate of 2.85% per annum during the period 2000-2010, with an average rural growth rate of 2.06% per annum and an urban growth of 4.20% during the same period. The annual population growth rate during the period 2008-2012 is estimated as 3.2% in the World Bank population database. About 70% of the Mwomboshi population are under 25.
Figure 7-19 Age Distribution by Sex Furthermore, according to the RAP census of households conducted during the period 26th August to 24th September 2013, 3,592 people in 618 households were counted in the project area. The frequency of household size is shown in Figure 7-26, distinguishing household numbers by village. The maximum number of members reported in one household was 19 and the mean was 5.8 members (SD=3.1). The average age of the population (3,540 of which reported their age) is only 19 years and the sex ratio is 960 males to 1,000 females.
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Figure 7-20 Frequency of Reported Household Members Occupation The main occupation of Mwomboshi residents is farming, but there is a diversity of other occupations. Of the total population 34% are reported to be farmers. 56% are either school pupils or children not yet attending school. 8% reported no occupation. Considering adults of working age (and not still at college), 94% are farmers. Of the remainder the occupations include general working (46) business (9), bricklayer, employee and teacher (3 each), and driver, gardener and tailor (2 each). Individuals reported their occupations to be camera man, cook, driller, guard and moulder. 1,277 adults reported an occupation, 1,202 of them said they were farmers. Education The IDSP Mwomboshi Pre-feasibility study suggested that 48% of people in the project area have a primary education level, compared with about 14% that have no formal education at all. This represents quite a low level of basic education (compare with Lusitu where only 8% of people were reported to have not attended school). The difference of 38% is those reporting secondary and tertiary education. This implies that most in the community are able to read and write and perhaps will achieve some understanding of formal training material presented to them. The RAP census generally confirms that 62% of Mwomboshi adults (over 15 years) can demonstrate an education above grade 7, as shown in Figure 7-27. 84 persons did not report any educational level attained – one may assume that their access to education has been minimal. There appears to be a difference in educational grade achieved by adults between villages, with Hankwa and Toba distinctly more educated (by about one grade) than Kalimina. Malama residents are not significantly more educated than Kalimina residents however. A Chi2 test of a cross tabulation by education grade and tribe gives a significant result at 90% confidence: it would appear that the numerically greater Nyanja and Shona are better educated than other tribes represented in Mwomboshi.
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Figure 7-21 Educational Grade Reported as Attained Community Health A small number of persons reported themselves as disabled in the RAP census (2.6%) as shown in Figure 7-28. Compared with Lusitu and Musakashi, very few people reported sight problems. There is only one rural health clinic available outside the project area in Mwomboshi. There are three staff and five beds for interned patients. This is very poor coverage: a 15 km walk is required to access health facilities from Malama.
Figure 7-22 Accidents, Disabilities and Sickness Energy No households or public buildings in the project area on the left bank of the Mwomboshi River have an electrical connection. Other commercial energy sources are scarce – there is nowhere locally to buy petrol or diesel and kerosene is available only in small quantities. Charcoal costs Kwacha 30 per
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50kg. The most commonly used fuel is locally gathered firewood which is used for cooking. With-project this resource will be drastically reduced, especially by the construction of the dam. Candles and kerosene lanterns are used for light. Governance The Mwomboshi Group 1 site is now under the administrative authority of Chisamba District. MAL staff and transport resources are scarce in this new district but full cooperation and support has been given to CP&CB activities by the DACO’s office in Chibombo which has been involved with IDSP for several years. The recently appointed DACO Chisamba has also participated enthusiastically in CP&CB activities since his appointment. The Mwomboshi project area is under customary land tenure under the administration of Chief Liteta, with the exception of a small area of State land (Farms 1029 and 1028, now defunct) in the SE. The customary land is divided between four villages, named (west to east) Malama, Toba, Hankwa and Kalimina. A headman is appointed at each village. Chief Liteta inter alia has overall responsibility for the administration of customary land use in Malama, Toba, Hankwa and Kalimina (and a wider area, though neighbouring Chief Chamuka also has influence to the north and east of the project area). The palace of Chief Liteta is near the Great North Road some 40 km from the project area. The Lenje speaking ethnic group are indigenous to the area but the population has been augmented in recent decades by in-migration of members of many other ethnic groups14, some of which have received comparatively large land allocations of customary land (up to 170 ha) especially in Hankwa, Toba and Malama. One or two of these allocations are the subject of applications for conversion to State land leasehold though there are no reports of approval by the Commissioner of Lands. State land to the south of Mwomboshi River has been divided into large commercial farm units most of which are active concerns. 7.5 Social Services and Infrastructure The project area has poor infrastructure. Although road access is possible throughout the year, the Chisanga – Mwomboshi road (18 km) is poor in parts and the area is only tenuously connected to business centres. The nearby railway line does not offer service. There are four taxis operating around the project area and five minibuses and an occasional bus offer service to Chisanga and beyond. There are only about 10 ox carts in the whole project area. Some residents do have their own transport resources: amongst about 600 households there are 15 motorbikes, 20 cars, 25 light lorries and 10 heavier lorries. This number of vehicles on site (particularly for haulage) emphasising the importance of vegetable marketing and some of the prosperity it has brought recently.
14 The area has been identified as particularly favourable for migration because of its location on line of rail and road, the availability of customary land for allocation and the proximity of a major commercial farming area for employment and access to agricultural markets.
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Warehouse storage can be found at Chinkonkomene, capacity only a few hundred tons. There is a slab at Mwomboshi for temporary storage. The huge grain silos at Chisanga are disused. Cellular telecommunication is said to be good over 30% of the area and moderate, bad or non-existent over the remainder. About 40% of adults have mobile phones. There are two hammer mills one in Kalimina and one in Toba which can each mill about 100 kg per day at a cost of about Kwacha 1.5 per 5 kg. Estimated annual milling of each is about 12,000 kg which (at a national consumption of about 96 kg of maize per capita per annum) is only sufficient to mill the maize requirement of 200-400 people. Most grain milling must be done in the home. No other agricultural processing is reported from the site. Housing The standard of housing is basic at the Mwomboshi site. Connection to utilities (electricity, water supply and sanitation) is almost non-existent. Most houses are constructed with local materials and many do not have solid roofing. Houses are not designed for rain-water harvesting or the use of improved stoves. Housing is in short supply for teachers and other community workers. Markets Chinkonkomene is the only formal market in the area. It is a medium sized market and is scheduled for improvements in market facilities. Churches There are a large number of churches in the project area for denominations including Catholic (10%), United Church of Zambia (10%), Pentecostal Holiness (5%) and Pentecostal Tabernacle (5%) which worship on Sunday and Zion (25%), Apostolic John Malange (15%) and Seventh Day Adventist (30%) which worship on Saturday. So about 70% of the population worship on Saturday and 30% worship on Sunday. This is important for scheduling irrigation supply. Health Centres Mwomboshi project area has one government health clinic that is Mwomboshi Rural Health Clinic and people in project area cover a distance of 10-15 km to access services. The nearest clinic is Chisamba clinic which is about 25 km.
Figure 7-23 Mwomboshi Health Post
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Catchment population for Mwomboshi Rural Health centre is 14442. The top five diseases that were mentioned were Malaria, Diarrhoea, HIV/AIDS, RTI and Pneumonia. These diseases will be displayed using the data that was available at this facility and this will represent a period from January to December, 2012 and in some cases 2013 data.
Table 7-11 Staffing levels at each centre and available facilities
Mwomboshi Rural Health Centre Staffing 1 EHT 2 Midwives O Nurse 2 daily classified employees Catchment 13,479 (Source: CSO 2013) Population Health services OPD, Clinical Services FP/MCH, ANC /Under five, HIV/AIDS/PMTCT/Outreach activities GMP/ART. School Health services. No youth friendly services Equipment Ambulance, x-ray and scanning ,machines lacked GIS S 12.3703.495, E 028.0837.655
As shown in the table above it is clear that the two clinics are understaffed with each centre having 4 health staff against the catchment populations. More over none of the clinic had a Doctor on site. Population catchment for this health centre captured in the Health facility list of 2013 by Ministry of Health (MoH) is 13,479. Schools There are two basic schools providing education up to Grade 9 (Mwomboshi, 500 pupils, 20 teachers, and Chabusha, 400 pupils, 20 teachers) and one primary school (Kalimina, providing education up to Grade 7, with 300 pupils and 10 teachers). Many pupils must walk far to school: both Mwomboshi and Chabusha are within the project area and Kalimina is in the extreme east. Chabusha School (offering education from Grade 1 to 9) is situated on the right bank of the Mwomboshi River (Approximate Arc 1951 coordinates 637758, 8362851). The school is not on land controlled by the Ministry of Education and reportedly suffers from lack of secure tenure (e.g. should it need to expand). The school has no electricity supply. Chabusha School was built in 1971 with the help of the community members to facilitate the school needs in the area: pupils presently come from villages on the left bank of the Mwomboshi River (68%) and the right bank (32%). Pupils from the right bank are usually sons and daughters of workers on the large commercial farms. Some of these workers are employed seasonally and may re-locate (with their children) to another area when work is no longer available. Pupils who live on the left bank of the Mwomboshi River do cross the river on their journey from home to the school and return. There appears to be no significant difference in the age or sex of pupils making the crossing. Most (90%) are said to walk on this journey in the company of parents or guardians since there are crocodiles in the Mwomboshi River. The maximum journey to
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school by any pupil was said to be two hours. Less than 5% of children use bicycles to come to school. It is likely that most of the school area will be flooded when the dam is constructed. Further, the crossing points will be inundated and the left bank will be separated from the right by about one kilometre of open water. Access to the school site via the dam wall is infeasible: an arm of dammed water will extend to the wall of Vixer’s Dam and a detour of several kilometres would be required. Upstream access to the site (crossing the Mwomboshi River at 635000, 8364000) is feasible for pupils from Malama and possibly Toba, but would be infeasible for pupils from Hankwa and Kalimina. In any event, accessing the school’s existing location is academic if it will be under water or even within the buffer zone. The school will have to be moved. Because 68% of pupils are resident on the left bank the local recommendation is to move the school to Toba village on the left bank. This view is shared by the teaching staff, the Parent Teacher Association and the Mwomboshi PPSC. The area identified in Toba for new housing for resettled households from the blocks may be an appropriate site. MAL understand the need to develop educational facilities for those children on the right bank who would not be able to access the newly proposed school in Toba and has decided to build a new school on the right bank as well. MAL adequately budgeted for the construction of two new schools each on either bank of the river and should engage Ministry of Education to take ownership during operation. 7.6 Land Ownership and Tenure In Mwomboshi area the traditional leadership is responsible for customary land distribution and administration issues in the project area. The report found that about 90% households had obtained land through village headmen, a further 3% had obtained land directly through the District Council and a similar percentage directly from Chief Liteta. Land tenure rights in the project area are customary and therefore without issuance of individual titles to households. The traditional leaders uphold the tenure rights of all community members. There are also about 12 commercial farmers leasing State land in 500 – 5,000 ha farms on the right bank of the Mwomboshi River. The irrigated area was reported to be about 1,600 ha under centre pivots and sprinklers in 2010 and since then this has probably increased. Water dues are paid under the name of the Mwomboshi Syndicate so irrigation is already organised both on farm and between farms. It is proposed these farms (where they fall in irrigation command) will be included in the Mwomboshi Dam and Irrigation Project as Tier 4 farmers. The commercial farmers have a distinct community quite unlike smallholder farmers and most of them are non-Zambians. According to the Pre-feasibility study they cultivate on average between 250 – 3,000 hectares of land rotated between tobacco and wheat, maize and wheat, soybeans and wheat. The commercial farmers also keep beef cattle, dairy cattle, and small stock enterprises. The majority are qualified in agriculture with skills in irrigation, engineering, agronomy, mechanisation, finance and management which are pooled when necessary (e.g. the original design of Mwomboshi Dam in 2008). Most have been in the Mwomboshi area for up to 12 years. The
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commercial farming community has made an effort to provide extension and marketing support to smallholders and also provide labour opportunities to neighbouring communities. Commercial farmers contribute to wider issues of commercial farming in Zambia through ZNFU. 7.7 Health and Safety 7.7.1 Health The health status of the general population was found to be good as explained by health staff as they had not experienced in the last one year cases that would have requested for district intervention. It was found that outreach activities in the communities on water and sanitations were on-going including the involvement of headmen in ensuring that every household had a pit latrine. Other activities were child growth monitoring, test and treat malaria, ART adherence, TB supporters. The causes of the above mentioned diseases were due to improper hygiene such as access to clean water and proper latrines. Prevalence of disease was based on the available information at the facilities. However in this area the above mentioned diseases were common though there were other diseases that are documented. It was found that Diarrhoea diseases and malaria were more prevalent during the rainy season. The tropical disease vectors that were mentioned were mostly mosquitoes and flies. Diarrhea Diarrhea is the passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day, or more frequently than is normal for the individual. It is usually a symptom of gastrointestinal infection, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. Infection is spread through contaminated food or drinking-water, or from person to person as a result of poor hygiene. Diarrhea kills more children under five worldwide than HIV, malaria and measles combined. In Zambia, it causes 40 young children's deaths every day and accounts for 840,000 clinic visits and 63,000 hospital referrals a year. Parents lack knowledge of how to prevent and treat diarrhea at home and a severe shortage of trained health workers compounds the problem; Zambia has only seven nurses for every 10,000 people, one-ninth the UK rate.
Figure 7-24 Diarrhea in Mwomboshi
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According to UNICEF: . 88% of diarrhoeal disease is attributed to unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene; . Improved water supply reduces diarrhea morbidity by 21%; . Improved sanitation reduces diarrhea morbidity by 37.5%; . The simple act of washing hands at critical times can reduce the number of diarrhoeal cases by up to 35%; . Additional improvement of drinking-water quality, such as point of use disinfection, would lead to a reduction of diarrhea episodes of 45%. Malaria Malaria affects more than 4 million Zambians annually, accounting for approximately 30 percent of outpatient visits and resulting in almost 8,000 deaths each year. Under five-year-old children and pregnant women are the most vulnerable, especially those in more remote and impoverished areas, with 35-50 percent of under-five mortality and 20 percent of maternal mortality attributable to malaria. Malaria is both preventable and treatable, but it is a complicated disease whose prevention and control requires multiple interventions. Preventing malaria requires creating a malaria-free environment, which means spraying the inner walls of populated structures (homes, schools, hospitals, businesses, and other institutions) with insecticides and always sleeping under insecticide- treated nets (ITNs). Other measures include environmental control to prevent the development of mosquito breeding grounds. For those for whom prevention measures fail, prompt and effective treatment is imperative. Treatment begins with recognizing the symptoms of malaria, seeking treatment immediately at the onset of illness, and having access to community or facility based health care workers who have the knowledge to treat malaria at its various stages.
Figure 7-25 Malaria Cases by Age (Source: Lusitu RHC)
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. 1.2 million people die of malaria each year, 90% of whom are children under 5. . There are 396 million episodes of malaria every year, most of the disease burden is in Africa south of the Sahara. . Intensified irrigation, dams and other water related projects contribute importantly to this disease burden. . Better management of water resources reduces transmission of malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Pneumonia Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are responsible for many deaths. Pneumonia, the deadliest ARI, kills more children than any other infectious disease. Most of these deaths (99%) occur in developing countries. Yet in industrialized countries childhood deaths from pneumonia are rare. Pneumonia often affects children with low birth weight or those whose immune systems are weakened by malnutrition or other diseases. Without treatment, pneumonia kills quickly.
Figure 7-26 Pheumonia Cases in Mwomboshi Schistosomiasis This was mentioned as it had potential especially at the time the dam will be constructed. An estimated 160 million people are infected with schistosomiasis worldwide. The disease causes tens of thousands of deaths every year, mainly in sub- Saharan Africa. It is strongly related to unsanitary excreta disposal and absence of nearby sources of safe water. Basic sanitation reduces the disease by up to 77%. Man-made reservoirs and poorly designed irrigation schemes are main drivers of schistosomiasis expansion and intensification. The health staff at Mwomboshi health center mentioned that intermediate host snails were present in some villages. The possibility for an outbreak of schistosomiasis once the reservoir filled up was forecast in Mwomboshi. The control programme consists of spraying infected areas with nuclosamid and keeping Shorelines free of the Salvinia auriculata.
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HIV/AIDs According to the field surveys conducted in the area and information collected at Mwomboshi rural health center, prostitution in the area is said to be high. This risk behavior is prominent among productive ages and youths. On the other hand there has been cases of drug abuse in the area and among common drugs abused are marijuana and alcohol. This has contributed to increase in new effections of HIV/AIDs and other sexually transmitted infections (STI). Early marriages and polygamous arrangements were also identified as high risk factors Efforts are however, being made by stakeholders in the area to address the situation. Some of the activities that have undertaken in the past include; . Healthy education by Rural Heath centre; . Distribution of free drugs for HIV/AIDs i.e. ARVs; . Chabusha neighbourhood committee caries activities on health and hyginie; . Sensitisation programmes on dangers of HIV/AIDs; . Distribution of condoms for protected sex; . Promoting training and use of peer educators. It is therefore the feeling of the project that these measures are adequate as long as they are sustained. The Ministry will therefore support already existing efforts in dealing with HIV/AIDs in the area during all stages of the project. Other Diseases Sexually transmitted infections were also noted though statistics were not available. However, interventions through neighborhood health committees and Safe Motherhood action groups are doing their best to sensitize people in the community though the distances covered are quite long. Hence the community emphasized on having a clinic that is centrally located. They further mentioned that access to ARVs is another issue as people have to travel 25 km to access these drugs. The number of polygamous marriages may also increase the prevalence of Hiv/Aids. The other disease of concern was Bilrhazia. 7.7.2 Safety Projects such as development of Mwomboshi irrigation scheme, involve employees of various categories working on site simultaneously. As work progresses particularly during construction of the dam, reservoirs, access roads, irrigation pipe network and associated infrastructure the ambient conditions at site will tend to change and as a consequence this may bring about a number of potential hazards. Workers are likely to be exposed to a wide variety of health hazards while on duty that typically include four classes: chemical, physical, biological and social hazards. The severity of each hazard will depend on the concentration and duration of exposure to a given task. Evaluating either primary or bystander exposure will require knowing the tasks being done and the composition of ingredients and by-products associated with each job or task. This knowledge though available may not be available at the job site.
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Chemical hazards Chemical hazards will be airborne in form of dust, fumes, or gases due to certain project tasks and exposure to such hazards is by inhalation, absorption through intact skin such as agro-pesticides. Considering the nature of the project, a number of agro-chemicals will be used even though none hazardous. Physical hazards Physical hazards will include noise, heat and cold, radiation, vibration from construction equipment and machinery such as pneumatic hammers. In addition, heat and cold hazards will arise primarily due to exposure to extreme weather. Biological hazards Biological hazards will include exposure to infectious micro-organisms, toxic substances of biological origin or animal attacks. For instance during excavation workers can develop histoplasmosis, an infection of the lung caused by a common soil fungus. Social hazards Social hazards will stem from the social organization of the project. Employment may be intermittent and constantly changing, and control over many aspects of employment is limited because construction activity is dependent on many factors over which construction workers have no control, such as the state of an economy or the weather. Controlling Occupational Hazards Exposure varies with the concentration of the hazard and the frequency and duration of the task. As a general approach to hazard control, MAL will ensure that the contractors working on site reduce hazard exposure by reducing the concentration or the duration or frequency of the task. Since exposure in construction is already intermittent, administrative controls that rely on reducing the frequency or duration of exposure may be less practical than in other industries. MAL will ensure that contractors control exposure through provisions good working environmental, sanitary facilities and awareness creation. In general MAL will ensure that contractors employ appropriate controls to minimise worker exposure to hazards that include: . Engineering controls that targets the source; . Environmental controls targeting the environment; . Personal protective clothing for workers. 7.8 Sanitation and Hygiene No buildings have a water connection and there are no stand pipes. About 75% of households have individual wells, the remainder share wells. In some parts of the project area well and spring water quality is good, but there is no protection of the supply. It is reported that 80% of households have a pit latrine and only a small minority use the surrounding bush. Poorly (traditional) designed irrigation and water systems, inadequate housing, poor waste disposal and water storage, deforestation and loss of biodiversity,
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are the contributing factors to the most common vector-borne diseases including malaria and Diarrhoea. Mwomboshi clinic continues to record steady cases of diarrhoea, dysentery and malaria, all resulting from poor hygiene and lack of access to safe water. 7.9 Cultural Heritage Cemeteries Each household was found to have its own specific small cemetery nearby easily identified by tombs made out of concrete and with good markers. The communities suggested either to move the graves, or to mark them with a concrete slab (ESC 2008: 98). The communities, however, prefer that a concrete slab is laid on each grave to permanently secure in place without moving them. It was further pointed out that using a maker won’t be effective because the graves will be submerged. And use a floating buoy marking each cemetery under the waters of the dam reservoir. Identification of the deceased would be both in soft and hard copy while all positions recorded by GPS with a precision of a few meters (which is sufficient). Shrines Three Malende shrines (Tonga) and one Tiondé or Niondé shrine were observed in Mwomboshi. The Malende shrines are located in Kalimina village (#1: 14°46.380 South & 28°20.422 East; #2: 14°46.380 South & 28°20.422 East) 15and in Hankwa village (14°47.696 South & 28°19.074 East), the Niondé shrine in Toba village (14°48.112 South & 28°15.798 East)16. It must be stressed this Niondé was used by the Toba and Malama villagers. One major finding at Mwomboshi is evidence of buried ancient settlements inside Kalimina village.
15 Both Malende are on high ground, on the plateau. 16 Both shrines in Hankwa and in Toba villages are on the Mwomboshi river.
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8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT
8.1 General Considerations Zambia has a very high population growth rate which is a challenge for planning any public investment: over time population growth means reduced value of services per capita. For example, on an irrigation scheme the number of households and the population increases, leading to reduced availability of irrigated holdings and a reduction in irrigated area per capita. The rural population continues to grow as estimated by CSO (say 2% per annum) despite another 2.5% of the rural population migrating to the towns. It is nearly always fruitless to apply national statistics to a sub-national area, but the analysis suggests that population growth in the Mwomboshi scheme may reduce the designed irrigated area per capita by as much as 20% over the next ten years. The EIA study revealed no serious adverse impacts of exceptional significance that would be considered unprecedented or irreversible in nature. The positive and negative impacts identified with due consideration to issues discussed in earlier sections were based on the development designs, project details, environmental and socio-economic baseline studies as well as expert judgment. Current land use practices were also identified in order to contextualise and understand the impacts of the Irrigation scheme on the ecosystem. Cumulative impacts may result when the effects of an action for the proposed IDSP project are added to or interact with other effects in a within or near the project area for a given timeframe. The combination of such effects, and any resulting environmental degradation, was given due consideration under this project. For instance the effect of having Mwomboshi dam versus effects of an existing dam known as Bushcut dam. During the process of identifying environmental and social impacts and risks, MAL recognizes that the proposed project actions, activities may contribute to cumulative impacts which other existing or future developments may also have detrimental effects, and will ensure to avoid and/or minimize these impacts to the greatest extent possible.
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The table 8-1 below gives the criterion used and classification of possible impacts.
Table 8-1 Criterion and Classification of Impacts Item Impact Effect Classification of Effect Criterion Consideration on Expression Effect Description Environment I Positive or Will impact have Positive A positive impact Negative positive or negative Negative A Negative impact on environment Ii Likelihood What certainty of Certain Impact will occur of occurring occurrence is Unlikely Impact may not occur associated with potential impact Possible Impact may occur Iii Duration What timeframe or Permanent Will last a lifetime period is effect to Short term Will last up to end of be felt or last construction activities Medium Term Will last as long as operation activities Long Term Will last beyond project operation life Iv Timing At what stage will Immediately Will occur upon starting impact occur or felt project activities Near Future Will occur during project operation activities Distance future Will occur beyond project operation activities V Significance How severe will the Low Little impact impact be Medium Moderate impact High High impact Vi Extent Areal extent or Project Area Effect confined to project area coverage of impact Surrounding Effect to be felt by Environs surrounding areas Beyond Effect to be felt within, Surrounding surroundings and beyond Environs environs Vii Overall How important is Insignificant Impact not substantial needs Rating Impact in project no mitigation/ enhancement design Low Impact of little importance needs limited mitigation / enhancement Moderate Impact has influence and requires mitigating/ enhancing High Impact of great importance mitigation/ enhancement a must
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8.2 Impacts during the Construction Phase 8.2.1 Anticipated Positive Socio-Economic Impacts The proposed project will increase labour opportunities. At present there are about 2,000 ha of rain fed cultivation in the project area which, according to the Engineering Interim Report this require about 28 labour days per ha per year. In addition existing (partly irrigated) fruit and vegetables, say 390 ha, offers an additional 100 days per ha. Therefore the labour requirement for cultivation of field crops alone is in the order of 95,000 person days a year. The total labour availability within the project area is in the order of 567,000 days per annum. Therefore cultivation of crops only accounts for about 17% of community labour availability in the without-project situation. The incremental labour requirement for the proposed irrigation project for field operations alone is about 84,600 days per annum on Tier 1, 51,000 days per annum on Tier 2 and 25,300 days per annum on Tier 3, a total of about 160,000 days (an estimate based on cropping patterns recommended in the Feasibility Study). 53% of this will accrue to irrigated holdings cultivated by the community (Tier 1). If this is added to the present labour requirement, occupancy would rise from 17% now to 32%. However, it is expected that this will not happen because the rain fed area will decline (due to 59 large and very large farmers moving to Tier 2) and the present irrigated area will be transferred to Tier 1. The net labour requirement with-project would be only 74,700 person days giving an occupancy rate of about 19%17. The increase in labour opportunity will raise economic growth at local level, increase household income, not only from increased labour days available but also from an increase in returns to own-labour. In summary, the socio-economic impacts will include: . Employment Opportunities at all stages of development; . Economic Growth at local and national level as a result of the new development; . Skills Transfer to Local People; . National and international level impacts; . Economic multiplier effects at the national level; . Contributions to national food security from crop production; . Contributions to national fiscal benefits; . Provincial and district impacts; . Employment, skills transfer and human resource capacity development; . Local area and site impacts; . Contribution to household incomes and food security; . Improved housing, water supplies and sanitation facilities; . Improved health and education facilities.
17 The labour requirements per ha estimated by crop are also slightly higher than estimated from the Engineering Feasibility Study, leading to an independent estimate by this study of labour requirements at full development of 128,000 labour days for field labour, plus labour required for livestock: about 132,000 labour days per annum in total and 24% of present labour availability. If livestock “disappear” the labour requirement would be only 23% of availability.
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. Employment opportunities. 8.2.2 Anticipated Negative Socio-Economic Impacts Due to the project an estimated 338 households will have to be moved outside the irrigation block and dam site area. There will be need to re- allocate land presently in farms within the areas designated for irrigation. In Tier 1 and 2 areas the land will be re-distributed as irrigation allocations. The impact of the irrigation scheme on potable water supply and sanitation will be considerable. About 338 HH will have to be moved from their present location where they presumably have access to a well to a new location where, lacking a formal water supply, they may have to share a well with others. This will potentially cause conflict. While 80% of households use a pit latrine the inevitable increase in concentration of the population will increase the possibility of contamination and transfer of infectious diseases. There will also be a possibility of transmission of infectious disease through the irrigation system and dam as well as increased construction and later commercial activity on site which may reduce security. Further, the proposed project may introduce social pressures which may lead to conflict. Part of the customary land of the village is ear-marked for conversion to State land under formal title. This arrangement may not be welcome to all the community. In summary negative socio-economic impacts will include: . Displacement of Households within inundation area of Mwomboshi dam as well as area ear-marked for agricultural fields; . Loss of community assets such houses, school, meeting shelters and some burial sites; . Loss of livelihood for vulnerable groups in the short term in the surrounding communities such as Hankwa village; . Disturbance to cultural and archaeological sites that include Shrines: three Malende shrines (Tonga) and one Tiondé or Niondé shrine, cemeteries as well as buried ancient settlements inside Kalimina village; . Increased traffic making accessing project site difficult; . Population Growth and Migration. Increase in population in the scheme will lead to reduced availability of irrigated holdings and a reduction in irrigated area per capita; . Disruption of learning for pupils who will be cut off on the right bank side. 8.2.3 Anticipated Negative Bio-Physical Environmental Impacts The clearing of land exposes it to erosion, displaces or destroys wildlife and generally reduces biodiversity. The land preparation will disrupt soil fauna and can create dust and noise from blasting and heavy traffic. The dam construction will result in 1,100 ha being submerged, of which 160 ha is suitable or marginally suitable for cultivation, and entail the displacement of households. About 1,000 ha of grazing land will be lost as well as wildlife habitat. However, field surveys revealed that there is
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adequate lands available for alternative grazing areas. Besides, density of livestock in the area is low as it is done on subsistence basis; . Disturbance to wildlife habitat; . Pollution due to solid waste, oil spills and fuels; . Loss of indigenous flora (biodiversity & conservation of forest ecosystem); . Pollution to Groundwater Quality; . Dust Pollution; . Noise Pollution; . Loss of habitat for fauna especially insects, reptiles such as lizards and small mammals; . Loss of agricultural and grazing fields due to construction of access roads, Mwomboshi dam with 27.5 m high dam, twelve pumping stations and three water reservoirs. All the pumping stations of the northern sector will thus impact some 2663.54 m2; . Soil erosion due to construction equipment. 8.3 Impacts during the Operational Phase 8.3.1 Anticipated Positive Socio-Economic Impacts At operation stage the project will further result in demand for more skilled and none skilled labour. Consequently more people will be employed and as a result more income among the communities. Demand for inputs for the irrigation scheme that range from seeds, fertilizers, agrochemicals and irrigation equipment will increase as a result of the scheme. This will have a multiplier effect on other sectors as more people will be employed to meet the production demand. . Increased crop production providing the opportunity for earning the country foreign exchange; . Improved income levels at household level, improved diet and general health of children and expectant mothers as well as improved socio- cohesion among the community; . Economic multiplier effects at the national level; . more income for government through various taxes; . the irrigation scheme will contribute to national food security through sustainable irrigated crop production under the three tiers; . Contributions to national fiscal benefits; . The scheme will have positive socio-economic impacts on Chisamba District and the Central Province as a whole through improved employment opportunities and increased income; . Increased income and improved standards of living; . Employment, skills transfer and human resource capacity development; . improved diet among the communities especially children due increased income; . Increased number of children attending school; . Economic multiplier effects at the local level; . Improved housing, water supplies and sanitation facilities for employees;
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. Improved health and education facilities for employees and their families: . Loss of accessibility to Social Infrastructure 8.3.2 Anticipated Positive Bio-Physical Environmental Impacts . Sustainable agriculture contributing to preservation of biodiversity due to use of appropriate land management practices; . Contributions to ameliorating climate change through good management practice involving preservation strips of woodland in all areas that are not meant for development; . Technology impacts to soil structure and water conservation through improved agricultural practices that include limited tillage and strict nutrient management and use of an efficient and effective irrigation system; . Improved Water Bird Life due to the construction of the Mwomboshi dam. This will attract birdlife in the area; . Improved Aquatic Life due to the construction of the Mwomboshi dam will result in more fish, molluscs, and crabs in the water body; . Re-establishment and regulation of environmental flow downstream, as currently almost all the flow is abstracted for irrigation purposes; . Increased access to water for livestock and wildlife; . Increased opportunities for fishing which is not the case now; . Increased groundwater recharge; . About 7 MCM per annum for the downstream Bushcut dam will be released as well as the requirement for environmental flow. 8.3.3 Anticipated Negative Socio-Economic Impacts . Human animal conflict may occur due to presence of the Red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea) in Mwomboshi which can be nomadic and at times abundant, in flocks numbering millions could be a challenge for crops like wheat; . Migration and temporary employment effects; . Unsociable behavior from increased disposable income; . Casualisation of labour impacting on employee’s welfare because of uncertainty that is created among workers; . Population density-related disease impacts; . Poor sanitation practices leading to environmental soil, water and air contamination; . Drowning accidents and disease implications of uncontrolled access to new impoundment; . Over utilization of natural resources by communities; . Occupational health and safety (OHS) due to inhalation of biotic dust and silica particles etc.; . Increased HIV/AIDs and other STDs due to increased interaction between project workers (who may come from outside) and locals. This could lead to increase in transmission of communicable diseases such as STDs, HIV/AIDS, TB, etc. in the area.
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8.3.4 Anticipated Negative Bio-Physical Environmental Impacts Groundwater recharge tend to increase many times over where there is impoundment of a river as compared to natural recharge (Haimerl, 2004). For the Mwomboshi dam, groundwater recharge will be enhanced around Kalimina, Chiwala, Toba, Hankwa villages and other surrounding areas. Furthermore, construction of Mwomboshi dam will result into sediment being trapped. The trapped sediments reduce the storage capacity of the dam over time as well as restricting the egg laying zone of the fishes living in the stream ecosystem (Tahmiscioglu et al, 2005). Overall, the irrigation scheme will result in demand for water for irrigation purposes to increase putting more pressure on Mwomboshi River being the main source of water. While this is a positive impact in economic terms for the local community, the downstream dam at Bushcut may be affected. In summary impacts will include: . Sediment trapping due to impoundment; . Effects on Water demand /supply of water; . Soil erosion and siltation in canals and drains and gullying extending into the irrigated area; . Water quality pollution due to Poor leaching within the irrigation scheme; . Increased energy consumption patterns; . Water and soil pollution due to increased pesticide and herbicide use; . Soil degradation due to increased use of fertilizers; . Reduced water quantity on downstream reaches of Mwomboshi river; . Soil degradation from inappropriate land use practices due to use of inappropriate methods of farming by communities in surrounding areas; . Air quality deterioration due to dust from the roads and fields during land preparation; . Noise pollution due to use of farm equipment and vehicles that are not regularly maintained; . Light pollution from center pivots; . Pollution due to inappropriate disposal of agricultural chemicals and containers; . Changes in groundwater quality due to creation of an impoundment; . Change in geomorphic processes in dambos, streams and rivers; . Impacts on terrestrial ecological and ecosystem services process due to fragmentation of vegetation and edge effects and invasion of alien species; . Loss of species of special concern and biodiversity; . Loss and fragmentation of sensitive habitats of:
Miombo habitat; Dambos habitat though of little significance; Riparian habitat though of little significance; Transformed habitat. . Loss of faunal diversity; . Impacts on climate change due to clearance of woodland for agricultural fields; . Aesthetic and landscape quality impacts of woodland removal;
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. Aesthetic and landscape quality impacts of center pivots and farm structures; . Loss of productive land. Mwomboshi dam will submerge 1,100ha, of which 160ha is suitable or marginally suitable for cultivation, and entail the displacement of around 160 households. About 1,000ha of grazing land will be lost; . Deterioration in Water quality in downstream reaches of Mwomboshi River; . Increased incidences of HIV/AIDS and STIS; . Encroachment of aquatic weeds in the Mwomboshi Reservoir; . Noise pollution; . Pollution from inappropriate disposal of agricultural chemicals and containers; . Pollution from poor storage, management, use and disposal of agricultural chemicals and containers; . Erosion of the top soil and reservoir sedimentation. 8.4 Impact Evaluation Mechanisms
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Environmental Potential Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Characterization Aspect/Issue Positive/Negative Significance Extent of Duration Timing of Frequency Likelihood Risk To Impact of Impact Impact of Impact of Impact of Impact human Impact Occurring Population 1.0 PROJECT PHASE - SITE PREPARATION/CONSTRUCTION Flora may be affected due to land clearing for establishment of the irrigation scheme. These include: - Disturbance of terrestrial ecological & Within ecosystem services processes long Site Flora Negative Moderate irrigation Continuous Certain None - Loss of natural habitat for small Term preparation scheme area mammals, birds and insects - Loss of species of special concern - Loss & fragmentation of sensitive habitats. Fauna may be affected due to land clearing for establishment of the irrigation Within Short Site Fauna scheme. These include: Negative Moderate irrigation Continuous Certain None Term preparation - Disturbance to wildlife habitat scheme area - Loss of Fauna diversity. May be affected by emission from equipment used. Also dust generating especially during construction may affect During air quality: Medium Clearing at Air Quality - Nuisance dust pollutes the air, affect Negative Moderate Project area Occasional Likely Low term Construction the health of site workers. phases - Increased road traffic will lead to deterioration of dirty irrigation scheme roads. Heavy duty construction equipment that include bulldozers may cause local noise During disturbances; Medium Noise Quality Negative Moderate Project area Construction Infrequent Certain Low - Noise pollution from the movement of term phases the site vehicles can disturb workers, community.
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Environmental Potential Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Characterization Aspect/Issue Positive/Negative Significance Extent of Duration Timing of Frequency Likelihood Risk To Impact of Impact Impact of Impact of Impact of Impact human Impact Occurring Population 1.0 PROJECT PHASE - SITE PREPARATION/CONSTRUCTION Removal of soil will occur within the area specific areas where the land will be leveled for the center pivot installation and Site other civil engineering works. Accidental Medium Preparation & Land/Soil oil spillages may affect soil; Negative high Project area Continuous Certain None Term construction - Loss of agricultural and grazing fields stage - Soil erosion - Contamination of Soil - Pollution of groundwater Contamination of Mwomboshi and other Site streams May occur due to accidental Project area Surface Short preparation & spillage of oils & lubricants; Negative Low & Continuous likely high Water term construction - Pollution due to solid waste surroundings stage - Pollution of surface water Contamination of groundwater May occur due to accidental seepage of Ground Short Site oils/hydraulic fluids; Negative Low Project area Infrequent likely high Water term preparation - Pollution to Groundwater Quality due leaching and oil/fuel spills Clearing of vegetation, digging may cause habitat fragmentation in Mwomboshi; Long Habitat Negative High Project Area Project life Continuous Certain none - Loss of habitat for fauna especially term insects, reptiles such as lizards and small mammals
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Table 8-2A Impact Characterization: (A) BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Potential Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Characterization Aspect/Issue Positive/Negative Significance of Extent Duration Timing of Frequency Likelihood of Risk To Impact Impact of of Impact Impact of Impact Impact human Impact Occurring Population Clearing of vegetation and digging of Site foundations/landscaping may preparation Overall Project Short have an effect on both Negative Moderate and Continuous Likely None Biodiversity area term terrestrial and aquatic Construction biodiversity. phases - Loss of biodiversity 2.0PROJECT PHASE–Operation Flora may be affected due to movement of equipment during operations as well as setting up of associated irrigation Project Short Operation Flora infrastructure; Negative Moderate Continuous Likely None area term phases - Loss of species of special concern and biodiversity - Loss and fragmentation of sensitive habitats Fauna may be affected due to movement of equipment during operations as well as setting up Project Short Operation Fauna Negative Moderate Continuous Likely None of associated irrigation area term phases infrastructure - Loss of faunal diversity May be affected by emissions from the operation of machinery Project Medium Operation Air Quality Negative Low Continuous Likely Low at the scheme tractors used. area term phases - Dust pollution Construction of a dam will create a reservoir and may River Project Medium/l Operation reduce flow downstream; Positive High Continuous Certain High Impoundment area ong term phase - Re-establishment of environmental flows
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Environmental Potential Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Characterization Aspect/Issue Positive/Negative Significance of Extent Duration Timing of Frequency Likelihood of Risk To Impact Impact of of Impact Impact of Impact Impact human Impact Occurring Population - Increased access to water for livestock
May be affected due to use of farm machinery during farming and harvesting operations. Noise pollution from the Project Noise Quality movement of the site vehicles Negative Low Long term Operation Occasional Likely Low area can disturb workers, community - Nuisance dust pollutes the air, affect the health of site workers Land/soil may be impacted by moving farm machines through compaction and contamination and oil leaks/seepages during operations. Project Short Land/Soil Negative Moderate Operation Infrequent Likely None - Soil degradation due to area term increased use of fertilizers - Soil erocision from inappropriate land use practices May be contaminated by leakages from machines during operation; - Pollution due to inappropriate disposal of agricultural chemicals and Surface Project Operation containers Negative Moderate Long term Infrequent Likely Low Water area phases - Water pollution due to increased pesticide and herbicide use - Water quality pollution due to leaching within the irrigation scheme
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Environmental Potential Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Characterization Aspect/Issue Positive/Negative Significance of Extent Duration Timing of Frequency Likelihood of Risk To Impact Impact of of Impact Impact of Impact Impact human Impact Occurring Population The presence of people and operations of farm machines may disturb the peace of wildlife; Project Habitat - Impacts on terrestrial Negative High Long term Project life Continuous Certain Low Area ecological and ecosystem services process - Loss and fragmentation of sensitive habitats
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Environmental Potential Environmental Environmental Impact Characterization Aspect/Issue Impact Positive/Negative Significance Extent Duration Timing of Frequency Likelihood of Risk To Impact of Impact of of Impact Impact of Impact Impact human Impact Occurring Population Increase in economic activity in the project area will lead to Project Medium / Human Safety high traffic load; Negative Moderate Project life Continuous Likely High area Long term - Traffic Accidents involving humans as well as animals Increased usage of fertilizers Project and agro-chemicals area & Medium / Agro-chemicals - Pollution of water Negative Moderate Project life Continuous Likely High surroun Long term resources surface & dings groundwater Climate change may affect vegetation and water resources Project - Loss of vegetation area Beyond Climate change Negative Low Long term Continuous Unlikely None - Depletion of water and Project life resources beyond - Frequent occurrence of droughts & floods Clearing of vegetation and digging of foundations may Overall Project Short Operation have an effect on both Negative Low Continuous Unlikely None Biodiversity area term phase terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. 3.0 PROJECT PHASE–Closure Land Land use Land use Land use Land use Land use Land use Land use Land use Land use use General General General General General General General General General safety General safety safety safety safety safety safety safety safety safety
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Table 8-3B: Impact Characterization: (B) SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Potential Environmental Impact Characterization Aspect/Issue Environmental Positive/Negative Significance Extent of Duration Timing of Frequency Likelihood Risk To Impact Impact of Impact Impact of Impact Impact of Impact of Impact human Occurring Population 1.0 PROJECT PHASE – SITE CONSTRUCTION Establishment of the scheme will require land which is currently occupied and being use Within Long Construction Land - Relocation of people Negative High irrigation Occasional Certain Low Term stage due to irrigation scheme scheme - Loss of grazing land - Loss of assets Disturbance or loss of cultural sites may occur Within Long Construction/ Cultural Sites due to the project; Negative Moderate irrigation Occasional Likelihood None term phases - Loss of cemeteries scheme - Loss of cultural sites Increased population in the area may occur due to people seeking employment. Within Population Short Construction - Over exploitation of Negative Moderate irrigation Continuous Certain High Growth term phase natural resources scheme - Increase in crime levels - Unsociable behaviour Inundation of land will result chabusha school Within being at the water front. long Construction School Negative High irrigation Continuous Certain High - This will pose a term phase scheme danger to school children
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Environmental Potential Environmental Environmental Impact Characterization Aspect/Issue Impact Positive/Negative Significance Extent Duration Timing of Frequency Likelihood Risk To Impact of Impact of of Impact Impact of Impact of Impact human Impact Occurring Population 1.0 PROJECT PHASE - SITE OPERATION May occur due to depletion Within Medium Construction Animal habitat of habitat Negative Low irrigation Continuous Unlikely Low Term stage - Human-Animal Conflict scheme Increased employment opportunities may attract Within Construction/ Medium/l Migration more people to the area; Negative Moderate irrigation Operation Occasional Certain None ong term - Threat to Human health scheme phases - Increase in crime Within Concentration of people due Short Construction Sanitation Negative Moderate irrigation Occasional Likelihood High to relocation term phase scheme Within Community Medium Construction Increased traffic in the area. Negative Low irrigation Infrequent Likelihood Low Safety term phases scheme Establishment of the scheme will affect people’s Within livelihood; and Medium/ Operation Livelihood - Increased employment Positive High Continuous Certain High surroundi long term stage opportunities for locals ng areas - Increased opportunities for skills transfer Within Increased economic activity and National Operation in the area means more tax Positive Moderate beyond Long term Continuous Certain Moderate Revenue stage payers; project area This may occur due to Poor Within Occupational working environmental; Negative Moderate irrigation Long term Operation Occasional Likelihood High Health Safety - Increased lung problems scheme due to dust emissions Increased interaction among Project Construction Short HIV/ AIDs the people and migratory Negative High area & Operation Continuous Certain High term workers Within phase
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Environmental Potential Environmental Environmental Impact Characterization Aspect/Issue Impact Positive/Negative Significance Extent Duration Timing of Frequency Likelihood Risk To Impact of Impact of of Impact Impact of Impact of Impact human Impact Occurring Population - Loss of productive time irrigation - Loss of manpower scheme
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9 IMPACT MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
9.1 Possible Mitigations and Enhancements Construction Phase 9.1.1 Enhancements of Positive Socio-Economic Impacts . Employment Opportunities at all stages of development (critical factor in this project). Mitigation: MAL will ensure good agricultural practices are adopted and adopt an efficient as well as effective management system to sustain productivity. Priority will be given to the local people. . Economic Growth at local and national level as a result of the new development Mitigation: MAL will adopt a robust and profit oriented marketing system for agricultural yields to ensure high returns in order to contribute to the national treasury. MAL will also ensure that the employees are encouraged to buy most things from within the area. . To Skills Transfer to Local People Mitigation: MAL should ensure there is skill transfer through an elaborate training programme which is a dedicated overall project component on its own. Only skills that will not be available within the local community will be sourced from other areas. Skills base for the area will be increased by training the locals especially those skills that can be mastered within a short time. 9.1.2 Mitigations of Negative Socio-Economic Impacts . Displacement of Households, Loss of community assets such houses, meeting shelters and some burial sites
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Mitigation: - Relocation and compensation of affected persons through an elaborated RAP that has already been prepared as part of the consultancies initiated by MAL. The RAP recommends that about 11% of the 1,620 0.25 ha irrigation allocations available on Tier 1 should be allocated to youthful persons. The number was calculated by identifying all the youthful people who were not household heads or spouses. The following conditions will be attached to the allocation:
Allocations available only to unmarried persons in the age group of 16-25 who are members of existing households; Male and female youth will be equally eligible; The allocation will be assigned for a period of two years; If during that time the holder marries, the allocation will be transferred to the name of the new household (in joint names); Failure to develop the allocation will lead to its re-allocation to another youthful member of the community; Unmarried persons may not hold a youth allocation after the age of 25; on reaching this age the allocation will be re-assigned to another eligible youth. MAL should follow this recommendation as it will mitigate the effect of population pressure on the investment, allow younger people to access training and practical experience in irrigation and also allow a good proportion of irrigation allocations to be managed by energetic and possibly innovative youthful people. This of course is not a panacea: the long term solution for land shortage is increased farm productivity and urban employment opportunities. . Loss of livelihood for vulnerable groups in the short term Mitigation: - Alleviating negative impacts on vulnerable groups through training, land reorganisation and entitlement to resources which is already part of the project design. . Loss of community assets.
MAL will undertake a resettlement action plan development for relocation of affected households and replacement of lost assets.
. Disturbance of cultural and archaeological sites. Mitigation: Take a precautionary measure i.e. should any effect of historical nature be discovered during construction, relevant authorities (National Heritage Conservation Commission) will be notified immediately by MAL. In addition, this will apply to:
All the construction works that include access roads, dam, power lines, pumping stations, fences, irrigation network and associated infrastructure that will be initiated by MAL; MAL should consider Having on site a trained personnel able to immediately identify archaeological artifacts and Eco facts; Oversee any accidental finding of an isolated grave and the reburial of the remains according to local customs; MAL should ensure that the plateau Malende shrines on a list of places not to be at all impacted, by any future roads or other infrastructure construction;
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In consultation with communities, MAL should leave in position all the cemeteries or tombs where they lie, to mark the ones to be flooded with a permanent floating marker. . Increased traffic causing difficulties in accessing project sites. Mitigation: During construction, MAL should in consultation with local authorities ensure that road users observe road sign and also provide for speed limiting structure. . Increased HIV/AIDs and other STDs. Mitigation: MAL should ensure that the contractor as part of the contract sensitise workers and the communities on the dangers of HIV/AIDs and other STDs. MAL will also support local programmes by Ministry of Health regarding HIV/AIDs. . Population Growth and Migration. Mitigation: MAL should allocate about 11% of the 1,620 0.25 ha irrigation allocations available on Tier 1 to youthful persons. 9.1.3 Mitigations of Negative Environmental Impacts . Disturbance to wildlife habitat Mitigation: MAL should ensure that implementation of the EMP is mandatory for the contractor and that should include limiting clearance of vegetation only to critical areas, Conduct awareness campaigns among staff and community on the need to conserve nature and adopt strict good practices in conservation. . Pollution due to solid waste
Mitigation: MAL should ensure that the contractor puts measures in place for waste collection at selected points for proper disposal at a designated site.
. Loss of indigenous flora (biodiversity & conservation of forest ecosystem) Mitigation: Contract signed by MAL for construction should ensure that clearance of vegetation is limited only to critical areas; awareness campaigns among staff and community on the need to conserve nature and adopt strict good practices in conservation are conducted. . Pollution to Groundwater Quality Mitigation: MAL should ensure all machinery and equipment at site are regularly maintained by contractor, limit servicing and repair of machinery and equipment to designated areas and dispose any used oil at a designated place in accordance with the law. . To Dust Pollution Mitigation: MAL should ensure that the contractor regularly waters the area during construction works. . Disturbance to fauna habitat especially insects, reptiles such as lizards and small mammals
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Mitigation: MAL should ensure limit clearance of vegetation only to critical areas, Conduct awareness campaigns among staff and community on the need to conserve nature. . Loss of agricultural and grazing fields Mitigation: MAL should implement recommendations made in the RAP that include– Replacement of land through reorganisation and compensation for relocation 9.2 Possible Mitigations and Enhancements Operational Phase 9.2.1 Enhancements of Positive Socio-economic Impacts . National and international level impacts. To enhance positive national and international socio-economic impacts, MAL should ensure that the scheme increases its crop production levels by increasing the land under irrigation. This will not only increase overall size of land under irrigation but will positively contribute to grain production. This will further have a positive multiplier effect on regional trade ties among countries. . Economic multiplier effects at the national level. To enhance economic multiplier effects at national level, MAL should embark on an expansion and replication of the initiative that will resulting in demand for more inputs such as seed, chemicals, farm equipment and associated services. This will result in a chain effect by creating demand for inputs from other firms who in turn be made to increase their production levels by acquiring more equipment and employing more staff. This will have an economic multiplier effect on the general economy of the country. . Contributions to national food security from crop production. MAL should support increased investment in more farm equipment and support infrastructure such as dams. Such an investment will enable the operations to sustainably increase its crop production level thus ensuring national food security and indirectly regional food security. . Contributions to national fiscal benefits. MAL must develop a long term strategic plan for the expansion of the irrigation scheme in a manner that will have minimum environmental impacts while increasing crop production levels thus contributing significantly to the country’s Gross Domestic product (GDP) through increased earnings in foreign exchange. . Provincial and district impacts. To enhance provincial and local positive impacts, MAL should ensure that scheme management improves its irrigation scheme to make it not only economically viable but environmentally sustainable by putting in place long term environmental management plans for optimum utilization of natural resources within and surrounding catchment. This would ensure improved employment opportunities and increased
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income in form of taxes for local authorities resulting into improved availability and access to social services. . Employment, skills transfer and human resource capacity development. Development of human resource capacity through establishment of a robust human resources development plan and incorporate systems to ensure that human resource development is carried out correctly must be top on the agenda for MAL. This should be done in a manner that will boost efficiency and effectiveness of crop production processes in the scheme. . Local area and site impacts. Working together with other stakeholders, MAL must develop social economic programmes that will conserve natural resources within and surrounding areas while ensuring the irrigation scheme is not threatened by activities such as cutting of trees which may affect availability of water resources. Ensure involvement of the local communities in planning and designing such social economic programmes to ensure acceptability and increased willingness for participation in implementing such programmes. . Contribution to household incomes and food security. Expand crop production levels by increasing the number of agricultural fields under irrigation and purposefully MAL should employ more women where appropriate. Employing more women will have a direct positive impact on the income of the household and improve the welfare of children. . Improved housing, water supplies and sanitation facilities. MAL should establish linkages with other ongoing initiatives regarding a long term water and sanitation programme to ensure facilities are available without compromising the environment. . Improved health and education facilities. MAL should involve relevant government departments and local authorities for improved health and education facilities in order for the scheme to benefit from a wealth pool of human resources and other inputs available from the respective ministries. 9.2.2 Enhancements of Positive Environmental Impacts . Biodiversity contributions to sustainable agriculture. Ensure that appropriate land management practices including preservation of strips of undisturbed vegetation are fully embraced. This will provide an environment for restoring woodland belts and interconnectivities critical for sustaining wildlife, creating positive biodiversity consequently enhancing sustainable agricultural production through soil improvement and natural controls on pests and diseases. . Contributions to ameliorating climate change. Apart from ensuring that strips of undisturbed woodland are preserved, MAL should put in place a deliberate policy to engage communities in surrounding areas to
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preserve trees and practice conservation agriculture. This would positively mitigate climate change because the conservation intervention measures will cover a much larger area than it is currently. . Technology impacts to soil structure and water conservation. Using its experience and expertise, MAL should ensure good agricultural practices that include limited tillage and strict nutrient management are applied. As a result, there will be fewer impacts on the soil structure. Embrace new technology on the market and invest in best practices in managing water resources for efficient and effective utilization of water resources. . Biodiversity contributions to sustainable agriculture. Ensure appropriate land management practices involving preservation of strips of undisturbed vegetation that provides an environment for restoring woodland belts and interconnectivities critical for sustaining wildlife creating positive biodiversity. . Contributions to ameliorating climate change. Ensure good management practice by preserving strips of woodland in all areas that are not meant for development. When these areas remain relatively undisturbed woodland they will collectively contributes to mitigate climate change acting as a carbon sink reservoir. . Re-establishment and regulation of environmental flow downstream, as currently almost all the flow is abstracted for irrigation purposes. Mitigation: MAL should ensure that Mwomboshi dam operation rules are observed according to Water Resources Management Authority regulations. . Increased access to water for livestock and wildlife. Mitigation: MAL should sensitise the community about conservation of wildlife. . Increased opportunities for fishing. Mitigation: Working together with Fisheries Department, MAL will ensure that standard methods of fishing are observed. At design stage, consultants hired by MAL should ensure that the design of Mwomboshi dam allow for fish migration. 9.2.3 Mitigations of Negative Socio-economic Impacts . Human animal conflict. MAL should work together with ZAWA, to provide for animal corridors and conduct awareness among communities on the need to co- exist with wildlife. Maintain the riparian vegetation wherever possible and conserve dambos areas. . Migration and temporary employment effects. Migration and temporary employments effects are a common feature in all areas where there are emerging economic activities due to high unemployment levels. This is beyond the control of the scheme since it cannot directly be prevented. MAL can mitigate this by simply improving operations at the scheme . Unsociable behavior from increased disposable income.
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To mitigate against unsociable behavior, MAL should ensure that the scheme designs induction programmes for newly appointed workers and provide sensitization and, behavioral change programmes for all workers. This will assist workers in managing their income and provide guidance for improved lifestyle choices. Social activities that include social infrastructure such as football grounds and women’s clubs should be promoted. . Casualisation of labour. No mitigation measure is required since the employment policy will be to employ permanent workers based on labour needs that run throughout the year. However, at peak production times such as harvesting time, capacity of permanent employees becomes inadequate. Since the demand for more labour force is tied to these peak production times, it’s prudent that temporary workers are engaged for a specific period of time based on demand to supplement existing work force. . Population density-related disease impacts. Collaborate with other stakeholders such as local authorities and other commercial farms in the area in promoting community sensitization programmes and also promote community social activities such as women’s clubs. . Poor sanitation practices. MAL should ensure communities are sensitized on good hygiene practices . Drowning accidents and disease implications of uncontrolled access to new impoundment. Sensitise communities on the dangers of children playing near the dam . Depletion of natural resources. Ensure good agricultural practices and conservation measurements . Occupational health and safety impacts. MAL should ensure that the contractor and scheme management develop and implement programmes for community awareness and training of workers on safety procedures as well as providing protective clothing and equipment. . Loss of accessibility to Social Infrastructure. MAL should ensure that two schools are built each on either river bank to ensure that no pupils are denied access to education in view of the existing Chabusha school be affected by the construction of the dam. MAL should consider constructing a footbridge to be provided on the dam crest to enable the general community access to either side of the dam. 9.2.4 Mitigations of Negative Environmental Impacts . Soil erosion and siltation in canals and drains and gullying extending into the irrigated area. In consultation and guidance from Forestry Dept., MAL should carry out reforestation of the disturbed area after construction activities, Limit movement of heavy machinery only to designated access routes and operational areas.
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. Water quality pollution due to Poor leaching within the irrigation scheme. Stick to good practices of irrigation infrastructure operation rules of ensuring minimum flows in times of low flow. Ensure prior clearance of all deadwood/vegetation prior to Mwomboshi dam filling. . Impact on energy consumption patterns. Use energy efficient equipment should be promoted by MAL and also use encourage people to use other forms of energy such as solar for none critical areas such as lighting of households. . Impact due to use of pesticide and herbicide. Working with relevant authorities, MAL should ensure that recommended dosage and frequency of application of agro chemicals are observed ensure recommended types of agro-chemicals are used and conduct awareness campaign among communities on dangers of agro chemicals. Avoid use of highly toxic pesticides found on the and instead promote and encourage use of botanical pesticides particularly for Tier 1 and 2. In addition:
Ensure adherence to an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Plan, Train the communities especially in Tier 1, 2 and 3 in IPM in order to reduce the use of hazardous pesticides, Provide training in safe handling and usage of pesticides as well as safe disposal of containers. . Increased use of fertilizers. MAL should encourage practice conservation and green farming, encourage organic farming, careful choice of crops which replenish soil fertility as well as use organic fertilizers. This would be more practical for Tier 1 and 2. In addition:
Retain crop residues where it does not pose a pest risk. Crop rotation will facilitate this, Practice mulching to create a conducive environment for soil fauna a flora which are active in cycling nutrients, and introduces organic matter, Use leguminous crops such as beans and groundnuts, together with inoculants, Plant green manures and/or mulch crops when the land is not required for cash crops, Promote use of livestock manure, Conduct regular soil analysis so that fertiliser application is tailored to crop requirements – this measure is only practical for Tier 3 and 2, unless Tier 1 gets external support. . Impact on water quantity on downstream reaches. Environmental flows demonstrated by modelling of Mwomboshi catchment will be allowed for both the ecosystem and any other activity that may be undertaken downstream at any given time. Adopt an integrated approach in water abstraction. . Soil degradation from inappropriate land use practices.
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MAL through its extension services should ensure that use of inappropriate methods of farming by communities in surrounding areas is avoided as it poses a risk of erosion and river siltation that may affect ecological biodiversity. Conduct sensitization programmes and training in good agricultural practices. In addition:
Ensure initial ripping before 1st plantings, Conduct training in reduced tillage & conservation farming Tier 1 and 2, Use of minimal tillage in Tier 3 and Tier 4, Use contour ridges where required, Train tier 1 farmers in correct usage of the hose-furrow system plus regular follow up inspections and training by an extension officer. . Air quality deterioration. Dust is an important factor of environmental pollution. The generation of dust from the access roads to be constructed and fields during land preparation may have an impact on the air quality especially during the dry season when wind speed is high. Ensure contractor regularly waters the construction site. . Noise pollution. Use of farm equipment and vehicles that are not regularly maintained can lead to noise pollution. Ensure that the equipment and plant machinery are well maintained by the contractor and in good condition such that noise emitted is within acceptable level. . Light pollution from center pivots. MAL should ensure that the project design of agricultural layout of the fields will be coupled with interconnectivity of patches of woodlands that will separate the fields to help minimize light pollution from the center pivots in operation. . Pollution from inappropriate disposal of agricultural chemicals and containers. Ensure a well-designed infrastructure for storage of chemicals. Manage usage of the chemicals through implementation of procedures in line with regulations set out by ZEMA. Therefore impacts of pollution from storage, management and use are insignificant. Ensure proper disposal methods of chemicals and containers are being carried out. . Impacts on surface water bodies, stream flows and water quality. Impoundment of river Mwomboshi will lead to variations in discharges and water levels and quality downstream. Hydrological changes in the river system will lead to greater area of influenced both upstream and downstream. In liaison with Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA), ensure dam operation rules are adhered to in accordance with regulations. . Impacts on groundwater water quality. Ensure dam operation rules are adhered to in accordance with Water Resources Management Authority regulations. Also ensure that wood is cleared from the dam area that will be submerged prior to filling of the dam. . Impacts on geomorphic processes in dambos, streams and Mwomboshi River.
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Ensure good agricultural practices that minimise the risk of soil erosion. Ensure layouts of agricultural fields are restricted to areas that are generally flat with good drainage whilst areas with steep slopes will be avoided. However, activities by communities in surrounding areas pose a risk to geomorphic processes. . Impacts on ecological processes in dambos, streams and rivers. Ensure that usage of agricultural chemicals that includes chemicals and fumigant materials used to control pests in the field and storage areas are regulated. . Impacts on terrestrial ecological and ecosystem services processes. Ensure that when large areas are cleared for agriculture fields patches of vegetation connecting to each other through the area are left intact. Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated facilities will be constructed. . Loss of species of special concern and biodiversity. Ecological surveys showed no serious loss of species of special concern, and other species important to ecosystem functioning that may have resulted in loss of biodiversity. However, the scheme will limit clearance of vegetation to critical areas designated for development. . Loss and fragmentation of sensitive habitats. Two habitats were identified as sensitive in Mwomboshi area; riparian vegetation and Dambo grasslands. These areas are important in maintaining the ecosystem functions For loss and fragmentation of sensitive Miombo habitats, mitigation measures to be carried out by MAL will include:
Avoiding clearing or damaging Miombo habitat where possible, Where possible avoid creating isolated ‘islands’ of Miombo habitat of less than 100 ha in extent as they will not serve as meaningful refugia for large mammals, snakes, etc. For loss and fragmentation of sensitive riparian forests, stream and river habitats:
Avoiding clearing or damaging riparian vegetation where possible, and limit river and stream crossings as far as possible; Avoid blockage or diversion of rivers and streams where possible; Avoid indirect effect of run-off erosion and sedimentation from roads that may lead to loss of riparian habitats; Monitor and maintain riparian habitat corridors and waterways in adjacent areas to maintain faunal connectivity and migration. Overall mitigation measures to manage and minimise these impacts should include:
Leaving aside patches of key representative portions of each vegetation type within the project area as conservation area; Keep all areas of riparian forest as continuous as possible to maintain corridors within the farming areas; Keep all areas of floodplains (and dambos) as continuous as possible to maintain corridors within the farming areas.
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. Impacts on climate change.
Facilitate the planting of village woodlots within surrounding communities to offset loss associated with cleared areas, Avoid clearing woodlands which are in a mature or climax state, Where feasible, implement carbon emissions offsets elsewhere, Ensure use of well maintained, high efficiency diesel motors. Ensure use of energy efficient variable speed electric motors, Ensure use of energy efficient lighting, heating and ventilation in staff facilities, Ensure permanent and contracted staff does not harvest fuel wood or utilise charcoal from unsustainable harvesting, Where possible, utilize freight vehicles with emissions performance labelling, Ensure implementation of reduced speed limits, Ensure all vehicles remain at a high level of maintenance. . Aesthetic and landscape quality impacts of woodland removal. MAL should consider promoting planting of woodlots within the project and surrounding areas as well as preserving strips of indigenous woodlands connected to each other within scheme. . Aesthetic and landscape quality impacts of center pivots and farm structures. Ensure layout of agricultural fields is such that they are well spaced separated by undisturbed strip of woodland that is habitat to wildlife. Farm structures should also been designed and located in a manner that leaves the natural environment undisturbed. . Soil loss from inappropriate land use practices. Ensure application of good agricultural practices that prevent soil loss and embark on community programmes that will sensitise communities in surrounding areas using inappropriate methods of farming leading to erosion and river siltation. . Air quality deterioration. Avoid open air incineration of chemical waste. Construct properly designed incineration facilities to avoid air pollution. . Noise pollution. Ensure equipment and plant machinery are well maintained and in good condition such that noise emitted is within an acceptable level. Workers operating in areas were noise emitted will be provided with protective clothing . Polluting impacts of the storage, management, use and disposal of agricultural chemicals and containers. Ensure a well-designed infrastructure for storage of chemicals. Management and use of these chemicals will be done following laid down procedures in line with regulations set out by ZEMA. In addition, ensure that:
Chemical stores (including fuel, insecticides, etc.) are bonded and locked at all times, Access to such stores is controlled at all times,
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Inventories of stored chemicals are maintained, and their use regulated, All cautions/recommendations with respect to storage and use of hazardous chemicals should be carefully followed and implemented. . Impacts on surface water bodies, stream flows and water quality. Ensure that no untreated waste is discharged in the water bodies and sanitation facilities are maintained. . Impact on faunal diversity loss. To avoid loss of faunal diversity should ensure that the EMP is implemented fully. This should ensure that:
Clearing or damaging intact habitats is avoided where possible, Exploitation of sensitive reptiles, e.g. Crocodiles, monitor lizards, chameleons and terrapins by communities and farm staff is prevented by running community workshops that explain sustainable resource use, Training of employees (induction training) and local villagers (workshops) about the necessity of protecting wildlife are conducted, Habitat connectivity, particularly to protected areas, via habitat corridors (through the offsite biodiversity offset) is maintained, Undertake habitat clearance only during winter when birds are not breeding. . Erosion of the top soil and reservoir sedimentation: Stabilisation and rehabilitation of the area will be practiced. Use of contour ridges where required, and well-designed drains for Tier 1 hose-furrow areas. . Encroachment of aquatic weeds. MAL should strengthen it extension services that will ensure awareness campaigns among the workers are conducted and at the same time apply fertilizers appropriately. . Deterioration in Groundwater Quality. Clearing of deadwood prior to dam filling will minimise deterioration of quality of water in the reservoir. . Sediment trapping. Mitigation: The Mwomboshi reservoir once constructed will have to be flushed after a period of time to maintain the storage capacity and at the same time transport sediments downstream of the dam for ecosystem sustainability.
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Table 9-1 Summary of Mitigation Measures
Mitigations Measures to Environmental Impacts during preparation/construction phase
Environmental Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Disturbance of terrestrial ecological & Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated facilities will be constructed. Ensure that when ecosystem services processes large areas are cleared for agriculture fields patches of vegetation connecting to each other through the area are left intact
Avoiding clearing or damaging riparian vegetation where possible, and limit river and stream crossings as far as possible. Loss of natural habitat for small Avoid blockage or diversion of rivers and streams where possible. mammals, birds and insects. Avoid indirect effect of run-off erosion and sedimentation from roads that may lead to loss of riparian habitats. Monitor and maintain riparian habitat corridors and waterways in adjacent areas to maintain faunal connectivity and migration
Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated facilities will be constructed. Where possible Loss of species of special concern avoid creating isolated ‘islands’ of Miombo habitat of less than 100 ha in extent as they will not serve as meaningful refugia for large mammals, snakes, etc
Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated facilities will be constructed Loss & fragmentation of sensitive Avoid indirect effect of run-off erosion and sedimentation from roads that may lead to loss of riparian habitats. habitats Monitor and maintain riparian habitat corridors and waterways in adjacent areas to maintain faunal connectivity and migration
Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated facilities will be constructed. Loss of Fauna diversity habitat connectivity, particularly to protected areas, via habitat corridors (through the offsite biodiversity offset) is maintained. Undertake habitat clearance only during winter when birds are not breeding
Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated facilities will be constructed. Ensure application of good agricultural practices that prevent soil loss and embark on community programmes that will sensitise communities in Erosion of top soil and reservoir surrounding areas using inappropriate methods of farming leading to erosion and river siltation. sedimentation Use of contour ridges where required, and well-designed drains for Tier 1 hose-furrow areas. Making-good of borrow pits with topsoil and vegetation Pollution of surface water as a result Oils will be stored and used only in designated areas at the workshops. of spills Dispose any used oil at a designated place in accordance with the law Contamination of Soil All contaminated soil will be treated. The valuable top soil, containing organic material, nutrients as well as seeds and the soil fauna, will be excavated separately. This will be piled in an adequate manner for reuse. After completion of the construction works the contractor will ensure immediate restoration by spreading piled top soil and by sowing adequate grass. Put up erosion control measures such as gabions Pollution of groundwater and gunny bags filled with soil where there is erosion signs to slow down storm water flow in these sections during heavy rains. Also ensure that wood is cleared from the dam area prior to filling of the dam.
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Environmental Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Re-establishment of environmental Operation of Mwomboshi dam has to be done in a regulated manner according to set water right regulation flows Increased access to water for Operation of Mwomboshi dam has to be done in a regulated manner according to set water right regulation livestock Noise pollution from the movement of All mobile vehicles and equipment will have noise reducers the site vehicles can disturb workers, All land preparation activities will take place during the day and any work during night-time will be communicated to the state authorities and community local community Water bowsers will be employed on site to suppress dust on all site roads. Nuisance dust pollutes the air, affect Designated routes will be established on site for motor traffic. the health of site workers Site workers will be issued with personal protective attire. All the sand or soil heaps will be removed as soon as possible to avoid nuisance dust arising from prevailing. Increased road traffic will lead to deterioration of dirty irrigation Conduct routine road repair and maintenance scheme roads Increased in road traffic may lead to Control traffic by introducing speed-humps and elaborate road signs. reduced road safety among the rural Road will maintained free of mud, pot-holes, debris and other traffic obstacles. communities Sensitize the community on general road safety to increasing traffic awareness. Prevent clearance of vegetation around the reservoir by creating buffers. Sedimentation of the dam Flush Mwomboshi reservoir after a period of time to maintain the storage capacity and at the same time transport sediments downstream of the dam for ecosystem sustainability
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Mitigation Measures to Socio-economic Impacts preparation/construction phase
Environmental Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Increased employment Priority will be given to the local people. Only skills that will not be available within the local community will be sourced from other areas. opportunities for locals Skills base for the area will be increased by training the locals especially those skills that can be mastered within a short time. Ensuring there is a skill transfer programme. Increased opportunities for Categorise staff and each group to be supervised by a dedicated skilled personnel to ensure on job training. skills transfer Encourage job on training through observation and trial under supervision. Increased revenue base for the The Scheme will adhere to all the tax requirements of the Government of the Republic of Zambia. government Measures will include) Adopt selective employment opportunities targeting locals, ii) Ensure adequate facilities are provided for staff such Increase in the local population as sanitation facilities. Increase in Local Economic To enhance this, developer will ensue that the employees are encouraged to buy most things from within the area. The developer will Activities support improvement of market facilities in the area
Construction activities will expose the community to the non-local people which may lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STIs. Threat to Human Health Measures to minimise this will include; i) sensitise staff and community on the dangers of HIV/AIDs and STIs ii) support local programmes by Ministry of Health regarding HIV/AIDs Increased lung problems due to Watering of the area and surroundings during the construction stage will be undertaken regularly. dust emissions Loss of grazing land Designate some areas for grazing coupled with cultivated land for pasture
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Mitigation to Environmental Impacts during the operation phase
Environmental Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Pollution of surface water as a result of soil Ensure that all people at the farm are trained in handling chemicals/oils and so that no accidental spills are experienced erosion Contamination of soil, surface water and/or Regular servicing and maintenance of equipment and vehicles. groundwater due to fuel spills Contamination of surface water and/ground All maintenance will be done in workshops. Hydrocarbon traps will be installed in the workshop drainage system to treat water due to washing and servicing of effluent prior to release to the farm surface drainage. equipment Contamination of water as a result of washing Heavy equipment wash-bays equipped with impervious surfaces and containment to capture effluent from washing and servicing of equipment operations will be constructed at the open pit workshops Air pollution due to airborne dust generated from the operation of heavy farm equipment Regular servicing of vehicles and equipment used in land clearance. The site will be routinely sprayed with water in order to suppress dust Air pollution during operations phase The service, repair and maintenance of farm equipment and vehicles will be restricted to dedicated areas specifically Soil Contamination due to oil spills designed for the purpose. All scheme equipment using hydraulic fluid, oil, fuel or any other substance that has the potential to contaminate surface Contamination of Soil from disposal of agro- water, groundwater or soil if released into the environment will be subject to a preventative maintenance programme. chemicals/ containers Procedures laid down in the Emergency Response Plan will be followed in the event of a spill. IPM training Increased usage of fertilizers and agro- Promote use of organic manures chemicals Practice conservation and green farming, Encourage organic farming, careful choice of crops which replenish soil fertility
Reforestate disturbed areas where appropriate Minimise clearance of vegetation to critical areas Facilitate the planting of village woodlots within surrounding communities to offset loss associated with cleared areas. Loss of vegetation Avoid clearing woodlands which are in a mature or climax state Ensure use of well maintained, high efficiency diesel motors Prevent harvest of fuel wood or utilise charcoal from unsustainable harvesting
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Mitigation to Socio-economic Impacts during the operation phase
Environmental Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Priority will be given to the local people. Only skills that will not be available within the local community will be sourced from Increased employment opportunities for other areas. Skills base for the area will be increased by training the locals especially those skills that can be mastered locals within a short time. Ensuring there is a skill transfer programme. Increased opportunities for skills transfer Categorise staff and each group to be supervised by a dedicated skilled personnel to ensure on job training. Encourage job on training through observation and trial under supervision. Displacement of people and loss of assets Compensation and replacement of assets is explained in the RAP Increased revenue base for the government The Irrigation scheme will adhere to all the tax requirements of the Government of the Republic of Zambia. Measures will include) Adopt selective employment opportunities targeting locals, ii) Ensure adequate facilities are provided Increase in the local population for staff such as sanitation facilities. To enhance this, MAL will ensue that the employees are encouraged to buy most things from within the area. The Scheme Increase in Local Economic Activities will support improvement of market facilities in the area Construction activities will expose the community to the non-local people which may lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS and Threat to Human Health other STIs. Measures to minimise this will include; i) sensitise staff and community on the dangers of HIV/AIDs and STIs ii) support local programmes by Ministry of Health regarding HIV/AIDs Provide adequate sanitation facilities and proper disposal of waste. Pollution of surface and groundwater Ensure communities are sensitized on good hygiene practices Ensure working environment is well kept and conducive for workers Health related diseases for workers Provide personal protective clothing Develop and implement programmes for community awareness and training of workers on safety procedures Threat to human safety Provide for undisturbed stretches of vegetation interconnected to provide animal passage
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10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT & MONITORING
10.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan An Environmental and Social Management plan (ESMP) has been elaborated under this section for purposes of addressing identified adverse and positive impacts. Due consideration has been given to various factors that include increased pressure on upland areas above the dam, on-site environmental deterioration as well as decrease in water quality and increase in sedimentation rates in the reservoir resulting from clearing of forest land for agriculture, use of agricultural chemicals, and tree cutting for timber or fuel wood by local communities. 10.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan Under the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP), various mitigation measures have been organised into a well-formulated plan, which will serve as a guide for operation phase. While costs associated with implementing the EMP are often deemed unnecessary it’s important that adequate resources are allocated to implementation of the EMP in order to comply with the monitoring commitments in the EMP as well as ensuring that unexpected effects resulting from operational activities are detected early enough for mitigation without causing irreversible damage to the environment.
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Table 10-1 Environmental & Social Management Plan during the preparation/construction phase Environmental Environmental Management Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Time Frame Cost Aspect/issue Impact Objectives person Start End ZMK Biophysical Environment Preparation/Construction Phase Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to Disturbance of areas where irrigation facilities and associated Start of terrestrial ecological & To ensure minimal facilities will be constructed. Ensure that when FarmCo Scheme Prior to Clearing and Nil ecosystem services loss of vegetation large areas are cleared for agriculture fields Manager construction levelling processes patches of vegetation connecting to each other through the area are left intact Avoiding clearing or damaging riparian vegetation where possible, and limit river and stream crossings as far as possible. Avoid blockage or diversion of rivers and Loss of natural habitat To ensure minimal streams where possible. Start of FarmCo Scheme Prior to for small mammals, disturbance to the Avoid indirect effect of run-off erosion and Clearing and 85,000 Manager construction birds and insects. habitats sedimentation from roads that may lead to loss levelling of riparian habitats. Removal of Monitor and maintain riparian habitat corridors vegetation and waterways in adjacent areas to maintain faunal connectivity and migration Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated facilities will be constructed. Where possible Start of Loss of species of To ensure minimal FarmCo Scheme Prior to avoid creating isolated ‘islands’ of Miombo Clearing and Nil special concern loss of vegetation Manager construction habitat of less than 100 ha in extent as they will levelling not serve as meaningful refugia for large mammals, snakes, etc. Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated To minimise Start of Loss & fragmentation of facilities will be constructed FarmCo Scheme Prior to clearance of Clearing and 170,00 sensitive habitats Avoid indirect effect of run-off erosion and Manager construction vegetation levelling sedimentation from roads that may lead to loss of riparian habitats.
SOFRECO 159 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Mwomboshi IDSP Group 1 sites
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Environmental Environmental Management Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Time Frame Cost Aspect/issue Impact Objectives person Start End ZMK Biophysical Environment Preparation/Construction Phase Monitor and maintain riparian habitat corridors and waterways in adjacent areas to maintain faunal connectivity and migration Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated facilities will be constructed. To ensure Start of Habitat connectivity, particularly to protected FarmCo Scheme Prior to Loss of Fauna diversity minimum loss of Clearing and Nil areas, via habitat corridors (through the offsite Manager construction habitat levelling biodiversity offset) is maintained. Undertake habitat clearance only during winter when birds are not breeding Clearing of vegetation will only be confined to areas where irrigation facilities and associated facilities will be constructed. Ensure application of good agricultural practices that prevent soil loss and embark on community programmes To limit clearance Start of Erosion of top soil and that will sensitise communities in surrounding FarmCo Scheme Prior to of vegetation to Clearing and 300,00 reservoir sedimentation areas using inappropriate methods of farming Manager construction critical areas levelling leading to erosion and river siltation. Use of contour ridges where required, and well- designed drains for Tier 1 hose-furrow areas. Making-good of borrow pits with topsoil and vegetation To prevent Oils will be stored and used only in designated Pollution of surface contamination of areas at the workshops. Workshop Prior to water as a result of On-going 80,000 water as a result of Dispose any used oil at a designated place in Manager construction Spills and/or spills oil spills. accordance with the law accidental To prevent All contaminated soil will be treated. The Start of releases. contamination of valuable top soil, containing organic material, FarmCo Scheme Vegetation Contamination of Soil On-going 380,000 soil nutrients as well as seeds and the soil fauna, Manager clearing will be excavated separately. This will be piled Activities
SOFRECO 160 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Mwomboshi IDSP Group 1 sites
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Environmental Environmental Management Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Time Frame Cost Aspect/issue Impact Objectives person Start End ZMK Biophysical Environment Preparation/Construction Phase in an adequate manner for reuse. After completion of the construction works the contractor will ensure immediate restoration by spreading piled top soil and by sowing To avoid adequate grass. Put up erosion control Pollution of groundwater groundwater measures such as gabions and gunny bags pollution filled with soil where there is erosion signs to slow down storm water flow in these sections during heavy rains. Also ensure that wood is cleared from the dam area prior to filling of the 200,000dam. To prevent the Contamination of soil, contamination of Use of Start of surface water and/or water and soil as a Regular servicing and maintenance of FarmCo Scheme equipment and clearing On-going 200,000 groundwater due to fuel result of spills and equipment and vehicles. Manager vehicles activities spills leakages from machines.
To ensure that Re-establishment of downstream water environmental flows Operation of Mwomboshi dam has to be done in Prior to Reservoir demands are met FarmCo Irrigation a regulated manner according to set water right scheme On-going Nil development Manager To ensure that regulation operation Increased access to water demand is water for livestock met by all users All mobile vehicles and equipment will have noise reducers Noise pollution from the To minimise noise All land preparation activities will take place Noise emission movement of the site FarmCo Scheme At start of End of emission and during the day and any work during night-time 90,000 and vibration vehicles can disturb Manager land clearing construction vibration will be communicated to the state authorities workers, community and local community
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Environmental Environmental Management Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Time Frame Cost Aspect/issue Impact Objectives person Start End ZMK Biophysical Environment Preparation/Construction Phase Water bowsers will be employed on site to suppress dust on all site roads. Designated routes will be established on site for Nuisance dust pollutes To reduce dust motor traffic. FarmCo Scheme At start of End of the air, affect the health emissions during Site workers will be issued with personal 260,000 Manager land clearing construction of site workers construction protective attire. Atmospheric All the sand or soil heaps will be removed as emissions soon as possible to avoid nuisance dust arising from prevailing. Increased road traffic To prevent and will lead to deterioration minimise damage FarmCo Scheme At start of End of Conduct routine road repair and maintenance of dirty irrigation of dirty roads Manager land clearing construction scheme roads resulting from traffic Control traffic by introducing speed-humps and Increased in road traffic elaborate road signs. may lead to reduced To reduce road Road will maintained free of mud, pot-holes, FarmCo Scheme At start of End of Safety 400,000 road safety among the traffic accidents debris and other traffic obstacles. Manager land clearing construction rural communities Sensitize the community on general road safety to increasing traffic awareness. Prevent clearance of vegetation around the To prevent siltation reservoir by creating buffers. At the start of Sedimentation of the of the reservoir Flush Mwomboshi reservoir after a period of FarmCo Scheme Soil Erosion dam On going 500,000 dam thus reducing the time to maintain the storage capacity and at the Manager operation dam capacity same time transport sediments downstream of the dam for ecosystem sustainability
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Table 10-2 Environmental & Social Management Plan during the preparation/construction phase
Environmental Environmental Management Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Time Frame Cost Aspect/issue Impact Objectives person Start End ZMW Socio-economic Environment Site Clearing/Construction Phase Priority will be given to the local people. Only FarmCo Increased To increase skills that will not be available within the local Manager & employment employment community will be sourced from other areas. Prior to Human On-going 200,000 opportunities for opportunities for the Skills base for the area will be increased by construction Resource locals local people in the area training the locals especially those skills that Manager Improved can be mastered within a short time. Livelihoods Ensuring there is a skill transfer programme. FarmCo Categorise staff and each group to be Increased Manager & To encourage training supervised by a dedicated skilled personnel to Prior to opportunities for Human On-going 150,000 of staff on site ensure on job training. construction skills transfer Resource Encourage job on training through observation Manager and trial under supervision. To enhance the tax FarmCo Revenue for the Increased revenue base for the The Scheme will adhere to all the tax Manager & Prior to government from base for the government for requirements of the Government of the Human On-going Nil construction taxes government infrastructure Republic of Zambia. Resource development Manager Measures will include) Adopt selective Increase in the To reduce pressure on employment opportunities targeting locals, ii) FarmCo Prior to On-going 75,000 local population local resources Ensure adequate facilities are provided for staff Manager construction such as sanitation facilities. To enhance this, developer will ensue that the To increase the market Increase in Local employees are encouraged to buy most things FarmCo Start of for local goods and On-going 225,000 Migration Economic Activities from within the area. The developer will support Manager clearing services in the area improvement of market facilities in the area Construction activities will expose the community to the non-local people which may Threat to Human To reduce the FarmCo Prior to lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STIs. On-going 325,000 Health incidences of HIV/AIDS Manager construction Measures to minimise this will include; i) sensitise staff and community on the dangers of
SOFRECO 163 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Mwomboshi IDSP Group 1 sites
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Environmental Environmental Management Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Time Frame Cost Aspect/issue Impact Objectives person Start End ZMW Socio-economic Environment Site Clearing/Construction Phase HIV/AIDs and STIs175,000 ii) support local programmes by Ministry of Health regarding HIV/AIDs Increased lung To reduce the Watering of the area and surroundings during Occupational FarmCo Start of problems due to incidences of lung the construction stage will be undertaken On-going 175,000 Health & Safety Manager Clearing dust emissions problems regularly.
Land Clearing for To limit clearing of Loss of grazing Designate some areas for grazing coupled with FarmCo Start of scheme vegetation to critical On-going Nil land cultivated land for pasture Manager Clearing development areas only
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Table 10-3 Environmental & Social Management Plan during the operation phase Environmental Environmental Management Objectives Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Time Frame Cost Aspect/issue Impact person Start End ZMW Biophysical Environment Operation Phase Spills and/or Pollution of surface To prevent contamination Ensure that all people at the farm are trained in FarmCo accidental water as a result of of water as a result of soil handling chemicals/oils and so that no accidental Scheme Year 1 On-going 85,000 releases. soil erosion erosion. spills are experienced Manager Contamination of To prevent the soil, surface water contamination of water and Regular servicing and maintenance of equipment Year 1 On-going 190,000 and/or groundwater soil as a result of spills and and vehicles. due to fuel spills leakages from machines. Contamination of surface water All maintenance will be done in workshops. and/ground water Hydrocarbon traps will be installed in the Use of equipment FarmCo Year 1 On-going 85,000 due to washing and To prevent the workshop drainage system to treat effluent prior and vehicles Scheme servicing of contamination of water as a to release to the farm surface drainage. Manager equipment result of washing and Contamination of servicing of farm Heavy equipment wash-bays equipped with water as a result of equipment. impervious surfaces and containment to capture washing and Year 1 On-going 160,000 effluent from washing operations will be servicing of constructed at the open pit workshops equipment Air pollution due to airborne dust To minimise atmospheric generated from the FarmCo pollution due emissions operation of heavy Regular servicing of vehicles and equipment Scheme Year 1 On-going 195,000 from vehicles and other Atmospheric farm equipment Manager machines emissions used in land clearance. To control/minimise the FarmCo The site will be routinely sprayed with water in Air pollution generation of dust from the Scheme Year 1 On-going Nil order to suppress dust during operations phase movement of haul trucks Manager
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Environmental Environmental Management Objectives Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Time Frame Cost Aspect/issue Impact person Start End ZMW Biophysical Environment Operation Phase and other heavy equipment for dam construction The service, repair and maintenance of farm FarmCo Soil Contamination To prevent contamination equipment and vehicles will be restricted to Scheme Year 1 On-going Nil due to oil spills of soils at the workshop. dedicated areas specifically designed for the Manager purpose. All scheme equipment using hydraulic fluid, oil, fuel or any other substance that has the potential Soil Degradation to contaminate surface water, groundwater or Contamination of To prevent contamination FarmCo soil if released into the environment will be Soil from disposal of of soil caused by an Scheme subject to a preventative maintenance Year 1 On-going Nil agro-chemicals/ accidental release of fuel or Manager programme. Procedures laid down in the containers oil. /SHEQ Emergency Response Plan will be followed in the event of a spill. IPM training Promote use of organic manures Increased usage of To ensure usage of Practice conservation and green farming, FarmCo From Agro-Chemicals fertilizers and agro- agrochemicals/ fertilizers is On-going Nil Encourage organic farming, careful choice of Manager operation chemicals according to standards crops which replenish soil fertility Reforestate disturbed areas where appropriate Minimise clearance of vegetation to critical areas Facilitate the planting of village woodlots within surrounding communities to offset loss associated with cleared areas. Prior to To minimise loss of FarmCo Climate Change Loss of vegetation Avoid clearing woodlands which are in a mature land On going 190,000 vegetation Manager or climax state clearing Ensure use of well maintained, high efficiency diesel motors Prevent harvest of fuel wood or utilise charcoal from unsustainable harvesting
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Table 10-4 Environmental & Social Management Plan during the operation phase Environmental Environmental Management Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Timing Cost Aspect/issue Impact Objectives person Start End ZMW Socio-economic Environment Operation Phase Priority will be given to the local people. Only FarmCo Increased To increase skills that will not be available within the local Scheme employment employment community will be sourced from other areas. Manager & Year 1 On-going 110,000 opportunities for opportunities for the Skills base for the area will be increased by Human locals local people in the area training the locals especially those skills that Resource Improved can be mastered within a short time. Manager Livelihoods Ensuring there is a skill transfer programme. FarmCo Categorise staff and each group to be Scheme Increased To encourage training supervised by a dedicated skilled personnel to Manager & opportunities for Year 1 On-going Nil of staff on site ensure on job training. Human skills transfer Encourage job on training through observation Resource and trial under supervision. Manager To ensure affected Displacement of FarmCo households are not left Compensation and replacement of assets will Farm Land clearing people and loss of Scheme Year 1 Nil worse off than before be done after a RAP exercise is undertaken Closure assets Manager being relocated To enhance the tax Increased revenue base for the The Irrigation scheme will adhere to all the tax FarmCo Revenue for the base for the government for requirements of the Government of the Scheme Year 1 On-going Nil government government infrastructure Republic of Zambia. Manager development Measures will include) Adopt selective FarmCo Increase in the To reduce pressure on employment opportunities targeting locals, ii) Prior to Scheme On-going Nil local population local resources Ensure adequate facilities are provided for staff construction Manager such as sanitation facilities. Migration To enhance this, MAL will ensue that the To increase the market FarmCo Increase in Local employees are encouraged to buy most things Start of for local goods and Scheme On-going 185,000 Economic Activities from within the area. The Scheme will support clearing services in the area Manager improvement of market facilities in the area
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Environmental Environmental Management Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Responsible Timing Cost Aspect/issue Impact Objectives person Start End ZMW Socio-economic Environment Operation Phase Construction activities will expose the community to the non-local people which may lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STIs. FarmCo Threat to Human To reduce the Measures to minimise this will include; i) Prior to Scheme On-going 185,000 Health incidences of HIV/AIDS sensitise staff and community on the dangers of construction Manager HIV/AIDs and STIs ii) support local programmes by Ministry of Health regarding HIV/AIDs Provide adequate sanitation facilities and To avoid depletion of FarmCo Pollution of surface proper disposal of waste. Start of Poor Sanitation water resources due to Scheme On-going 90,000 and groundwater Ensure communities are sensitized on good Clearing contamination Manager hygiene practices Ensure working environment is well kept and conducive for workers Health related FarmCo Occupational To minimise any health Provide personal protective clothing diseases for Scheme 120,000 Health hazards to workers Develop and implement programmes for workers Manager community awareness and training of workers on safety procedures FarmCo Human Animal Threat to human To prevent risk of Provide for undisturbed stretches of vegetation Scheme Nil Conflict safety animal attach interconnected to provide animal passage Manager
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Table 10-5 Environmental Monitoring Programme
Program Description Monitoring Location Frequency Parameters Compliance Responsible Cost Requirement Person ZMK Key statutory limits Ambient surface pH, EC, TDS, Mwomboshi River, that will be adhered to water quality – TSS,SO , Cu, Fe, Co, Surface water Upstream and 4 include the Statutory FarmCo upstream and Monthly Mn, NO , PO , Ca- 20,000 Monitoring Downstream of 2 4 Limits for effluent Manager downstream of the Hardness, Ca, Mg, Pb, reservoirs discharged to surface area of disturbance Co, Cd Pesticides waters. Selection of parameters Location will be to be determined in Compliance selected in line with Aquatic and consultation with requirements – to Biological the baseline FarmCo terrestrial flora and Bi-Annual relevant regulatory minimise impacts and 50,000 Monitoring assessment to Manager fauna authorities to ensure compare to baseline monitor impacts on potential impacts are environmental data. biological data detected. Record area disturbed Land Areas disturbed and Up-dated FarmCo Entire Scheme area versus area Nil Monitoring rehabilitated annually Manager rehabilitated. Plots will be To be determined, will determined once include: Erosion rates, rehabilitation has To meet stable, Success of growth rates, species FarmCo begun and will Annually sustainable landforms 50,000 rehabilitation richness, important Manager include analogue at closure. values, species sites in undisturbed dominance etc. areas.
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Program Description Monitoring Location Frequency Parameters Compliance Responsible Cost Requirement Person No compliance - Temperature requirements – - Rainfall monitoring of natural Put up a - Humidity conditions to meteorological station FarmCo Meteorology Continuous - Wind (speed, supplement other 150,000 within the Scheme Manager direction) monitoring including area - Pressure runoff volumes, Air Emissions - Evaporation ambient dust loads Monitoring and noise levels. Locations will be established around Statutory dust the area of emission limits as Monthly FarmCo Ambient dust disturbance to record Total dust levels detailed in Pollution 5,000 totals Manager ambient dust levels – Control Regulations – mostly during Third Schedule construction phase Survey undertaken quarterly to record Ambient and point Statutory limit for FarmCo Construction areas Monthly noise levels in 5,000 source noise levels Manager comparison to baseline measurements. Noise No compliance requirements – to Consistent with monitor impacts and FarmCo Traffic baseline monitoring Annually Vehicle movements Nil ensure mitigation Manager program measures are appropriate.
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11 CONCLUSION
It is the opinion of the study team that social economic and environmental impacts resulting from operations at Scheme can effectively be managed and reduced to acceptable levels as long as proposed mitigation measures are applied. Consequently, the benefits arising from operations of Scheme as a developmental project outweigh the environmental costs.
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12 REFERENCES
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