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State of the River Report for the Lower St. Johns River Basin, Florida: Water Quality, Fisheries, Aquatic Life and Contaminants 2014

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State of the River Report for the Lower St. Johns River Basin, Florida: Water Quality, Fisheries, Aquatic Life and Contaminants 2014 STATE OF THE RIVER REPORT FOR THE LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN, FLORIDA: WATER QUALITY, FISHERIES, AQUATIC LIFE AND CONTAMINANTS 2014 Prepared for Environmental Protection Board City of Jacksonville, Florida St. James Building, 117 West Duval Street Jacksonville, Florida 32202 By University of North Florida Jacksonville University 1 UNF Drive and 2800 University Boulevard North Jacksonville, Florida 32224 Jacksonville, Florida 32211 LOWER SJR REPORT 2014 Preface The State of the River Report is the result of a collaborative effort of a team of academic researchers from Jacksonville University, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, and Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA. The report was supported by the Environmental Protection Board of the City of Jacksonville and the River Branch Foundation. The purpose of the project is to review various previously collected data and literature about the river and to place it into a format that is informative and readable to the general public. The report consists of three parts---the brochure, the full report, and an appendix. The short brochure provides a brief summary of the status and trends of each item or indicator (i.e. water quality, fisheries, etc.) that was evaluated for the river. The full report and appendix were produced to provide more to those interested. In the development of these documents, many different sources of data were examined, including data from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, St. Johns River Water Management District, Fish and Wildlife Commission, City of Jacksonville, individual researchers, and others. The researchers reviewed data addressing many different aspects of the Lower St. Johns River. The most statistically rigorous and stringent research available was used to assemble the report. When a draft of all documents was produced, an extensive review process was undertaken to ensure accuracy, balance, and clarity. We are extremely grateful to the following scientists and interested parties who provided invaluable assistance in improving our document. Vince Seibold Betsy Deuerling City of Jacksonville John Hendrickson, SJRWMD John Higman, SJRWMD Dean Dobberfuhl, SJRWMD Teresa Monson, SJRWMD Al Canepa, SJRWMD Derek Busby, SJRWMD Russ Brodie, FWRI Tony DiGirolamo, FWRI Justin Solomon, FWRI Lee Banks, FL DEP Patrick O’Connor, FL DEP Melissa Long, COJ Lisa Rinaman, St. Johns River Riverkeeper Paul Steinbrecher, JEA Tiffany Busby, Wildwood Consulting Marcy Policastro, Wildwood Consulting Mike McManus, The Nature Conservancy Richard Bryant, National Park Service Mark Middlebrook, St. Johns River Alliance Maria Mark, Timucuan Trail Parks Foundation Stephan Nix, University of North Florida Kelly Smith, University of North Florida Dale Casamatta, University of North Florida Robert Richardson, University of North Florida Maia McGuire, University of Florida Sea Grant A. Quinton White, Jacksonville University Charles Jacoby, SJRWMD Ted Lange, FWRI Douglas Adams, FWRI Donald Axelrad, FL DEP Barbara Donner, FL DEP Kendra Goff, FL DOH Jan Landsberg, FWRI ii LOWER SJR REPORT 2014 Robert Storm Burks, SJRWMD Matthew Waters, Valdosta State University Gary Weise, COJ Anthony Ouellette, Jacksonville University Peter Sucsy, SJRWMD John Flowe, COJ We have appreciated the opportunity to work with the environmental community to educate the public about the unique problems of the Lower St. Johns River, and the efforts that are under way to restore our river to a healthy ecosystem. We would also like to thank the following undergraduate students for their contributions toward the development of this report: Laura Elston, Jacksonville University Bobbi Estabrook, Jacksonville University Jessica Fernquist, Jacksonville University Jessica Goodman, Jacksonville University Julia Goodman, Jacksonville University Julie Hammon, Jacksonville University Leon Huderson, III, Jacksonville University Jingu Gene Kang, Jacksonville University Ryan Keith, Jacksonville University Rebecca Lucas, Jacksonville University Nicole Martin, Jacksonville University Andrea Pertoso, University of North Florida David Roueche, Jacksonville University Logan Wood, Jacksonville University Jenna Manis, Jacksonville University Samuel Dixie, Jacksonville University Katie Anagnostou, University of North Florida Anthony Flock, Jacksonville University Sara Debellis, Jacksonville University Alexis Crouch, Jacksonville University Keenan Carpenter, Jacksonville University Krystal Dannenhoffer, Jacksonville University Emma Fowler, Jacksonville University Sincerely, Lucy Sonnenberg, Principal Investigator, JU Radha Pyati, Principal Investigator, UNF Gerry Pinto, JU Gretchen Bielmyer, Valdosta State University Nisse Goldberg, JU Stuart Chalk, UNF Kimberly Mann, JU Peter Bacopoulos, UNF Brian Zoellner, UNF iii LOWER SJR REPORT 2014 Executive Summary The Seventh State of the River Report is a summary and analysis of the health of the Lower St. Johns River Basin (LSJRB). The Report addresses four main areas of river health: water quality; fisheries; aquatic life; and contaminants. Additionally, the water quality section contains a new section on salinity. Section 1 provides an overview of the Report and the basin, and it describes the basin’s landscape, human occupancy, and environmental management spanning the 1800s to 2013. Section 2 describes water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen, nutrients, turbidity, algal blooms, fecal coliform, tributaries, and groundwater. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are within acceptable limits for aquatic life in the main stem of the river but fall below the site-specific minimum standard in several tributaries. Average nutrient levels, particularly for some nitrogen species, are gradually declining; however, maximum values frequently exceed EPA recommended standards, particularly in the smaller tributaries and creeks. Turbidity levels have remained stable over the past several years. Chlorophyll a is the most consistent a surrogate measurement for algal blooms, and median chlorophyll a levels in freshwater regions of the basin are at or slightly above water quality standards and show no signs of improving in the mainstem. Trends in fecal coliform have indicated some improvement in the tributaries. Salinity is discussed in terms of modeling, longitudinal variation, and biological impacts. Effects of salinity on biological systems are complex but rely strongly on impacts to submerged aquatic vegetation. Section 3 addresses the state of the river’s finfish and invertebrate fisheries. Although consistent quantitative information on fisheries is limited, finfish species do not appear to be overfished at the current time. The incidence of gross external abnormalities in finfish was less than one percent in 2001 to 2010, and mercury levels in several species suggest limited consumption of only 1-8 meals per month. Blue crabs are the dominant invertebrate fishery in the region; it is unclear from current data whether blue crabs are overfished. Other invertebrate fisheries that include Penaeid shrimp and stone crabs, do not appear to be overfished, although stone crabs are currently at their maximum level of harvesting. Section 4 examines the condition of aquatic life, encompassing plants, animals, and wetlands. Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), including commonly observed species like tape grass and widgeon grass, has exhibited decreased grass bed cover correlated with increased salinity. Monitoring of SAV was suspended in 2012. Wetlands are vital to the Northeast Florida ecosystem, but trends in wetland acreage over time cannot be accurately established due to insufficient and inconsistent information. Diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates, such as crabs, clams, snails, worms, insects, and shrimp, vary widely but in general are dominated by the more pollution-tolerant species. Salinity and temperature gradients are expected to affect macroinvertebrate communities significantly. Threatened and endangered species, namely the Florida manatee, wood stork, shortnose sturgeon, piping plover, Florida scrub jay, and eastern indigo snake, continue to be vulnerable due to habitat loss, increased boating traffic, drought, and threats to SAV. Budget cuts to monitoring programs limit understanding of these populations. A total of 68 non-native aquatic species, ranging from microorganisms to animals like the red-eared slider turtle, are documented in the LSJRB. Section 5 discusses the importance of contaminants in the LSJRB. The release of chemicals into the regional environment by various regional industries is documented, and the impact of four classes of sediment contaminants to the health of organisms in four regions of the river is examined. The EPA Toxics Release Inventory in 2011 showed that 69% of all chemicals released by regional entities are discharged into the atmosphere and consist largely of acid gases emitted by electric utilities. The portion of chemicals released directly into the waters of the LSJRB is dominated by nitrates and manganese from the U.S. Department of Defense and the paper industry. In general, emissions of chemicals to the atmosphere declined by 70% between 2000 and 2012 while discharges into surface waters have remained fairly constant. The sediment contaminant classes evaluated include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pesticides that contain chlorine. The analysis was based on comparisons between concentrations reported in sediments and concentrations that cause biological effects
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