Appendix 1 The Reactions of the World Press to the Soviet Invasion of , 17 September 1939

1. The Times (London)

... Russian troops crossed the Polish border along the whole front from north to south yesterday morning and are now moving forward to the occupation of White Russia and the Polish Ukraine. Only those can be disappointed who clung to the ingenuous belief that Russia was to be distinguished from her Nazi neighbour, despite the identity of their institu• tions and political idiom, by the principles and purpose behind her foreign policy. The Germans certainly knew better when they judged that the self-denying objects of a peace front would prove pallid and uninviting beside the offer of two Polish provinces at no immediate cost. was to do the murder and Russia was to share the estate .... The Soviets' announcement of and defence - it may be called a defence - of the invasion employ all the cliches of the new diplomacy. For 'seizure of territory' read 'restoration of order' and the 'protection of minorities'. Invasion is not an act of war. It is not even unneutral. But no wars are declared nowadays, and no aggressor bombs a school or cuts a throat except in zealous testimony of his devotion to peace ...... To the Soviet belongs the base and despicable share of accessory before and after the crime and the contempt which even the thief has for a receiver who shares none of the original risks .... Public opinion here is revolted, though not in the least dismayed, by these cynical exercises in the lower diplomacy. Sympathy for Poland, which was warm and eager yesterday, is aflame today. . .. we look out upon a world that now has fewer disguises .... Across the world the line between civilisa• tion and the jungle is drawn. A way of looking at life and its ends is at stake and on that line. (from an editorial of 18 September, 'Stalin shows his hand')

2. Le Figaro ()

France and Britain are linked to Poland by a defensive treaty. This pact does not stipulate by name who the aggressor should be. There is no doubt that in the spirit in which the pact was signed, the Reich was foreseen - since she, at the moment the treaty was signed, was the most likely aggressor. Juridically, however, Soviet aggression was not excluded. 291 292 Appendix 1

Under these conditions, should France and Great Britain declare war on the ? That is certainly a question which the government in London, just like the one in Paris, is asking itself. In order to answer it, the leaders of the allied states should take account only of the higher interests of the cause which they defend, including that of Poland. Now, as we have noted above, there is nothing to prove, indeed to the contrary, that there was a complete territorial pact between Germany and Russia. We had to await the course of events. To declare war today on Russia would play Berlin's game and that of Moscow, without helping the Poles. The events announced at six o'clock this morning have left the English, as well no doubt as the French, completely calm. Let us not expect, then, decisions which are not maturely calculated. (from an article of 18 September by M. de Montousse, London correspondent)

3. New York Times

It is altogether probable that the Russian , just at the moment when that country has been laid waste and rendered all but helpless, reveals at least part of the secret understanding that lay behind the German• -Russian non-aggression pact. This, no doubt, is the deal that Hitler and Stalin arranged. This was the price for which Stalin was prepared to betray the French and British with whom he had ostensibly been negotiating for an anti-Nazi alliance. Germany having killed the prey, Soviet Russia will now seize that part of the carcase that Germany cannot use. It will play the noble role of hyena to the German lion. The gross betrayal of the professions that Soviet Russia has been making for years is being defended in the manner with which the world has grown sickeningly familiar. Because Poland has 'virtually ceased to exist', Russia is free to break every treaty with it. The Soviet Government deems it its 'sacred duty' to 'extend the hand of assistance' to its dear brother Ukrainians and brother White Russians. The Polish Government is denounced as having been rotten anyway, and of having 'persecuted' its minorities - in contrast, one supposes, to the well-known kindliness with which Soviet Russia treats minority opinion. The technique is established: just before you pillage your neighbour and kill his wife and children, you must denounce him as a scoundrel. What further agreements and developments lie behind the ominous non• aggression pact - whether, for example, a re-partition of Poland is to be followed by a partition of Rumania or a more extended drive on the Balkan states, either to annex them or to reduce them to vassalage, we shall doubtless learn soon enough. It is possible that Russia does not intend to participate in warfare if she can help it, but merely to sit on her re-acquired territories or new possessions and hold them. In any case the outlook is hopeless for Poland and dark for England and France .... Though Stalin has always held western democracy in contempt, he created and kept alive for years the pretense of an alliance with it against fascism; his satellites, tools and dupes in other countries formed their 'popular fronts' Reactions of the World Press 293 and their leagues against war and fascism. All these pretenses and lies have collapsed together. The most squirming apologists will now not be able to convince anyone but idiots of their sincerity. At last the issue stands clear. Hitlerism is brown communism, Stalinism is red fascism. The world will now understand that the only real 'ideological' issue is one between democracy, liberty and peace on the one hand and despotism, terror and war on the other. (from an editorial of 18 September, 'Russia's betrayal')

4. The Osaka Mainichi & The Tokyo Nichi Nichi (Tokyo)

On the next day after she made a truce agreement with Japan in the east, Soviet Russia launched an offensive drive against Poland. Her troops have been penetrating into eastern Poland, advancing on the entire frontier from Polotsk in the north to Kamenets Podolsk in the south. The Bear of the north, known for its lumbering gait, has shown an unexpectedly agile motion ... According to the statement issued by the German Ministry of Propaganda, Berlin recognised that Russian forces marched into Polish territory .... with 'the full understanding of the German authorities'. Therefore, as far as form is concerned, the Russian move can be observed as Moscow's aid to Ger• many in the Reich-Polish conflict. Though we do not know what kind of a secret military understanding exists between Germany and Soviet Russia, at least in the recent Berlin-Moscow non-aggression pact, there was no word about any offensive and defensive alliance. Notwithstanding, Moscow has suddenly pushed her troops across the frontiers into Poland. It is clearly an act of aggression by Soviet Russia. Under the pretext of protecting the White Russian and Ukraine minorities, she has embarked on a glaring imperialistic expansion campaign. (from an editorial of 19 September, 'Russians cut into Poland')

5. V6lkischer Beobachter (Berlin)

The German-Russian statement shows quite clearly, that both powers are acting in complete understanding and are proceeding in accordance with the Non-Aggression Treaty concluded between them. If the Soviet Government justifies its advance against Poland using the argument that the Polish State has ceased to exist and that its downfall can be attributed, amongst other factors, to the violence used against the non-Polish minorities, this view coincides completely with that of Germany. It follows from this recognition by both sides, that the government of these peoples who reside on the territory of the former Polish State must now be 'ordered along new lines. Accordingly the drawing of new frontiers must start with the given condi• tions ['von natiirlichen Gegebenheiten ausgehen'] and must result in the formation of an economically viable entity. The Polish State, which (he Entente powers created at Versailles, was already afflicted with incurable defects for the very reason that the borders 294 Appendix 1 gained by force at that time tore apart in an arbitrary and high-handed manner former economic ties; a crime against the particular reguirements of this region ['ein Verbrechen gegen die Gesetze des Raumes'] that was intensified even further by the senseless partition of Upper Silesia in 1921. The introduction of a New Order in Poland will accordingly be carried out by both Powers, whose natural interest is of long standing and whose cordial relationship guarantees that through their joint cooperation, a lasting peace in this region will ensue. (from a front page article of 19 September, 'Das Ende')

6. Co"iere Della Sera (Rome)

The German campaign in Poland has come to an end.... The intervention of the Russians has swept away the last remnants of hope left to unhappy Poland that she could mount a prolonged defence in the vast and deserted regions of the country's eastern provinces. Thus the war has dramatically ended for such a generous people .... London and Paris are consulting each other. The sudden intervention of Russia has upset the diplomatic equilibrium (so short-lived) and those war plans (so provisional) which the situation developing in the opening fortnight of the conflict had enabled to be created. If this introduces new elements into the two parties' game, new problems and new uncertainties, they cannot be dealt with without risking other surprises. Until the governments of London and Paris receive more information it is unlikely that a public declaration outlining their measures in response to the Soviet action will be released. However, the rumour is that the Allies' policy for the time being will continue on the same basis as before. After all, one cannot yet be sure that the Russian action signifies total accord between Moscow and Berlin. Furthermore, no one can know if, and for how long, their plans will coincide. (compiled from two front-page articles of 19 September, 'La situazione militare' and 'Parigi si consulta con Londra') Appendix 2 A Historic Campaign by Corps Commissar S. Kozhevnikov

A year ago saw the collapse of the Polish state which was based on the oppression of the Polish working people and the labouring masses of other nationalities. After some twelve to fifteen days of military action across the country, the Poland of the 'Pans' [landowners] completely ceased to exist. The incompetent leaders of the Polish state together with their incom• petent generals had involved their people in a war with Germany and were soon defeated. Incapable of organising the defence of the country, they abandoned it to its fate and fled abroad to save their own skins. 'Poland had become a suitable field for all manner of hazards and surprises which might constitute a threat to the Soviet Union.' (Molotov) The Soviet government could not stand idly by in this situation. On the other hand, the USSR could not be indifferent to the fate of its Ukrainian and Byelorussian kin still living in Poland and to the nations still living there without rights, abandoned to the will of fate. On 17 September, following a decision by the Soviet Government, Red Army troops crossed the former Polish border. Carrying out the will of the Soviet people the Red Army stretched out the hand of fraternal assistance to the workers of the Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia freeing them forever from social and national bondage. The advance took place simultaneously across the whole front from the Lithuanian to the Rumanian border. The success of the operation was assured by the speed of the advance. The main role was played by tank units supported by the air force, the cavalry and motorised infantry. Our units decisively broke any resistance by Polish troops, quickly took over the most important centres of the country, captured and disarmed Polish soldiers and officers. After the mobile troops, came the main body of the infantry and artillery which was ready to reinforce the attack of tank and cavalry units. The advance was exceptionally swift: despite the lack of roads and the difficult terrain, the tanks covered 100-120 km per day and the cavalry 80- 90 km. Everywhere the advancing Soviet troops were welcomed by the local working population. The workers warmly greeted the liberating army. In many places units of the Red Army were involved in clashes, and at times had major battles with the surviving Polish units, detachments of the 'gendarmerie' and armed bourgeoisie. 295 296 Appendix 2

Retreating to the west, groups of Polish troops organised ambushes in the forests and particularly in towns and villages. For example, in the town of Tamopol, the gendarmes and officers of the local garrison who had taken up positions in various buildings and churches, and in the attics of houses met our troops with heavy fire. Within a day of the Red Army entering Tamopol the pockets of resistance had been totally destroyed. Advancing from Tamopol to Lvov, our troops met weak resistance from demoralised Polish units no longer capable of prolonged or organised fighting. On 21 September Lvov was completely surrounded. . The garrison of this town consisted of two infantry divisions, 15 artillery batteries, and an anti-aircraft artillery regiment. The town was encircled by several rings of strong barricades. On the heights which were occupied by gun-emplacements and lightly-covered trenches there was shooting. How• ever the Commander, General Langner of the Lvov garrison, saw clearly that it was useless to resist the powerful Soviet force. The General was forced to surrender the town without a fight. On 22 September our troops entered Lvov. The Polish units laid down their arms but some small groups of reactionary officers and bourgeoisie nevertheless tried to resist. These pockets of resistance were soon destroyed. Around the Dubno area our tank forces were active. Having surrounded the town on all sides, they forced the 18th and 26th Polish infantry divisions to surrender. After that, coming out on the north-west edge of Dubno, the tank troops encountered a column of about 2000 Poles, moving away from the small town of Moravino. Before it could tum round, it too was disarmed. In the Dubno area 5500 Polish soldiers and 500 Polish officers were taken prisoner. The tank troops captured 12 guns, 70 machine guns, 3000 rifles, 50 vehicles, 6 supply trains of weapons and many stores of military equipment. When units of the Red Army were taking the locality of Sass6w the local Polish garrison and police organised armed resistance. They were soon totally defeated by our cavalry, which captured a large number of prisoners and a large amount of military booty. Units of the rifle division met determined enemy resistance in the fortified region of Samsky. The battle here lasted for three days. Our infantry supported by tanks and units of sappers succeeded with minimal losses in breaking through the fortifications and inflicting severe losses on the enemy. On the night of 27 and 28 September the units of a certain cavalry division together with a tank brigade, surrounded and eliminated General Anders' group in the woods just to the north of the locality of Raigarowicz. This group, numbering at that time up to 3000 men, with twelve guns, intended to escape to . After the battle more than 1000 soldiers were taken prisoner and a large quantity of trophies including 11 guns was seized. Only a few groups of Poles (400-500 people) succeeded in breaking through to the Przemyshl region but they were intercepted by our units. Our units captured Generals Anders and Plisovsky, three colonels and more than fifty other officers. The - tank brigade, during the fighting in the Vladimir-Volinsky [Wlodzimierz Wolynski] region had a series of skirmishes with Poles, in which it disarmed and captured up to 12 000 Polish soldiers and 1500 officers. 'A Historic Campaign' 297

The glorious tank units of the Red Army played a decisive role in the military campaigns on the Byelorussian front. For example, the opposition which they expected to meet in the fortified Baranowicze region was dealt with by the courageous and swift action of - tank brigade. Approaching Baranowicze, the tank troops noticed that the Poles were heading for a fortified area in order to occupy the weapon emplacements. The brigade commander decided to attack the enemy immediately. At this time the brigade was 40 kilometres from the fortified area. He ordered a forced march and the Polish troops were seized in their marching columns and disarmed. Baranowicze as a fortified region came into the hands of Soviet troops without loss on our side. In Grodno Red Army units clashed with organised enemy resistance. The bridge across the Niemen was blocked and when our tanks reached the bridge, from the opposite side of the river came fierce rifle and machine-gun fire. The Poles were shooting with armour-piercing and incendiary bullets. The decisive actions of the - tank brigade led to the capture of the southern part of the city on the evening of 20 September. The tanks acted in separate groups and fought against many enemy positions in buildings and various shelters. The resistance tried to fire on the tanks simultaneously from all directions. Afew tanks, breaking through into the city, fought a determined all-night battle with large numbers of the enemy. Some of the tanks were knocked out. On the morning of 21 September our artillery on the south bank of the Niemen began bombardment of the main pockets of resistance - the bar• racks, and the trenches. The - rifle regiment crossing the river by boat, repaired a bridge for the tanks, and destroyed a large group of officers in the Panemun Manor House after fierce street battles; by the end of the day they had captured the eastern part of town. Another rifle regiment crossing the Niemen, after the first, in cooperation with tanks destroyed a group of officers (up to 250 men) on the heights to the east of Grodno, and then seized the station. That day the enemy resistance in Grodno was finally broken. The remain• ing Poles ran away during the night in the direction of Sopotskiny-Suwalki. In the battles for Grodno, 38 officers, 28 junior officers, and 1477 men were taken prisoner. No fewer than 350 officers were killed. From 22 to 25 September there was an operation to destroy groups of the enemy in the August6w region. This included Dombrowski's Hunters Regi• ment, the 101st and 103rd cavalry regiments, and various units of other cavalry regiments, and the 29th Reserve Battalion, the remains of three infantry regiments, and of the Grodno gendarmerie and of a battalion of frontier troops. The battles with this group were begun by one of our mechanised detach• ments in the area of Sopotskiny. In some places the enemy set up strong defences with barbed wire and minefields, and counter-attacked several times. The detachment attacking strongly, broke the enemy's resistance. At midday, the enemy, having lost a general, 20 officers, and a large number of men killed, abandoned many guns and vehicles, and retreated beyond the August6w Canal, destroying the bridge as it went. On 23 September our units crossed the August6w Canal and went deep 298 Appendix 2 into the forest. Here the Poles resisted strongly, fighting in the forest using a mobile defence which had been prepared previously. But soon after, they were dispersed, leaving 150 dead. Our units captured three guns and about 500 prisoners, a large quantity of ammunition and other equipment. During the fighting and the disarming of surrendering Poles, the Red Army captured huge amounts of equipment. Through the whole campaign, troops of the Ukrainian and Byelorussian fronts captured over 900 guns, 10 000 machine guns, over 300 000 rifles, 150 000 000 cartridges, about a million artillery shells and about 300 aeroplanes. In battles for the liberation of the peoples of Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia, soldiers, commanders and political workers showed themselves to be models of heroism, self-sacrifice and military resourceful• ness. A platoon of one of the units, following behind the main forces, noticed that a Polish plane was about to strafe our column. The machine-gunner, Comrade Asmanov, immediately summoned one of the Red Army soldiers, put a sub-machine gun on his back and opened fire. The enemy plane turned over in mid-air and crashed to the ground. Another example of resourcefulness and bravery, was Battalion Com• mander Zhabenko, who was driving towards an area near Dubno by car. There were three others with him - the Deputy Political Instructor Dulin, a soldier Cherkassov, and a driver. Some peasants halted Comrade Zhaben• ko's vehicle and warned him that in an orchard of the nearby village a Polish detachment of about 60 men had set up an ambush. 'Go to the Poles', said Comrade Zhabenko to a peasant, 'and tell them that a large Red Army unit has arrived, and suggests they lay down their arms.' The peasant left and Comrade Zhabenko's 'detachment', armed with rifles, crept up to the Polish ambush. Coming up close, Comrade Zhabenko shouted: 'Lay down your weapons and surrender, or we'll fire.' The Poles were slow to react. Then Zhabenko shouted as if in the direction his own men: 'Machine guns are not to fire until I give the command, armoured cars advance!' The three daring soldiers with rifles at the ready advanced on the Poles who threw down their arms. Loyally doing their military duty the soldiers and commanders showed genuine patriotism and passionate love of their country. Comrade Gutnikov fought heroically against superior odds and died a hero's death. In his pocket a bloodstained note was found; 'if I am killed, anyone who survives should tell my father that I died for the liberation of Byelorussia from the oppressors - the Polish Pans.' Commander M. Bogomolov of - brigade showed remarkable courage and valour. During the capture of the town of Vladimir-Volinsky, Comrade Bogomolov's brigade disarmed and captured 15 000 Polish infantrymen and cavalry and seized a large amount of equipment. In the battles in the area the brigade captured more than 3000 soldiers and officers, and a large quantity of arms and explosives. In the night of 28-29 September in a wood near Shatsko the advancing units of - Regiment were surrounded by the enemy. The platoon of the 'A Historic Campaign' 299

Junior Lieutenant A. Kholopyan, cut off and surrounded by a company of Polish officers, showed exceptional fearlessness. After a fierce battle the Polish Company was destroyed. Three times wounded in the battle, the Junior Lieutenant noticed that the Poles had surrounded wounded Divisional Commander, Comrade Kholo• pyan, and together with a group of soldiers rushed the Poles, destroyed them and carried the Division Commander from the battlefield. After this Com• mander Kholopyan returned to his platoon in order to repulse the attacks of the advancing enemy. Only after he was wounded for the fourth time was he carried off to the rear. The Junior Commander D. Yanchishin was out with his patrol near Lvov. Encountering superior enemy forces, Comrade Yanchishin ordered the patrol to retreat and take the important information back to the Battalion Commander, while he himself stayed to cover the patrol's withdrawal. The information was communicated on time - defending himself to his last bullet, Yanchishin fell in an unequal fight. The young Commander D. Khoroshilov was the first to cross the state border in his armoured vehicle and join battle with the enemy's border troops. When his vehicle came out of the village it was hit by an anti-tank shell, and exploded in flames. Its passengers under the leadership of Com• rade Khoroshilov courageously continued to fight. When they could no longer stay in the vehicle the soldiers abandoned it, threw themselves to the ground and continued to fight with determination until their units arrived. Despite fatal burns, Comrade Khoroshilov continued to command his sol• diers heroically right to the end of the battle. Commander S.K. Timoshenko, member of the Military Council of the Ukrainian Front, and Secretary of the Central Communist Party of the Ukraine, N.S. Khrushchev, played a most important part in the successful completion of the Government plans for the liberation of the workers of the Ukraine and Western Byelorussia from the yoke of the Polish Pans and Capitalists. During the advance Comrades Timoshenko and Khrushchev were always close to the front, directly in charge of the troops of the Ukrainian front. Their appearance always caused an upsurge in the morale of the military and of fighting spirit among the liberated people - a great exultation. Everywhere - in Tarnopol, Trembovla, Skalat and in other towns, the people welcomed Comrades Khrushchev and Timoshenko who were met with cheers in honour of the Soviet people, its glorious Red Army, and Great Stalin. On 4 October 1939, sumtning up after the Red Army's campaign of liberation, Comrade Timoshenko said, in a general meeting in the workers' town of Lvov:

As you can see the Red Army is, has been, and will be victorious because of the superiority of the Soviet Government's policies, our Party, and the policies of our great leader Stalin.

The working population of the Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia immediately perceived the arrival of the Red Army as a liberation from the oppression of the Polish Pans. Therefore every meeting of the workers with 300 Appendix 2 our units turned into a thrilling demonstration of solidarity and fraternity. The population gave great assistance to its liberator - the Red Army. The workers and peasants repaired bridges destroyed by the departing Polish army, caught the provocateurs and spies, and disarmed soldiers and officers. The very close link between our army and the liberated peoples of Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia showed themselves with new strength during the elections to the People's Assemblies. Thousands of agitators and propagandists from the units worked in towns and villages helping the local administration to organise the election campaign. Overall, in a matter of days 450 000 newspapers, and tens of thousands of various leaflets were distributed in the western Ukraine. The liberated people saw in our soldiers and commanders their own true comrades and defenders, representatives of the new revolutionary army, and covered them with love and attention. The workers of the Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia, thanks to the fraternal assistance of the Soviet people and its Red Army, were forever liberated from the class and national oppression of the Polish bourgeois. They acquired a homeland for themselves - the land of happiness - the Soviet Union. In the course of the last year the popular masses of the new Soviet regions have made enormous progress under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party and the great Stalin. With each passing day the economy develops, factories grow, dozens - nay hundreds - of schools, libraries, hospitals and cinemas are opened. The cultural life improves, unemployment has been abolished, hundreds of collective farms have appeared, and dozens of machine-tractor stations have appeared. Warmed by the sunrays of Stalin's constitution, people are joyfully building a new life. Such are the results of the Red Army's campaign on the fields of the Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia. Its soldiers, commanders and political workers carried out with honour the military assignments of the Soviet leadership.

From the Red Army newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), 18 September 1940 Appendix 3* Documents Relating to the Mass Deportations

(a) BASIC INSTRUCTIONS ON DEPORTATIONS, ORDER No. 001223

Dated October 11, 1939

Instructions Regarding the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Strictly Secret

1. General Situation The deportation of anti-Soviet elements from the Baltic Republics is a task of great political importance. Its successful execution depends upon the extent to which the district operative 'troikas' and operative headquarters are capable of carefully working out a plan for executing the operations and for anticipating everything indispensable. Moreover, care must be taken that the operations are carried out without disturbances and panic, so as not to permit any demonstrations and other troubles not only on the part of those to be deported, but also on the part of a certain section of the surrounding population hostile to the Soviet adminis• tration. Instructions as to the procedure for conducting the operations are given below. They should be adhered to, but in individual cases the collaborators engaged in carrying out the operations shall take into account the special character of the concrete conditions of such operations and, in order cor• rectly to appraise the situation, may and must adopt other decisions directed to the same end, viz., to fulfill the task entrusted to them without noise and panic.

2. Procedure of Instructing The instructing of operative groups by the district 'troika' shall be done as speedily as possible on the day before the beginning of the operations, taking into consideration the time necessary for travelling to the scene of operations.

* From the Third Interim Report of the U.S. House of Representatives' Select Committee on Communist Aggression, 82nd Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, D.C., 1954) pp. 464-8 and 471-520. 301 302 Appendix 3 The district 'troika' shall previously prepare the necessary transport for conveyance of the operative groups in the village to the scene of operations. On the question of allocating the necessary number of motor-cars and wagons for transport, the district 'troika' shall consult the leaders of the Soviet party organised on the spot. Premises for the issue of instructions must be carefully prepared in ad• vance, and their capacity, exits and entrances and the possibility of intrusion by strangers must be considered. Whilst instructions are being issued the building must be carefully guarded by operative workers. Should anybody from amongst those participating in the operation fail to appear for instructions, the district 'troika' shall at once take steps to replace the absentee from a reserve which shall be provided in advance. Through police officers the 'troika' shall notify to those assembled a division of the government for the deportation of a prescribed number contingent of anti-Soviet elements from the territory of the said republic or region. More• over, they shall briefly explain what the deportees represent. The special attention of the (local) Soviet party workers gathered for instructions shall be drawn to the fact that the deportees are enemies of the Soviet people and that the possibility of an armed attack on the part of the deportees cannot be excluded.

3. Procedure for Acquisition of Documents After the general instructions of the operative groups, documents regarding the deportees should be issued to such groups. The deportees' personal files must be previously collected and distributed among the operative groups, by communes and villages, so that when they are being given out there shall be no delays. After receipt of personal files, the senior member of the operative group shall acquaint himself with the personal affairs of the families which he will have to deport. He shall, moreover, ascertain the composition of the family, the supply of essential forms for completion regarding the deportee, the supply of transport for conveyance of the deportee, and he shall receive exhaustive answers to questions not clear to him. Simultaneously with the issuing of documents, the district 'troika' shall explain to each senior member of the operative group where the families to be exported are situated and shall describe the route to be followed to the place of deportation. The roads to be taken by the operative personnel with the deported families to the railway station for entrainment shall be indi• cated. It is also essential to indicate where reserve military groups are stationed, should it be necessary to call them out during trouble of any kind. The possession and state of arms and ammunition of the entire operative personnel shall be checked. Weapons must be in complete battle readiness and magazine loaded, but the cartridge shall not be slipped into the rifle breech. Weapons shall be used only as a last resort, when the operative group is attacked or threatened with attack or when resistance is offered. Mass Deportations 303 4. Procedure for Carrying out Deportations If the deportation of several families is being carried out in a settled locality, one of the operative workers shall be appointed senior as regards deportation in that village, and under his direction the operative personnel shall proceed to the villages in question. On arrival in the villages, the operative group shall get in touch (observing the necessary secrecy) with the local authorities: the chairman, secretary or members of the village soviets, and shall ascertain from them the exact dwelling-place of the families to be deported. After this operative groups, together with the representatives of the local authorities, who shall be appointed to make an inventory of property, shall proceed to the dwellings of the families to be deported. Operations shall be begun at daybreak. Upon entering the home of the person to be deported, the senior member of the operative group shall assemble the entire family of the deportee into one room, taking all necessary precautionary measures against any possible trouble. After the members of the family have been checked in conformity with the list, the location of those absent and the number of sick persons shall be ascertained, after which they shall be called upon to give up their weapons. Irrespective of whether or not any weapons are delivered, the deportee shall be personally searched and then the entire premises shall be searched in order to discover hidden weapons. During the search of the premises one of the members of the operative group shall be appointed to keep watch over the deportees. Should the search disclose hidden weapons in small quantities, these shall be collected by the operative groups and distributed among them. If many weapons are discovered, they shall be piled into the wagon or motor-car which has brought the operative group, after any ammunition in them has been removed. Ammunition shall be packed together with rifles. If necessary, a convoy for transporting the weapons shall be mobilised with an adequate guard. In the discovery of weapons, counter-revolutionary pamphlets, literature, foreign currency, large quantities of valuables etc., a brief report of the search shall be drawn up on the spot, wherein the hidden weapons or counter-revolutionary literature shall be indicated. If there is any armed resistance, the question of the necessity of arresting the parties, showing such armed resistance, and of sending them to the district branch of the People's Commissariat of Public Security shall be decided by the district 'troika.' A report shall be drawn up regarding the deportees in hiding or sick ones, and this report shall be signed by the representative of the Soviet party organization. After completion of the search of the deportees they shall be notified that by a Government decision they will be deported to other regions of the Union. The deportees shall be permitted to take with them household necessities not exceeding 100 kilograms in weight. 1. Suit. 2. Shoes. 3. Underwear. 4. Bedding. 5. Dishes. 6. Glassware. 7. Kitchen utensils. 8. Food, an estimated month's supply for a family. 9. Money in their possession. 10. Trunk or box in which to pack articles. It is not recommended that large articles be taken. 304 Appendix 3

If the contingent is deported from rural districts, they shall be allowed to take with them small agricultural stocks - axes, saws, and other articles, so that when boarding the deportation train they may be loaded into special goods wagons. In order not to mix them with articles belonging to others, the Christian name, patronymic and surname of the deportee and name of the village shall be written on the packed property. When loading these articles into the carts, measure shall be taken so that the deportee cannot make use of them for purposes of resistance while the column is moving along the highway. Simultaneously with the task of loading by the operative groups, the representatives of the Soviet party organisations present at the time prepare an inventory of the property and of the manner of its protection in conform• ity with the instructions received by them. If the deportee possesses his own means of transport, carts shall be mobilised in the village by the local authorities, as instructed by the senior member of the operative group. All persons entering the home of the deportee during the execution of the operations or found there at the moment of these operations must be detained until the conclusion of the operations, and their relationship to the deportee shall be ascertained. This is done in order to disclose persons hiding from the police, gendarmes and other persons. After verification of the identity of the detained persons and establishment of the fact that they are persons in whom the contingent is not interested they shall be liberated. If the inhabitants of the village begin to gather round the deportees' home while operations are in progress, they shall be called upon to disperse to their own homes, and crowds shall not be permitted to form. If the deportee refuses to open the door of his home, notwithstanding that he is aware that the members of the People's Commissariat for Public Security have arrived, the door must be broken down. In individual cases neighbouring operative groups carrying out operations in that locality shall be called upon to help. The delivery of the deportees from the village to the meeting place at the railway station must be effected during daylight; care, moreover, should be taken that the assembling of every family shall not last more than two hours. In all cases throughout the operations firm and decisive action shall be taken, without the slightest excitement, noise and panic. It is categorically forbidden to take any articles away from the deportees except weapons, counter-revolutionary literature and foreign currency, as also to make use of the food of the deportees. All participants in the operations must be warned that they will be held legally accountable for attempts to appropriate individual articles belonging to the deportees.

S. Procedure for Separating a Deportee's Family from the Head of the Family. In view of the fact that a large number of deportees must be arrested and distributed in special camps and that their families must proceed to special settlements in distant regions, it is essential that the operations of removal of Mass Deportations 305 both the members of the deportee's family and its head shall be carried out simultaneously, without notifying them of the separation confronting them. After the domiciliary search has been carried out and the appropriate identification documents have been drawn up in the deportee's home, the operative worker shall complete the documents of the head of the family and deposit them in the latter's personal file, but the documents drawn up for members of his family shall be deposited in the personal file of the deportee's family. The convoy of the entire family to the station shall, however, be effected in one vehicle and only at the station of departure shall the head of the family be placed from his family in a car specially intended for heads of families. During the assemblin~ (of the family) in the home of the deportee the head of the family shall be warned that personal male effects must be packed in a separate suitcase, as a sanitary inspection of the deported men will be made separately from the women and children. At the station of entrainment heads of families subject to arrest shall be loaded into cars specially allotted to them, which shall be indicated by operative workers appointed for that purpose.

6. Procedure for Conveying the Deportees The assistants convoying the column of deportees in horse-carts are strictly forbidden to sit in the said carts. The assistants must follow alongside and behind the column of deportees. The senior assistant of the convoy shall from time to time go the rounds of the entire column to check the correctness of the movement. When the column of the deportees is passing through inhabited places or when encountering passers-by, the convoy must be controlled with particular care; those in charge must see that no attempts are made to escape, and no conversation of any kind shall be permitted between the deportees and passers-by.

7. Procedure for Entrainment At each point of entrainment a member of the operative 'troika' and a person specially appointed for that purpose shall be responsible for entrainment. On the day of entrainment the chief of the entrainment point, together with the chief of the deportation train and of the convoying military forces of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, shall examine the railway cars provided in order to see that they are supplied with everything necessary, and the chief of the entrainment point shall agree with the chief of the deportation train on the procedure to be observed by the latter in accepting delivery of the deportees. Red Army men of the convoying forces of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs shall surround the entrainment station. The senior members of the operative group shall deliver to the chief of the deportation train one copy of the nominal roll of the deportees in each railway-car. The chief of the deportation train shall, in conformity with this list, call out the name of each deportee, shall carefully check every name and assign the deportee's place in the railway-car. 306 Appendix 3

The deportee's effects shall be loaded into the car, together with the deportee, with the exception of small agricultural inventory, which shall be loaded in a separate car. The deportees shall be loaded into railway-cars by families; it is permitted to break up a family (with the exception of heads of families subject to arrest). An estimate of twenty-five persons to a car should be observed. After the railway-car has been filled with the necessary number of families, it shall be locked. After the people have been taken over and placed in the deportation train, the chief of the train shall bear responsibility for all persons handed over to him and for their delivery to their destination. After handing over the deportees the senior member of the operative group shall draw up a report on the operation carried out by him and briefly indicate the name of the deportee, whether any weapon and counter-revolutionary literature have been discovered, and also how the operation was carried out. After having placed the deportees on the deportation train and having submitted reports of the results of the operations to be thus discharged, the members of the operative group shall be considered free and shall act in accordance with the instructions of the chief of the district branch of the People's Commissariat of Public Security.

Deputy People's Commissar of Public Security of the USSR, Commissar of Public Security of the Third Rank (signed): SEROV. Authentic: (Signature)

(b) NKVD INSTRUCTIONS RELATING TO 'ANTI-SOVIET ELEMENTS'

5. Index accounting must embrace all persons who, by reason of their social and political background, national-chauvinistic and religious convic• tions, and moral and political instability, are opposed to the socialist order and thus might be used for anti-Soviet purposes by the intelligence services of foreign countries and by counter-revolutionary centers. These elements include: a) All former members of anti-Soviet political parties, organizations and groups: Trotskyists, Rightists, Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Social Democrats, Anarchists, and such like; b) All former members of national-chauvinistic anti-Soviet parties, organ• izations and groups: Nationalists, Young Lithuanians, Voldemarists, Popu• lists, Christian Democrats, members of Nationalist terrorist organisations ('The Iron Wolf), active members of student fraternities, active members of the Riflemen's Association (the National Guard), and the Catholic terrorist organisation 'The White Steed'; c) Former military police, policemen, former employees of the political and criminal police and of the prisons; d) Former officers of the Tsarist, Petlyura, and other armies; Mass Deportations 307 e) Former officers and members of the military courts of the armies of Lithuania and Poland; f) Former political bandits and volunteers of the White and other armies; g) Persons expelled from the Communist Party and Comm-Youth for anti• Party offenses; h) All deserters, political emigres, re-emigrants, repatriates, and contra• bandists; i) All citizens of foreign countries, representatives of foreign firms, employees of offices of foreign countries, former citizens of foreign countries, former employees of legations, concerns, concessions and stock companies of foreign countries; j) Persons maintaining personal contacts and correspondence abroad, with foreign legations and consulates, Esperantists and Philatelists; k) Former employees of the departments of ministries (from Referents upwards)'; 1) Former workers of the Red Cross and Polish refugees; m) Religionists (priests, pastors), sectarians and the active worshippers of religious congregations; n) Former noblemen, estate owners, merchants, bankers, businessmen (who availed themselves of hired labor), shop owners, proprietors of hotels and restaurants.

6. In preparing index accounts of the anti-Soviet element, all sources must be utilized, including: agency (informers') reports, special investigative ma• terials, data of the Party and Soviet organisations, statements of citizens, depositions of arrested persons, and other data. As a rule, statements and other official materials must be verified by means of agents.

(c) NKVD DEPORTATION ORDER

Translation from the Russian Strictly Secret

Union of Soviet Socialist May 31, 1941. Republics People's Commissariat To People's Commissar of State Security of State Security. of the Lithuanian SSR, Senior Major of Moscow, State Security forces, comrade Gladkov Dzerzhinsky Plaza 2. City of Kaunas Having acquainted himself with your special report No. 11933 of 10 May 1941, regarding the anti-Soviet manifestations on the part of the former Tautininki (Nationalists), Shaulisy (National Guardsmen), policemen and kulaks, in connection with the carrying out of the measures pertaining to

• 'Referent' means an expert adviser on a particular problem, a rapporteur responsi• ble to the head of a department in the ministry. 308 Appendix 3

compulsory delivery of grain to the state, People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR - comrade MERKULOV - ORDERED: To make ready for exile into remote places of the Union of SSR those anti-Soviet minded persons, who conduct active counterrevolutionary agita• tion. Communicated to you for execution. - Deputy Chief of the Board 3 of NKGB of the USSR Captain of State Security Force (Signature) - Shevelev Chief of the Division 4 of the Board 3 of NKGB of the USSR Captain of State Security Force (Signature) - Rodionov (Handwritten resolution) Comrade Dembo For execution (Signature) - Gladkov 4 June 1941 Index

The method of alphabetisation is letter by letter. Pseudonyms are indicated by quotation marks.

Academic Association, Byelorussian, 98, 102, 105, 292 257 education in, 284-5 Academic Legion, 155, 156 economy of, 282-3 'Adam', see G6ra, Stanisl'aw and independence struggle, 268-79 AK, see people's Diets, 2n, 278-82 Alachnowicz, F., 263 Banner of Freedom, The, 130 n60 All-Union (Bolshevik) Communist Baranowicze, 164, 297 Party, xiv, 260 'Barbarus', Johannes, see Vares, Almanach Literacki, 121 Johannes Anders, General Wl-adystaw BCD, see Byelorussian Christian (1892-1970),20,41-2, 162, 197 n3, Democracy 296 Beck, Colonel J6zef (1894-1944), 4, 6 Anglo-Polish alliance, 17 Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich (1899-1953), Anti-Comintern pact, 11 120,195 Antokolski, Pavel Grigorevich, 134 Billtowieza forest, 42, 165-6 'Antoni', see Gola, Colonel Edward Billtystok Army, German, 8-10, 68, 73, 91; see province, 152-4, 164-8, 229 also Army, Polish and Army, Red town, xviii, 19,21,57,63, n, 86, 93, Army, Polish 118,130 n60 and German forces, xvi, 8-10, 12-23, Bibik, Aleksander, 161 29-30, 32, 40, 42, 167, 232 Biebrza river, 165, 168-71, 172 losses, 35, 38, 298 Bielsk Podlaski, 154 strength, 16, 31, 37-8, 40-1 Blagoj, Dmitri Dmitrevich, 135 troop withdrawals, 17, 32-5,40,42, Blyukher, Marshal Vasilii 155-7,183,209,296 Konstantinovich (1890-1938), see also Army, Red and underground 24 n16 organisations BNA, see Byelorussian National Army, Soviet, see Red Army Association arrests, xxi, 20, 66, 68, 103, 105, 161, BNK, see Byelorussian National 164, 184, 196, 209, 286; see also Committee deportation Bobiatynski, Lieutenant-Colonel Artemenko, komdiv, 13 Stanislaw, 155 Astronski, R., 263 Boldin, komkor V. I., 12 August6w Borejsza, Jerzy (1905-1952), 110, 112, forests, 42, 156-7, 159, 160, 164-5, 117-18, 120, 123, 128 n37, 169-75 129 n53, 132, 135-6, 140 region, 39, 154,297 Borisov, corps commissar V. N., 13 Boruta-Spiechowicz, General Baltic Entente (1934), 273 (1895-1985), 184, 186, 198 n12 Baltic States, xxii, 4-5, 7, 29, 45, 72, Borwicz, Michllt, 109, 128 n44 309 310 Index

Boryslaw, 86, 187 list of, 53-4 Boundary and Friendship Treaty, named in text: Babin, 49; Bazyljany, <;Jerman-Soviet (1939), 21, 76, 102 49; Brody, 51; Busk, 48, 49; Boy-Zelenski, Tadeusz (1874-1941), Dubno, 47, 49; Griazowiec, 45; 104, 108, 113-14, 119-21, 132, Ho.ownica, 49; Holycz6wka, 51; 135-7,139, 142 Jarycz6w Stary, 49; Juchnowo, 45; Braun, Mieczyslaw, 66 Kozielsk, 22, 45, 233 n2; Kouow, Brest-Litovsk, see Brzesc 51; Korzec, 51; Olesko, 47, 48; 'Brianski, Wincenty', 179 n55&56 Olszanica, 52; Ostaszkow, 22; Britain Podliski Mme, 51; RadziwiH6w, and Germany, 4-5 50; SapoZyn, 49; SknRow, 52; and Poland, xvii-xviii, 10,29-30,231, Starobielsk, 20, 22, 52, 233 n2; 291,294 Stawki, 49; Sytno, 51; Szepiet6wka and Soviet Union, 1-7, 16,21,103-4, transit, 46; Tuliglowy, 49 134,292 see also prisoners of war Broniewska, Janina, 104, 121, 128 n44, Chamberlain, Prime Minister Arthur 129 n54 Neville (1869-1940), 4 Broniewski, W.adyslaw (1897-1962), Changkufeng, see Khasan lake 104, 107-8, 110-11, 113-15, 132 Charter of the International Military Brzesc, 9, 10, 18,67,91 Tribunal (1945), 31 Brzoza, Jan, 132 Cheka, see People's Commissariat of BSS, see Byelorussian Association of Internal Affairs Peasants Chdm,58-9 Bucharest Base, 186-7, 189, 193, 196 Chuikov, komdiv V. I., 18 Bug river, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, 19, 38-9, Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer 167 (1874-1965), 21 Bund, 65-6, 211 Chwistek, Leon, 110-11 Burski (Res), Captain Aleksander, Citizens' Security Watch, xiv, 184 169-71 Code of Penal Procedure, 204, 205-7, Byelorussia, western 212-13; see also Penal Code and German advance, 10, 18 collectivisation, xxi-xxii, 89, 90-1, 237, National Assembly, xviii, 57 242, 244-50, 283 People's Councils (1939), 90 Communist Party of Byelorussia and Red Army, 11-13, 18,299-300 (Bolshevik), xxii, 120,203-4, 261 and its writers, 120, 123 Communist Party of the Soviet Byelorussian Union, xiii, Association of Peasants, xiii, 256, 18th Party Congress, 3, 134 257,262 and Polish Communist Party, 114-15, Christian Democracy, xiii, 256, 257, 120,134 262 Communist Party of Ukraine, xiii, 238, National Association, xiii, 256 247 National Committee, xiii, 257 Communist Party of Western Soviet Writers, Union of, 123, 129 n54 Byelorussia, xiii, 254, 258, 260-1, 264-5,266 n11 camps, POW, xx, 20, 22, 45, 51-2, 67, Communist Party of Western Ukraine, 71,209,211,219, 286 xiii, 237-8, 243, 250 n2 commanders of: Borowicz, 49; Convention on the Definition of Chomutecki, 56 n16; Gorbachev, Aggression (1933), 30 56 n16; Grudek, 49; Jampolinski, CP(b)B, see Communist Party of 49; Lugowaj, 56 n16; Niedojad.o, Byelorussia 49; P&uden, 49; Rudniew, 56 n16; CPSU, see Communist Party of the Surkov, 56 n16; Syczynski, 49 Soviet Union conditions in, 47, 50-1, 55 n14, CPU, see Communist Party of Ukraine 233-4 n6 Cudnik, Father Stanislaw, 169 Index 311

Czerwone Bagno, see August6w forests DzieriyDska, Zofia (1882-1968), 121, Czerwony B6r, 167, 168 122, 133, 136, 140 Czerwony Sztandar, 107-8, 110-12, 115, 118-20, 121-3, 132, 136-8, 140 economy under Soviet rule Czucze}owicz (Retd), Major Stanislaw, agriculture, xix, 86, 89, 90-2, 98, 159-60, 177 n26 240-3 appropriation, 89, 90 D,browska, Maria, 104, 105, 110, 114 barter and private trade, 94, 95 D,browski, Lieutenant-Colonel J6zef, employment, 95-6 155, 157-9, 160-3, 168, 177 n18 financial reform, 87-9, 99, 100 n7, Dtmbrowski, Lieutenant-Colonel Jerzy, 101 n33, 239 158, 171-3, 177 n27, 178 n31, industry, 86-7, 92, 96, 243 297 nationalisation, 92-4,99,239 Dan (Weintraub), Aleksander, 107, requisitions, 89-90, 92, 97, 100 n9 113, 128 n37, 132 standard of living, 60, 96-7, 98 'Dawer', see Stankiewicz, officer cadet Education, Association for Edward Byelorussian, 257 Dekanozov, Vladimir, 274, 276-7 elections, xviii-xix, 57, 77, 184 deportation, xix, xxi in Baltic States, 277-9 administrative, 217-28 in Byelorussia, 264, 300 from Baltic States, 225-3, 282, 284, in the Ukraine, 239, 243, 300 286, 29On69, 301-8 Epler, Colonel Adam, 39 from Byelorussia, 154, 162-3, 264 numbers deported, 71-2, 223, 224, Fadeev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 228, 230-2, 234 n11 (1901-56), 135 places of exile, 223, 225, 227 Faithful to Poland, 186 from Poland, 31, 74, 116, 118, 120 'Falko', see Zych, Dr wtadystaw from Ukraine, 115-16, 120, 131, 134, Fall WEISS, 8, 9 188,249 Famine, Ukrainian, 245, 249 see also arrests France Desniak, A., 120, 135 fall of, 119, 134, 154 Deutsches Nachrichten BUro, 59 and Germany, 4-5 Dniester river, 21, 40 and Poland, xvii, 10, 29-30, 33, 40, Dobrowolski, Colonel J., 184 291, 294 Dobrowolski, Major Zygmunt, 186, and Soviet Union, 1-6, 103, 134, 292 187, 191, 194 Franko, Ivan Yakovlevich (1856-1916), Dobrzanski, Major Henryk 106,133 (1896-1940), 42, 149, 150, 153-4, Frontier Defence Corps, xiii, xx, 16-18, 158, 159, 176 n2, 177 n27, 196 31,33, 35-43, 155 'Dolina', see G6ra, Stanislaw and Pilch, Captain Adolf Galicia, eastern, 93, 143,240 Domaszewicz, Dr Aleksander, 188 Galvanauskas, Ernestas, 276 Donbas, 63, 64 Gedvilas, Me~, 275, 276 Dramowicz, Antoni, 156 Germany Drewnowski, Major, 168 and refugees, 57-8 Drohobych, see Drohobycz and writers, 105, 110-11, 123 Drohobycz, 20, 91, 96,187,239, see also Army, German and Soviet 241, 243 Union Drohobycz-Lw6w-Rawa GL, see People's Guard Ruska-wtodzimierz Wotyiiski glasnost, 3, 71, 279, 290 line, 10 Glc;bokie regiment, 35 Drohowina, cavalry captain, 160 Gola, Colonel Edward, 189-90, 193-5, Dziedzic, Emil, 132 196,197 Dzierzanowski, General K., 184 'G6ra', see Pilch, Captain Adolf 312 Index

G6ra, Stanistaw, 160 Jews, 65-6, 76, 83, 97, 210, 224, G6rska, Halina, 108, 109, 114, 123, 132 234 n12, 290 n71; see also Bund government-in-exile, Polish, 69, 103, and refugees 185-6, 188, 190; see also Sikorski, JHP, see Youth Volunteer Labour General wtadystaw Brigade Green Island, 168, 175 Grey Ranks, 185, 188 Kaczkowski, Captain, 160 Grodno, 13, 19, 21, 31, 130 n60, 160 Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseevich defence of, 35-7, 154, 157, 158, (1893- ), 238 257,297 Kalety, 159, 160 Grosz, Wiktor (1907-1956), 132, 136, 140 Kalganov, komdiv, 13 GrubiDski, Waclaw, 115 Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich (1875-1946), Grzybowski, Ambassador W., 2, 15-16 272,284 Guderian, General Heinz Wilhelm Kalnberzins, Janis Eduardovich, 284 (1888-1954), 10, 18, 27 n40 Karasi6wna, Janina, 163 Gulag (Principal Administration of Karmaliski, Pawcl, 135 Corrective Labour Camps and 'Karol', see Zielinski, Dr Konrad Labour Settlements), see camps, Karotamm, Nikolas, 284 POW Kasperek, Stefania, 162 KatyD,21, 30,41,44, 72,118,119 Hague Convention (1907), xviii-xix, K~dzierski, Lieutenant R., 190, 196 xxiii n12, 29 Keitel, Field-Marshal Wilhelm Halder, General, 29 (1882-1946),58 Hertz, Pawcl, 110, 115 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 30 Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945),4,5,8,86, Kenigsberg, David, 135 98,102,125,134,203,271,273 'Ketling', see Metzger, Captain Edward Hoffman, Pawcl, 123, 1~1 Khalkhin-Gol, 3, 5, 11, 24 n18 Hollender, 110 Khasan, lake,S, 24 n16 HoJoub, Czesl-aw, 166 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich Home Army, xiii, 96, 152, 161, 185, (1894-1971), 13, 20, 41, 45, 111, 187,199 n23 238,245,299 Hoppen, Marian, 158, 162 Kielce Operational Region, 150 Horbatiienko, S. M., 239 Kiev, 13,63,93, 111-12, 113, 120 Hrubiesz6w, 58-9 Kinzel, Colonel (later General), 16, 29 'Hubal', see Dobrzafiski, Major Henryk Kirchensteins, Augusts, 274, 275, 280 Kirillov, komdiv, 13 Iglewski, Lieutenant Antoni, 154 Kirsanov, Semen Isaakovich Induszko, J. L., 257 (19Ofr71), 104 Istanbul Base, 196 Kleeberg, General Franciszek, 38-9 Ivano-Frankivsk, see Stanisl-aw6w Kleiner, Juliusz, 105, 120, 135, 136, 142 Ivanov, Deputy Chief D., 20 Klimov, Ivan Frolovich, xxii, 261-4 Izvestia, 271, 272 Klimovskikh, komdiv V. F., 22 Kloc, Major Alfons, 185-6, 191, 195-6, Jablon, 39 198 n16 , 103 . Kobielne forest, 168, 169, 181 n79 Januszajtis, General Marian Zegota- Kobryn division, 39 (1889-1973), 182, 183, 184, 186, Kock,39 197 nl Koestring, General, 29 Jaruzelski, Wojciech (1923- ), 227 Kolasa, Jakub, 135 Jastrun, Mieczysl-aw (1903- ), 123, kolchozy, see collectivisation 132,142 KoJoki,39 Jaworski, Lieutenant J., 183, 197 n2 KoJoomyja, 31 J~drzejewski, General W., 184 Kolski, Witold, 115, 128 n44 Jelenski, Lieutenant, 172 Kombinat Tekstylny, 93 Index 313

Komorg, 113, 118, 120 Liberation (underground organisation), Komsomol, (Byelorussian), 261 182 Konopnicka, Maria (1842-1910), 123 Liniarski, Colonel Wladystaw, 158, 159 KOP, see Frontier Defence Corps Literary Club, 105, 109, 113, 116, 118 Kordecki, Wlodzimierz, 193-4, 195 literature under Soviet rule, 102-48 'Komer, see Macielinski, Literaturnaia gazeta, 104, 106, 112, 113, Lieutenant-Colonel Emil 114,137 Korneychuk, Aleksandr Evgenevich Lithuanian Activist Front, 287 (1905-72), 106, 107, 112, 120 Litvinov, Maksim Maksimich Korniiets, Leonid Romanovich (1876-1951), xiv, 4-5 (1901-69), 246 Lloyd George, David (186)-1945), 21 Kostenko, komdiv, 13 Lornia, 58, 130 n60, 154, 167 Kot, Professor Stanislaw (1885-1975), 'Lozinski', see Pstrokonski, 218, 226 Lieutenant-Colonel Stanislaw Kotarski, Lieutenant-Colonel Lozoraitis, Stasys, 272 Wbdystaw, 188-9 Luckiewicz, Antoni, 259, 262-4 Kott, Jan, 104, 123 L'viv, see Lw6w Kovalev, Army Commander-Mikhail Lvov, see Lw6w Prokofevich (1897-1967), 11-13, Lw6w 18,75 province, xix, xxi, 9, 19, 45, 89, 90, Kowalski, Captain, 156-7 93, 182-97, 222, 229, 239, 243 Kowecki, Colonel S., 163 town, xviii, 20, 29, 40-1, 57, 63, 66, Kowel-Wlodzimierz Wotynski-Sokal 77-8,94,96-7,99,106-7,109,111, line, 13 118, 131,296,299 KPZB, see Communist Party of Western Byelorussia Machine-Tractor Stations, xiv, 90, KPZU, see Communist Party of 243-4 Western Ukraine Macielinski, Lieutenant-Colonel Emil, Krasnaya Zvezda, 11 189-90,191,192-7,199 n38 Kreve-MicheviCius, Professor Vincas Mackiewicz, J6zef, 78 (1882-1954), 276-8 Maisky, Ivan Mikhailovich (1884-1975), Krivoshein, Colonel S. M., 18,27 n40 4,6 Kr6likowski, 50--1 Makarov, regimental commissar, 20 Krzyianowski, Bronislaw, 81 'Marcyniuk', 196 Kupala, Janko (1882-1942), 135 Mayakovsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich Kurochkin, kombrig P. A., 20 (189)-1930),66, 107, 116 Kuropaty, 253, 266 n1 'Mazewski, Antoni', see Iglewski, Kuryluk, Karol, 132 Lieutenant Antoni Kwantung Army, 3, 4, 5-6 Mazik, J. L., 257 Merkys, Prime Minister Antanas, 272, Langner, General, 19-20, 41, 296 274, 276, 282 Laskowicz, Bazyli, 264 Metzger, Captain Edward, 189-90, Laskowicz, W. P., 260 19>-5, 196, 197 League of Nations, Covenant of, 30 Mezhdunarodnaia literatura, 114 Lec, S. J., 107, 108 Mickiewicz, Adam (1798-1855), xxi, Legia Akademicka, see Academic 106, 118, 120, 123-4, 129 n53, Legion 132-45 Lempicki, Lieutenant Adam, 167, 179 MierczyIiski (Res), Lieutenant, 166, n60 167,179 n55 Lenin, Vladimir Il'ich (1870--1924), 122, Miesi~cznik literacki, 104 125,201, 215 n3 Milan6w,39 Lewicki, officer cadet Zbigniew, 162, Military-Independence Organisation, 182 166 Military Sabotage Organisation, 173 Lewin, Leopold, 132, 139 Miller, Jan Nepomucen, 139 314 Index minorities, ethnic, xviii, xix, 82-3, Viedomosti vierchovnogo sovieta 115-16, 118,293 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists, in camps, 49-50 xiv, 237, 245 German, 67, 285 OSB, see Citizens' Security Watch ~sk,63,254,261,262,263 'Oskar', see Zakrzewski, Bernard Mlodziei: Stalinowska, 122 OSOIOSSO/o.s., see Special Tribunal Model Charter, 246, 247 Ossolineum Library, 110, 113, 133, 136, Molotov, Viacheslav Mikhailovich 140 (1890-1986), xvi, xvii, xviii, 2, 6-7, Ortwin, Ostap, 105, 107, 110, 131 8,250 n1, 268, 270, 295 OUN, see Organisation of Ukrainian and Baltic States, 268, 270-2, 273, Nationalists 274, 276-8, 284 and Germany,S, 21, 42, 76,103,110, Paleckis, Justas, 274, 275, 280 111,130 n57 Pan Tadeusz, 133, 135, 139-41, 143 and Poland, 10-11, 12, 15-16, 21, 30, Panch, Petro (1891-1978), 113 233 Parnicki, Teodor, 105, 110, 115, 131 Mongolian People's Republic, 3, 5, 6, Pasternak, Boris Leonovich 275 (1890-1960), 110 Moskovskie novosti, 71 Pasternak, Leon, 107, 108, 132 'Mr6wka', see Okulicki, Colonel L. Paszkiewicz, General G. (1892-1954), MTS, see Machine-Tractor Station 190,199 n30 Munich agreement (1938),1,4 Paszkowski, Lieutenant-Colonel Adam, Musteikis, Kazys, 273 194 Pats, President Konstantin, 273, 275, Naglerowa, Herminia, 110, 115, 131 277,282 Nalibok forests, 42, 157, 161, 162-3 Pavlenko, Petr Andreevich (1899-1951), Narew river, 2, 168-71 106, 107, 110, 111, 112 Natkeviaus, Ladas, 272, 274 PAW, see Polish Liberation Army Nazi-Soviet Pacts (1939), xvi, xix, 1-3, Peace Treaty with Poland (1921), 30 7,8, 11, 18,23 n1, 28, 74, 86, 102, peasant committees, 90, 239, 241 134, 203, 225, 237-8, 268, 270, 279, Peiper, Tadeusz, 115, 128 n44 292-3; see also secret protocols Penal Code, xxi, 202-3, 204-5, 207-10, Nazi-Soviet Treaty (16 November 211, 213, 216 n18; see also Code of 1939),66-7,74 Penal Procedure Niemen river, 19,36,159,266 n11, 297 People's Commissariat of Internal NKVD, see People's Commissariat of Affairs, xiv, xxi, 201-15, 217-27, Internal Affairs 306-8 Nomonhan, see Khalkhin-Gol and Baltic States, 284, 285-6 Norwid, Cyprian Kamil (1821-83), 123 and Byelorussia, 254, 258-9, 261-2 Nowe Widnokrfgi, 120, 121, 134 frontier guards, 11, 16, 210 Nowogr6dek province, 133, 152, 155, and Gestapo, 67-8 157, 161-4,229 and Poland, 36, 65, 106, 115-16 Nuremburg Tribunal (1946), 31 and , 158, 161, 168,173-4,181 n79, 187, 189, ObertyIiska, Beata, 78, 131 190-2, 194-5 Obtulowicz, Lieutenant-Colonel Adam, and Ukraine, 109, 111, 113 163 People's Guard, xiii, 150 OGPU, see United State Political perekovka (perestroika), 71, 115, 120, Directorate 254 Okulicki, Colonel L., 194-5, 196 ', Colonel', 262-4 Olszyna-Wilczynski, General J6zef, Piechowska, Wladyslawa, 185 36-7 Pilch, Captain Adolf, 157, 161, 162 Orany,37 Pilichowska, Halina, 104-5, 110, 115 Orders of the Supreme Soviet, see Pilsudski, J6zef (1867-1935), 60, 186 Index 315

Pioneer of Byelorussia, 123 prisoners of war, 21, 36, 217, 221-4, 296 Piotrowski, Commander, 157 and local population, 47, 50 Pissa-Narew-Vistula-San line, 18 named in text: Daniek (Danek?), Pluta-Czachowski, Colonel Kazimierz, 56 026; Kaminski, J6zef, 56 026; 162 Kubiak, Wladystaw, 55 n4; Podole regiment, 40 Niewiadomski, 56 026; Podswile battalion, 35 Pa)uszynski, 56026; Piecz, 56 026 Poland treatment of, 47-9, 51-2, 55 n3&4 annexation of, xvii, xix, 11-27,71-2, and work, 48--50, 55 n12, 56 n19&20 76,82,84 PRL see Polish People's Republic and anti-semitism, 60--1 propaganda, xviii, 74-8, 90, 11~16, British guarantees, 4-5 137-9, 141-5, 184, 255, 261 capitulation of, xvi, xviii, 2, 20, 39, Prus, Boleslaw (1847-1912), 123 41,293 Przezdziecki, General Wadaw, 36 German attack on, 8--10 Przybos, Julian, 120--3, 132, 13~7, 140 partition of, 5 Pstrokonski, Lieutenant-Colonel under Soviet rule, xx-xxi, 76; Stanislaw, 190--2, 196, 199 n39 children, 81-2; education, 77; Publishing House for National repression of, 78--80; social Minorities, 117, 119 implications of, 7~; and Purkayev, komkor Maksim standard of living, 60; women, 78, Alekseevich, 13, 22 80--1 Putrament, Jerzy (1910--86), 121, Polesie, 37-9, 163, 164, 179 n53, 257 129 n54, 132, 135, 264 brigade, 37 Death Battalions, 167, 179 n56 Rafa)owicz, Sergeant Franciszek, 162 Polewka, Adam, 108, 132, 142 Ragula, B., 263 Polish Rak-Michajlowski, Szymon, 254 Liberation Army, xiv, 173 'Rakon', see Rowecki, General Stefan Military Organisation, xiv, 164, 173 Rakowski, Colonel, 20 Organisation for the Struggle for Ra~tikis, General Stasys, 272, 282 Freedom, xiv, 182, 184-6 Ratno,38 Patriots, Union of, 232 Red Army People's Republic, xiv, 232 and Baltic States, 271-3, 275, 279, 281 Workers' Party, xiv, 150 casualties, 21-2, 36, 37, 39, 42 Polish-Bolshevik war (1919--20), xvii, and German forces, 12-13, 16-23, 219, 220 24 n8 Polish-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty and Japanese campaign, xx, ~8, 11, (1932), xvii, 30, 203, 215 n9 24-5 n18, 293 Polish-Soviet Pact (1941), 69, 230 men and materiel, 12-13, 16-17, 22, Polityka, 33, 71 31,42 Ponomarenko, Pantemelion Order of Battle, xx, 12, 14-15,26 n31 Kondratevich (1902-84), 13, 45, and Poland, xvi, xx, 11-23, 28--46, 130 n57, 264 100 n4, 131, 159--60, 164-5, 203, population figures, xviii, xix, 10, 255, 257-9, 266 n11, 293, 29~3oo 264, 265; see also minorities and Ukraine, 12, 299--300 Potemkin, Vice-Commissar, 6, 15 refugees, xx, 57, 99, 113, 131,224 POW, see Polish Military Organisation Jewish: and citizenship, 64-9; and POWW, see Polish Organisation for the economy, 62-4; and local Struggle for Freedom population, 61-2; Soviet attitude PPR, see Polish Workers' Party to, 65, 66; treatment of, 57-61, Pravda, 1-2, 10,29,76,87,91,137,246 63-4 Prawda Bolszewicka, 121 Rei, August, 275 Praimo, Lieutenant Tadeusz, 166 religion, 77, 89, 99, 118, 164, 178 n41, prisons, see under camps, POW 236, 256, 258, 265, 281, 283 316 Index

Repin, komdiv, 13 Semkowicz, Aleksander, 136, 140 resistance movement, xxi, 42, 149-81 Serafin, Major W. B., 36 and Belgrade Conferences, 162-3, 193 Service for the Victory of Poland, xiv, and German forces, 167, 174 150, 163, 183-8 post-September, 168-75, 18S-97 Shaposhnikov, Chief of the General September, 152-68, 187 Staff Boris Mikhailovich see also underground organisations (1882-1945), 11-12, 20, 24 n16 Revue Baltique, 272 Shestokhvalov, komdiv, 13 'Rey', see Macielinski, Shklovskii, Viktor Borisovich Lieutenant-Colonel Emil (1893-1984), 106 Ribbentrop, Joachim von (1893-1946), Siberia, 63, 68, 158, 162,221,286 7,8,33,103,268,270 Siemaszkowa, Wanda, 143-4 Ribbentrop--Molotov Non-Aggression Sienkiewicz, Henryk (1846--1916), 144 Treaty, see Nazi-Soviet Pacts Sierow, General, 195 Riga Conference (1921), xvii, 42 Sikorski, General Wbdyslaw Rivne, see R6wne (1881-1943), xviii, 77, 183, 186; see Romanowski, Tadeusz, 138 also government-in-exile Romiszewski, Staff Major, 157 Sikorski-Stalin agreement (30 July Rowecki, General Stefan, 153-4, 191, 1941), 144 192-4,196 Silesian Legion of Death, 187 R6wne Skidel, 37, 15S-9 province, 39, 46, 50, 239 Rising, 257, 266 nIl regiment, 40 Skirpa Kazys, 287 Rubin, komdiv, 13 Skuza, Wojciech, 115, 128 n43&44 Riickemann, Brigadier-General Slaby, Wilhelm, 188 W Orlik-, 16, 18,21, 37-8 Slowacki, Juliusz (1809--1849), 123, Rudnianski, Professor Stefan, 136 14~ n2 Rudnicki, General Klemens (1897- ), Siowo Zolnierza, 107 183, 191, 199 n32 Smetona, President Antanas Rumania, 4, 7, 9, 17,21,104--5,241, (1874-1944),272-4,276 292 Snietkus, Antanas (1902/3-1974), 278, and defence treaty with Poland, 29 280,284 Ryabyshev, komdiv, 13 Sokolov, E. E., 260 Rylski, Maksym Fadeevich (1895-1964), Sokol:owski, Lieutenant-Colonel Jan 135,136 (1895-1986), 186, 189, 191, 195-6, Rydz-Smig}y, Marshal Edward 198 n20 (1886--1941), 16 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich and General Directive, 32, 35, 41 (191S- ),68, 209, 211, 213-14 Ryzinski, Lieutenant Lucjan, 155 Somojlo, W., 263 Sopockinie, 158, 160, 297 Sambor, 41, 209 Sosabowski, Colonel S. (1892-1967), San river, 2, 9,10,13,20 183-4, 198 n12 Sandalov, Chief of Staff Leonid 'Sosna', see Kl;dzierski, Lieutenant R. Mikhailovich, 11, 12 Sosnkowski, General, 185-6, 188, 191, Slire, Karl, 284 195 Sarny regiment, 37-8 Soviet-Polish agreement (1939), 20 Sawicki, Tadeusz Kornel, 158 Soviet-Polish Historical Commission, 1 Schliep, Councillor, 124 Soviet Union Schulenburg, Count von, 2, 123-4 and Baltic States, xxii, 7, 98, 225 Scientific & Cultural Institute, and Germany, 7, 13,66--7,102,111, Byelorussian, 157 119, 129, 144, 269 secret protocols, 1-2, 16,28,33, 43 n1, and invasion of Poland, 2, 2S-32, 117, 268; see also Nazi-Soviet Pacts 236--8, 294 Seiter, Karl, 270 and mobilisation, 9, 11 Index 317

occupation of Poland, xvii, 73, 164 Tarnopol province, 20, 45, 90, 91, 187, attitude to treaties, xvi-xvii, 1, 30, 76 229, 243, 296 see also People's Commissariat for Tarnowski, Count Zdzislaw, 140 Internal Affairs and Army, Red Ternopil', see Tarnopol Sovyetskaya Ukraina, 137 Theatre, Polish Dramatic State, 117, sowchozy, see collectivisation 122,136 Sowiecka BilJlorus, 91 Tikhonov, Nikolai Semenovich Spala forests, 153-4 (1896-1979), 135 Special Tribunal, xiv, 213-15, 216 n28 Timoshenko, Army Commander Semen Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich Konstantinovich (1895-1970), 12, (1879-1953), xvii, xxii, 3-4, 66, 13,20,75,90,238,299 71-2, 109-10, 122, 299 Tiulenev, Commander Ivan and Allies, 7, 292-3 Vladimirovich (1892-1978), 13, 20 and Baltic States, 268-71, 273-6, Tokarzewski-Karasiewicz, General 283-6 Michal (1893-1964), 152-4, 185-8, and Byelorussia, 254, 265 190--1, 198 n15 and Far East, 6, 7-8 Tolstoy, Aleksei Nikolaevich andGennany,5, 7,17-18,21,33,111 (1882-1945), 120, 135 and Poland, 9, 12,21-2,77,102 Trepka, Nikandr, 259, 263 and Ukraine, 238, 242-3, 245, 250 Trompczyilski, Czeslaw, 157 Stanislav, see Stanistaw6w Trybuna ludOw, 13&-9, 140 Stanislaw6w, 45, 91, 156, 187,229,239, 'Trzaska', see Sokotowski, 243 Lieutenant-General Jan Stankiewicz, Officer Cadet Edward, 173 Tsernobayev, 136 Stark, Pawcl, 139 Tuwim, Julian (1894-1953), 106 Statute of the Agricultural Artel, see Tvardovski, Aleksandr Trifonovich Model Charter (1910-1971), 135 Stem, Anatol, 115 'Tyka', see Dfbrowski, Stryjkowski, Julian, 107, 139 Lieutenant-Colonel J6zef Students, Byelorussian Association of, Tytchina, Pavel Grigorevich 257 (1891-1967), 135 Sulik, Lieutenant-Colonel Nikodem, 37 Surkov, Aleksei Aleksandrovich Ukraine, Western (1899-1983), 116 annexation, xxii, 23&-40 Susaikov, Corps Commissar I. Z., 13 Communist Party of, 108, 120 Suvenirov, Colonel O. F., 3 and German advance, 10, 18 Szack,38 National Assembly, xviii, 57, 108 Szare Szeregi, see Grey Ranks People's Assembly, 239, 241 'Szary', see Zych, Dr Wl-adyslaw People's Councils (1939), 90 Szczepanski, 2nd Lieutenant Wojciech, Soviet interests in, xvi, xix, 42 156 Ukrainian National Democratic Union, Szemplinska, ElZbieta, 104, 107-8, 121, xiv, 237 132 Ulmanis, President Karlis, 273, 275, 282 Szenwald, Lucjan, 123, 129 n54, 132 underground organisations, 163, 16&-7, Szirer, Emil, 107 169, 173, 176 n2, 180 n68, 181 n82, SZP see Service for the Victory of 182-200; see also resistance Poland movement Sztandar Wolnosci, 120 Under Lenin's Banner, 50 Szumowski, Father Marian, 169 UNDO, see Ukrainian National Szymanski, Commander in Chief Feliks Democratic Union 'Konarski', 153 , xv, 153-5, 158, 167-9, 173, 183, 185-97 Tank, Maksym (1912- ),135 Union of Defenders of the Freedom of Taraszkiewicz, Bronislaw, 254 the Homeland, xv, 186 318 Index

United State Political Directorate, xiv, Wola Gldowska, battle of, 150 207, 211, 212 Wolna Praca, 121 Urbsys, Juozas, 270--2, 274, 282 WoI-oszyn, Pawel-, 254 Usijewicz-Kon, Helena, 121, 129 n53, WoI-yd province, 45, 229, 239 135 Working People, Association of, 277 Working People of Estonia, League of, Vares, Johannes (1890--1946), 274, 275, 277,278 280 Writers, Union of Polish, 105, 113, 115 Vatutin, komdiv N. F., 13 Writers, Union of Professional, 131 Viedomosti vierchovnogo Sovieta, 64 Writers, Union of Soviet, 113, 116, Vilna, see Wilno 134-5 Vilnius, see Wilno Writers, Union of Ukrainian Soviet, Vinogradov, Anatoli Komelevich 107, 116-17, 120, 123, 129 n54, 135 (1888-1946), 135 Wyslouchowa, Bronislawa, 195 Vistula river, 2, 8, 9 Wysocki, Lieutenant Wbdyslaw, 156 VKP(b), see All-Union (Bolshevik) Wyzwolenie, see Liberation Communist Party Volkmann, General v., 28-9 Yakovlev, kombrig N. D., 20 Yolyn, see Wolyn Yeremenko, General F. M., 19,239 Voroshilov, Defence Commissar K. E. Youth Volunteer Labour Brigade, xiii, (1881-1969),3,7, 11,20,24 n16 156 Vyshinsky, Andrei Yanuarevich (1883-1954),202-3, 206, 218, 226, Zakrzewski, Beman:J, 197 274 Zalecinski, Mieczyslaw, 158 Zan, Cavalry Captain Tomasz, 156-7 Walko, 1% Zapolska, Gabriela (1857-1921), 144 , xvi, 29, 102, 104-5, 163 Zarins, Karlis Karlovich, 272 fall of, 11, 12, 157 Zaruski, General M., 184 Wasilewska, Wanda (1905-64), 104, Zaslawski, D., 135 106, 109-12, 114, 116, 119-22, 132, Zebrowski, Colonel Wladyslaw, 186-7, 134-5, 140, 193, 200 n43 188, 189, 191 Wasylewski, Stanislaw, 114, 132, 136 Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich Wat, Aleksander, 104-5, 107, 111-15, (1896-1948),274, 275 128 n37&44, 132 Zhukov, Marshal Georgii WaZyk, Adam, 107, 111, 123, 132, 140 Konstantinovich (1896-1974), 6, Wiemi Polsce, see Faithful to Poland 7-8 Wilczynski, General Olszyna, 76 Zhyvov, Masek, 135, 142 Wilno Zielinski, Colonel Tadeusz, 39-40 province, 21, 93, 104, 152, 155--61, Zielinski, Dr Konrad, 196 164, 229, 271 Zielona Wyspa, see Green Island regiment, 35 ZOWO, see Union of Defenders of the town, 13,31,35, 131,259, 262-4 Freedom of the Homeland Wilno-Grodno-BilUystok-Kobryn Zukowski, Major Stanislaw, 36 line, 18 ZWZ, see Union of Armed Struggle Wilno-l.onri:a-westem Bug line, 11 Zych, Dr Wladyslaw (1899-1981), 191, Wisniowski, Colonel, 52 193, 195, 197, 199 n35 Witkiewicz, Stanislaw, 82 Zymon, 2nd Lieutenant, 194-5