15th INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY CONFERENCE

INDUSTRİALİZATİON, URBAN CONCENTRATİON AND THE RECENT PROCESS OF URBAN DİSPERSİON İN THE MÉDİO PARAÍBA FLUMİNENSE - RJ,

JÚLIO CLÁUDIO DA GAMA BENTES1 e-mail: [email protected]

RAQUEL TORRANO ARARUNA2 e-mail: [email protected]

Address: Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo (FAU-USP) Rua do Lago 876 – LAP, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, Brazil 05508-080

ABSTRACT This paper presents the research about contemporary forms of urbanization and especially the process of urban dispersion at the microregion of Médio Paraíba Fluminense, in state. It is developed the basic concept about urban dispersion and the motivations to the occurrence of this process in this region. New forms of urbanization (and mobility) are increasingly becoming important in daily lives of people. Dispersion is characterized by the process of fraying the urban tissue forming constellations or nebulae with cores of different dimensions. These are integrated in the metropolitan area or in regions, supported by a system of interregional routes. Consequently, new types of life (and consumption) dispersed throughout the territory are produced. The region, which is being studied, is strategically located in the triangle formed by São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte – all large consumer centers and accumulators of capital. The process of industrialization started there in the 1930s. It promoted the regional development, thereby changing the economy and the way of life from rural to urban, with a high population growth. From the 1950s on, there began a regional polarization around the National Steel Company – CSN. After the company was privatized in 1993, it started the restructuring of production and space in the microregion leading to the attraction of new industrial enterprises located dispersedly in the territory and disconnected from the consolidated urban fabrics.

1 Architect and Urban Planner, Master in Architecture and Urban Planning, Environmental Management Specialist, Ph.D. Student in Architecture and Urban Planning at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo (FAU-USP). 2 Graduating Student in Architecture and Urban Planning from the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo (FAU-USP), CNPq Scientific Initiation Scholarship (in course). Cities, nations and regions in planning history

INTRODUCTION

This paper discusses the contemporary forms of urbanization and, in particular, the process of urban dispersion. It has as its object of study the microregion of the Médio Paraíba Fluminense in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

To better understand this phenomenon, a brief bibliographic review and key concepts are presented. They show the evolution of old suburbs, emerged in the USA, until the process of urban dispersion.

It is observed the process of industrialization started in the Médio Paraíba Fluminense during the 1930s, which had as one of its consequences the spatial concentration (regional polarization) from the 1950s on.

The process of urban sprawl that occurs nowadays in this region had as main motivations the adoption of neoliberal policy and the globalization of economy in the early 1990s. The consequence is the ongoing competition between municipalities for investments, which are also associated to other factors to be addressed hereafter.

Afterwards it is described the appearance and evolution of dispersed activities implemented within the territory in question. Finally, on the concluding remarks, the concepts presented are compared to the current process of urban dispersion in the Médio Paraíba Fluminense.

This paper is part of the ongoing doctoral research on “Urban Dispersion in the Medium Valley of Paraíba do Sul River: similitude and distinctions of urban-regional spaces in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states”, which explores the new forms of occupying the territory, motivators factors, alterations in social end economical relations, morphological patterns of the occupation and possible resulting environmental impacts. It also aims to provide insights for analysis and understanding of contemporary urbanization processes and regional arrangements related to the spatial restructuring. Moreover it states suggestions for public policies and instruments of urban and regional planning.

This research is among studies developed under the Laboratory for the Study of Urban Planning, Architecture and Preservation (LAP) of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo (FAU-USP) and it has the support of the Fundação para o Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo) – FAPESP.

The microregion of the Médio Paraíba Fluminense is located in the Atlantic Forest biome and inserted into the middle one third (second third) of the drainage basin of Paraíba do Sul River – bounded on the north by the Serra da Mantiqueira (Mantiqueira Mountains) and on the south by the Serra do Mar (Coast Mountains), both watersheds of drainage basins. This region (figure 1) has an area of 3.828.702 km2 and a population of 680.000 inhabitants (2010). It borders the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais and it is formed by the municipalities of , 15th INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY CONFERENCE

Itatiaia, , Piraí, Puerto Real, , Resende, Rio Claro and (CIDE, 2008; IBGE, 2011).

Figure 1 – map of the state of Rio de Janeiro with the location of the Microregion of the Paraíba Fluminense Valley. The capital is marked in yellow. Source: Wikipedia [Available in: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:RiodeJaneiro_Micro_ValedoParaibaFluminense.svg] 01/02/2012.

The Médio Paraíba Fluminese has a strategic location inside a triangle whose vertices are the most important Brazilian cities - São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte - large centers of consumption and accumulation of capital. The microregion is crossed by Presidente Dutra Highway (BR-116) and the Central of Brazil Railroad, both connecting the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

CONCEPTUATION

New forms of urbanization (and urban mobility) have increasingly assumed an important role in everyday lives of people, in which social and economic relationships are to be developed majorly upon a new territorial basis. This basis does not relate only with a city and municipality territorial scales, but also to Metropolitan Region and/or Urban Agglomeration scales, as well as to the link between them. This allows the emergence of new centralities, urban forms and housing, leading to modifications of the interrelationships of urban and regional. In this sense, in the 1990s, the Brazilian geographer Milton Santos defined: “it is the use of territory, not the territory itself that makes it become object of social analysis” (SANTOS, 1994, p.15; free translation). Cities, nations and regions in planning history

Nestor Goulart Reis, professor of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo (FAU-USP), characterizes in his book "Notas sobre Urbanização Dispersa e Novas Formas de Tecido Urbano" (Notes about Urban Dispersion and New Forms of Urban Tissue)3 this new form of urbanization scattered on the territory as: a process of fraying the urban tissue in the main centers; formation of constellations or nebulae of urban cores of different dimensions, all integrated in the metropolitan area or in regions; transformation of the system of inter-regional transport routes (railways and roads) in order to support intra-metropolitan daily passengers transportation; adoption of metropolitan consumption lifestyle, also scattered throughout the territory (REIS, 2006, p. 13-14).

The implementation of large urban enterprises and equipments disconnected from consolidated urban centers is a catalyst of the new processes of occupation and organization of the territory, forming urban cores, but without the traditional structure of reference. These enterprises have a multiplier effect for the occupation of different areas, which will receive business and mega projects. These latter are used as a lever to the new process of urbanization and formation of new centralities.

The process of urban dispersion had been occurring previously in the United States of America (USA) and in Europe, but it was confused with the process of suburbanization typical of the USA: residential areas far from urban centers and connected by highways4 (REIS, 2006).

Peter Hall (2002) in his book “Cities of Tomorrow” indicates that suburbanization has enhanced in the USA after the Second World War, when there was a large population growth along a meaningful increase in the birth rate, the “baby-boom”. Consequently, there was a real state expansion also associated to the popularization of the automobile. This model gave birth to a suburban North- American lifestyle.

The American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the authors who inspired this new form of occupation with his designed, but not executed model, the Broadacre City, which has an anti-urban feature with diverse and dispersed functional units (figure 2). But the great expression of this model is Levitown, a large residential suburb located in Long Island (NY-USA) built from 1948. It has a monotonous landscape, but it corresponds to the new American way of life (HALL, 2002).

3 This book presents partial results on the study coordinated by Reis about the metropolitan regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, conducted by the Group of Research at the Laboratory of Studies about Urbanization, Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo (LAP/FAU-USP). 4 In Brazil and in Latin America the suburbanization process in most cases differs from what happened to the developed countries, especially in USA and Canada. In Latin American countries and in Brazil the suburbanization is better understood as peripherization, where the poor people live on the outskirts of cities far from urban centers and places that generate work and without good infrastructure and transport services.

15th INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY CONFERENCE

Figure 2 – photo of the model of the Broadacre City by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1935. Source: ArchiNed [Available in: http://www.archined.nl/archined/uploads/pics/utopia4.jpg] 01/02/2012.

Another North-American example that has initial features of dispersion (spreading) on the territory is the Las Vegas Strip, in the state of Nevada, where Venturi, Brown e Izenour (2001) list the commercial post-modern architectures of this city, which were constructed as great symbols and propagandas that could be seen by drivers moving at speed on the highway (Strip).

The process of suburbanization was not accepted by all. The writer and activist Jane Jacobs in her book “The Death and Life of Great American Cities” was an active fighter against the North-American suburb model. For her, the decision of the local population to change and live far from urban centers has resulted in the deflation and degradation of the central areas, which were partly razed to the opening up of new highways, serving the individual way of transportation (JACOBS, 2002). Cities, nations and regions in planning history

Suburbanization is also harmful to the environment since the increase of distances causes the rise in number of vehicles and traffic, resulting in a major release of pollutants in the atmosphere. Spreading leads to the raise of costs on infrastructure implementation and maintenance.

The American economist Melvin Webber perceives, yet in the 1960s, the appearing of the "post-city age", when the new emerging planetary urban culture. This culture has a unique mode, but many ways of investing in habitable space (WEBBER, 2000). Also during the 1960s, Henri Lefebvre highlights in his book “The Urban Revolution” (2003) the phenomenon of city implosion-explosion with the extensification (spreading) of urban tissue over territory tending to disappear with the distinction between urban and rural areas.

In 1987, Professor Robert Fishman was one of the first to recognize the transformation of old North-American suburbs (which are functionally dependent on the cities centers) into a new and unique phenomenon: cities where decentralization of activities makes them no longer related to the central core, letting them dispersed in the territory (FISHMAN, 1987).

In his book “Edge City: Life on the New Frontier” (1992), the journalist Joel Garreau presents a new model of city, the “edge cities”, which differ from North-American suburbs of the post World War II (with housing characteristics), because they have a variety of activities.

Garreau analyses the process of development of suburbanization until they reach the edge cities, separating it into “waves”. The first one would consist in the changing of the living place from the “traditional city” to the suburbs. The second movement (wave) would be the removal of stores and department stores from downtown to place them in the suburbs – where most of the people were located. The author calls this period “malling” (extensive construction of shopping malls in the USA and Canada), mainly between the 1960s and 1970s. The third wave is consolidated with the moving of the generation of wealth to where the majority of population has been already living and shopping for a few years. The inclusion of offices in peripheral and distant areas from the traditional center boosts the growth of the edge cities. These “cities” could not have grown without having activities that require labor, where the insertion of the employment in this urban dynamics is a key factor in the edges cities (GARREAU, 1992).

The edge cities represent the “third wave” of North-American suburbanization. They are related to the research of new frontiers for the growth of the 20th century cities (GARREAU, 1992).

In Europe, between the 1950s and the 1960s, the process of urban dispersion was initially interpreted as a peripheral urban expansion, although without activities of greater complexity, unlike the process of suburbanization in the USA.

Only in the 1990s the European researchers realized that this process was more extensive than they had thought with fragmented and disjointed areas from the metropolis and urban systems (REIS, 2006). In different European countries, the 15th INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY CONFERENCE debate about urban sprawl spreads out with Indovina (1990) Portas (1993), Choay (1994) e Monclús (1998), among others. From a seminar held in Barcelona (1996) and published in 1998 through the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, the coordinator of the event, Francisco Monclús remarks:

The interest in the processes of suburbanization and the possible ‘dissolution’ of the traditional compact city into an increasingly dispersed and fragmented one is already a constant fact in the urban planning thinking of the last decades. […] But this phenomenon is also associated to the decentralization and to the increasingly extensive nature of the new industrial areas, corporate campus, sport centers […], shopping centers, and technical facilities, each time devouring more space. [About the changes in the urban tissue this author comments] Pieces increasingly more autonomous, which are juxtaposed discontinuously, where interstitial spaces and urban voids proliferate (MONCLÚS5, 1998 apud REIS, 2006; free translation).

Also professor of FAU-USP, Flávio Villaça, in the formulation of the theory of Intra- urban Space, considers this term a necessary redundancy for the definition of urban space within the urban fabric (traditional city). The term “urban space” started to be more associated to generic urban spaces and to the urban element of the regional space. For this author, the most important way to distinguish intra-urban space from the regional one is related to transport and communications. In both spaces the transportation (displacement) of material and commuting of people have a “structuring power” higher than the circulation of energy and information. However, in the structuring of regional space, transferring of information and energy stands out, likewise the ones of capital and goods in general, considering also the possible transportation of the “labor power commodity” (VILLAÇA, 2001, p. 20).

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN CONCENTRATION IN THE MÉDIO PARAÍBA FLUMINENSE

The Médio Paraíba Fluminense had faced two important economic cycles6 before industrialization: the coffee cycle, which occurred during the 19th century7; the one of dairy cattle, which occurred after the decline of the previous cycle8.

5 MONCLÚS, Francisco Javier. La ciudad dispersa. Barcelona-Espanha: Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, 1998. 6 Before these cycles there was a pioneer cycle of various activities in each area of the Médio Paraíba: the sugar cane plantation in Rio de Janeiro and subsistence agriculture in São Paulo. 7 In the Médio Paraíba Paulista, this cycle remained until the beginning of the 20th century. The longer persistence of the coffee monoculture in the Paulista valley (São Paulo) is mainly due to the use of hand-labor of free foreigner immigrants to replace the slave labor, which was widely applied in the Fluminense valley (Rio de Janeiro); furthermore there was a tardy impoverishment of the soil (monoculture of coffee) compared to the Fluminense valley. 8 In the Médio Paraíba Fluminense this cycle had its beginning on an important moment for the country. It was the transition from monarchy to republic. The city of Barra Mansa (RJ) still remains nowadays a major center of milk production (BENTES, 2008). Cities, nations and regions in planning history

The industrial cycle that started in the microregion during the 1930s9 had as a mark the Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (National Steel Company) – CSN, founded in 1941 by the Brazilian government10. It assured ultimately the implementation of the industrialization process in Brazil, which still continues up to nowadays (with modifications). Subsequently industries were installed using private capital. They would use the steel produced by CSN (a state-owned corporation) as the basic input, e.g. the car plants established in São Paulo from the 1950s on (BENTES, 2008).

As reported by Bentes (2008) in his Masters dissertation, the economic cycles transformed and set out the landscape of the region, permitting the creation and adjustment of urban space by following urbanistic models, which existed in these different cycles. Thus, there took place the transformation of the space from predominantly rural to urban. It led to strong environmental changes. These modifications altered the natural environment through the goal activities of each of these cycles11, but also through the rapid urbanization process. This one was generated by population growth caused by the attraction of migrants from other Brazilian states, mainly during the industrial cycle.

In the Médio Paraíba Fluminense, due to the ongoing industrialization during the 1950s, it started a regional concentration with a process of polarization around the CSN and the municipality of Volta Redonda (the company’s head office). It attracted investments and labor to the microregion. The opening of the Presidente Dutra Highway contributed to the concentration, allowing industries to be installed along the highway, but without structural planning. Therefore, it has been created a center-periphery relationship, where the economies of the surrounding cities (peripheral) became dependent on the industry and Volta Redonda. The influence area of the regional center went beyond the Médio Paraíba Fluminense, reaching the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.

The CSN and its production had been expanded over the years through large expansion plans12, while simultaneously Volta Redonda was economically developing and spatially expanding itself (figure 3). The city was dependent on the company, which was led by Federal Government13 (BENTES & COSTA, 2008).

9 Also in the late 19th century manufactures, especially textile ones, were installed in the Médio Paraíba. They have as their source the use of surplus capital of coffee farmers. In the 1930s, important industries were installed: the Steel Company Barra Mansa that belongs to Votorantin Group, the Metallurgical Barbará (now Saint-Gobain Plumbing) and the Food and Nutrition Company Nestlé (MOREIRA, 2002). 10 The CSN was installed in the Barra Mansa municipality, Volta Redonda district by that time. This fact, allied to urbanization and population concentration process, led to the emancipation in 1954. 11 The Atlantic Forest was devastated to prepare the soil to receive coffee plantations, then to the pasture of the cattle and also to the implementation of the industrial park. 12 The plans were named by letters: A-1946, B-1954, C-1960 e D-1962. 13 Between 1973 and 1985 (in the dictatorial government), the municipality of Volta Redonda was determined as Area of National Security Interest. It had its mayors nominated by Federal Government (BENTES & COSTA, 2008). 15th INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY CONFERENCE

Figure 3 – view of CSN and main center of Volta Redonda in the same spatial unit, 2002. Source: BENTES, 2008.

THE PROCESS OF URBAN DISPERSION

In the early 1990s, Brazilian government adopted a neoliberal policy14 by reducing its participation in economy. It resulted in profound institutional modifications and changes in the organization and location of production in Brazil. This fact, associated to globalization of economy15 and municipal emancipation movements since the Federal Constitution of 198816, had as a consequence the “tax war” occurred mainly in the 1990s.

In globalization occurs the deterritorialization of private capital, which seeks places that offer economic benefits for its implementation, according to costs of hand- labor, purchases of raw materials and production inputs, and taxes reduction. Besides these, there are other elements which are pull factors: the existence of physical and communication networks, such as highways, ports, airports, optical fibers and, in some cases, skilled workforce.

The so-called “tax war” is the competition between states and municipalities too, which aims to attract private investments with the reduction or exemption of taxes

14 This policy appears in the end of the 1970s in Britain and in the USA, and it professes the free market with the removal of the State from economy, which would act only in indispensable sectors, but just with a minimum level of participation. 15 The process of economic globalization, started in the end of the 20th century, has as one of its features the expansion of consumer markets, leading to enlarge the exchange of products and services among countries and increasing market competitiveness. 16 Brazil is a federal country divided into municipalities, states (and the Federal District) and the union. The Constitution of 1988 has a municipal character. It gave more power to the municipalities e it allowed the creation of new ones during the 1990s. For this reason, the national territory was politically fragmented. This constitution also enabled a greater transfer of funds from Federal Government to the municipalities using the Municipal Participation Fund (FMP), in which the transfers of resources are made at levels according to population size. Therefore, with the transferences guaranteed by FMP, the municipalities can waive the taxes or part of them in exchange for the installation of enterprises. Cities, nations and regions in planning history

and also the donation of land for settling enterprises, especially industrial ones. At first, what may seem a demonstration of competence and good administration of the municipalities and states is, in reality, subsidies and benefits given to private capital that mask the blackmailing of capital and submission of the State (OLIVEIRA 2009).

With the adoption of neo-liberalism, the CSN was then prepared to privatization. It was financially sanitized and it reduced the number of workers with programs of voluntary resignation. The company was privatized in April 1993 after strikes and protests.

The CSN was one of the first state-owned companies to be privatized in the country. The manner how this privatization happened impairs, up to nowadays, the municipalities where the company still owns lands. At a public auction at the Stock Exchange of Rio de Janeiro all the assets of the company were sold in single lot. In this transaction were included the lands of non-industrial use, where in the 1970s the expansion of the industrial park was expected. By that time of privatization, the surroundings of these lands have been already occupied by urban expansion. Urban equipments and services that were provided by the company were privatized along with the industry: hospital, schools and clubs, among others.

Thus, the CSN retains the ownership and the concentration of the best lands (continuous) available in the municipalities of Volta Redonda, Barra Mansa17 and Pinheiral. At the time of privatization a usual saying was spoken by Volta Redonda residents: “Who purchases the CSN, purchases the city”.

Since privatization of the CSN, the Médio Paraíba Fluminense underwent a productive and spatial restructuring. The company got prepared to compete in the global market. This action led to the dismissal of workers, alterations in the production process and in the relationships with varied elements (actors)18. Industrial activity, previously the largest generator of jobs in this region, gave place to the tertiary activities: trade and services (BENTES & COSTA, 2008).

In the microregion occurred the emancipations of Quatis (1990), Pinheiral, Porto Real (1995) and already in 1988.

These events seem to be motivators of the process of urban dispersion in this region, started in the 1990s.

In 1995 the municipality of Resende, in partnership with state government, manages to install the factory of buses and trucks of Volkswagen (now MAN) in the district of Porto Real after a competition between others municipalities and states. This fact was the motivator for the subsequent emancipation of this district19. An important

17 These first two municipalities form a conurbation along the Paraíba do Sul River (BENTES, 2008). 18 Suppliers, customers, employees, Government and society. 19 The new municipality could not have this plant in its territory, because the municipal border was altered differing from the former district boundary. 15th INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY CONFERENCE factor for the implementation of this plant in the microregion was the provision of steel by CSN.

Along with the emancipation, Porto Real starts to attract various industries to its territory: Guardian (1998), Galvasud (2000) Peugeot-Citroën (2000) e BMB Mode Centre (2009) among others, mostly related to the metal-mechanic sector20. These enterprises were financed with public funds from the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (National Bank of Economic and Social Development) - BNDES.

Recently, due to the booming of economy and consumption in Brazil and also the crisis of developed countries, new auto (Nissan) and heavy machinery (Hyundai) plants started to settle down in the region. Simultaneously there was the largest diversification of industrial activities and the implementation of trades and services – shopping malls, supermarkets, business and technical centers. There are residential condos (land lots), but in small number, located mainly near to other activities scattered throughout the territory.

These activities are part of a new economic cycle linked to the globalization process and to the new forms of economic and urban development, as well as to informatics and communication.

The already mentioned regional restructuring caused changes in the economic and social relationships, which are spatially reflected and extrapolate municipalities’ boundaries, developing themselves in the regional territory. The economic activities and the socio-spatial relationships have as a base and main axis the Presidente Dutra Highway that works as the articulator of the microregion and, at the same time, as the main mean of connection with the metropolitan areas of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

As a result, the daily lifestyle of population has changed. For most inhabitants of this region, it became a common fact to live in a municipality, work in a second one and study or spend leisure time in a third one.

Because of the urban dispersion there was a change of scale, from intra-urban to regional, along with the already cited new forms of occupation, disjointed and scattered in relation to the traditional centers (intra-urban). It also altered the inter relationships in different territorial scales, internal and external to the Médio Paraíba Fluminense.

20 This sector in which the automotive industry is inserted, it has benefited from tax incentives and tax exemption. It allowed its geographic redesign, since it was previously concentrated in São Paulo. Cities, nations and regions in planning history

CONCLUDING REMARKS

As noted, the microregion has been suffering changes in the territory that are modifying its internal features. The industrial enterprises installed in a scattered way have the effect of attraction and multiplication. It leads to the implementation of activities related to the response of labor, which are also located in a dispersed way in the territory. Nowadays, these new types of urban occupation are widespread in this region.

The phenomenon of the process of urban dispersion in the Médio Paraíba Fluminense fits in the definition of implosion-explosion of the city presented by Lefebvre (2003) and in the concepts developed by Monclús (1998), Fishman (1987) e Reis (2006).

Taking into account the classification elaborated by Garreau (1992) for the edge cities, dividing them into “waves” or stages of urbanization, it is noted that the dispersed occupation in the Médio Paraíba Fluminense partly resembles the ones happened in the USA and Canada. In the microregion occurred the first wave in a minor extent. It had some examples of suburbanization of residential condominiums to attend industrial workers of CSN, yet at the time of regional polarization. Because of this polarization and the trading areas concentrated in the traditional centers, this region has not gone through the second wave (malling), moving directly to the third one, which has business and service activities scattered in the territory.

By analyzing the concept proposed by Villaça (2001) about the urban expansion throughout the regional territory, it can be noted that in the case of the Médio Paraíba Fluminense, with the polarization started in the 1950s, the microregion was no longer an intra-urban space, but a regional urban space. The commuting of people, mainly the ones of labor and goods through the axis of Presidente Dutra Highway, have the structuring power of the regional urban space.

Figure 4 – bird’s eye view of Porto Real, 2011. Source: GeoEye/Google Earth, 01/02/2012. 15th INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY CONFERENCE

Moreover, specifically in the municipality of Porto Real is noted that urban sprawl mixes different activities without having any clear distinction between urban and rural (figure 4), as professed by Lefebvre (2003), and it resembles the Broadacre City proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright.

Finally, the participation of Brazilian Government was essential for the development of the Médio Paraíba Fluminense. It was the inducer of the industrialization for installing the CSN and later the regional polarization. The State also has responsibility in the process of urban dispersion in the microregion, as for the way how the CSN was privatized and for the lack of structural industrial planning – which would provide the possibility of organizing the production activities and the location of enterprises. At the same time, the State finances the establishment of new industries dispersed with public funds.

REFERENCES

BENTES, Júlio. Análise Ambiental-Urbana da Conurbação Volta Redonda-Barra Mansa, no Sul Fluminense-RJ. Niterói, Brazil: Master thesis, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), 2008.

______; COSTA, Maria de Lourdes. “A Cidade-Empresa e a Empresa na Cidade: Volta Redonda e a Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional” IN X SEMINÁRIO DE HISTÓRIA DA CIDADE E DO URBANISMO – X SHCU. Anais. Recife, Brazil: UFPE, 2008, CD-ROM.

FISHMAN, Robert. Bourgeois Utopias. The rise ande fall of suburbia. Nova York, USA: Basic Books, 1987.

FUNDAÇÃO CENTRO DE INFORMAÇÕES E DADOS DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO. Mesorregiões e Microrregiões Geográficas, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: CIDE, 2008. Available in: http://www.cide.rj.gov.br/cide/divisao_regional.php, 06/05/2008.

FUNDAÇÃO INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. IBGE Cities@, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE, 2011. Available in: http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/topwindow.htm?1, 01/02/2012.

GARREAU, Joel. “The Search for the Future Inside Ourselves: Life on the New Frontier” IN Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. New York, USA: Anchor Books, 1992, p. 1-16.

HALL, Peter. Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century. Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2002.

JACOBS, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, USA: Random House, 2002. Cities, nations and regions in planning history

LEFEBVRE, Henri. The Urban Revolution. Minneapolis, USA: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.

MONCLÚS, Francisco Javier. La ciudad dispersa. Barcelona, Spain: Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, 1998.

MOREIRA, Andréa. Barra Mansa: Imagens e Identidades Urbanas. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Master thesis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 2002.

OLIVEIRA, Floriano J. G. “Desconcentração industrial e espaço urbano metropolitano: análise territorial da expansão metropolitana e da formação de novos eixos econômicos produtivo no Rio de Janeiro” IN XIII ENANPUR – Encontro Nacional da ANPUR, 2009, Florianópolis. Anais. Florianópolis, Brazil: ANPUR, 2009, CD-ROM.

REIS, Nestor Goulart. Notas sobre Urbanização Dispersa e Novas Formas de Tecido Urbano. São Paulo, Brazil: Via das Artes, 2006.

SANTOS, Milton. “O retorno do território” IN SANTOS, Milton et al (orgs.) Território: globalização e fragmentação. São Paulo, Brazil: HUCITEC/ANPUR, 1994.

VENTURI, Robert; BROWN, Denise; IZENOUR, Steven. Learning from Las Vegas: The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form. Cambridge, USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology - MIT Press, 2001.

VILLAÇA, Flávio. Espaço Intra-urbano no Brasil. São Paulo, Brazil: Studio Nobel/ FAPESP/ Lincoln Institute, 2001.

WEBBER, Mervin. “The Post-City Age” (1968) IN LEGATES, Richard; STOUT, Frederic. The City Reader. London, UK: Routledge, 2000, p. 535-539.