Situational Analysis of Drug and Alcohol Issues and Responses in the Paciﬁ C 21

ANCD research paper research ANCD 21

of drug and alcohol alcohol drug and of

the Paciﬁ c 2008–09 Paciﬁ the analysis

issues and responses in in responses and issues Situational Situational

ANCD research paper 21 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Paciﬁ c 21

Situational paper ANCD research analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 2008–09

The Burnet Institute

A report prepared for the Australian National Council on Drugs © Australian National Council on Drugs 2010 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the publisher.

Published by the Australian National Council on Drugs PO Box 205, Civic Square ACT 2608 Telephone: 02 6166 9600 Fax: 02 6162 2611 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ancd.org.au

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 2008–09. / The Burnet Institute. ISBN: 9781877018244 (pbk). ANCD research paper; 21. Bibliography. Drug abuse — Pacific Area — Prevention. Drug traffic — Pacific Area — Prevention. Drug control — Pacific Area. Burnet Institute. Australian National Council on Drugs. 362.29091823

Editor: Julie Stokes Design: Starkis Design Printer: New Millennium Print

Acknowledgement: This work has been supported by funding from AusAID and the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the ANCD or the Australian Government.

iii x 1 1 3 4

11 45 14 19 24 25 27 27 28 29 30 32 33 33 36 36 38 40 43 43

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Regional overview Regional networks and responses Regional networks involvement Australian International involvement Gaps analysis lessons Health and development Conclusions Recommendations (6–12 months) Short-term goals (2–7 years) Long-term goals Cook Islands Introduction Drug and alcohol overview Illicit drug trends Licit drug trends Local responses involvement Australian International involvement Gaps analysis Introduction The region context Pacific Illicit drug trends Licit drug trends

1 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Executive summary Executive Acronyms and abbreviations Acronyms 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Acknowledgements Contents 3 Federated States of Micronesia ...... 46 3.1 Introduction ...... 46 3.2 Drug and alcohol overview ...... 48 3.3 Illicit drug trends ...... 48 3.4 Licit drug trends ...... 49 3.5 Local responses ...... 51 3.6 Australian involvement ...... 54 3.7 International involvement ...... 54 3.8 Gaps analysis ...... 55

4 Fiji ...... 56 4.1 Introduction ...... 56 4.2 Drug and alcohol overview ...... 58 4.3 Illicit drug trends ...... 59 4.4 Licit drug trends ...... 62 iv 4.5 Local responses ...... 64 4.6 Australian involvement ...... 67 4.7 International involvement ...... 68 4.8 Gaps analysis ...... 69

5 Kiribati ...... 70 5.1 Introduction ...... 70 5.2 Drug and alcohol overview ...... 72 5.3 Illicit drug trends ...... 73 5.4 Licit drug trends ...... 74 5.5 Local responses ...... 76 5.6 Australian involvement ...... 79 5.7 International involvement ...... 79 5.8 Gaps analysis ...... 80

6 Marshall Islands ...... 81 6.1 Introduction ...... 81 6.2 Drug and alcohol overview ...... 83 6.3 Illicit drug trends ...... 83 6.4 Licit drug trends ...... 84 v 91 90 90 92 93 94 95 95 97 97 98 84 86 86 87 88 88 89

110 112 115 115 117 100 103 104 104 105 105 107 108

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Licit drug trends Local responses International involvement Gaps analysis Niue Introduction Drug and alcohol overview Illicit drug trends Licit drug trends Local responses Australian involvement Australian International involvement Gaps analysis Nauru Introduction Drug and alcohol overview Illicit drug trends Australian involvement Australian Australian involvement Australian International involvement Gaps analysis Palau Introduction Drug and alcohol overview Illicit drug trends Licit drug trends Australian involvement Australian International involvement Gaps analysis Local responses Local responses 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.8 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.6 8.6 8.7 8.8 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.5 6.5 10 Papua New Guinea ...... 118 10.1 Introduction ...... 118 10.2 Drug and alcohol overview ...... 120 10.3 Illicit drug trends ...... 120 10.4 Licit drug trends ...... 122 10.5 Local responses ...... 124 10.6 Australian involvement ...... 127 10.7 International involvement ...... 128 10.8 Gaps analysis ...... 128

11 Samoa ...... 129 11.1 Introduction ...... 129 11.2 Drug and alcohol overview ...... 132 11.3 Illicit drug trends ...... 132 11.4 Licit drug trends ...... 134 vi 11.5 Local responses ...... 137 11.6 Australian involvement ...... 141 11.7 International involvement ...... 142 11.8 Gaps analysis ...... 143

12 Solomon Islands ...... 144 12.1 Introduction ...... 144 12.2 Drug and alcohol overview ...... 146 12.3 Illicit drug trends ...... 146 12.4 Licit drug trends ...... 147 12.5 Local responses ...... 148 12.6 Australian involvement ...... 149 12.7 International involvement ...... 150 12.8 Gaps analysis ...... 150

13 Timor-Leste ...... 151 13.1 Introduction ...... 151 13.2 Drug and alcohol overview ...... 153 13.3 Illicit drug trends ...... 154 13.4 Licit drug trends ...... 155

vii 171 181 161 161 185 186 188 189 190 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 169 172 173 176 179 180 182 182 184 184 155 157 159 160 163

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Local responses involvement Australian International involvement Gaps analysis Licit drug trends Local responses involvement Australian International involvement Gaps analysis Tonga Introduction Drug and alcohol overview Licit drug trends Local responses involvement Australian International involvement Gaps analysis Introduction Drug and alcohol overview Illicit drug trends Licit drug trends Australian involvement Australian International involvement Gaps analysis Tokelau Illicit drug trends Illicit drug trends Tuvalu Introduction Drug and alcohol overview Local responses 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 15 15.1 15.2 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 13.6 13.7 13.8 14 14.3 15.3 16 14.1 14.2 13.5 17 Vanuatu ...... 191 17.1 Introduction ...... 191 17.2 Drug and alcohol overview ...... 194 17.3 Illicit drug trends ...... 194 17.4 Licit drug trends ...... 196 17.5 Local responses ...... 199 17.6 Australian involvement ...... 202 17.7 International involvement ...... 203 17.8 Gaps analysis ...... 205

18 Appendices ...... 206 18.1 Membership of regional organisations ...... 206 18.2 4th PDARN meeting, July 2009 — participant-identified research priorities . 210 18.3 Pacific participation in United Nations conventions and treaties ...... 212 18.4 Participation in international, regional and bilateral trade agreements . . . 216 viii 18.5 Regional, Australian and national non-government organisations in the Pacific ...... 222 18.6 Table of relevant legislation ...... 230 18.7 Key bilateral aid estimates (2009–2010) ...... 236

19 References ...... 238 Acknowledgements ix - - hol Research Network, the former staff of participants in the Pacific Drug and Alco their knowledge, contacts and information. information. and contacts knowledge, their Finally, the support and providing in adviceInstitute Burnet the at leagues of col information, contacts and review must be recognised. the Pacific Regional HIV Prevention Project Project Regional HIV Prevention the Pacific and countless other people who shared - - Acknowledgements ous support provided by past and current AusAID through the Australian Government Government Australian the through AusAID would It Ageing. and Health of Department not have been possible without the gener This This situational was analysis commissioned Advi Expert Government’s Australian the by sory Committee on Asia–Pacific Regional Drug Issues with funding provided by x Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Acronyms andabbreviations GATS FSMed FSM FJ$ FIU FCOSS FAO EU EDF DEA CLAG CIANGO CDC CBO BMS BINL AusAID AU$ APG ANCD ALAC AIDS AFP ADB ACFID General Agreement onTrade inServices Fiji SchoolofMedicine Federated States ofMicronesia Fiji dollar Financial IntelligenceUnit Fiji CouncilofSocialServices Food andAgriculture Organization European Union European Development Fund (United States)DrugEnforcement Administration Combined LawAgencies Cook Islands AssociationofNon-Government Organisations United StatesCenterforDisease Control andPrevention Community-based organisations Border managementsystem (Federated StatesofMicronesia) Enforcement Affairs (United States)Bureau ofInternationalNarcotics andLaw Australian AgencyforInternationalDevelopment Australian dollar Asia/Pacific Group Australian NationalCouncilonDrugs Alcohol Advisory CouncilofNewZealand Acquired ImmuneDeficiencySyndrome Australian Federal Police Asian Development Bank Australian CouncilforInternationalDevelopment Acronyms and abbreviations xi Gross domestic product Gross tax Goods and services C virus Hepatitis Office Honolulu District virus Human immunodeficiency Injecting drug use Board Control International Narcotics Council Executive International Kava Force International Stabilisation Joint Country Strategy Agency Japan International Cooperation Strategy Joint Samoa Program Country Least Developed Goals Millennium Development of Health Ministry Non-communicable disease organisation Non-government(al) Fund Niue International Trust New Guinea) (Papua Board Control National Narcotics Plan (Cook Islands) Development National Sustainable New Zealand Agency for International Development New Zealand dollar Organisation Oceania Customs assistance development Overseas on Closer Economic Relations Agreement Pacific Legal Information Institute Islands Pacific General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade on Tariffs Agreement General GDP GST HCV HDO HIV IDU INCB IKEC ISF JCS JICA JSPS LDC MDGs MoH NCD NGO NITF NNCB NSDP NZAID NZ$ OCO ODA PACER PacLII GATT xii Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific STI SPC SHORE RSE RMI RAMSI PRO PRHP PNG PILON PIFS PICTs PICTA PICP PIANGO PGK PDARN PCAA PALP NSAAC Sexually transmitted infection Secretariat ofthePacific Community Centre forSocialHealthOutcomesResearch andEvaluation, NewZealand Recognised SeasonalEmployer scheme Republic oftheMarshall Islands Regional Assistance Mission SolomonIslands Pacific regional organisation Pacific RegionalHIVProject Papua NewGuinea Pacific Islands LawOfficers’ Network Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat Pacific Islands countriesandterritories Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement Pacific Islands Chiefs of Police Pacific Islands AssociationofNon-Governmental Organisations Papua NewGuineankina Pacific DrugandAlcoholResearch Network Palau CommunityAction Agency Pacific Anti-MoneyLaunderingProgramme National SubstanceAbuse Advisory Council(Fiji) Acronyms and abbreviations xiii Tuvalu Association of Non-Governmental Organisations of Non-Governmental Association Tuvalu Crime Unit Transnational Fund Trust International Tokelau United Nations on HIV/AIDS Programme Joint United Nations Programme Development United Nations Special Session on HIV/AIDS Assembly General United Nations Fund Children’s United Nations and Crime Office on Drugs United Nations in East Timor Administration Transitional United Nations United States of America United States dollar vatu Vanuatu World Health Organization Regional Office (WHO) Western Pacific Organization World Trade & Lifestyle Survey Health Behavioural Youth Behaviour Survey Risk Youth Samoa Umbrella for Non-Governmental Organisations for Non-Governmental Samoa Umbrella TANGO TCU TITF UN UNAIDS UNDP UNGASS UNICEF UNODC UNTAET US US$ VUV WHO WPRO WTO YHBL YRBS SUNGO xiv Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific suggests that illicit drugs are becoming becoming are drugs illicit that suggests by enforcement organisations and networks collected Information decade. a than more for agencies enforcement law regional and international by identified as crime related drug- for this risks the recognises limited, assessment somewhat remains Pacific the in use alcohol and drug of standing under- scientific that acknowledging While illicit druguse, wasrequired. on the Pacific region, including both licit and gion, Issues and Responses in the Asia–Pacific Re 2005 2004– ANCD-commissioned the Following on Asia–Pacific Regional Drug Issues (EAC). Committee Advisory Expert the for (ANCD) by the Australian National Council on Drugs commissioned analysiswas situational This Executive summary 1 use asanarea ofincreasing concern. and economic costs of high levels of alcohol social the highlight to begun have services community other and health importantly, More region. the in concern increasing an reports/research-papers.html>. Australian National CouncilonDrugs. Available at:

ing to substance use primarily among the key drugs of concern. Such an approach should seek to utilise the current and skills experience of both government and non- government agencies already identified as working to address these issues in order to re finite on drain any and replication avoid In sources. mitment to ongoing capacity building and exist this among development professional ing workforce. surveillance, research and service delivery in delivery service and research surveillance, sector. the alcohol and other drugs In the medium to longer term it is recom for that to similar approach an that mended (NCD) diseases non-communicable and HIV programming in the region be developed. would This entail the of development - a re framework multi-sectoral endorsed gionally for responding to alcohol and other drug issues in the region. A framework of this type would act as a guide for the - develop responses level national coordinated of ment tailored to the local context and respond development, resource allocation, data col- resource development, lection and analysis, a series of short-term (6–12 months) and long-term (2–7 years) For developed. been have recommendations focus three the recommendations, of set each response and research; surveillance; are: areas development. In the immediate future the data existing that propose recommendations plat- a as adapted be sets skills and sources form for increasing knowledge and and skills, strategic a building and gaps data filling of areas the in work of program longer-term Summary of recommendations capacity increased for need the Recognising ------that it is not a labour-intensive or reli facing families for income of source able financial pressures in vulnerable econo mies especially susceptible to interna tional market fluctuations. current health interventions to deal with deal to interventions health current the health and social consequences of substance use. eradication crop cannabis of success The and other supply reduction fact the programsby hampered be to continue will opment programs is at risk where sub unaddressed. remain issues stance use trea to conform to pressure International issues control border and agreements ties, use substance to response the skewed has con the without enforcement law toward A balanced approach between law enforce law between approach balanced A absent is providers service health and ment yet essential to effectively address the range of substance use issues identified region. the in - devel of implementation successful The Alcohol, including both legally and ille key the remains homebrew, produced gally the region. drug of concern in Cannabis remains the key illicit drug of concern in the region.

• • • • • mechanisms. It must also take into account into take also must It mechanisms. the following factors: • unique circumstances of each PICT and avoid avoid and PICT each of circumstances unique the tendency to regionally frame responses regional of support the from benefit still but The development of any policy the recognise and first pro must responses grammatic

1 Regional overview ------Work is also being undertaken Still today, available data are largely largely are data available today, Still 6 5 HIV, human rights and substance use among among use substance and rights human HIV, officers. going research priorities. going research Since the 2004–05 analysis, there are only limited reports of new research activities of number A use. substance on focus a with PDARN, to directly linked are identified those including rapid assessments in Papua New Guinea and Fiji looking at the interaction sexu and HIV with use alcohol and drug of addition, In (STIs). infections transmitted ally a behavioural study being undertaken by Policeis (PICP)of Chiefs Islands the Pacific to attitudes and knowledge police exploring other health and law enforcement systems an and consolidated systematically not and alysed. attempts This analysis to accurately place taking is collection data where identify and where it may be strengthened to con tribute to a more systematic approach to reporting on substance use In issues. addi- identify and gaps highlight to seeks it tion, under basic a for essential sources data the region. the in issues same these of standing inform to is goal the issues these reporting In allocation, funding around making decision on and development program and strategy The absence of formal illicit drug use sur 2004–05 the in noted was systems veillance analysis. ‘incidental’, collected most often as part of - - - - - 4 Equally the economic stakes are

For a discussion of these factors, see C. Spooner (2005), Structural determinants of drug use: a determinants of drug use: see C. Spooner (2005), Structural of these factors, a discussion For our thinking. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(2): 89–92. plea for broadening Drug and Alcohol Centre Point and Turning the Burnet Institute by fn.1. The analysis Above, Guinea and Timor-Leste. New Papua Solomon Islands, Samoa, Vanuatu, included Fiji, Tonga, communication, May 2009. Personal For a recent critique analysing the interests, see B. Neilson & M. Bamyeh (2009), Drugs in motion in Drugs (2009), Bamyeh M. & Neilson B. see interests, the analysing critique recent a For Critique , no. 71—Winter. Cultural Muse: Project of global mobilities. tracking a materialist toward 6 5 3 4 household expenditure surveys, and a review review a and surveys, expenditure household media and anecdotal reports. of websites, area, the analysis is informed by key inform key by informed is analysis the area, ant questionnaires and interviews, project and government reports, census data and Drug and Alcohol Research Network (PDARN) (PDARN) Network Research Alcohol and Drug as the key contacts, accessing information from across sectors via their networks. In addition to accessing the limited pool of peer-reviewed publications on the subject across across the isPacific not systematically col working undertaken was analysis this lated, Pacific the of members past and current with of factors with the potential to influence in the Pacific. substance use issues use substance on data that Recognising seeking to capitalise on profits from the al- the from profits on capitalise to seeking mind, in this With market. therapy ternative seeks to this analysis look at a wide variety reliable workforce, and from small-scale can small-scale from and workforce, reliable nabis producers benefiting from a highly profitable cash crop to traditional farmers interests — from large-scale domestic and international beverage manufacturers and importers to regional employers seeking a Substance use is associated closely with pat with closely associated is use Substance terns of human behaviour and is a sensi issue. tive high and with numerous and varied vested 1.1 Introduction 1. Regional overview 1. Regional 2 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific In reports from PDARN participants and serv vital first stepsinthis process. as use alcohol and drug of understanding pacity building in research skills and a greater ca- membershaveidentified PDARN the of ment of country profiles. Importantly, many develop the inform further to informants priorities identified in cooperation with key This analysis also seeks to highlight research Services Centre. Shared Asia–Pacific UNICEF’s and Program behalf of the Adolescent Health Development Pacific Countries by the Burnet Institute on grams for Most At-Risk Young People in Six Region’, Pacific Western the in use substance and (WHO) exploring issues around ‘Adolescents Organization Health World the of behalf on Wales South New of University the by 11 10 9 8 7 useparticular, in — markets drug local ing and violence. Information regarding emerg correlationspossible and usedrug between Other areas of concern include inhalant use communities. Pacific in concern of areas and alcohol use have been identified as key high and increasing levels of cannabis, kava ice providers, anecdotally and in the media, Listed indetail atsection1.6ofthis report (Regionalnetworks andreponses). November 2008. Oceania remains vulnerable toillicitdrugs, Australian Institute ofCriminology mediarelease, 17 Research andPublicPolicy series, no.96.Canberra: Australian Institute ofCriminology; drugs andweapons; R.McCusker (2008),ThePrecursor ChemicalTrade Environment inOceania. November 2008)concerning transhipment points forillegaldrugs andtrafficking onillegal Committee onForeign Affairs, DefenceandTrade inresponse toquestions onnotice(21 Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade, 19December2008,totheAustralian SenateStanding Advice by S.Wimmer, NationalManager, InternationalBranch, Australian Government 3rd PDARNmeeting,July2008. Personal communication, November 2008. Personal communication: project expectedtobecompletedinlate2009. 7 as well as a Desk Review of Pro of Review Desk a as well as 8 - - - - 9

the Pacific an ideal transhipment point for for transhipmentpoint ideal an Pacific the graphical and structural risk factors making sation (OCO) have highlighted existing geo bodies such as the Oceania Customs Organi concern. iscausefor across the region support the view that there seizures drug recent relatively trends, use substance local of indicator an necessarily stimulants — is equivocal. However, while not of amphetamine-type substances and other Nations conventions on narcotics control narcotics on conventions Nations United the ratify to legislation, amend to These agencies. responses are accompanied enforcement by pressure the of responses associated and threats seizures, on reports also OCO The (UNODC). Crime and on Drugs Office Nations United the and (DEA) Administration Enforcement Drug States United the from are data available Most enforcement responses to illicit drug issues. However, there is an apparent bias toward law quickly andlocallytoemerging trends. respond and identify to ability stakeholder damental barrier which continues to impair providersservice health and remains fun- a ment agencies and national law enforcement enforce and bodies coordinating national that limited information flow between inter illegal drugs. Key informants have identified 10 In addition, regionaladdition, In 11 - - - -

3 Regional overview ------without considering domestic effects. These These effects. domestic considering without regional a of benefit the highlight examples understanding while cautioning against an on reliant heavily too approach imbalanced do versus regional Other responses. regional mestic challenges including migration and detail in explored are stability governmental in the section below. sharing, and country-to-country mentoring mentoring country-to-country and sharing, and support Furthermore, mechanisms. in Assistance Regional the as such terventions lo impact (RAMSI) Islands Solomon Mission cally (on and Solomon regionally Islanders) in- complex these personnel); deployed (on complementary and con- require teractions sidered responses. Other examples include direct a with agreements trade regional-level impact upon domestic strategies to regu late alcohol imports and the occasionally advanced argument for a regional court. at Decisions regional level cannot be taken formed by geographical proximity and the and imperatives development parallel many and Timor-Leste characterise that factors risk the PICTs. Where the country profiles highlight local respond to capacity and organisations trends, to substance use issues, the regional over and themes common highlight to seeks view regional a justifying potentially areas identify overview regional a of benefit The response. skills and resource for potential the flag to is approach to development and interactions Although community. international the with it is not a member of regional forums and networks, Timor-Leste is included in this analysis. The logic for this inclusion is in

- - - - 12 centred, the broadening com- broadening the centred, Above, fn.10. Above, 12 ventions, interactions and assistance pro grams. In addition, representatives of all forums regional in participate States Pacific designed to create a strategic and unified The Pacificis characterised as aregion for the purposes of many international inter 1.2 The region by by broader recognition that alcohol needs plans national-level into incorporated be to concerning non-communicable diseases. includes appointment of advisers to support support to advisers of appointment includes Increas region. the in development program reflected also is issues alcohol to attention ing level level alcohol policy development and have activ- increase to PDARN the with engaged ity in this area. This renewed Pacific focus opment. Agencies such as WHO’s Western worked have (WPRO) Office Regional Pacific Community Pacific the of Secretariat the with (SPC) for a number of years on national- enforcement- issues use substance address also to mitment devel positive a is perspective health a from challenges facing Papua New Guinea and Pacific. Southwest the of States Island the While the early approach has been points for illegal drugs and trafficking on illegal drugs and weapons. security and economic main the considered The inquiry hearing by the Australian Senate Standing and Defence Affairs, Foreign on Committee transhipment the on questions raised Trade and incorporate offences for emerging drugs drugs emerging for offences incorporate and 2008 September A region. the in concern of 4 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 1.3 Pacific context of Chinese and Indian ethnicity. Many of of Many ethnicity. Indian and Chinese of populations later-generation large include Islands Solomon the and Fiji as such tries coun addition, In background.Polynesian up of people of Melanesian, Micronesian and The countries of the Pacific region are made Demographics outlined inthefollowingsection. specific relevance to individual countries, are of are they where highlighting PICTs, the contributing to the current situation across population; culture; and religion. Key factors remittances and visits by family; size of the patterns,visitors;migrationforeign to sure expo- governmentalstability; include: may The factors influencing substance use issues 15 14 13 substance use. particular, in — behaviours problematic in have in the likelihood of youth involvement methods disciplinary parental that impact reviewed publication reported on the heavy peer- recent A use. adult to lack attention of general a highlights and programs usestance addressedbe to wider of part as sub- for sufficient is it whether of concern youthwider programs. This focus raises the of part are and focus youth strong a have use substance addressing programs the of many and research the of much sequence, 50 per cent under 20 years of age). As high youth populations (in many cases, over very and drift rural–urban unemployment, PICTsthe are characterised by rateshigh of Western Samoa. Samoa hasbeen adoptedastheofficialnamefor thestatepreviously referred toas Organization. Auckland:SHORE. Treaties andAlcoholinthe Western Pacific Region . Reportprepared fortheWorld Health Centre forSocialandHealthOutcomesResearch andEvaluation (SHORE)(2006),Economic associated withadjustment problems. InternationalJournalofSocialPsychiatry,41: 1. M.W. Khan&C.Fua(1995),Children ofSouthSeaIsland immigrants toAustralia: factors 13 Arguably, parent substance

a con - - sharedissues is Pacific.the in common The to responses regional of development The Regional response mechanisms cluded ineachofthecountry profiles. of relevant demographic data have been in cant step in addressing youth issues. Details targeting adult behaviours may be a signifi so influential, similarly be will patternsuse grams are increasingly aligned with priorities Union for program delivery. While donor pro these countries Vanuatu, cooperate with In the European Strategy). Program Country velopment programs (e.g. the Samoa plementation of, as well as approach to, de im and design in cooperate Zealand New and Australia region, the in donors key As ing of development programs in the Pacific. There is increasing coordination in the fund Donor environment tial development of inappropriate responses. poten and issues of homogeneity around approachesalso risks incorrect assumptions regional only Adopting field. drugs illicit the in responses on impact similar a have management responses are equally likely to issues, alcohol specific to respond to countries individual of ability the on impact agreements trade regional Importantly, approach. regional a of challenges the highlighted have sations are apparent. However, a number of organi resources, combining to achieve shared goals limited with populations, small of benefits 14 and transnational crime crime transnational and 15 Joint ------5 Regional overview - - - - - Finally, the priority priority the Finally, 19 The character and skill 21 The importance of movement of movement of importance The 20 while another highlighted the absence absence the highlighted another while 18 respond to these issues. to these respond a key component of gross domestic product product domestic gross of component key a (GDP) in both Tonga and Samoa and have Employer programs (RSE) and programs other - Employer migra tion opportunities have provided many job work unskilled and skilled for opportunities alike. ers ‘unskilled’ labour throughout the region are migration of benefits economic the and often highlighted. an as Fiji from range workforces migrant of numbers to large labour, exporter of skilled of seamen from Tuvalu and Kiribati work ing abroad, to new recruits in the seasonal New and Australia to schemes labour migrant as identified been have Remittances Zealand. countries; in the 2004–05 Timor- analysis, Leste flagged more urgent and competing priorities. In 2009 and beyond, Fiji is fac ing long-term political uncertainty and exclusion from regional organisations which may impact on the willingness and ability to mobility Population In the PacificIslands, where high unem use, ad to barrier a as framework legislative a of issues. current dressing afforded substance use issues varies across ployment and population growthare commonplace, rates Recognised Seasonal - - - - - 16 At least one key informant iden informant key one least At 17 expanding job opportunities for Pacific Islanders through through Islanders World Bank (2006), At Home and Away: expanding job opportunities for Pacific Seasonal Employer Recognised DC: World Bank. New Zealand’s labour mobility. Washington in 2008 Prime Samoa and Vanuatu; Tonga, with Kiribati, Tuvalu, are agreements program will pilot a similar scheme. Rudd announced that Australia Kevin Minister RSE program: New Zealand’s Evaluating for development? M. Luthria (2008), Seasonal migration Economic Bulletin, 23(3). Pacific overview. Personal communication, May 2009. Personal at: 2009. informant interview, Key 2009. informant interview, Key 21 19 20 17 18 level response to address problematic alcohol alcohol problematic address to response level 16 framework, is likely to remain an ongoing challenge. national- a implement to reluctance a tified by by a - ensuring gov high level of instability, ernment support for interventions, in par minimisation harm a employing those ticular fective legislation and policy to facilitate the the facilitate to policy and legislation fective alco and drug of implementation successful characterised countries the In programs. hol ational analysis are characterised by varying varying by characterised are analysis ational stable Without stability. political of degrees and government it democratic process, will ef and consistent develop to difficult remain Governance situ 2008–09 this in included countries The in search and identification techniques for illegal substances. provide a framework for future programs. Program Boat Patrol Pacific the example, For future but industry, fisheries the on focuses training incorporate to flagged are activities programs specifically targeting these issues, issues, these targeting specifically programs many of the already funded regional law to potential the have programs enforcement issues issues the influence of Australian and New Zealand approaches to these matters will be significant. While there are currently no determined by national governments, in the the in governments, national by determined use substance to responses future of context 6 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific service provision. The flow of remittances to essential in working islands the on remain to than region the in jobs paid unskilled that skilled workers will elect to take higher risk the highlight to serves participants of home. turn re to incentive an providing as time same arrangement allowing workers to save at the reward for good workers, and a cost- program duration, repeat opportunities as a calculated participants, unskilled of tion selec- carefulthrough impact development RSE maximum for advocates essentially scheme Zealand New the of evaluation An lion (upfrom US$163 millionin2000). in the region is in the vicinity of US$446 estimated that the 2008 value of remittances education. secondary in investment contributed to increased national savings and 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 destination and origin the in people face origin. of countries the in use substance on impacts to how increased flow of disposable income benefits, social and economic obviousislandsprovides the Personal communication,May2009. Council ofNewZealand. overview. ALACResearch Monograph Seriesno.2.Wellington,NewZealand:AlcoholAdvisory Lives ofPeople from Tokelau, Fiji,Niue,Tonga, Cook IslandsandSamoaLivinginNewZealand:an Spooner above, fn.4;seealso NewZealandMinistry ofHealth(1997),ThePlaceAlcoholinthe World Bankabove, fn.20. Pacific. Pacific, UNExpertGroup MeetingonInternationalMigration andDevelopment inAsiaandthe in FijiandTonga. Bangkok:UnitedNations Economic andSocialCommission forAsiaandthe R.P.C. Brown (2008),RemittancesandDevelopmentinthePacific: effectson human development Ibid. and Fiji. AusAID survey also notesthat89percentoftheseremain concentrated inSamoa,Tonga AusAID (2009),Pacific EconomicSurvey2009:engagingtheworld . Canberra: AusAID. This WorldBankabove, fn.20. 26 While many of the same issues same the of many While 24 Advocacy carefulfor selection 25 but it remains unclear as as unclear remains it but sharing 22 It is It

23 mil - - residence, including New Zealand, Australia ers are well studied in their new countries of Both island- and overseas-born Pacific Island Non-resident Pacific Islanders on Pacific Islanders living in New Zealand. research Zealand New by demonstrated as factors, protective and risk context-driven countries, there will be a number of unique (and above) asissues of concern. informants key by flagged been also have islandsthe in families extended careof the labour and the return of ‘troubled’ youth to migrant industry-specific peace-keeping, ated impact. Community policing programs, context of substance use patterns and associ residence. Each should be considered in the with communities in their new countries of integration and migration upon use stance if Pacific Islanders are at specific risk for sub between returning Pacific Islandersinteractions andinclude locals, investigation further with specific reference to alcohol. Issues for and the United States (Hawaii, in particular), 28 27 - - - 7 Regional overview

- - - 33 - observa This 34 32 tion is important as the segregation or lack or segregation the as important is tion were struggling were to manage. impacts often services across coordination of on collection, recording and reporting of information. This is further demonstrated in HIV programming where many youth- change behaviour include programs focused and including life programs drug skills and alcohol information, but it remains diffi effectiveness and extent the capture to cult of the in response dealing specifically with substance use. More recently responses to alcohol use issues have been included in tries across the Pacific. tries across approaches Services delivery In the Pacific, where they exist, within drug and located often are interventions alcohol evalu large-scale No services. health mental approach of of this the effectiveness ations identified. been have context Pacific the in However, in a 2009 study of the situation in the Solomon substanceIslands, use was a key issue and one that participants felt mechanisms response community traditional potentially leading to reduced incomes with with incomes reduced to leading potentially service for resources on impacts subsequent relevant the reflects 18.3 Appendix delivery. coun in involved organisations and treaties - - - - Fur WTO WTO 30 29 In addition, tariffs and taxes are a key key a are taxes and tariffs addition, In 31 Tobacco and Alcohol in the Pacific Island Countries and Alcohol in the Pacific Community (2005), Tobacco of the Pacific Secretariat impacts on population health. Noumea: SPC. Agreement: Trade PDARN Meeting, July 2008. communication, 3rd Personal study in needs: a qualitative of mental health I. Blignault et al. (2009), Community perceptions International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 3(1): 6. the Solomon Islands. D.W. Zeigler (2006), International trade agreements challenge tobacco and alcohol control challenge tobacco and alcohol control agreements Zeigler (2006), International trade D.W. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(6): 567–579. policies, (2006), Alcohol Marketing and Evaluation for Social and Health Outcomes Research Centre Regional Office. for the WHO Western Pacific Region. Report prepared Pacific in the Western Auckland: SHORE. S. Reid Smith, Tonga’s WTO accession has TRIPS+ linkage (posted 15 December 2005): WTO S. Reid Smith, Tonga’s 2008). November (accessed 33 34 32 30 31 29 use. econ developing small for income of source omies in the Pacific, with liberalised trade highlighted as a difficulty for maintaining effective and appropriate nationalised and regional public health to responses alcohol such as regulation of tobacco and alcohol. taxa to challenges legal fighting of cost The tion and advertising regulations has been agreements can have a significant impact flexibility restricting policy, health public on issues, local to responding in autonomy and Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) all regulation, sale, distribution, the on impact taxation and advertising of alcohol. trade international in engagement thermore, form one overall ‘accession package’. ‘accession overall one form membership, the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade (GATT) and the General results of more general negotiations carried negotiations general more of results out between the candidate country and a working party of the WTO membership to concessions and schedules to liberalise trade trade liberalise to schedules and concessions in goods and services. The results of these bilateral negotiations are merged with the To join the World Trade Organization (WTO), (WTO), Organization Trade World the join To countries must negotiate bilateral agree Such procedure. entry their of part as ments agreements lead to specific commitments, Impact of trade 8 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific harmful but not illegal drugs, such as alco- to cultivation, production and sale of other applies imperative same the Furthermore, from limited income-earning opportunities. imperativeeconomic drivenbyresultingan being as cannabis) (particularly drugs illicit of cultivation the reported have many that milieu. and economic models exist inside the illegal and functions mirroring ‘legitimate’ business illegal global economy is not new. Structures consumption as contributing to an alternate The idea of drug distribution, trafficking and Economic imperatives of substanceuse. a way that contributes to the overall picture in evaluated be to need will and strategies programsand diseases non-communicable 39 38 37 36 35 economic benefits of such trade and inform and report on the health costs compared to for engaging health economists to compare down. close to would prove disastrous if tobacco plants were loss economic interestsdeclaredthe peting com- where Guinea PapuaNew in tobacco paigns such as the cam late-1980s from moves againstlearn to important is it issue, this identifying In kava. and tobacco hol, at theturnof newmillennium.SocialScienceand Medicine,53:153–164. M. Marshall, G.M.Ames&L.Bennett(2001), Anthropological perspectives onalcohol anddrugs (accessedDecember2008). 105(3): 287–310; seealso and history: didtheVanuatu–Tonga kava trade cease in AD1447?JournalofthePolynesian, Society The varying forms andsignificance ofthelegendare retold in:D.Luders (1996),Legendand M. Ware (2001), Savage harvest. TimePacific, 9April2001: describescannabis. (eds), AlcoholandHealthin8DevelopingCountries.Geneva: WHO, ch.7. M. Marshall (1999),Countryprofile onalcoholin Papua NewGuinea.InL.Riley &M.Marshall Project Muse: Cultural Critique,no.71—Winter. P. Gootenberg (2009),Talking abouttheflow:drugs, borders, andthediscourse ofdrug control. 35 What is important for the PICTsthe isfor is important What 36 There is a clear argument argument clear a is There - The this statement needs critical examination, examination, critical needs statement this tradition of drug use in the Pacific. However, There has been much discussion of the long ‘Traditions’ ofsubstanceuse employment andbusiness opportunities. support development of alternate education, Australia and New Zealand must continue to the policy response. Equally donors such as the turn of the century. ing drug and alcohol use was highlighted at importance of such perspectives for consider continuing The country. each of societies the to contributors traditional and cultural thropological studies illuminating the unique an of history rich a is there Pacific the In Samoa, Tonga andVanuatu. ends’ worldwide. available potent most the of Niugini Gold many of the islands, with varieties known as across wild grows now cannabis However, cific and the practice of cultivation adopted. Pa the to introduced was cannabis when on consensus clear no is There 1800s. the technology was introduced by Europeans in brewing that fact the of light in especially rituals of use reported in a series of ‘leg of series a in reported use of rituals

exception is kava with longstanding longstanding with kava is exception

which vary across the islands, including and Spak Brus 39 In fact, what little regarded as some 38 37 - - - -

9 Regional overview ------44 Many of the PDARN par PDARN the of Many 43 The association between substance substance between association The 42 use plays in this issue. in this plays use contribution of substance use to violence and other hardship for women particularly in the Marshall Islands, Nauru, the Feder ated States of Micronesia, Kiribati and the Islands. Solomon ticipants have reported the social impacts of substance use as a concern, with family members often absent for long periods of time spent drinking or in kava sessions. In contrast, gender-based violence was high lighted as a key development challenge in the region in a recent AusAID report, with substance role the of assessment limited only tries reported relatively limited alcohol use with decreased often which women, among age. This mirrors the traditional kava con men, to restricted been has which sumption with women participating in the prepara tion process countriesHowever, only. such as Vanuatu are reportingyoung among substances all concerns of use increased with women. for concern ongoing an is violence and use people in the A - region. Asian recent Devel opment Bank (ADB) report highlighted the Gender It is important to understand the interac tion of substance use across gendersthe Pacific.in A number of the study coun ------and An exam 40 fa’asamoa The kava circle has also been 41 , and their capacity to operate as pro as operate to capacity their and , Studies are not consistent in their definition of ‘youth’, with the range often as broad as range often as broad with the in their definition of ‘youth’, not consistent Studies are 15–30 years. Pacific Developing Member of Asian Development Bank’s (2008), Gender Profiles G. Nelson Countries. Manila: ADB. of international in Melanesia and East Timor: a review (2008), Violence against Women AusAID AusAID. lessons. Canberra: M.L. Devaney, G. Reid et al. (2006), Illicit drug use and responses in six Pacific Island countries. countries. Island in six Pacific and responses Reid et al. (2006), Illicit drug use G. M.L. Devaney, Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(4): 387–390. assessment of an States of Micronesia: Hezel (1997), Alcohol and Drug Use in the Federated F.X. Seminar (on Micronesian . Pohnpei: and treatment with implications for prevention the problem on the with an emphasis research discusses Treatment): behalf of the Center for Substance Abuse influencing the methodology. barriers cultural 43 44 42 41 40 tective factors in managing drug and alcohol alcohol and drug managing in factors tective understood. fully need to be more issues, the potential benefits of the rules govern ing cultural ritual such as kastom understanding of the language of consump of language the of understanding tion, successful targeted and appropriate interventions have been developed. Finally been important in understanding consump understanding in important been an With factors. protective and patterns tion provide into evolving patterns of substance of patterns evolving into provide cultures. and emerging use in populations Islander New Among Pacific Zealand the language has of substance use to challenge the notion of ‘traditional’ sub ‘traditional’ of notion the challenge to with intoxication of cultures and use stance studies existing that insight the ignoring out identified for its potential to provide insight insight provide to potential its for identified among consumption alcohol of patterns into PacificIslanders,useful forshaping future space be yet may there However, responses. ment adopted in a 1997 Federated States of of States Federated 1997 a in adopted ment Micronesia study investigating youth sub stance use. focused on ‘traditional’ drugs. ple of this is the anthropological approach and public to - policy interventions develop understanding of the issues exists is in part in is exists issues the of understanding due to anthropological studies which have 10 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific As noted previously, the interaction between reports linking cannabis use with violence. been identified, despite increasing anecdotal based studies exploring this relationship have in particular cannabis. However, no Pacific- psychosis, and violence and use substance investigating the causal relationship between researchinternational considerableof body media and from service providers. There is a that are receiving increasing attention in the arecorrelationviolence issuesthe with and cannabisuse,cannabisreports psychosisof the Solomon Islands and Fiji. High levels of cases of Tonga, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, larly highlighted by PDARN members in the Pacific context. This issue has been particu violence requires special consideration in the The interaction between substance use and Violence 48 47 46 45 HIV/ on Programme Joint Nations United the by commissioned report demiological transmission.epi- sexual recent on A focus region the in activities prevention HIV use, With only limited evidence of injecting drug HIV as adevelopment issue. prominence its despiterecognised well not substance use and gender-based violence is 16(2): 144–150. Vanuatu, Tonga andtheFederated States ofMicronesia. HealthPromotion JournalofAustralia , H. Corner, C.Rissel etal.(2005),Sexualhealthbehaviours amongPacific Islands youth in Other STIs2009–2013. Noumea:SPC. Noumea: SPC;Secretariat ofthePacific Community (2009), Pacific RegionalStrategy onHIVand Secretariat ofthePacific Community(2005),Pacific RegionalStrategy onHIV/AIDS2004–2008 . Personal communication,2008. the Pacific remains anecdotal. Over 200internationalarticles considering this issue were identifiedwhiletheinformationfor 45 -

other drugs as risk factors has been largely been has riskfactors as drugs other and infections.alcohol of contribution The work and high rates of sexually transmitted 2004–2008 HIV/AIDS on Strategy transmission identified in the PICTs.other in reported is any if little but Palau, and American-affiliated states, French Polynesia noted that injecting most often occurs in the public) the to released (not (UNAIDS) AIDS further study is required to show causation. but use, substance risky identified clearly Guinea New Papua and Fiji in assessments rapid Recent partners. sexual multiple and association between increased binge drinking tion, the research demonstrated a significant The percentage is greater in males. cent. per 34–52.9 of range the in was hol when under the influence of drugs or alco- that the total of youth who had ever had sex erate to high rate of risk. The paper showed Tonga and Micronesia demonstrated a mod Vanuatu, in youthrisk in of study recent A become of increasing interest in the Pacific. has it recently More countries. Western in behaviours and drugs and alcohol is common Study of the interaction between sexual risk egy onHIVandOtherSTIsfor2009–2013. and its successor, the overlooked in both the 2004–2008 strategy 46 The main riskmain The factors HIV for Pacific Regional Strat Pacific Regional 48 were sex sex were In addi 47 - - - Regional overview 11

- 53 51 2007

World Drug Report The risk factors for are the factors region The risk 52 375 kilograms of heroin in Fiji, 2000 in Fiji, of heroin 375 kilograms 160 kilograms of heroin shipped from 2001 to Vanuatu, Myanmar of cannabis between Samoa and American other and Fiji between movement and Samoa, nations. of Institute Australian an in detail in included Oceania. in precursors on report Criminology Significant seizures in theincluded: region have • • gathered from Australia and New Zealand, inter- marginal only of consequently is and est for this assessment. In the same report, the PICTs are not identified as ‘significant’ excep possible the with countries, producing South and Asia cultivation. cannabis of tion origin of points identified clearly are America in the region. for other illicit drugs Transhipment of drugs in the region is a concern raised by the OCO and other law enforcement agencies across the region. However, there seems to be inter-regional movement of drugs, notably the shifting 1.4 Illicit drug trends 1.4 Illicit drug The UNODC includes data for Oceania, predominantly - - - - - Research among PacificIs 50 an analysis of the involvement of of involvement the of analysis an 49 & danger? Trends real or apparent Islands: Crime in the Pacific (2006), Transnational R. McCusker of Institute Australian 2006. Canberra: no.308, March in Crime and Criminal Justice, Issues report, i.e. the of this countries not the focus publication includes Pacific This Criminology. trafficking a increasingly is region the that view the presents and territories, American and French chemicals. for precursor route Personal communication, July 2008. Personal . Vienna: UNODC; Drug Report 2007 and Crime (2008), World Office on Drugs United Nations : availability of and Crime (2003), Oceania Regional Overview Office on Drugs United Nations Bangkok: UNODC therapy. and opioid substitution needle and syringe exchange programmes for East Asia and the Pacific. Regional Centre communication, Tonga and Samoa: personal for of cannabis identified as a source also Fiji is July 2008. Up to 90 per cent in some of the countries included in this analysis. included in this Up to 90 per cent in some of the countries New Zealand it has been shown that there there that shown been has it Zealand New

53 52 51 49 50 ming to the exclusion of all other services is is services other all of exclusion the to ming as unlikely to succeed in this context as in the world. across other settings the positive role that religious groups have the harms, use substance limiting in played program abstinence traditional of adoption example, the Methodist Church — have suc have — Church Methodist the example, cessfully advocated kava use over alcohol, as it is associated with less harm. Despite tion among Pacific Islanders than among the the among than Islanders Pacific among tion linked been has this and population general supported view is This practice. to religious for — churches of number a that fact the by factor against problematic substance use. In is a lower prevalence of alcohol consump constituents. living landers suggests abroad that actively a practising religion can act as a protective ers have traditionally taken on the role of ‘regulating’ social behaviours among their With high rates of active participation in reli in participation active of rates high With life, gious use substance of prevention the in churches is This countries. Pacific all for interest of is lead- religious where important particularly Religion 12 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific exception of the Fiji ‘super’ lab, illicit drug drug illicit lab, ‘super’ Fiji the of exception more. kilograms 100 and enough precursor chemicals to produce mine, 700 litres of liquid methamphetamine kilograms of finished crystal methampheta- 5 yielding laboratory ‘super’ amphetamine seizure at what is known as a crystal meth- significant a also was there 2004 in Fiji In • • • • 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 available.easily and cheap is it because largely considered, PICTs six the among choice of drug the as reported was cannabis report, 2005 a In in numberofplants. the Pacific seizures of cannabis are measured tonnes,in aremetric routinely measuredin Where seizures in major producing countries seizures in the PICTs are comparatively small. UNODC (2003), Pacific Profile, August. DEA above, fn.55,quoting aUSNationalInstitute onDrug Abuse report. Above, fn.40. Fiji, Papua NewGuinea,Samoa andVanuatu. Devaney etal.above, fn.40. Marshall Islands andPalau. August: outlinesseizure details for1995–2003includingdrugs transiting theSolomonIslands, Ibid; UNODC(2009),GlobalSMARTUpdate2009,vol.1, March; UNODC(2003),Pacific Profile , (accessed October2008). (DEA– 04012). Available at: US DrugEnforcement Administration (2004),DrugIntelligenceBrief:ThePacific IslandsRegion Ibid. a beachinVanuatu in2004. 120 kilograms of cocaine found buried on Papua NewGuinea,2002,and into pseudoephedrine and ephedrine of tonnes 12 of importation the prevented Board Control Narcotics International Australia, 2002 Singapore on a ship travelling to Fiji and in methamphetamine of kilograms 74 98 kilograms ofcocaineinTonga, 2001 57 A reviewA recent of related 56 55 However, with the the with However, 54 to exist alongside an emerging, but not yet media reports suggests this trend continues in thisapparentin issuestrend. for Important arrests and reporting are likely to be factors enforcement campaigns leading to increased the region and the emergence of targeted law across increasingis use cannabis that state unequivocally to information insufficient is There substances. amphetamine-type of numerically significant, trend toward the use ing of cannabis are the illicit drug cases most view that offences for possession or traffick for the countries in this analysis supports the available) (where reports court of review A and no new estimates have been identified. old decade a than more now are data the 350 to up and Guinea New Papua in users cannabis million one Profile reported there were in the vicinity of in Palau. high usage of 34 per cent of the population the population in the Marshall Islands, and a of cent per 2 of marijuana of usage low a youth population. the among use of levels high the and use between mental health issues and cannabis concern to key informants is the interaction potency. its for renowned cannabis use are that it is locally grown and 60 Notably, the 2003 UNODC 59 In 2004 the DEA reported

000 daily users, but daily 000 58 Of particular particular Of Pacific 61 - Regional overview 13

- - - 65 but but 67 66 69 000. This study

In the research undertaken undertaken research the In 68 500 and 25

current current estimate is available for Timor-

ing in 2005–06. in ing also is cannabis analysis, 2004–05 the since noted as the drug of most concern, along with alcohol. These findings are theresult of multi-site rapid assessments undertaken New Guinea. in Fiji and Papua No Leste. and Australia New Zealand were not study. for this included in the region It is reported that 6.7 per cent of all HIV New Papua outside Pacific the in infections IDU, through transmitted were Guinea many countries report it is still not a sig behavioural of spite in is This issue. nificant Fiji, Islands, Solomon the Vanuatu, in surveys Kiribati, Tonga and Papua New Guinea re inject youth for figures single-digit porting the world. For the whole of the Pacific region, region, Pacific the of whole the For world. the the estimates study epidemiological recent a somewhere at users drug injecting of number between 14 excludes Tokelau and the Cook Islands.

- 62 The draft summary 63 The interaction of injecting and 64 Ibid; in some countries it was a matter of one or two individuals identified as injecting. Ibid; in some countries it was a matter of one or two individuals in the of drug and alcohol use the role & Fiji School of Medicine, Investigating Burnet Institute to reference specific with in the Pacific, infections of HIV and other sexually transmitted spread 2008–09. Awards Research Development Australian AusAID report. Fiji. Unpublished No available estimate. No available with and consultation 000 papers 11 of over included an assessment review fn.63: this Above, experts. regional & In C. Jenkins to HIV in the Pacific. vulnerability H. Buchanan-Aruwafu (2007), Youth HIV and preventing and Contexts Matter: understanding H. Buchanan-Aruwafu (2007), Cultures Bank. . Manila: Asian Development in the Pacific Key informant, 2009. Key and HIV of injecting drug use et al. (2008), Global epidemiology L. Degenhardt Mathers, B. to Group for the 2007 Reference (a report review a systematic among people who inject drugs: 1733–1745. The Lancet, 372(9651): the UN on HIV and Injecting Drug Use), Kiribati, Fiji, States of Micronesia, Federated the States, Island summary of data on Pacific Draft citing: WHO (2006), Second New Guinea and Vanuatu, Papua Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Island in 6 Pacific Surveillance Surveys of HIV, Other STIs and Risk Behaviours Generation Regional Office. Countries (2004–05). Manila: WHO Western Pacific 68 69 67 65 66 64 62 63 HIV has been well reported and remains HIV an has been and well remains reported around prevention HIV for challenge ongoing notes that injecting is reported in a number a in reported is injecting that notes of but countries, the extent still is not well known. injecting drug use (IDU) listed only eight that reported zero HIV prevalence among injecting drug users. only rarely. reporting countries 148 of study a 2008, In programs are on court-ordered treatment. on court-ordered are programs include reports the in appearing drugs Other frequently, most amphetamines and cocaine with occasional ecstasy and reports, heroin place. Indeed the system for diversion is for is diversion for system the Indeed place. that recognised is it where Palau in malised all the people currently in drug treatment relatively low and it is not clear if they reflect reflect they if clear not is it and low relatively informal if or offences substance-related all diversion from the court system is taking often before the the total courts. However, is areas all in judgments reported of number for the burden of disease review of PICTs 14 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific have been noted for over a decade in the the in decade a over for noted been have patterns consumption alcohol Problematic 1.5 Licitdrugtrends gesting aless‘organised’ marketplace. fruit, vegetable and fish markets, each sug- local the in sales cannabis report regularly Fiji in media addition, In income. plement sup to crops growing are villagers where exampleVanuatuisan but ensuing period, the in this of reports significant any been bis cultivation in the region. There have not increasingcommercialisationthe canna- of toward tendency the analysisnotes ational laundering and violence. The 2004–05 situ identifying links between drugs, guns, money dangers of increasing cannabis consumption, Finally, the media continue to report on the 71 70 consumption. of terms in prohibitions’, or the absence of well-formed cultural ‘norms in risk, greater a is there Thus, Pacific. the in history short relatively a have patterns consumption alcohol Harmful Europeans. of arrival the until brews indigenous oped devel not had Pacific Islanders that noted specifically is it PICTs.Furthermore, the to technologies brewing and alcohol duced Pacific. It is accepted that Europeans intro- consumption; this maystillrepresent amajorconcerninPapua NewGuinea. Refers toethanol andotherderivative alcohol products notproduced specifically forhuman selected majorriskfactors. Vol.1. Geneva: WHO. Comparative QuantificationofHealthRisks:globaland regional burden ofdiseaseattributableto J. Rehm,R.Room,M.Monteiro etal.(2004),Alcoholuse. InM.Ezzatietal.(eds)(2004), - - - intoxication is more prevalent in economies the region. Global burden of disease analyses reports on alcohol consumption patterns in The World Health Organization periodically Alcohol alcohol use issues. and drug emergingrespond to to structure infra and services health public stretched Finally, there is increasing pressure on already have been past public health problems in in problems health public past been have methanol pure of consumption occasional and spirits methylated drinking of Reports sumption have been reported in the region. alcohol non-beverage and beverage both addition, In section. trends drug licit the in considered be will each analysisthis of purpose the for but Pacific, the across consumed are alcohol illicit and licit Both outside the developed market economy style. terns. pat drinking and development economic between link established the is Pacific the for relevant Particularly outcomes. chronic and acute and dependence, intoxication, effects, biochemical injury, context, social for the burden. The burden is influenced by and pattern of consumption as the predictors note the greater impact on men, with volume 70 Reportedly, drinking to the point of 71 con - - - Regional overview 15

- - - 76 75 Samoa chapter). Kava Kava is consumed by all major Polynesian groups except the New Zealand Maori and on two islands of Micronesia (Kosrae and significant a by consumed also is It Pohnpei). proportion of the population in Vanuatu. The kava legend illustrates its cultural sig nificance, highlighting the often ritualised respondent respondent drinkers in Australian and New Zealand studies was at significantly higher, 11 at population, general the than litres, 21 litres. Anecdotal evidence suggests similar patterns in the PacificIslands. The non- concluded research Island that peo- Pacific associated greater had patterns drinking ples’ butharms, there is insufficient evidence to draw the same conclusion for Island pop ulations. comparative However, analysis of other health indicators has proven useful in understanding other health issues in the (see context this in useful be could and past of the general population, at 85 per cent. This trend seems to be mirrored in recent Island-based studies. However, annual av Island Pacific by consumption alcohol erage

- - 73 72 74 Refer FAO report on consumption for the region. on consumption Refer FAO report peoples’ drinking style: too much or J. Huakau, A. Lanuola et al. (2005), New Zealand Pacific nothing at all? The New Zealand Medical Journal, 118(1216). is part report included an estimate of 70 per cent (Vanuatu Islands In 2003 the UNODC Pacific of Melanesia). Tobacco Control and Alcohol in the Pacific Island Countries Trade Trade Island Countries and Alcohol in the Pacific Control M. Allen et al. (2005), Tobacco impacts on population health. Noumea: SPC. Agreement: M. Marshall (1988), Alcohol consumption as a public health problem in Papua New Guinea. in Papua as a public health problem Alcohol consumption (1988), M. Marshall ‘meths’ to consume reported are International Journal of the Addictions, 23(6): 573–589; Fijians April 1957, April Islands Monthly, Pacific and in ‘homebrew’, with kava, mixed unadulterated, December 1978b; Islands Monthly, drunk in Kiribati, Pacific is also 1972; Methylated spirit New Guinea Post- Papua December 1967; and New Caledonia, Islands Monthly, Nauru, Pacific Journal regained, lost and paradigm E.M. Lemert (1979), Paradigm p.3; 1981, 17 March Courier, Drinking in 1979: 34–74; E.M. Lemert (1964), of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement 8, November communication, personal , 66(2): 361–374; American Anthropologist societies, Polynesian three 2009. March 75 76 73 74 72 population. In this context, the proportion per 57 drinkers, are who Islanders Pacific of proportion the than less significantly is cent, land has been considered among Samoan, Cook Island Maori, Tongan, Niuean, Fijian and Tokelauan communities, comparing Zealand New general the with consumption land and the United States have been the Pacific research. alcohol and drug of subject Islander alcohol consumption in New Zea products. data, In addition to domestically generated communitiesPacific in New Australia, Zea- alcohol consumption data for the region, but but region, the for data consumption alcohol such data do not capture significant con brewed illegally and homebrew of sumption and specifically the effect on consumption. on effect the specifically and The United Nations Food and Agriculture and tobacco collects also (FAO) Organization the Pacific Communitythe the details Pacific effect of Pacific the in alcohol and tobacco including Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA), address the issue, and note a recent decline recent a note and issue, the address in the practice. of Secretariat the by commissioned report A the Pacific, but States such asTonga have responded with legislation to specifically 16 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific youth is cited as evidence of a significant significant a of evidence as cited is youth on life,workandsocialinteractions. as an ‘amotivation’ syndrome, with impacts organ damage, and what has been described of evidence some condition, skin a include non-psychotic origin. sion and restlessness, and mild depression of used for treatment of nervous anxiety, ten- of the genito-urinary tract. It has also been cystitis, urethritis, rheumatism, and infection for treatment herbal a as used been has it social and ritual importance. its despite effects, health and narcotic its trolled substance in Australia, recognised for across the Pacific, kava is now a strictly con used widely extract plant a is it Although with spirits. communication facilitating and rank ing reaffirm kinship, of ties strengthening in importance its and consumption of nature 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 change a patterns,consumption in change drinkers. kava among higher much drugsand areatypical has shown that consumption rates for these research past because concern a as flagged associ is illegal, not while drinking, Kava ated with alcohol and tobacco use and is and use tobacco and alcohol with ated McDonald &Jowitt above, fn.79. Vanuatu is anexample ofthis. Ibid. Ibid. Drug andAlcoholReview,19:217–227. D. McDonald&A.Jowitt(2000), Kava inthePacific Islands: acontemporary drugofabuse? Alternative andComplementaryMedicine,8(3):237–263. A. Denhametal.(2002),Kava —theunfoldingstory:report onawork-in-progress. Journalof yoqona inFiji. adf.org.au/druginfo/fact_sheets/kava/kava.html> (accessed December2009);kava is also called Australian DrugFoundation DruginfoClearinghouse, Fact sheet onkava:

con

has - - - - - Regional overview 17 - - - - - 91 In addition, the shift to to shift the addition, In addition, countries such countries addition, 89 In Pacific approaches to to 87 88 mirrors the preference for imported imported for preference the mirrors 90 people access to products by prohibitionist regimes may be interpreted as Western at the accessing from people prevent to tempts modernisation. and globalisation of benefits Local production of tobacco and alcohol is also considered a good source of income government to addition in employment and from revenues raised their sale and import. Finally, religion has been shown to play a role in the decision of PacificIslanders to smoke, or not — a scenario that may similarly tested for alcohol. be as Tonga have responded by convening a to Control Tobacco on Committee National begin addressing the health effects of its consumption. bacco control are of significance, as many - alco the in work at forces structural the of hol industry are similar to the tobacco in sporting of sponsorship industry e.g. dustry, events. cultural and commercially manufactured cigarettes as a ‘sophisti westernised modernised, of symbol cation’ Denying PICTs. many in beverages alcoholic to tobacco use, with the majority of PICTs signing up to the United Nations Frame work Convention on Tobacco Control as a point. starting ------While it has 84 While recognising that 86 Inhalant use is commonly a youth- is Inhalant use 85 Key informant interview, 2009. informant interview, Key fn.86. Above, Ibid. as early as the 1830s; in some cases being a non-smoker occurred campaigns Ibid. Anti-smoking congregation. of a for membership was a requirement 4th PDARN meeting, Vanuatu, July 2009. 4th PDARN meeting, Vanuatu, communication, 2009. activity; personal an AusAID-funded Tingim Laip is and the disease, chronic smoking, The second fatal impact: cigarette (1991), M. Marshall , 33(12): 1327–1342. in Oceania, Social Science and Medicine epidemiological transition of Tokelau. With the exception not been reported in New Papua Guinea, a - dis avoid to taken was decision considered 89 90 91 87 88 85 86 84 has been a relatively significantresponse issues, especially among youth in the Pa notes that, in to cific, analysis contrast this other substance use considered here, there reported in reported a - number of relat publications ing to the Pacific. health to contributor significant a is smoking Tobacco commu and smoking tobacco of rates High nity acceptance of the practice have been specificissue and it appears to follow the in the Pacific. it occurs pattern where same to substance use activities to avoid curiosity curiosity avoid to activities use substance to partici program among experimentation and pants. cussing it as part of the Tingim Laip response response Laip Tingim the of part as it cussing PDARN delegates from other countries re none but substances various of sniffing port to the in extent Fiji. reported While not illegal, the increasing use of inha of use increasing the illegal, not While requires and significance particular of is lants further study. Such use has been increas Guinea. New Papua and Fiji in reported ingly Inhalants 18 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific the subject of a number of ethnographic ethnographic of number a of subject the been have use betel of impacts health The mouth. the beautifying and phlegm, ing such as expelling wind, killing worms, remov benefits provide to said is Chewing illegal. way similar to tobacco or caffeine. centralnervousthe stimulating a systemin lang, pinang or supari, is only mildly narcotic, known as Areca nut, paan, paan-gutkha pin ( nut Betel Betel nut 95 94 93 92 Guinea, TheLancet , 340(8819): 577–578. 2009); S.J.Thomas &R.MacLennan(1992),Slaked limeandbetelnutcancerin Papua New papuanewguinea/4140970/Papua-New-Guinea-bans-betel-nut.html> (accessed September 2009. Available at: (accessed Areca catechu Areca ), also commonly commonly also ), 92 It is not 93 - -

has been identified as an issue in some PICTs, chewing. when use lime the with cancers,mouth and ing associated possibly research has shown links between betel chew around tuberculosis transmission. In addition, concerns to response in consumption and salestreet-based restrictions introducedon recently has government the where Guinea able. studies, with limited scientific studies avail betel nut use is not a focus of this analysis. 94 It is primarily of concern in Papua New 95 While it While - Regional overview 19 - - - - However, from a However, 100 The exception is in the 101 to alcohol and other drugs are included in Much of the legislation against illicit drug in offences related and trafficking cultivation, - emerg manage to ill-equipped is PICTs the ing issues and does not apply to new and amphetamine- as such substances emerging type stimulants. largely have which states American-affiliated adopted the United States Reported forms. courts that indicate PICTs the from judgments currently exercise a degree of discretion in sentencing in relation to alcohol and illicit drug offences, an approach to be encour approaches legislative specific of Details aged. gested that the successful enforcement of regional environmental treaties related to the for import of resources other and fishing could PICTs a provide model for managing international crime, including drug traf ficking and production. chal many are there perspective, governance should caution and approach this for lenges be advocated when considering regionalist activities. illegal for legislating to approaches Legislation agreement. A detailed overview of the coun the of overview detailed A agreement. can convention each ratified have that tries be found at Appendix 18.3. sug- been has Convention it as significant, is adherence

- - - 99 contrast, at the time of of time the at contrast,

In 98 The international conventions on The international conventions 96 and Timor-Leste, have signed up to the the to up signed have Timor-Leste, and 97 , August 2003; N. Boister (2004), Regional cooperation in the suppression in the suppression (2004), Regional cooperation 2003; N. Boister , August Profile UNODC, Pacific Paper Forum. Pacific by the assessment threat crime in the South Pacific: of transnational to for International Law? Where Era: to International Law and Security in the Post-Iraq presented Canberra, and New Zealand Society of International Law, of the Australian Annual conference June 2004. Tokelau is covered under the New Zealand agreement. covered is Tokelau See Appendix 18.3. See Appendix 18.3. of transnational in the suppression cooperation for regional (2005), New directions N. Boister , 9(2). Law Journal of South Pacific crime in the South Pacific, , 29th South Pacific Forum, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, 24–25 States of Micronesia, Federated Pohnpei, Forum, Forum Communique, 29th South Pacific 1998. August 101 99 100 97 98 96 situational analysis, Samoa, the Cook Islands Islands Cook the Samoa, analysis, situational and Vanuatu have signed up to the 1988 ties. ties. The Solomon Islands is a party to the New as Convention, Guinea, Papua is 1961 which is in negotiations for adherence to the 1988 Convention. Since the 2004–05 drug control; and many of the others are conventions. three the of one only to party Fiji and Tonga are party to all three trea Tobacco Control. Tobacco study this in included countries five writing, on conventions UN the of none to party are this this analysis, with the exceptions of Toke lau United Nations Framework Convention on on Psychotropic Substances and 1971; the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Nar narcotics control include: the Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961; the Convention cotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988. Notably, the countries included in The 29th South Pacific Forum called for the the for called Forum Pacific South 29th The the of implementation and ratification early drug to related conventions Nations United control. International treaties 1.6 Regional networks and networks 1.6 Regional responses 20 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific developed in relation to drug and alcohol alcohol and drug to relation in developed was response (CLAG) Agencies Law bined response to international crime. the coordinating in instrumental been has (PIFS) Secretariat Pacific Islands Forum the At least since the 1992 Honiara Declaration, roles andresponsibilities) Law enforcement (drugcontrol approval —theoutcomeis notyet known. before the Papua New Guinea Parliament for Tonga. A version of thein Bill haslegislation also for been basis put the as used was It gaps. identified and legislation outmoded narcotics control for PICTs aiming to address for legislation model as drafted was 2002 Bill Control Drugs Illicit an Notably 18.6. of relevant legislation is provided at Appendix profiles country an individual and overview 105 104 103 102 drug control issues. PICP and PIFS is also designated to address OCO, the including group working joint A the shape of these reforms remains unknown. reviews of existing illicit drugs legislation, yet reformslaw haveannounced countries and Committee were unsuccessful. A number of the time of writing, attempts to contact the identified outlining current activities and, at Committee, but no published data have been Security Regional Forum a is There issues. drug for policy country-based or regional a PIFS representative noted that there is no issues. In a personal communication in 2005, November 2008). 2008, available at: (accessed Transnational crimecontinuedthreat inPacific, RadioNewZealandInternational, 5June Available at: (accessed July2009). New transnational crimeunit helpingtomakePacific safer, SolomonTimes , 24July2009. Australian NationalCouncil onDrugs. Drug IssuesandResponsesinthe Asia–Pacific Region.ANCDResearch Paper 12.Canberra: Burnet Institute &Turning Point AlcoholandDrugCentre (2006),SituationalAnalysisofIllicit Boister, ibid. 103 102 The Com - Solomon Islands. Solomon the 2009, July of as and, Vanuatu Guinea, established in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Papua New ficking. Transnational Crime Units have been obligations including people and drug traf- enforcement law international support to Transnational Crime Teams across the region Federal Police (AFP). The AFP has appointed Australian the by supported is Centre tion Coordina Crime Transnational Pacific The and forums are significantsuccesses. ment to and participation in these networks has become the norm. The ongoing commit ment with limited resources, resource sharing environ- an in Pacific and, countries Island all to common areissues development and ing issues in specific disciplines. Many health respondemergdevelopingstrategiesto to - responseregionalnetworks of plethora a is Pacific.the Therestandardapproachin the regional responses to cross-cutting Developing issues has laws. become aligning and nations frombenefit may sharing resources The Pacific Plan 2005 considers how Pacific in theregion. priority high a remains crime transnational security and re-emphasised that combating economic and human to threat the lighted high Secretariat Forum Pacific Islands the the capacity of Pacific police. In June 2008, Policing Initiative is designed to strengthen 105 104 The Pacific Regional Regional Pacific The - - - Regional overview 21

- - - - - 106 108 However, noHowever, sys 109 Key informant comments 107 International Narcotics Control

response to kava consumption was identified. identified. was consumption kava to response The benefits of a harmreduction approach were discussed simultaneously with a cau applying what indiscriminately tion against has worked elsewhere. tematic responses to the negative impacts Solomon Islands, Fiji and Vanuatu, data are are data Vanuatu, and Fiji Islands, Solomon collected on substance use-related hospi tal admissions. suggest the criteria for identifying an ad mission as substance use-related are broad protocols treatment what clear not is it and exist. The Board reports on methadone consumption and availability in the Cook Islands in the the for listed nothing with period, 2005–07 included in the report. other PICTs supported regionally a for need the 2000, In it is unclear as yet how this will manifest. have PICTs of majority the earlier, stated As on Convention Framework the to up signed such countries addition, In Control. Tobacco response national developed have Tonga as and control tobacco concerning mechanisms issue this to response advanced more a have than to alcohol. op treatment to respect with written is Little number a are There users. substance for tions mental between association the on papers of health issues and cannabis use and, in the include strategies for the mitigation of the these. of part as alcohol of effects harmful to discretion the have involved countries The include drugs and alcohol as an issue, but - - - See Solomon Islands in this report; St Giles Hospital in Fiji also collects such data. in Fiji also Hospital St Giles report; in this See Solomon Islands Drugs: estimated world requirements (2008), Narcotic Board Control International Narcotics of consumption Levels XIV.1 See Table United Nations. for 2008; statistics for 2006. New York: in defined daily doses for statistical drugs, of narcotic consumption average drugs: of narcotic purposes per million inhabitants per day. fn.79. McDonald & Jowitt above, Personal communication, May 2008. Personal 109 106 107 108 Countries can elect, but are not bound, to vascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory respiratory chronic diabetes, disease, vascular disease, and cancers). The SPC is working with PICTs to develop country strategies. alcohol as a principal risk factor for the four four the for factor risk principal a as alcohol (cardio Pacific the in diseases prevalent most Any national framework response needs to take into consideration WHO collaboration with - the Frame SPC to the develop Pacific work for the Prevention and ControlNoncommunicable Diseases. of This includes ally mandated modes response to establish evidence-informed programs. mode of response, in particular school-based school-based particular in response, of mode education programs, need to be assessed, there is scope to build on current nation lifestyles facilitatingprograms inclusion of alcohol use issues as a component. While this of appropriateness and effectiveness the to be part of general education, covering counselling, healthy lifestyle and mental health. This is also reflectedby the SPC’s non-communicable diseases and healthy similar to the Fiji National Substance Abuse Abuse Substance National Fiji the to similar Advisory Council have developed a signifi tend programs The literature. of amount cant support the conclusion that this remains the the remains this that conclusion the support prevention primary of terms in However, case. programs for illicit drug use, organisations The previous situational analysis reported that there are limited targeted programs for drug and alcohol the across use region. representatives PDARN of presentations The Health 22 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific including where and how alcohol-related alcohol-related how and where including considered, carefully be to needs alcohol taxing in governments of objective actual begin to affect these measures. sociated with complex trade agreements may as- difficulties earlier-mentioned the more, untaxed and are therefore cheaper. Further toddy and homebrewed products, which are illegal for account to fail they Pacific, the a number of these may be employed across and targeted education, among others. While bans licences, taxes, include consumption engaged mechanisms for regulating alcohol commonly the sphere, international the In Regulation of thereal andperceived benefitsof use. ming is likely to remain a challenge because identified during this analysis, and program been have consumption kava excessive of 114 113 112 111 110 as well as contributions tax (employee regimes taxation and licensingsales, direct Where important revenue is generated from return. revenue of rates high and sales may be government monopolies on alcohol For all of the PICTs, the key barrier to change revenue is invested. Denham above, fn.78. November 2008.Available at:. Pacific kava exportstoEurope expectedto resume, RadioNewZealandInternational,12 kava growers have argued thatthedrinkis safe. Brussels Agreement, October2008. 2001 andseveral otherEuropean countriesfollowedsuit,onthebasis ofhealthconcerns. Pacific kava-exports.pdf> (accessed September2009);Canadabannedtheherbin2000,Germany in

convention onalcoholcontrol. changes, such as implementing a framework issuesadvocatedrug and illicit for and licit local organisations mandated to address both no currently are There importance. ticular non- developing measures to address problematic of challenge the Equally, limited. be may consumption reduce and regulate to tion goods and services type taxes), any motiva- tional restrictions on kava sales. The Food The sales. kava on restrictions tional arounddebate introductionthe interna- of lion. United States, a market valued at US$8 kava was among the top-selling herbs in the trade can resume. to improve quality control of kava, before the flicts in the research and for Pacific growers allows for resolution of any remaining con- bans over possible health risks. This decision of years six after trade the restore to cess Government have agreed on a two-year pro in Brussels in October 2008. within two years after an agreement reached normal to return to trade kava the expects Council Executive Kava International The the European Commission and the German the EuropeanCommissionand the 114 beverage alcohol consumption is of par However, there has been increasing increasing been has However,there 113 Before the ban, in 1998, 112 The Council,

mil - - - Regional overview 23 ------Timor-Leste is an 116 The overall extent of extent overall The 117 and has been involved in large-scale behav large-scale in involved been has and ioural research activities on substance use undertaken at the time. In 2003, UNODC documented the role of community-based other and groups church use substance to responding in organisations Pacific. the in issues docu well otherwise not is involvement this mented, but agencies such as the National and Fiji in Council Advisory Abuse Substance Kiribati and Tuvalu in Unions Fishermen’s the addition, In respond. to mandated clearly are the Micronesia Seminar has been involved in the response in the American-affiliated late-1990s, to mid- the since least at states, tunately in early 2009 the organisation has tunately in early 2009 the organisation uncer an faces and spotlight the into come tain future due to funds mismanagement and the subsequent withdrawal of donor funds. At the time of writing, a caretaker manager is working to these resolve issues. A civil society coordinating mechanism of infor support to potential the has type this mation sharing and resource development among community-based NGOs working in the alcohol and other drugs field and to the response. strengthen analysis are members; interim PIANGO’s member. areas of strate building information; sharing are: focus gic capacity; strengthening key relationships; and ensuring quality performance. Unfor - - - - - 115 PIANGO: (accessed March 2009). The exception is is 2009). The exception (accessed March PIANGO: suspended In April 2009, activities were the group. New Zealand on by represented Tokelau, issue at the time of writing, this funding misuse; regarding network due to concerns under this had not been resolved. for East Asia Pacific Islands. Bangkok: UNODC Regional Centre Profile: UNODC (2003), Pacific and the Pacific. N. Wendt (2004), Australia’s role in the region: preventing failed states. Paper presented presented Paper failed states. preventing region: in the role N. Wendt (2004), Australia’s Amnesty , Inaugural Perspectives and Partnerships Agenda — to Human Rights: A Pacific at: 4–5 September 2004. Available Human Rights Conference, International Australia australias-role-in-the-region- preventing-failed-states_sep04.pdf>. 117 116 115 countries. All of the PICTs considered in this this in considered PICTs the of All countries. representatives of national bodies, broadly representative of NGOs in the respective inaction or complicity in corruption. in complicity or inaction The Pacific Islands Association of GovernmentalNon- Organisations (PIANGO) is an umbrella organisation constituted by and Democracy Movement, particularly their their particularly Movement, Democracy and Pacific that ensure and awareness raise to work Island decision makers are accountable for include: the Pacific Concerns Resource Cen Resource Concerns Pacific the include: the Globalisation; on Network Pacific the tre; Ecumenical Centre for Research, Education Rights Human Tonga the and Advocacy; and in the region providing in technical the assistance providing region supporting and rights human on advice and civil society strengthening. Other examples have have an important role to The play. Pacific widely (known Team Resource Rights Regional presence significant a established has RRRT) as response to substance use issues. In support In issues. use substance to response and exposing ing corrup good governance bodies advocacy regional Island Pacific tion, Non-government organisations Non-government soci civil Pacific-based among exists Potential the enhance and support to organisations ety cal analysis of the properties of kava since imports. to restrict the decision Standards Association of Australia and New and Australia of Association Standards biologi stringent a undertaken has Zealand 24 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 1.7 Australian involvement ery and challenges for meeting Millennium meeting for challenges and ery deliv- service areashealth all of in capacity systems,recognising increasedfor need the Bank and is focused on strengthening health with New Zealand, WHO, SPC and the World cooperation close in deliveredis Assistance to lawenforcement. practitioners, training to research from ing rang issues use substance to related tions (FSMed), each performing a variety of func South Pacific and the Fiji School of Medicine the of University the SPC, PIFS, including (PROs) organisations regional Pacific eight stitutions. Aid includes financial support for disaster response and supporting regional in gender, environment, fisheries, land, ture, training,governance,and trade,infrastruc - gram in the Pacific include health, education The current focus areas of Australia’s aid pro 122 121 120 119 118 priorities and of development successful to contributors key as law of rule taining effectiveness, reducing corruption and main government improvementin identified has MDGs. the of achievement port development resources in the region to sup of coordination improved to commitment strengthened a outlines which Compact, Cairns the of issue the over presided and Since August 2009 Australia has chaired 6. PIFS and 5 4, (MDGs) Goals Development Ibid. AusAID (2008),Tracking Developmentand Governance inthePacific. Canberra: AusAID. pacific/govern3.cfm> (accessed November 2009). AusAID, Strengthening law andjustice systems, available at: (accessedNovember 2009);MDG4:reduce childmortality, MDG5:improve AusAID aidactivities—Pacific health,available at:

International Development Australian Agencyfor in this area. to partnerships with PROs and New Zealand Attorney- the Australian Federal Police and Australia’s governmentwith approach,work including whole-of- a adopt Australiaprefersareato governancethe MDGs.In the achieving for proving service delivery aims in the Solomon implement the National Health Strategy; im Papua New Guinea by providing assistance to These include: improving health outcomes in programs. bilateral of part major a health with attention, increased receive to issues these programsexistingfor within scope is drugs on Pacific communities. However, there mention of the impact of alcohol and other per cent. 6 only of average an by grew which ance assist development overseas to compared cent, per 36 of rate growth annualised an have grown to US$425 to estimated were region the across tances US$1.1 of vicinity the Pacific in the was sourcesto AusAID reported that net aid from all donor 2008, In 2004–2009. Strategy Aid gional Re Pacific the is Pacific the in program aid current Australia’s for framework The

billion in 2006. in billion 122 General’s Department, in addition The 2008 report did not include 120

million in 2005 with 121 Formal remit Formal - - - - Regional overview 25 ------Deutsche (AFD), the United Kingdom De Groupe Groupe Agence Française de Dével infrastructure development. GTZ has provided provided has GTZ development. infrastructure significant support in Timor-Leste with a resolution andon alternative conflict focus dispute resolution activities. In a number of the PICTs not affiliated with the United tech and funds provided has USAID States, nical assistance to aid military training in support of peace sepa- and is security; this rate from the direct budget and trust fund American-affiliated the to provided support Local for Fund small-scale a has CIDA states. Initiatives for projects proposed by local organisations. GmbH (GTZ). Where agencies have provided provided have agencies Where (GTZ). GmbH bilateral program funds, there has been a focus on non-health-related programming, devel infrastructure to allocated funds with environ and management resource opment, issues. mental protection The AFD has a focus on the former French the in programs significant without territories focus countries of this situational analysis. Taiwan ICDF has undertaken programs in a number of the analysis countries in the last two decades, with many of and the loans on large focus a and completed projects eral international development cooperation cooperation international development eral searched Agencies undertaken. was agencies included International Japan’s Cooperation for Agency States United the (JICA), Agency Ca the (USAID), Development International nadian International Development Agency (CIDA), oppement the Development, International for partment - Develop Cooperation International Taiwan ment Fund (Taiwan ICDF) and Zusammenarbeit Technische für Gesellschaft 1.8 International 1.8 International involvement bilat key of programs current the of review A - - - - - communicable disease risk factors include life skills programs which address consumption; drug other and alcohol youth 18.5. outlined at Appendix are details and World Vision are key players, with com with players, key are Vision World and munity-based programs including youth- focused activities. Many of these activities lated among the network list. A wide variety variety wide A list. network the among lated of Australian-based NGOs implement pro grams in the suchPacific. Organisations as Australia Oxfam Australia, Children the Save Pacific, a search of the Australian Council for for Council Australian the of search a Pacific, website (ACFID) Development International - circu emails to addition in undertaken was To identify Australian NGO programs in the in programs NGO Australian identify To Australian non-government non-government Australian organisations ative health services; reducing the prevalence prevalence the reducing services; health ative of non- and Tonga; in obesity and smoking as such addressing and management strengthening in Nauru. non-communicable diseases through better access and quality of health of quality and access better through care services; supporting long-termprevent improve eco to Tuvalu in growth nomic cable diseases and the development of the health workforce in Samoa; accelerating progress in Vanuatu towards health MDGs Islands to strengthen public health functions; functions; health public strengthen to Islands non-communi of reduction the supporting 26 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific commodities program with the objective of of objective the programwith commodities agricultural an announced Bank World the grams and develop unified strategies. In 2008, ance,there istendency a coordinateto pro Withrespect tooverseas development assist and Tonga. Islands Solomon Guinea, New Papua Niue, Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, monitored include Timor-Leste, Fiji, Marshall being Pacificcountries issues.Other dering listedaddresscountrieslaunthe to money classification is designed to exert pressure on Cook Islands, Samoa, Vanuatu and Palau. This the include program,concern’ of ‘countries as an indicator of drug trafficking. Under this Programme (PALP). Money laundering is seen its four-year Pacific Anti-Money Laundering US$1.5 contributed has EnforcementAffairs(BINL) The Bureau of International Narcotics and Law 125 124 123 the principal beneficiary. development programs. Papua New Guinea is on poverty reduction via sustainable economic technicalassistance. Development Bank receiving loans, grants and are 14 Pacific member countries of the Asian There interventions. previous of result a as stimulateeconomictogrowth region the in oped in view of a perceived failure of the Bank activities. poverty reduction via economic development October 2009). cpo.nsf/vLUWebProjEn/6FE4397A37169ABC852575B000372B45?OpenDocument> (accessed Canada InternationalDevelopment Agency, available at:; andseetheADB’s Pacific Strategy 2005–2009;note For details oftheAsianDevelopment Bank’s assistance toPacific countries, see Vanuatu. States ofMicronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Palau, Samoa,SolomonIslands, Tonga and 27–29 February 2008;theWorld Bankclassifiesthe Pacific Islands toinclude: Fiji, Federated Pacific Kick-OffWorkshop oftheAllACPAgricultural CommoditiesProgramme (AAACP),Samoa, World Bank(2008),The BankandthePacific Islands:background informationnote forthe

million in 2007 to the PIFS as part of 123 This type of response was devel 124 The programThe focuses - - - - of the South Pacific.South benefit thecountries The of (NZAID) and implemented via the University DevelopmentInternational for Agency land European Development Fund and New Zea BasicofEducation is supported by EU’sthe The Pacific Regional Initiatives for the Delivery economic agreements. and improvetrade to (EU) Union European an Economic Partnership Agreement with the Countries in the Pacific have been negotiating councils, cooperatives and women’s groups. forsuch funding include local NGOs, village poverty.ing organisationsmain The eligible CFLI contributes to the overall goal of reduc or technical assistance to local populations, the small projects that offer direct social, economic of the western Pacific. In providing funding for implemented by local organisations in countries aimstosupport small projects proposed and TheCanada Fund forLocal Initiatives (CFLI) creating sustainable futures. communities and to contribute positively to economic and cultural development of their to actively participate in the social, spiritual, them enable will skillsthat and knowledge for children and youth to acquire the values, opportunities expand to is activity the of goal The Vanuatu. and Tuvalu Tonga, lau, New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Toke MarshallIslands, Palau,Niue, Nauru, Papua Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Islands, Cook include: project the from ing 125 - - - - Regional overview 27 - - - - A multi- 126 a venue and people go to the car park for a drink; ‘the circle’: ‘modelled’ on the kava circle; and ‘drinking school(s)’: where the a regional strategy, in which the issues relate relate issues the which in strategy, regional a traditional cultural, behavioural, complex to commu and Health interactions. social and from benefit to stand personnel services nity - devel the from taken lessons the reviewing opment and implementation of successive region. the across strategies prevention HIV What can be taken from the experience of Zea New in workers drug other and alcohol land is the importance of terminology in framing the context and illuminating the ‘banking as such terms Understanding issues. at the pub’: spending all money on alco hol; ‘boot drinking’: alcohol is banned in literature, especially with reference to under to reference with especially literature, standing consumption of and to responses alcohol and illicit substances. Such preferred. an approach seeks to avoid assumptions around consumption and the complexities associated with problematic substance use. The risk of assumptions is where context a in relevant particularly also in responses framing is position default the 1.10 Health and Health and 1.10 lessons development The importanceapproaches is highlighted in the available of anthropological disciplinary approachqualitative and adoptingquantitative measures is both addition, the analysis identified relevant M. Marshall et al. (2001), Anthropological perspectives on alcohol and drugs at the turn of the on alcohol and drugs perspectives Anthropological et al. (2001), M. Marshall new millennium. Social Science and Medicine, 53(2): 153–164.

126 with no data provided to support or deny view. this issue issue of increasing concern. Attempts were made to identify reports of substance use received, were responses where — prisons in it was as treated minor a concern relatively polydrug use is gaining momentum but there there but momentum gaining is use polydrug topic, the on research available no virtually is an as this highlighting informants key despite of substance use. What focus there is tends is there focus What use. substance of concerning discussion The youth. on centre to available for up to a decadecomplete almost followedan is There by gaps. significant absence of surveys into adult population substance use patterns and these thebehaviours have onimpact use and uptake across a number of surveys, but maintaining maintaining but surveys, of number a across remains analysis and collection for resources data of examples with challenge, obvious an trends in substance use across the region. In time-series data for a number of countries expenditure surveys and import data which, which, data import and surveys expenditure clear identify to insufficient are useful, while collection and collation of data to develop informed and appropriate responses. This analysis has identified a varietysources, of datasuch as household income and While existing regional organisations have the potential to provide the beginnings of a framework for addressing illicit and licit drug issues, there is a need for the regular 1.9 Gaps analysis 28 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific concern. While alcohol isrelativelyalcohol a While concern. recent of drug primary the is it Overwhelmingly 16 analysis. all this of in part as considered concern PICTs of drug a is Alcohol 1.11 Conclusions an alternate understanding of ‘abstinence’. drinksoccasions,social during highlighting few a having report still drinkers being not reported who those Finally, patterns. tion consump of effects health individual the on than rather drink, the of implications this group is greater emphasis on the social for important Also context. Zealand New the in consumption understanding in tial an environment) drinking informal in but bar, a of sense western the in (not alcohol the of intake controls barman 129 128 127 societal roles. and identity to linked often and ritualised ‘traditions’ such as kava use, which is highly longstanding with equated be cannot this but ‘intoxication’, cases some in and tion’, people live in ‘cultures of alcohol consump countries there is a contemporary view that raised for significantly longer. In many of the been have concerns Guinea, PapuaNew as the countries considered. In some cases, such sumption has occurred for over a decade in con harmful region, the into introduction Palau, Marshall Islands, Federated StatesofMicronesia. Zealand Ministry ofHealth.Auckland:SHORE. Pacific DrugsandAlcohol ConsumptionSurvey2003:final report.Vol. I. Reportprepared forNew Ibid; Pacific Research andDevelopment Services&SHORE/WharikiMasseyUniversity (2004), Monograph Seriesno.2.Wellington:ALAC. Fiji, Niue,Tonga, CookIslandsandSamoalivinginNewZealand: anoverview.ALACResearch New ZealandMinistry ofHealth(1997),ThePlaceAlcoholintheLives of People from Tokelau, 127 is essen- is 128 - - - undertaking legislative reviews to address address to reviews legislative undertaking strated a commitment to legislative reforms, addition, many of the countries have demon organisations. donor In and agencies ment enforce law international of bias the much of reflects arguably this but control, customs and border around concern more noticeably is There PICTs. the in use local of terms in concern little of still are drugs With the notable exception of cannabis, illicit States Government. United the from grants significant receive which states American-affiliated the from surveys. The strongest data sets are available surveillancebehavioural via collected often most are consumption drug other and hol alco youth on Data change. behaviour on interventions specific of impacts the assess to evaluation little is there period, given a in undertaken activities of number the on cents. While many agencies are able to report adoles- among use drug other and alcohol cation and training programs in response to a tendency toward prevention-focused edu options are apparent across all PICTs. There is treatment of lack and issues health mental drugs, all of patterns consumption Youth new andemerging drugconcerns. 129 - - - - Regional overview 29 - - - - - actions (6–12 months) and long-term goals goals long-term and months) (6–12 actions (2–7 years). They are further divided into and research; surveillance; categories: three development. response In resource-limited settings, an effective response depends on using existing pro grams and data sources, while recognising that in the long term the evidence base for to needs region this in interventions effective existing engaging addition, In improved. be service providers and recognising the cul tural and economic context are essential for success. Accordingly, the recommen dations comprise immediate short-term groundwork for framing a response to sub- to response a framing for groundwork stance use issues in the region. Although pro successive satisfactory, fully always not challenges and risks highlighted have grams for working in the Pacific. In 2004–05 the previous situational analysis of drug issues Pacific six included region Asia–Pacific the in to led data of dearth apparent An countries. the establishment of the Pacific Drug and 2005. in (PDARN) Network Research Alcohol 16 details analysis situational 2008–09 This cur the increase to seeking countries, Pacific issues, use substance of understanding rent and data responses and gaps programming in the region. 1.12 Recommendations International development programming in the Pacific has already laid much of the the way of treatment options beyond these. beyond options treatment of way the health programs and, in some instances, via instances, some in and, programs health in identified was Little programs. counselling of the purpose of such a surveillance system system surveillance a such of purpose the of and to compared its the cost-effectiveness, provision of a broader range of treatment services, is necessary. Currently, treatment services are largely delivered via mental careful consideration. Given there is little or little is there Given consideration. careful and alcohol to allocated funding specific no scrutiny Pacific, the in programs drug other on the appropriateness of such systems on requires bases population small with islands While there has been much discussion about about discussion much been has there While introducing drug and alcohol surveillance systems in the PICTs, a separate analysis 30 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific (6–12 months) 1.13 Short-termgoals • impacts. Itis therefore essentialto: is rarely focused on substance use trends and to large data gaps for other groups. Analysis groups (e.g. youth and sex workers), leading geted toward commonly identified high-risk tar are use, substance on focused where and, radically,purposes other for ordinarily data. Much of these data are collected spo- hospitalisation and police accident and injury data; census national surveys; surveillance export data; youth lifestyle and behavioural income and expenditure surveys; household import and include: sources data Current Surveillance • • • • countries andregionally. Island Pacific individual in use stance sub- emerging for system early-warning an developing of feasibility the assess Crime, indatacollection,and and Drugs on Office Nations United the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office and engage international agencies, such as the UNODC GlobalSmartProgram) (e.g. initiativesregional with collaborate and alcoholquestions inroutine surveys drug specific of inclusion for advocate tion trends consump and production drug other and alcohol on data regular collect to build on existing data collection systems - - quences of substance use in the Pacific and extent of social, economic and health conse funding be made available to investigate the the central issue. It is essential that targeted than rather factor risk a considered is use substance wherein region the in programs development other and HIV via sourced is funding research current the of Much Research • • • • • • • propriate responses. Itis essentialto: subsequent findings be used to develop ap other drugresearch. and centres with expertise in alcohol and institutes research established with cals research, student placements and sabbati encouragePacific Islanders undertake to activities, and skills through implementation of research research in building capacity promote collaborations andnetworking research PDARN encourage to continue twinning arrangements identify opportunities for research centre and other drug issues in the Pacific region mation sharing and reporting on alcohol infor for platform a as website the PDARN manage and resource adequately in thePacific hol and drug research and data collection Network (PDARN) as the network for Research alco Alcohol and Drug Pacific the build on the existing momentum behind research inthePacific region drug other fund and alcohol for sources ing specific enhance and identify ------Regional overview 31 promote capacity building for existing treatment programs and other service providers work with current service providers to current of evaluation rigorous undertake and interventions, trial and rigorously evaluate a range of community-based small-scale alternative interventions. • • • ------identify opportunities to improve exist programs rehabilitation and treatment ing and services establish mentoring relationships between between relationships mentoring establish serv drug other and alcohol experienced ices at all stages in the of spectrum care and support, and Pacific-based service providers engage current non-government and gov and non-government current engage ernment service providers in education and training and professional develop ment in programs the alcohol and other field drugs identify and/or advocate for fundingopportunities to develop a - respond for regionally framework Pacific endorsed ing to alcohol and other drug issues • • • international funding for regional security to: essential is It programs. enforcement and • equipped to address the range of emerging of emerging the range equipped to address issues, but are usually appropriate only for critical care. There is external pressure and crop eradication programs. Services are often often are Services programs. eradication crop men in embedded cases some in and hoc ad adequately not are which services, health tal two-dimensional, two-dimensional, focused on school-based demand reduction programs, and supply reduction via customs, border control and While many PICTs have national alcohol poli alcohol national have PICTs many While cies, these are not well implemented, if at all. Other current to responses alcohol and other drug production and use are largely Response development Response 32 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific (2–7 years) 1.14 Long-termgoals Pacific-based drug and alcohol research research alcohol and drug Pacific-based emerge. they as use substance of impacts to understand and respond to trends in and sustainedA program researchof is required Research mechanisms. ment of national and regional coordination terns and trends supported by the develop- pat drug of reporting routine and regular include should system a mechanisms. Such cessful regional networking and coordination usedexistingmethods in on suc- modelled be shouldframework reporting and system surveillanceregional a of development The Surveillance large-scale research activities should be be funded toenhancealocalevidencebase. should activities research large-scale addition, In region. the in centres research supported via relationships with established centres of excellence should be funded and - advocacy activities, to implement effective effective implement to activities, advocacy createdtargetedincreasedwill, via political and issues the of recognition requires This issues. drug other and alcohol to respond to the framework strategic a through of development achieved be may benefits significant PICTs, of number a in reforms legislativerecentand on policy building By Response development development programs. professional continuing and qualifications training programs, degree and postgraduate vocational through workforce drug other developmentthe porting and alcohol an of sup and control; border and enforcement prevention and treatment responses over law of favour in allocation funding of balance legislative reforms; advocacy to improve the islative review for informed and appropriate Activities may also include: supporting leg- review. and evaluation rigorous to subjected tions interven drug other and alcohol for trials ongoing include will This issues. emerging evidence-informed responses to current and - - Cook Islands 33 Islands form part of a self-governing

in 1965 residents chose self-government in self-government chose residents 1965 in association with New Zealand. free The Cap- after named democracy parliamentary British a became Islands Cook The Cook. tain administrative 1900, By 1888. in protectorate and Zealand, New to transferred was control

131 870 (July 2009 est.) 11 27.1% 0–14 years: 63.7% 15–64 years: 9.2% (2009 est.) over: and 65 years 1.07 male(s)/female (2009 est.) population: Total Definition: Not available 95% population: Total Male: Not available Not available Female: 13.1% (2005) (#144) 15.1% Agriculture: 9.6% Industry: Services: 75.3% (2004) New Zealand dollar (NZ$) (2008 est.) US dollar: 1.4151 Per The country is made up of 15

130

The Australian The Australian men in transit. mobility and Cook Islands (2008), Neoliberalism, K. Alexeyeff New Zealand. Statistics , 19(2): 136–149, quoting data from Journal of Anthropology at: Population Age Gender Literacy Unemployment sector by Employment Currency rate Exchange 130 131 Pacific between Niue, Samoa and French Polynesia. islands and atolls covering an estimated total land area of square kilometres. 241 2.1 Introduction The Cook Islands are located in the South Source: Source: 2. Cook Islands 2. Cook 34 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific the urban flow. In addition, under current ar islands are less developed, thus perpetuating this concentration is that many of the outer the Northern Island group. in cent per 7.1 and group Island Southern cent), with 20.6 per cent of per residents living in the (72.3 Rarotonga in centrated con- isIslands, population Cook the the In Maori population living abroad is 58 Islands. Cook the in overseas as Islanderslive Cook many as times four to threeapproximately that notes which Office, Statistics Island estimates has been highlighted by the Cook accurate calculating for creates migration The difficulty that temporary and permanent as high as 20 Population estimates for the Cook Islands are Demographics 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 population mobility. to live and work in Australia, contributing to dual citizenship. ers have the benefit of automatic entry and rangements with New Zealand, Cook Island Above, fn.131. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. (accessed December2009). Cook Islands 1996–2002,available at: Cook Islands Statistics Office&Secretariat ofthe Pacific Community, Demographic profile ofthe library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cw.html> (accessedOctober2008). Profile ontheCook Islands inCIA,TheWorld Factbook , available at:

000 137 132 This allows Cook Islanders and as low as 12 136 The impact of

000. 271. 135 133 - -

research indicates that, in Pacific Islander Islander Pacific in that, indicates research Notably migration to the Cook Islands by Islands Cook the to migration Notably focus on the Cook Island Maori population. consumptionalcohol and research to tends drug as unclear, is groups minority the of Maori. Zealand New and Kiribati Tongans, Samoans, Fijian-Indians, per cent Europeans and 1 per cent Filipino, 9 including minorities, small very and ity of a 90 per cent Cook Islands Maori major- comprised is population Islands Cook The religious affiliation has been a significant significant a been has affiliation religious populations outside their country of origin, Census). (2001 cent per 3 4.2 per cent; unspecified 2.6 per cent; none per cent; other Protestant 5.8 per cent; other 3.8 (Mormons) Saints Latter-Day cent; per 7.9 Adventists Seventh-Day cent; per 16.8 Catholic Roman cent; per Church55.9 tian form of religion including: Cook Islands Chris The majority of Cook Islanders practise some and alcoholconsumption inthefuture. drug of dynamics the change thismay and increasing is origin ethnic other of people 138 139 The risk profile risk The Significantly, Significantly, - Cook Islands 35 - - 146 The ADB notes that 144 Trade deficits are offset by re by offset are deficits Trade 147 The Asian Development Bank communicable diseases, especially - avail report MDG recent most The 143 145 Development Index of among 0.789 the highest-ranking inin the Pacific 2002, region. country does have a small, but successful, with further development industry, tourism afforded high priority by the government. This is in addition to the development of marine resources within the Eco Exclusive Zone. nomic aid, foreign by and emigrants from mittances Zealand. New by provided majority the with on remittances of levels high of impact The to needs expenditure and income disposable further. be considered of non- risen has cancer, and diabetes disease, heart many of one as alcohol of use increased with contributing factors. Goals Development Millennium the of most (MDGs) have been met or will be met by 2015. has Islands Cook the PICTs, other to Similar - remote resources, natural limited relatively centres, industrial and trade major from ness the However, force. labour diminishing a and reports that, among adults, the prevalence able is the 2005 report. able is - - Compared Compared 142 In the 1990s a - radi 141 140 Ibid. at: Office, Millennium Development Goals Report, available Statistics Cook Islands (accessed April 2009). Country Brief, Cook Islands and Trade, Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian (accessed at: available May 2009). Above, fn.131. Above, (2008), Cook Islands 2008 Social and Economic Report: equity Bank & AusAID Asian Development o te kimi puapinga. Manila: ADB, Ch. 3. in development; Tango-tiama Ibid. Ibid. New Zealand Ministry of Health above, fn.127. above, of Health New Zealand Ministry 147 144 145 146 143 140 141 142 Internationally, Internationally, the Cook Islands is a high- country. middle-income ranking, with residents of most developing coun tries, the people of the Cook Islands have a high standard of living, with a Human and services and needs further exploration. Health and development ment program ment with program associated government downsizing may provide some insight into policies alcohol and drug specific of lack the taken. The program has had a significant impact on employment opportunities and adjust The Islands. Cook the from migration by by unilateral action. reduce to program adjustment structural cal significant government deficits was under - Government right the has Government Islands Cook The at any time to move to full independence congregation. - consump alcohol and drug of determinant tion patterns, with a number of churches providing leadership and influence on the 36 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific overview 2.2 Drugandalcohol ready-to-drink beverages) ready-to-drink (pre-mixed, alcopops and males for brew home were choice of drinks as The issue. an identified were males among enness) drunk of point the to consumption (and consumption frequent more and greater with drinking binge of cases Furthermore, the prison population. disease, injury, and crime; and an increase in in violence, family disruptions, ill-health and increase in drug-induced psychosis; increases under-age drinking; increase in marijuana use; drug- and alcohol-related trends: increase in following the on reported delegate the ing meet the At PDARN. the of meeting 2008 delegate from its Ministry of Health at the July first Islands a was represented Cook by The 152 151 150 149 148 the Cook Islands. No reports of inhalant use published on the data reflected in concern, key of issue an as identified been has tion a common occurrence. blackouts with sitting, per litres 6 of mum mini a drinking reported users Homebrew (accessed October 2008). rNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=17361/overideSkinName=issueArticle-full.tpl> 2007. Available at: Australian DrugFoundation, Fact sheet onalcopops, available at: Cook Islands countryreport to3rd PDARNmeeting, Lautoka, Fiji,July2008. 148 150 Alcohol consump 149 for females. females. for - - - - - Very little information on illicit drug con drug illicit on information little Very 2.3 Illicitdrugtrends ing in the Islands in contrast to other PICTs. countries, and there is no wild variety grow neighbouring other in as Islands Cook the considered to have the same significance in reviewed for this analysis. Finally, kava is not have been identified among the documents Money laundering is closely linked to drug to linked closely is laundering Money strengthenlegislation.laundering money to government the pressuring concern’, of ‘countries of list its on Islands Cook the included Affairs Enforcement Law and ics However, the Bureau of International Narcot able fordeterminingtrends inotherPICTs. use, distorting the data and proving unreli- ognised as having high rates of amphetamine cludes Australia and New Zealand, each rec Drug Report 2007 region for the purposes of the UNODC IslandsCook Oceania the the isin included dent in the Cook Islands. As with other PICTs, sumption is reported for Cook Islanders resi . 151 The Oceania region in Islands Business, World 152 ------

Cook Islands 37 - Further investigation is required to to required is investigation Further 155 determine if these trends are mirrored among among mirrored are trends these if determine populations. island-based Other No data or reports with respect to been other have consumption drug illicit of types Islands. identified for the Cook Cook Islands Maori resident in New Zealand Zealand New in resident Maori Islands Cook indi Research group. minority significant a as per (24 men of proportions similar that cates cent) and women (19 per cent) had used marijuana in the past 12 months, with the per Thirty cent. per 21 at average population use not did they reported non-users of cent 15 and it like not did they because marijuana smell the like not did they because cent per of it. Other drug use was limited to only a who women and men of number small very had used stimulants, LSD, and mushrooms ecstasy. Cannabis communities, Islands-based the to contrast In among reported well are trends use drug illicit

- - - 153 Notably, Notably, 154 [1987] CKHC 2, marijuana-related offence (High Court of the Cook [1987] CKHC 2, marijuana-related Arthur v Police Eipuatirare website: Drugs and Alcohol Services & SHORE (2003), Pacific and Development Research Pacific Consumption Survey: Cook Islands Maori Fact Sheet. Auckland: SHORE. US State Department, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Major Affairs, Enforcement and Law of International Narcotics US State Department, Bureau at: Report, available Strategy Control Money Laundering Countries: International Narcotics (accessed December 2008). 155 153 154 in this area. in this cess had participated in an internationally sponsored conference on testing. It is not clear what further progress has been made chemical laboratory testing to identify drugs drugs identify to testing laboratory chemical in the Cook at Islands the time. pro testing the in involved officer police the was identified from the Pacific Islands Legal Legal Islands Pacific the from identified was Information Institute (PacLII) website. The issues chain-of-evidence considered judgment modern for capacity limited a highlighted and A single reported judgment from 1987 relat 1987 from judgment reported single A ing to drug offences in the Cook Islands tions and licensing to manage the sector. the manage to licensing and tions make may systems these of strengthening The as option viable than less a Islands Cook the point. transhipment a drugs Islands has Islands toward compliance moved with international guidelines for regulating the regula introducing sector, financial offshore so-called systemic weaknesses in the Cook Islands. Since being recorded as a cooperativenon- territory in 2000, the Cook trafficking and terrorist financing and the United States of America has identified 38 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 2.4 Licitdrugtrends Sale of Liquor Licences, including licensing for Regulations introduced in the 1970s included tion wasenforced. illegal. It is not clear how and if this legisla became homebrew of production the and purchased, quantity the on limits no were few parties selected to on-sell alcohol. There a with decentralised, were points purchase its and beers each month. In the late-1960s them to purchase a limited amount of spir- entitled then which drink, to fit certified be to had locals 1950 to brew.1940 From home drank locals the therefore, alcohol; Zealand, only Europeans were allowed to buy When the Cook Islands was annexed to New Alcohol 160 159 158 157 156 Papaa the same fruit. Homebrew is also made from medicinal attribute properties many to homebrew thus made from medicines, for used In and oranges apple, alcoholic homebrews are made from rice, pine homebrew production. per cent20Report_05_06.pdf> (accessedMay2009). Rarotonga: CISO. Available onlineat:

malt. 157 - - - report notes that there is a trend toward toward trend a is there that notes report 2006 HouseholdExpenditureSurveyreport2006 a derogatory term used to describe manual describe usedto derogatoryterm a by referred to them as included spirits, homebrew and beer. Passers- Drinks days. three to up last would which this program began to have drinking parties instalments. It has been reported that men in ‘up skill’. Payments were made in fortnightly given a three-month payout and training to were employees government former gram, During the 1990s structural adjustment pro under-reporting ofexpenditure. expenditure. total of cent per 2 representsexpenditure, tobacco with mated to be NZ$1 esti alcohol on expenditure annual shows a steadily increasing supply of alcohol. reported Office Statistics Islands Cook Looking to more recent trends, in 2008 the tion countries. patterns among this group in their destina- ered as a contributing factor to consumption as part of this program needs to be consid- redundant made employees of emigration patterns.the drinking gramaddition, on In pro adjustment the of impacts long-term labourers. 158 No data are available on the the on available are data No

886

Repo taro 200 which, combined 160 However, the the However, (dirty taro), 159 The - - - Cook Islands 39 - - - No specific data on kava con kava on data specific No 165 166 that missionaries have virtually eliminated anecdotal Other the reports more tradition. general a as used now is ‘kava’ that suggest term to describe any alcoholic on beverage Islands. the 2009 October An identified. were sumption opportu missed the lamented report media nity to demonstrate the Cook Islands kava sug world, the and region the to ceremony gesting reluctance to entirely abandon the ritual. Other kava nations, Island Similar to other Pacific is a traditional ceremonial Cookdrink Islands,in butthe some reports suggest - - A 1993 1993 A 162 Fifty-eight of 163 164 of children (5–14 years), youth (15–21 (15–21 youth years), (5–14 children of 161 Above, fn.131. Note that wearing a helmet is not a legal requirement in the Cook Islands. not a legal requirement Note that wearing a helmet is fn.131. Above, at: available of Cook Islands, : Culture — Countries and Their Cultures EveryCulture.com 2009). (accessed February 25 September 2009. , no.319, Cook Islands Times Weekly ceremony? was our kava Where (accessed October 2009). at: Available Ibid. listed alcohol consumption’ the section ‘Cook Islands: in 2004 report fn.157. This WHO above, accidents and 27 assaults. alcohol-related from injuries in 1989, four deaths alcohol-related 41 , 16 December 2002; Cook Islands Voice perspective. a youth (2002), The REAP report: M. Murare (UNESCO): (accessed December 2008); approximately surveyed. Manihiki and Pukapuka were Mitiaro, 165 166 163 164 162 161 related. The same report notes The report that related. same alcohol other and domestic to contributes also abuse violence. to motor vehicle accidents in Rarotonga, in Rarotonga, in accidents vehicle motor to addition to five fatalities. alcohol- be to reported were accidents these associated with the prevalence of motor Rarotonga, in particularly accidents, vehicle often involving young men on motorbikes. In 2004, 91 people were hospitalised due pure alcohol consumed. pure closely also is use alcohol Islands, Cook the In WHO report suggests people aged over 15 years consume approximately 9.7 litres of alcohol per capita annually, with beer the total the of cent per 73 than more of source ism issues. The research indicated that youth youth that indicated research The issues. ism the of one as consumption alcohol reported faced. they issues important most vey - focus over) and years (21 adults and years) tour and development environment, on ing In 2002, Cook Islands representatives of the the of representatives Islands Cook 2002, In sur a undertook project Voice Islands Small 40 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 2.5 Localresponses Legislation security. and health to related plan the of 2 and 1 Outcomes Strategic are issues alcohol and drug for significance Of 2007. January in Minister Prime the by signed 2007–2010, tional Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) - Na the including Challenge 2020 a Vision: is The current Cook Islands development plan with direction from the Ministry of Works. services, infrastructure basic managing for ernments of the outer islands are responsible theory,gov In Services. Social Affairs,and Internal Education, Health, of ministries of The main social services are the responsibility 172 171 170 169 168 167 drug for legislation Islands Cook relevant Existing 1988. Substances Psychotropic and Drugs Narcotic in Traffic Illicit against ac Islands Cook the 2005, February In cessioned the United Nations Convention Convention Nations United the cessioned Te Kaveinga Nui — Living the Cook Islands (accessedJanuary2009). Cook Islands Ministry ofHealth,Methadone availability. Available at: Above, fn.152. id=606> (accessedJanuary2009). Cook Islands Government Online:. 6–10 December2007. Available at:

/Ministry of Health awareness Are Pa Taunga, Te Kainga, Punanga Punanga Kainga, Te Taunga, Pa Are Cook Islands Family Welfare Associ Welfare Family Islands Cook Are Pa Metua, Pa Are drug, tobacco and gambling legislation. (Community Mental Health Service provider); provider); Service Health Mental (Community Te Kainga national tobacco strategy has been drafted with help from WHO and NZAID. - develop the of implementation the toward Fi the with commenced have strategy ment nance Minister announcing an increase in in alcohol and cigarettes drinks, soft on taxes reduce to expected are taxes The 2008. June consumption resulting in improved health people. outcomes particularly for young Ministry of Health officialsreport alcohol services including: a twice-weekly Alcohol- ics Anonymous-type program at alcohol-related Agencies identified as instrumental in the Cook the include goals these of achievement As- Islands Cook Health, of Ministry Islands Organisations Non-Government of sociation (CIANGO), Tauturu, ation, Na the and Group Working Control Tobacco tional AIDS Committee. The Public Health Division aims to change behaviour through school and programs, a Proposed Proposed SPC technical assistance includes the finalise to assistance technical providing other among Strategy, Alcohol Islands Cooks programs programs — ‘Men Against Violence’; men/ women counselling groups; and doctors in - - 173 reflects the earlier-mentioned NSDP. NSDP. earlier-mentioned the reflects 174 Ibid. fn.129. Above, 19 June 2008; available alcohol. Radio Australia, tax on cigarettes, raises Cook Islands (accessed at: 2008). November See details of PALP above, section 1.8 (Regional overview), and below, section 2.7 (International and below, section 1.8 (Regional overview), of PALP above, See details report. of this involvement) in Community (2009), Joint Country Strategy of the Pacific & the Secretariat Cook Islands . Noumea: SPC. Support of the Cook Islands National Sustainable Development Plan 2007–2010 176 177 174 175 173 ices towards maintaining an inclusive, vibrant, vibrant, inclusive, an maintaining towards ices resilient and society productive in harmony with our culture’, strategic targets include: develop and implement a comprehensive drug and alcohol, tobacco and gambling cessation strategy; and enact alcohol and munity opportunities ‘Equal 1: Goal Strategic Under serv social other and health, education, for Health The JointCom CountryPacific the of StrategySecretariat the ofand Islands the Cook Money Laundering Programme (PALP). Money Laundering Programme Laundering Symposium in Bangkok as an laundering anti-money regional autonomous beneficiary a also is Islands Cook The body. Anti- Pacific Forum’s Islands Pacific the under Group Group on Money Laundering (APG), which was officially established inFebruary 1997 at the Fourth (and last) Money Asia/Pacific the collection and swearing of evidence for evidence of swearing and collection the The 2008. in case smuggling drug serious a Asia/Pacific the of member a is Islands Cook issues were highlighted in the annual reports, reports, annual the in highlighted were issues with the exception of support provided to the Australian Attorney-General’s Office in The Cook Islands is a member of the Pacific Pacific the of member a is Islands Cook The attended and Network Officers’ Law Islands 2007 December in meetings recent most the and December 2008. No drug and alcohol Law enforcement 42 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific future interventions. of development the for framework tential is made, but this organisation provides a po interventions alcohol and drug of mention and the Chamber of Commerce. No specific uniformed organisations, traditional groups, churches, youths, women, including base (PIANGO). CIANGO has a broad membership ciation of Non-Governmental Organisations the Cook Islands on the Pacific Islandsrepresents Asso and Islands Cook the in NGOs for organisation umbrella the is CIANGO Non-government organisations further explored withlocalcounterparts. be to needs This Rarotonga. to limited are related injuries. It is not clear if these services are encouraged to counsel or refer alcohol- hospital accident and emergency departments 182 181 180 179 178 Reforms intheForum IslandCountries:final report. Port Vila: Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. N. Soni,B. Harries&B. Zinner-Toa (2007),Respondingtothe RevenueConsequencesofTrade tax-coo-2007.pdf> (accessedMay 2009). 2007. Available at: (accessed Cook Islands raises taxes incigarettes andalcohol,June2008.Available at: an email wassenttoCIANGO(withnoreply asatMay2009). PIANGO, available at: (accessedMay2009); 178 - - remaining on the four major imports into into imports major four the on remaining levies with levies, customs of majority the In 2006, the Cook Islands moved to abolish beer. the product, with higher taxes for imported per litre depending on the alcohol content of and tobacco. increasing taxation and regulation of alcohol Recent news reports indicate a move toward Regulation in maintainingandincreasing revenue. of these types of goods was seen as positive posed on these items. im also is tax excise an addition, In cars. or ‘sin goods’, such as alcohol, cigarettes and per cent applied to what are termed ‘luxury’ described the result of an import levy of 20 ering the impact of trade reform on revenue levy). (seasonal vegetables and drinks soft imports, smaller some on levies with along vehicles, motor the Cook Islands: alcohol, tobacco, fuel, and 180 179 Currently taxes are calculated 181 In 2007, a reportconsida - 2007, In 182 The price inelasticity - Cook Islands 43 - - - 188 The strategy reflects the Cook Cook the reflects strategy The 187 million, with Australia contributing

investment in drug and alcohol services. investment AU$2.6 million. special medical by visits funds program The ists and additional future support will be oppor- an providing potentially considered, tunity to support the local development of drug and alcohol interventions. The strat programs, governance supported also has egy law and legislation strengthening including and laundering money around enforcement public sector reforms. A plan to undertake sec community current on study impact an Grants Small the under funded programs, tor Scheme, may provide avenues for future New Zealand New The Cook Islands Joint Country Strategy be- agreement cooperation a is 2008–2017 NZAID Government, Islands Cook the tween AusAID. and Islands NSDP. New Zealand and Australia have identified four focus areas including: - sus in people; good investing governance; tainable livelihoods; and economic growth and infrastructure. New Zealandmain contributor to the strategy allocating is the NZ$9 2.7 International 2.7 International involvement - - million) million,

report.

186 Notably, the Cook Cook the Notably, 184 The Cook Islands is 183 185 Australian Council for International Development: (accessed May Council for International Development: Australian 2009). Information Paper. (JCS) 2008–2017 Joint Country Strategy NZAID (2007), Cook Islands at: . Available Subject to parliamentary approval. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade above, fn.18, compared to the fn.18, compared above, and Trade Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian is quoted as NZ$1.7 million. figure 2008–2017; Joint Country Strategy Cook Islands program. for further detail on this (Regional overview) report See section 1 of this Ibid. 188 187 184 185 186 183 No Australian NGO programs in the Cook been identified. have Islands Australian non-government non-government Australian organisations ernance activities. Details of the Joint Country Country Joint the of Details activities. ernance Strategy are outlined below in section 2.7 the of involvement) (International AusAID’s AusAID’s contributions to the Cook Islands gov and health support program development boats in 2006. Agency for Australian International Development Islands participates in the Pacific Patrol Boat Boat Patrol Pacific the in participates Islands boat patrol a of provision including Program, in 1989 and a life extension upgrade for also also a part of Regional to Pacific Programs a provides Government Australian the which contribution. significant Islands is estimated to be AU$5.1 AU$2.7 (approx. bilateral including and other programs. by NZAID. During 2008–09 Australia’s total Australia’s 2008–09 During NZAID. by Cook the to assistance development overseas In the interests of aid harmonisation, the provide to opted has Government Australian annual an of way by Islands Cook the to aid contribution to management and imple mentation costs of the program managed 2.6 Australian involvement 2.6 Australian 44 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Other programs surveillance systems. drug other and alcohol of implementation and establishment the for significant be building. capacity statistical of Statistics Departments as part of a program lau, Niue and the Cook Islands Planning and Tokefrom delegations with working been NZAID programs, Statistics New Zealand has the to addition In growth. economic and governance health, education, on focusing ing of NZ$39.4 NZ$24.55 tion for regional organisations in 2007–08 of of the South Pacific, with a funding alloca- Islands Forum Secretariat and the University retariat of the Pacific Community, the Pacific Sec- the to significantly contributes NZAID 191 190 189 terrorist financing is highlighted. the financial sector and drug trafficking and sector, but the link with weak regulation of surround regulation of the offshore banking concern’. of ‘country a report BINL highlighted the Cook Islands as 2007 Controlits cotics StrategyIn Reports. releasesannual It crime. programsand icies international combat to Law Enforcement Affairs (BINL) develops pol and Narcotics International of Bureau The repository/summary_ck_csp10_en.pdf> (accessedMay2009). Programme fortheperiod2008–2013. Available at: (accessedMay2009). See CookIslands Statistics Officeat:

million. NZAID also provides fund

million for regional projects 190 International Nar- International Concerns mainly mainly Concerns 189 This may may This - - - to raise the standard of social service delivery cused on outer island development, helping fo is program Union European the lands, Is Cook the in partner new relatively a As to other countries working under the PALP. been involved in providing mutual assistance to financial services sector issues. It has also tion and conduct investigations responding supervision under the PALP to draft legisla- The Cook Islands has received mentoring and €3.3 million. of budget total a with 2008–2013, period the for 2007 October in Paper Strategy try Coun new a signed Community European marine resources. The Cook Islands and the of exploitation and management tainable sus more and livelihoods local improved GDP.This is contributionsto addition in to of cent per 50 around contribute currently Cook Islands tourism and ecotourism, which ronment, significant for the development of velopment Fund (EDF) focus is on the envi in the outer islands. The 10th European De 191 ------Cook Islands 45 - - 192 Alcohol, Your . These guidelines use a use guidelines These . be provided for Cook Islanders to contribute contribute to Islanders Cook for provided be to both communities. contact details for services targeted toward all all toward targeted services for details contact Zealand, New in communities Island Pacific in addition to mainstream services. These terms, specific culturally reference guidelines contributing are thus and schools’, ‘beer e.g. context. consumption the understanding to By way of organ collaboration, Zealand-based New within experience the skills and Zealand, New Statistics particularly isations, be may counterparts Islands Cook their and identified the of number a address to utilised resource opportunitiesissues. Equally, may and drinking patterns consistent with the data by provided the Cook Ministry Islands PDARN Meeting. of Health at the 2008 In 2006, the Alcohol Advisory Council of Islands Cook produced (ALAC) Zealand New language guidelines titled You and Community myths and facts approach to consumption safe for tips providing to addition in patterns and Islanders, Cook from stories consumption, of consequences legal potential the detailing provide guidelines the Finally, consumption. Islands Maori fact sheet was developed from from developed was sheet fact Maori Islands SHORE research of Cook Island Maori resi dent in New Zealand in 2003. The research of alcohol consumption high levels showed - - - - - Above, fn.25. Above, 192 Zealand-based non-government organisa Island Pacific with specifically working tions populations living in New Zealand. A Cook addressing issues). addressing However, the opportunity for new insti and resources (money and human, limited facili treatment of lack sharing, information to commitment government limited and ties, tutional relationships exists though New be utilised to provide an evolving picture for for picture evolving an provide to utilised be some aspects of drug and alcohol issues in delegate PDARN 2008 The Islands. Cook the also highlighted a lack of capacity research If analysed with specificreference to sub may sources data existing issues, use stance However, as However, with all of the PICTs included in this analysis, a number of data sources already collect information vital for under- Islands. Cook the in use substance standing routinely routinely undertaken at admission. Testing is unlikely to be feasible given the limited number of health personnel in the Islands. ing. While data for hospital admissions are available for alcohol-related accidents, it is uncertain if any testing for other drugs is Very Very little information on illicit drug use is alcohol on focus strong a is There reported. unclear reflects whether and this it remains report of lack or drugs other of use minimal 2.8 Gaps analysis 46 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific of Micronesia 3. Federated States 195 194 193 Kosrae, Pohnpei andYap. States of America. The four States are Chuuk, ent nation in free association with the United (FSM) was formed. The FSM is an independ Micronesia of States Federated the tution, consti 1979 the of ratification the With 3.1 Introduction Source: Exchange rate Currency Employment by sector Unemployment Literacy Gender Age Population Epidemiology and Population HealthResearch (CEPHR). response analysis . Suva: Pacific RegionalHIV/AIDSProject (PRHP)&BurnetInstitute’s Centre for J. Gold(2006),Federated StatesofMicronesia, HIV/STIStrategic Planning Process: situationand Ibid. Meeting, November 2006: Countrybackground note:Federated StatesofMicronesia. United Nations Development Programme, RegionalBureau forAsiaandthePacific Cluster — United Statesdollar(US$) Note: Two-thirds are government employees (FY05 est.) Services: 64.7% Industry: 34.4% Agriculture: 0.9% 22% (2000est.)(#170) Female: 88%(1980est.) Male: 91% Total population:89% Definition: age15and over can read andwrite Total population:1male(s)/female(2009est.) 65 years andover: 2.9%(2009est.) 15–64 years: 62.3% 0–14 years: 34.8% 107 434 (July2009est.) - - less than 19 years of age. isestimated thatover halfthepopulation is other and none 3 per cent. cent), per (47 Protestant cent), per (50 lic largelyChristian, comprising CathoRoman KosraeanChukese. and lish, Ulithian, Woleaian, Yapese, Pohneipean, The 110be to isestimated population The Demographics

country has seven official languages: Eng 193 195 The population ispopulation The 194

Significantly, it 000. - - Federated States of Micronesia 47 - - - - 203 202 pei and maintainYap a hierarchical system Council a including leadership, traditional of leaders traditional has Chuuk while Chiefs, of but no council the overseeing entire State. consid a retain Yap in chiefs traditional The erable degree of influenceover day-to-day influ the while State, entire the across living and Chuuk varies in Pohnpei ence of chiefs between individual villages and islands. State has its own Constitution, and retains to relation in especially power, considerable the implementation of budgetary policies. municipali into subdivided further are States ties for local government. An additional important consideration for programming approaches to substance use in FSM is traditional leadership roles and These responsibilities. vary between States, with the exception of Kosrae, whichlonger has traditionalno leaders. Both Pohn to the National Government located in Palikir, Palikir, in located Government National the to own its has FSM the of State each Pohnpei, legislature, with members representing a particular geographical area. Members are elected by popular vote. In addition, each - - - - many of of many 198 In addition addition In 199 There are no no are There 201 200 This has been identified as a As with PICTs such as Samoa 196 197 population of FSM is reportedly very

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Federated States of Micronesia Department of Health and Social Affairs (2008), UNGASS 2008 Department of Health and Social Affairs States of Micronesia Federated Assembly Special UN General . New York: States of Micronesia Report: Federated Country Progress Session on HIV/AIDS. Ibid. identify with a particular State 30 000; note that people usually fn.195: approximately Above, Pohnpei. Chuuk, Yap, e.g. Kosrae, 203 200 201 202 199 197 198 196 four State-based senators by the Congress. The President and Vice-President are sup Cabinet. appointed an by ported two-year terms, representing single-member single-member representing terms, two-year population. on based districts formal political parties, with the President the among from elected Vice-President and Micronesia has 14 elected members, com prising four senators representing the four serving senators 10 remaining the with States, Government The Congress of the Federated States of ana Islands, Hawaii and the United States mainland. people of proportion significant a Tonga, and abroad, live identity FSM reporting age. of years 20 under are whom mobile with people travelling frequentlybetween FSM, Guam, the Northern Mari and is programming for HIV prevention risk program use substance for risk a be to likely ming too. The 48 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific infant mortalityrate intheregion. second only to Kiribati in having the highest being indicators, health key against poorly ices are relatively well funded, FSM performs hypertension and obesity. Whilediabetes, health serv disease, heart as such diseases, and mortality in FSM are non-communicable morbidity of causes major PICTs, the other States being the primary donor. on international assistance, with the United dependence to themselves lent have tions and lack of adequate facilities. These condi this is limited by irregular flight connections but industry tourist a of development the few natural resources. There is potential for farming and fishing in an environment with subsistence primarily is activity Economic Health anddevelopment 212 211 210 209 208 207 206 205 204 being in 1997), but this exercise needs to be substanceuse surveys inthepast (the latest nesia has had the benefit of large-scale youth resented at the 2008 PDARN meeting. Micro situationalanalysis. However, repwas FSM 2004–05 the in included not was FSM The overview 3.2 Drugandalcohol Above, fn.196: reporting periodJanuary 2006–December2007. of acondomat last sexualintercourse. the lasttimetheyinjected;Indicator 21: Percentage ofinjectingdrugusers whoreported theuse Indicator 20:Percentage ofinjectingdrugusers whoreported using sterileinjectingequipment results=50&rank=on&callback=off&legisopt=&view=relevance&max> (accessedMay2009). cgi?method=all&meta= percent2Fpaclii&mask_path=fm&mask_world=&query=illicit+drugs& Pacific Islands Legal InformationInstitute

000 males and 700 206 209 The 1997 208 207 In In 210 - - - -

Federated States of Micronesia 49 - - A search of court- 215 Similar to other PICTs, During interviews in a 218 217 No follow-up survey on the 216 2006 situational analysis, key informants However, a 2006 survey of highstudents schoolin Kosrae revealed that a quar ter of students reported being drunkleast at monthly. almost reported services police local among all call-outs were connected to alcohol- related incidents. data from a large-scale survey in 1997 As a baseline measure of the concerns asso concerns the of measure baseline a As ciated with alcohol consumption in FSM, a 1997–98 study showed that alcohol was directly responsible for 5 per cent of deaths, 45 per allcent of all suicides, and 85 per cent of all arrests. reported judgments identified 38reported judgments in total, with 18 alcohol-related since 2000. same scale has been undertaken in recent times, though smaller-scale surveys reflect trends. current 3.4 Licit drug trends 3.4 Licit drug Alcohol

- 213 214 same report also identified two male

Alcohol and Drug Use in the Federated States of Micronesia: an an States of Micronesia: Hezel (1997), Alcohol and Drug Use in the Federated Ibid.; F.X. Micronesian . Pohnpei: treatment and with implications for prevention assessment of the problem Treatment). Seminar (on behalf of the Center for Substance Abuse Suva, report.Suva, Youth: FSM The State of Health, Behaviour and Lifestyle of Pacific UNICEF (2001), Fiji: UNICEF Pacific. 1997: Islands], of FSM & RMI (Republic of Marshall survey in Micronesia: Drinking and drugs PDARN meeting, Fiji, July 2008. Hezel, 3rd Fr Fran by presentation workshop fn.195. Above, reflect only those cases that make and these figures reported not always Note that judgments are Above, fn.195. Above, a 2006 survey on Kosrae, not a single person person single a not Kosrae, on survey 2006 a

The 218 216 217 215 213 214 smoked marijuana once a week or more. or week a once marijuana smoked marijuana was one of the drugs that students students that drugs the of one was marijuana but regularly, using reported frequently least they that said who eight in one still was there Cannabis life and behavioural health, youth 2001 a In style (YHBL) survey conducted by UNICEF, of this activity, it is unlikely that young people people young that unlikely is it activity, this of equipment. sterile to access ready have would no information available as to whether the was or sterile used not. equipment injecting status unaccepted socially and illegal the Given the 2007 Pohnpei Youth Survey reported that that reported Survey Youth Pohnpei 2007 the 6.1 per cent per of young females and 11.2 injected having reported males young of cent was There 12 in months. drugs the previous who had injected drugs while off-island. addition, In HIV. for risk at users drug injecting interviewed, including the Chief of Police, was was Police, of Chief the including interviewed, of aware who anyone injected on drugs the people of reports few a were there but island, period there may have been some instances. been some may instances. have period there In 50 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Significantly, of the sexually active young young active sexually the of Significantly, period since 1998, when the previous survey the consumptionfor in decline a therewas (2005), survey recent most the In surveys. expenditure and income household of part and betel tobacco, alcohol, of consumption on Data drunk orhighondrugs. of girls reported having unwanted sex when people, 61 per cent of boys and 32 per cent past. the in once least at alcohol using as cent per 76.3 reported survey the and students were aged between 14 and 17 years of majority The only. Pohnpei from dents stu 1516surveyed in-school which survey or quantities, estimated at 9.2 standard drinks large in consumed con usually was was it sumed, alcohol where that, reported 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 US$7 was FSM of whole the for and betel tobacco, alcohol, on iture higher at 6 per cent. The total dollar expend 3.5 per cent, but for Yap it was significantly ture on such consumption for all States was was undertaken. However, average expendi

more. Contemporary DrugProblems, 18(3):331–371. use by young peopleinChuuk,Federated StatesofMicronesia (Eastern Caroline Islands). and SubstanceAbuse; M.Marshall (1991), Beverage, alcoholandotherpsychoactive substance WHO (2004),GlobalStatusReportonAlcohol 2004.Geneva: WHODepartmentofMentalHealth Ibid. stats/Publications/Annual/Trade/2006_ percent20Intl_Trade_Pubn.pdf> (accessedMay2009). Publication 2006.Palikir: FSMGovernment. Available at: (accessedMay2009).

sakau FSM was a part of the 2001 YHBL (kava)areas also collected 221

478 sakau

000, 000, 220 - - - -

the value of imported beverages totalled totalled beverages imported of value the report trade international FSM 2006 a In sakau andbetelconsumption. tobacco, alcohol, understating to tributed in the analysis that cultural factors have con US$489 at US$83 at food on was expenditure greatest the US$734. of hold cent ‘beer’). cent per 38 and spirits’ ‘distilled cent per 59 to 2 per cent indicated ‘homebrew’ (compared the 1985 general population survey, just over that they usually drank, included as part of beverage alcoholic of kind the concerning are drunk in Chuuk. In response to an inquiry (distilled Achi gregated by beverage typeinthereport. disag not are data the 2000, since period beverage imports have almost doubled in the (US$0.2 (US$0.4 spirits lion), US$6.1 with an average expenditure per house per expenditure average an with (fermented coconut toddy), toddy), coconut (fermented

132 million including: beer (US$2.6

million). achi 000. In addition, it isit addition, suggested In 000. 000 and the least on education 226 ) and In 2009 the key informant informant key the 2009 In 222 224 yiss By way of comparison, comparison, of way By While the total annual annual total the While (yeast or homebrew)

million) and wine wine and million) 223 chooriyu

mil 225 - - - - Federated States of Micronesia 51

- - - - - 232 Uniform However, it is and deals com 231 Controlled Substances

Public Health, Safety and Wel and Safety Health, Public 230 229 Trust Territory is based on the United States clear from reported judgments that each State has enacted relevant legislation for The Act Controlled Substances Act with prehensively drug types and routes of admission. tobacco on chapter a includes legislation fare legis identified no was there but prohibition, lation on alcohol control. to offences driving related under the influ- injury. bodily causing and alcohol of ence Legislation The FSM Constitution specifies the powers delegated to the FSM National Congress; those not expressly delegated or of ‘indis putably national character’ are regarded as from Some laws States retain State powers. the days of the Trust Territory, with oth ers choosing to enact their own, replacing and/or the overriding old laws of the Trust Territory. from United from They States do legislation. not face the challenge of outdated legislation which would be ill-equipped to deal with patterns. use drug and drugs emerging - - developed developed 227 compulsory treatment services, services, treatment compulsory 228 FSM Code, Title 45, §308: Consumer purchases from duty-free shops — Limitations — Limitations shops duty-free from purchases FSM Code, Title 45, §308: Consumer (accessed May 2009). State Court). v Phillip (2005) 13 FSM Intrm. 285 (Kosrae Kosrae 4th PDARN meeting, July 2009. PDARN meeting, July 2008. 3rd fn.196. Above, at: ; Court of FSM): 170 (Supreme (accessed May 2009). 232 231 230 227 228 229 an advanced legislative framework adoptedan advanced legislative extent of non- of extent investigation further require may that area an have states these addition, In investment. and miological working groups, treatment services services treatment groups, working miological treatment court-ordered cases, some in and, the establish to difficult been has It programs. American-affiliated states have well- have states American-affiliated and drug address to mechanisms health public epide established include These use. alcohol 3.5 Local responses Compared to many of the other the PICTs, by the 15–19 years age range the most likely likely most the range age years 15–19 the by consumers. nesia included information on inhalant use, use, inhalant on information included nesia with age-specific relatively was it that noting followed range age years 10–14 the in youths Other Micro in use substance on report 1997 The homebrew consumption due to the fact it is cheap (at US$1 for a 600ml bottle) and widely available. noted that price increases in commercially produced alcohol have seen recent rises in 52 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific the transnational crime network including including network crime transnational the of part forms which 2008, in Pohnpei in opened was (TCU) unit transnationalcrime cific Patrol Boat operations. PaPICP, and and PILON including works, net and forums regional the a of is member Micronesia of States Federated The Law enforcement tropic Substances, effective from 2004. Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psycho- has signed up to the UN Convention against ployment and Welfare of Seamen Act the in found are drugs and alcohol of consumption the cohol. including import restrictions on duty-free al duty-free shops, for arrangements specifies The 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 crimes,trafficking,drug that including and transnational combat to resourcesleverage Van and Tonga Guinea, New Papua Fiji, Coordination Centre in Samoa. in Centre Coordination Crime Transnational Pacific the and uatu ticipated that the TCU will enable FSM to to FSM enable will TCU the that ticipated Above, fn.196. Ratified in2005 by theFSMCongress. Ibid. Pacific Islands Law Officers’ Networkmeeting, Vanuatu,5–9December2008. FSM DepartmentofJustice (2008),Federated StatesofMicronesia CountryReport.Presented at and seizure aspartofthis program. A PICPcontactmentionedpotentialforfuture training forprogram staffindrugidentification (accessedMay2009). aameawos467/> (accessedApril2009). FSM Code,Title19,Chapter6.Available at: (accessedMay2009). FSM Code,Title38,Chapter3.Available at:

International Trade legislation also also legislation Trade International 233 In addition, provisions relating to to provisions relating addition, In Admiralty and Maritime, Em Maritime, and Admiralty 236 In addition, a 237 It is an is It . 234 FSM 235 ------Health illicit drugtrafficking. transfer to enforcement programs related to resources with the potential for future skills marine of protection and surveillance time program. lands and Kiribati will also be involved in the Marshall Is the from Palau, officers senior youth groups, private organisations,groups,privateyouth sports, ing partnerships with NGOs, church leaders, deliver services. In addition, there are ongo and the FSM Department of Public Safety to CoalitionsTobaccoPrograms the (SAMHP), Health Mental and Abuse Substance States Services, Health of Departments State cil, Coun Advisory Health Mental and Abuse Substance FSM/States with cooperation in services. other among awareness alcohol and AIDS, and HIV of prevention training, education peer skills, life family wellness, and health cludes family life sector programs providing the National Youth Policy 2004–2010 preventionactivities, HIV of context the In 240 238 The FSM Ministry of Health works There is a strong focus on mari 239 in- - - - - Federated States of Micronesia 53 - 246 Other examples of of examples Other 245 Global Status Report on Alcohol on Report Status Global hol prohibition in 1978. in prohibition hol The identified. been not have approach this 2004 WHO highlights the modern approach, with the years, 21 at set purchase alcohol for limit age but with no on restrictions and advertising consumption or events sports of sponsorship restric were there However, places. public in sale for licensing and sale, of hours on tions at the time of reporting. and production Regulation In the past an island in the State of Truk alco- of policy a implemented Chuuk) (now

- - - 243 244 The Micronesia Seminar has has Seminar Micronesia The 242 241 Micronesia Seminar: (accessed July 2009). Seminar: Micronesia Truk, of a law banning alcohol in style: the emergence Pacific J.R. Millay (1987), Prohibition 5–77. Legal Studies Forum, XI(2); Moen Municipal Ordinance WHO (accessed January 2009); . Geneva: WHO (2004), Global Status Report: Alcohol Policy at: Minimum Age Limits Worldwide: table available International Center for Alcohol Policies, (accessed April 2009). Personal communication, 2009. Personal due to of the PIANGO was under threat At the time of writing, the continuing existence June 2009. issues, governance linked to corporate funding suspension and Palau. Islands included the Marshall The study also 246 243 244 245 241 242 programming in the past, none of its current current its of none past, the in programming activities is specificallyrelevant for alcohol implementation. program drug other and The Seminar is a public education forum Catholic the of Order Jesuit the by founded Church and, while it has been involved in prevention and advocated research relevant drug research in Micronesia for over a decade. decade. a over for Micronesia in research drug Specifically it was involved in a large-scale Yap. and Kosrae Chuuk, Pohnpei, of survey The Federated States of Micronesia is a mem a is Micronesia of States Federated The PIANGO. of ber been in actively involved alcohol and other use survey. use organisations Non-government financialyear) and had sought additional funding to undertake a further substance local municipal FSM Youth Affairs depart ments. At the time of writing, the Ministry the latest epidemi- of Health was finalising use onological (2008–09 substanceprofile traditional leaders, community leaders, wom leaders, community leaders, traditional and en’s organisations, national, State and 54 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 3.6 Australian involvement puterisedsystem inits international airports manage and control its borders using a com AU$800 be Australiantothe estimatedcontribution of a border management system (BMS), with implementation joint the initiativesinclude health. and education ernance, govtargeting- by development community cies to provide direct assistance for small-scale or supplement the work of government agen Scheme to support community organisations universities. In addition, there is a Small Grants regionalprovidingat scholarships study for largely training, and education is FSM for program aid Australian the of focus The International Development Australian Agencyfor 251 250 249 248 247 NGOs workinginFSM. yielded no information regarding Australian In for Council Australian the of search A organisations Australian non-government fraud, illegal weapons and drug trafficking. visa trafficking, human as such issues, trol and increase its ability to address border con FSM of capability investigation the expand immigrationand offices.objective The to is ternational Development (ACFID) website website (ACFID) Development ternational diagnosed cases have diedandtheremainder leftthecountry. Above, fn.196: onlythree HIV-positive peoplecontinuetoreside in FSM—27ofthe35 cfm?CountryId=7578636> (accessed October2009). AusAID, Aidprogram inMicronesia, available at: (accessed Ibid. 578636&Region=SouthPacific> (accessedMarch 2009). AusAID CountryBrief,available at:

000. The BMS assists Micronesia to 247 Other Other 248 - - - - institution. Zealand-based New a at study to program students are able to apply for the scholarship bilateral program in the FSM current but prospectivea support not does Zealand New New Zealand involvement 3.7 International to FightAIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria. Fund Global the and WHO from and tion, AdministraServices Resourcesand Human - Prevention, and Control Disease for Center the United States Government, through the HIV and AIDS programs in FSM comes from rae and Yap. The major source of funding for the four States of FSM: Pohnpei, Chuuk, Kos of each programsin operate AIDS and HIV grants. budgetary annual through nesia Micro of States Federated the to support providesStates financial United substantial the Association, Free of Compact a Under Other programs and agencies. Zealand’s contributions to regional programs 249 FSM also benefits from New New from benefits also FSM 251 250 - -

Federated States of Micronesia 55 - - - - each of the other PICTs considered in this that often do are exist the responses study, life and health youth of context the within style programs. working with church and community-based community-based and church with working as organisations a more effective approach to addressing such As issues. sensitive with search provides indicators for framing ques framing for indicators provides search relevant the with engagement for and tions communities. The research also advocated mained the same. What can be taken from the 1997–98 research model is a guide to working within the FSM context. The re Unlike many of the other PICTs, the FSM has has FSM the PICTs, other the of many Unlike benefited from previous large-scale studies which have considered substance use. The issue for many of these is that they have not been replicated on the same scale in recent times, therefore making it difficult to assess how trends have changed or re 3.8 Gaps analysis 56 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 4. Fiji 253 252 control of government and business between In occasions. multiple on coups military by interrupted been has rule democratic ence, a century as a British colony. Since independ Fiji became independent in 1970, after nearly 4.1 Introduction Source: Exchange rate Currency Employment by sector Unemployment Literacy Gender Age Population

the past, part of the conflict has concerned suspension-of-fiji-military-regime-from-pif.html> (accessedJune 2009). (accessedJuly Australian Government DepartmentofForeign Affairs andTrade, RepublicoftheFijiIslands the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html> (accessedNovember 2008). Profile onFijiinCIA,TheWorld Factbook,available at:

the PIFSsuspended. of membership Fiji’s with and uncertainty political current the to due threat under is and is an established regional hub. This role PICTsdeveloped more the of one as status achieved has Fiji conflicts, such of spite In communities. Fijian and Indian ethnic the 253 Fiji 57

- - 258 and and 259 Currently Fiji Fiji Currently 260 from regional organisations and donor govern donor and organisations regional from to Zealand, New and Australia as such ments, possible. as soon as elections democratic hold overwhelming an prove may instability Such Fiji as issues, drug illicit addressing to barrier labour from other PICTs in the region, the in PICTs other from labour Government Brit the on based is Fiji of Government The ish parliamentary system. However, since the 1990s the political situation has been with a unstable series increasingly of coups and coup 2006 a in culminating elections and 2009. into instability ongoing underis military rule. Leaders face pressure taking up work opportunities as teachers and and teachers as opportunities work up taking Islands. Marshall the of Republic the in nurses participation of rates high to contrast in is This sourcing programs labour migrant seasonal in presents an additional challenge, particularly particularly challenge, additional an presents Fiji. to return of rates low are there where

256 Similar Similar 257 254 Fiji has two dominant ethnic ethnic dominant two has Fiji 000, with the divide between between divide the with 000,

255 CIA above, fn.252. CIA above, A. Rokoduru (2004), Fiji’s women migrant workers and human rights: the case of nurses and and human rights: the case of nurses workers women migrant A. Rokoduru (2004), Fiji’s Studies, 27(2): 205–227. The Journal of Pacific Islands, in the Republic of Marshall teachers the case of Fijian Islands: within the Pacific migration A. Rokoduru (2002), Contemporary fieldwork data. In S. Firth (ed.), Globalisation Islands: in Kiribati and Marshall workers skilled State Society National University, Australian Islands. Canberra: and Governance in the Pacific ch.9; & IPS Publications, Press in Melanesia, in conjunction with Asia Pacific and Governance as an e-book at: (accessed May 2009). CIA above, fn.252; Burnet Institute & Fiji School of Medicine, Investigating the role of drug and the role & Fiji School of Medicine, Investigating Burnet Institute fn.252; CIA above, with in the Pacific, infections of HIV and other sexually transmitted in the spread alcohol use 2008–09; Awards Research Development report, AusAID to Fiji. Unpublished reference specific 2008. key informant interviews, 34.5%, Roman Catholic Methodist — Christian: the 1996 Census fn.252, data from CIA above, 2.6%, other 4.9%; Hindu: Sanatan 25%, Adventist 7.2%, Assembly of God 3.8%, Seventh-Day 5.6%, Sunni 4.2%, other 2.8%; other or unspecified Samaj 1.2%, other 7.8%; Muslim: Arya none 0.3%. Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics, available at: (accessed April 2009). (accessed at: Fiji. Available Country Profiles: Earth Trends, June 2009). addition, large numbers of Fijian women are are women Fijian of numbers large addition,

260 259 258 257 256 255 In 254 Recent research has shown there is a high rate rate high a is there shown has research Recent to moving Fijians among migration skilled of asKiribati. such nations, Island Pacific other Christian 53 Christian per cent, in addition to a large Hindu minority at 34 per cent, and a small cent. per 7 at Muslims of percentage quite different risk profiles for drug and alcohol alcohol and drug for profiles risk different quite groups. dominant the among consumption The majority of the population identifiesas 3.9 per cent (European, other Pacific Islanders Islanders Pacific other (European, cent per 3.9 identifying research current with Chinese), and with more than a third estimated to be less than than less be to estimated third a than more with age. of years 15 per 37.6 Indian cent; per 57.3 Fijian groups: other cent, per 1.2 Rotuman as well as cent; Census data for 2007 estimate the population population the estimate 2007 for data Census 837 over just at even. almost residents rural and urban population youth large a has Fiji PICTs, other to Demographics 58 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Indicators. Development and Health the in reflected is are uncertain. Tourist arrivals for 2007 are 2007 for arrivals Tourist uncertain. are recovery any of timing and nature the and December 2006 coup and ongoing instability the by damaged been has tourismindustry sources of foreign exchange. industry tourist growing a remittances from Fijians working abroad and exports, sugar resources, fish and mineral Pacific Island economies. In addition to forest, the developedof most sector,the of isone subsistence large a maintaining while Fiji, Health anddevelopment of Police, and the Commonwealth. Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Islands Chiefs had been suspended from participation in the ment takes priority. At the time of writing Fiji and the push to reinstate democratic govern is increasingly marginalised within the region, 266 265 264 263 262 261 reached 23 per cent of GDP in 2006, deficit account current Fiji’s 2007. in cent economy was expected to contract by 3.1 per 2007 the Reserve Bank of Fiji announced the July In losses. job substantial in resulting cent, per 6 almost down be to estimated Dr Noere (2007), Substanceabuse inprimary healthcare. FijiGeneral Practitioner , 15(2):8–10. See section10 ofthis report onPapua NewGuinea. Earth Trends, above, fn.255. Ibid. Ibid. annually (lastaccessedNovember 2009). Fiji Islands Bureau ofStatistics —400 000–500000tourists 264 261 262 are the major major the are However, Fiji’s 263 and - tionsHIV,of STIs, drugs usealcohol and in tute to undertake research into the interac- FSMed is cooperating with the Burnet Insti the addition, In co-host. as (FSMed) cine Medi of School Fiji the with Fiji in held were meetings 2008 and 2006 The date. to meetings Network Research Alcohol and Drug Pacific the all in participated has Fiji overview 4.2 Drugandalcohol noting thattheissue is arelevant concern. between substance use and violence in Fiji, links some identified has assessment rapid this research. The FSMed and Burnet Institute for informant key the by supported view a nabis, alcohol, in Fiji have been repeatedly identified as can Over the last decade the key drugs of concern consumption. ing the negative effects of drug and alcohol take significant activities aimed at ameliorat under also Police Fijian the and Services awareness raising. The Fiji Council of Social Fiji; it has a strong focus on education and NGO dealing with drug and alcohol issues in principal the as functions AdvisoryCouncil 2006–07. Papuain study similar in a Guinea for New refined rapid assessment methodology used Fiji. The research is applying an adapted and 265 The National Substance Abuse Substance National The yaquona (kava) and tobacco, 266 - - - - -

Fiji 59

------272 Police have re have Police

Preliminary results from current The National Substance Abuse Ad Abuse Substance National The 270 271 visory Council (NSAAC) has highlighted can highlighted has (NSAAC) Council visory but concern, of drug illicit main the as nabis also reports no specific data on substance use among the adult population are col lected. UNAIDS’ AIDS data hub reports in one only 2005 in that review country Fiji its reported was transmission HIV of case known with intravenously, transmitted been have to no mention of associated drug injecting. cluded police reports related to LSD traces and States United the from goods in found America. South from cocaine - restau and nightclubs in finds drug ported which rants, are cited as major distribution centres. risk alcohol and drug investigating research behaviours and HIV indicate risk that there youth among use cannabis of rates high are users substance addition, In workers. sex and in the older age groups report using co and tourists via accessed ecstasy, and caine yachts. 4.3 Illicit drug trends 4.3 Illicit drug In 2008 illicit drug-related issues in These were reports. a media of subject common

267 Drugs Ordinance Act These are relatively few relatively are These 269 All of these factors suggest the the suggest factors these of All 268 Burnet Institute & Fiji School of Medicine above, fn.69. & Fiji School of Medicine above, Burnet Institute in UNAIDS (2008), Evidence to Action: HIV and AIDS data hub for Asia–Pacific, Fiji country review (accessed June 2008); this at: 2008. Available July , 11 HIV situation, Fiji Daily Post UNAIDS 2005 activities cited in: Fiji’s references report at: . 2008, available : section 2.14: Top Ten Causes Causes Ten Statistics — December 2008: section 2.14: Top Key of Statistics, Bureau Fiji Islands per cent20Stats/ at: (accessed April 2009). Miscellaneous Ibid: section 15.7: Crime Cases Recorded: at: 2008. Available drug finds a matter of concern, Fiji Times Online, 4 August Hard (accessed April 2009). Evaluation of the Pilot Stepping Stones Program: Fiji. (2007), Evaluation of the Pilot Stepping Stones Program: Regional HIV/AIDS Project Pacific Community. of the Pacific Noumea: Secretariat 272 270 271 269 268 267 of concern (alcohol, cannabis and inhalants) inhalants) and cannabis (alcohol, concern of youth the among problematic especially are programs. targeted population and require compared to property offences and offences offences and offences property to compared no that noting worth is It person. the against this in included are offences alcohol-related drugs the that note informants Key set. data in the period to from 2001 2007 (433 and respectively). 329 need for further investigation of the issue. need for further investigation The Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics reports a steady, but not significant, declineoffences against in the 2007 was injury and, in the past, injury rates rates injury past, the in and, injury was 2007 alcohol-related with linked closely been have accidents. violence in their lifetime, with an alarming directly. violence experiencing cent per 66 in morbidity of cause leading the Importantly, The 2000 Census reported that overper cent of Fijian women80 were exposed to 60 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific in June 2009 that a four-month sustained four-month a that 2009 June in bis. the source of their locally consumed canna try,PICTsother many with reportingas Fiji Fiji is known as a cannabis-producing coun Cannabis key risk factors forHIVinfection. drug use and alcohol use were identified as undertaken in the reporting period. applicable for Fiji, therefore no surveys were dicators related to injecting drug use are not in behaviour and knowledge two the that in its progress report for Fiji for 2007 states (UNGASS) HIV/AIDS on Session Special bly Fiji. and substance use as risk factors for HIV in drug of levels high notes report same the However, without providing specific details, 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 details of eight parcels of a 20-parcel seizure dertaken. campaign of crop eradication was being un May 2009). (accessed Mother ofseven jailedforsellingmarijuana,FijiTimes,29August 2006.Available at: story.aspx?id=136016> (accessedJanuary 2010). Drugs foundonvendor, FijiTimes,24December2009.Available at: (accessedMay2009).Themissing parcels were H. Koi, Seizeddrugs gomissing, FijiTimes,30July2008.Available at: Key informantresponses, 2009. . Hard drugfindsamatterof concern, FijiTimes,4August 2008.Available at: Ibid. UN General AssemblySpecial SessiononHIV/AIDS. Country Progress Report:Fiji(Reportingperiod:1January2006–31 December2007).NewYork: Fiji Ministry ofHealth,National Advisory CommitteeonAIDSSecretariat (2008),UNGASS UNAIDS, ibid. 276 273 In response, a key informant reported The United Nations General Assem General Nations United The 277 However, recent reports include 275 274 Again, - - - - - noted children were being used to traffic traffic to used being were children noted also Police uniforms. school their wearing while hours schools during drugs selling and centres amusement frequenting dren - chil reported2001. They as early as drugs children below 10 years of age caught selling school reporting police with Fiji, in lished Cannabis cultivation and use are well estab drug-related incidents. one of the ongoing challenges for managing local taxi driver in July 2008, missing from prosecution evidence against a pay for her rent in 2006. She claimed that that claimed She 2006. in rent her for pay she had to sell 291.2 grams of marijuana to sion of illicit drugs, posses for months 18 for gaoled seven of other common scenarios including a mother with persisted have to seems pattern The cultivation ofcannabis asacash crop. to addition in drugs, dangerous of session also arrested and charged with being in pos drugs. At the same time market vendors were 280 after telling police that 278 highlighting 279 - - - - Fiji 61 - - - kilograms of

The view that that view The 284 285 or transhipment point for other illicit sub stances over the last decade. In 2000, 375 74 2002, in seized; were heroin of kilograms seized were methamphetamine of kilograms and Fiji to travelling ship a on Singapore in Australia; and in 2004 there was a signifi cant seizure at a crystal methamphetamine ‘super’ laboratory yielding 5 in Nadi. They were located on two travellers travellers two on located were They Nadi. in the in assist To Mexico. and Columbia from assist sought Police Fiji process, prosecution ance noting teams, forensics from overseas they were trying to establish whether Australia the Zealand, New for bound were drugs Fiji. in clients for possibly or lo- consumed amount of cocaine is a small cally is supported by data collected as part FSMed the by undertaken research Fiji the of and the Burnet Institute. destination a as identified been also has Fiji Other In August 2008, police reported the recent cocaine of kilograms) (2 cubes 100 of seizure - - - - - The persistence of of persistence The 281 Given the current climate 283 282 NSAAC’s Fiji country report, 3rd PDARN meeting, July 2008. 3rd Fiji country report, NSAAC’s at: 26 September 2008. Available to help with Fiji drug case, Fijilive.com, detectives Overseas (accessed April 2009). fn.69. & Fiji School of Medicine above, Burnet Institute Marijuana grower gets 5 year sentence, Fiji Times, 13 January 2006. See Fiji Times Online: gets 5 year Marijuana grower 112 mature and leaves of dried marijuana report of 2.9 kilograms : for years count of possession and two sentence imposed for the first a five-year plants destroyed; concurrently. of an illicit drug to be served cultivation fn.69. & Fiji School of Medicine above, Burnet Institute 284 285 282 283 281 sions to St Giles Hospital associated with marijuana use. Hospital, 107 were treated for conditions as conditions for treated were 107 Hospital, sociated with marijuana use. For 2006, the admis 180 were there that reported NSAAC use will remain a police focus. will remain use Finally, the NSAAC reported that, of 178 outpatients treated at St Giles Psychiatric of hardship of in hardship Fiji, due to internal troubles likely it is and external economic pressures, cannabis that and persist will pressures these by data collected by the FSMed and Burnet and FSMed the by collected data by Institute in late 2008 to early 2009, which with can- discussions group included focus nabis growers. to mature, while other crops such as cas work. more needed sava supported is cultivation for motivators these gaol after telling the Fiji court that plant ing and selling marijuana were more prof itable because marijuana took a short time she was selling but not using drugs. Also in Also drugs. using not but selling was she years’ five to sentenced was villager a 2006 62 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific pseudoephedrine. of diversion known no Fiji is there in suggested pharmacist affairs regulatory the 290 289 288 292 291 syndicates is becominganissue. gal exports of pseudoephedrine by organised ille that but uncommon, is use stimulant that suggested alsobeen has person.It per behaviours. The purchase limit is one packet suspicious sharing pharmacists of network istered in addition to an informally operating reg- be to over-the-countersalesrequiring manufacturing, amphetamine illegal of zures of equipment compatible with diversion sei- relativelyrecent been havethere While 1000 kilograms. further a produce to chemicals precursor enough and methamphetamine liquid of finished crystal methamphetamine, 700 litres 293 287 286 National_Data/Fiji/Situation_Fiji.pdf> (accessed December2008). (accessed December 2008);FijiCountryProfile, available at: WHO (2004),GlobalStatusReportonAlcohol 2004.Geneva: WHO. Available at: Fiji countryprofile, TheGlobe(GlobalAlcoholPolicy Alliance), Pacific Issue no.1, 2005. Key informantinterview, 2009. Key informantinterview, 2009. Ibid. Personal communication, December2008. (accessedOctober 2008). May 2009);compare UNODC (2007),World DrugReport2006,Vol. 2:Statistics, available at: 2004, available at: (accessed £30m worthofamphetaminesseizedinrecord Fijidrugbust, TheGuardian (UK),10 June (accessed October2008). (DEA– 04012). Available at: Drug Enforcement Administration (2004),DrugIntelligenceBrief:ThePacific IslandsRegion 286 288 There are regulations regulations are There 289 287 -

exacerbated by a recent request to reduce reduce to request recent a by exacerbated lected, but schools report on student use. use. student on report schools but lected, col currently are use substance adult on cent. per 50 to up by spending investment. an straints which have thus far prevented such alcohol trends in Fiji, but faces budget con The NSAAC is mandated to research current 4.4 Licitdrugtrends or younger), and high rates of binge drinking of female and half of male drinkers at age 10 noted early initiation to drinking (one-third during the mid- to late-1990s. cohol consumption based on data collected with many of the available estimates for al- 2004, in Noumea on reported survey 1999 consumption have been undertaken since a alcohol on surveys population-based No Alcohol youth is reported asamajorconcern. and children among use inhalant addition, drinking, concern, particularly with reference to binge Overwhelmingly, alcohol is the main drug of 292 followed by kava and tobacco. In 290 This situation is further further is situation This 293 291 The report No data data No - - Fiji 63 - - - However, However, 300 Elders in the village 301 with a literal translation translation literal a with 299 dauvaguna, cohol consumption. say Levu Viti of island main the on Tavua of and beverages alcoholic on ban six-year their problems. family and crime reduced has kava prevented bans the having that stated They people neglecting their farms, sleeping in, and kava purchase to income diverting and sub these on ban the to addition In alcohol. stances, elders put in place a 9pm curfew in town, with penalties to include planting pregnant each year do so as a result of drug drug of result a as so do year each pregnant or alcohol abuse. Of the youths surveyed, sex made alcohol that reported cent per 25 feel good. (kava) Yaquona The cultural importance of kava drinking is reflected in the name for Fijianspiritual leaders, kava. drinking at expert meaning local a at communities for unusual not is it level to impose bans on both kava and al via informal mechanisms. This reveals a con a reveals This mechanisms. informal via youth into research 2002 with trend, tinuing risk behaviours reporting that many of the estimated 2400 Fiji teenagers who become - - - - agreed 297 296 WHO also reported reported WHO also 294 295 These concerns led to the estab 298 , 11 October Fiji Times, 11 Fiji survey, alcohol, says drugs, sex follows Sainimili Lewa (2002), Teen at a UNICEF emerged October 2002); similar findings Online, 10 2002 (Fiji Times/PINA Nius on HIV/AIDS, September 2002. Youth Congress Pacific Journal of on a work-in-progress. — the unfolding story: report A. Denham et al. (2002), Kava Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 8(3): 237–263. June 2009. informant interview, Key Ibid. (2007), Evaluation of Regional HIV/AIDS Project Fiji Community Education Association; Pacific available Community, of the Pacific Fiji. Noumea: Secretariat the Pilot Stepping Stones Program: at: . WHO above, fn.293. WHO above, Ibid. Fiji, in illness mental toward attitudes workers’ health Mental (2008), al. et Usher Kim Foster, Kim , 25(3): 72–79. Journal of Advanced Nursing Australian lishment of a Youth Council and a police education program on drug and alcohol 301 300 299 297 298 295 296 294 issues. In addition, the community reported reported community the addition, In issues. drunkenness public of ‘monitoring’ increased identified concernsover alcohol consump tion. Of four Fijian communities that participated participated that communities Fijian four Of eval Project Stones Stepping pilot 2007 a in Sasa of village the from people only uation, experienced and trained workers and has the the has and workers trained and experienced development the inhibit severely to potential programs. and success of treatment in response to the statement: ‘People who atti This self-control’. no have alcohol abuse less and more both among recorded was tude the attitude of mental health workers to mental health patients revealed that over 80 per cent of workers surveyed consumption, but the data are more than old. years 10 into Fiji in research recent on paper 2008 A of males and 6 per cent of females - report being drunk. ing ever homebrew of prevalence high a is there that among drinkers (69 per cent of male and 54 54 and male of cent per (69 drinkers among cent per 26 with drinkers) female of cent per 64 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Inhalants up imports. exports, with lack of quality supply pushing domestic consumption is 21 times more than also imports kava from Vanuatu; reportedly, uncertainty. market international to 14 to back dropping and farmers reportedly peaking at 21 income of in Fiji, with source the total number of significant kava a is trade kava The with kava. dealing regulation or legislation national no is there addition, In surveys. penditure ex- in appear not do statistics alcohol, like pens. pig and hall village the cleaning and crops 307 306 305 304 303 302 the NSAAC. has been identified as a research priority by it and issue this manage to legislation or posts. 90 of total a from post, per day, per glue-sniffing of Fijian police report approximately three cases consumption have been identified and, un- Key informant interview, June2009. [2008] FJHC228;StatevChand [2008] FJHC230. High CourtofFiji,16September 2008:StatevSaqayalo[2008]FJHC229;Goneyali 2009). Fiji Islands legislation available at: (accessedMay Key informant,June2009. UNCTAD meeting,11–13 December2006. Research Coordinator, UnitedNations Research Institute forSocialDevelopment (UNRISD)to The perils ofunmanagedexport growth: thecaseofkava inFiji:apaperby Naren Prasad, . Curfew, yaqona banhelpingFijivillage,Times,18May2008.Available at: 302 No data on the current rate of kava 304 There is no regulation regulation no is There

118 in 2005 due due 118 2005 in

956 in 2004 303 Fiji Fiji or trafficking in illegal drugs in Fiji, with the penalties for cultivation, possession, use and/ strict toward tendency a suggest decisions Drugs. Illicit of Control the on Law Model Regional the of adaptation Fiji’s Legislation 4.5 Localresponses rent and future needs and circumstances in cur- on based offences, criminal and crime view considered reform recommendations on Code and Criminal Procedures Code. The re Fiji Law Reform Commission Act nounced a review, under section 5(2) of the In 2006 the Fiji Law Reform Commission an informant. key a by 2008 in again repeated was view this and alcohol on policy national no was there reported was it 2004 In 2002–03. in reviewed was alcohol, of consumption and original the enacted has Fiji Fiji. in Attorney-General the of Office the of division a is Board Liquor Central The years onafirst offenceforcultivation. example of a farmer being convicted for five Illicit Drugs Control Act Control Drugs Illicit Liquor Act 307 1975, regulating the sale Liquor Act Liquor 305 305 Recent court court Recent , of the Penal 2004 is an an is 2004 2006. The The 2006. 306 - - Fiji 65 ------313 000 000 mil mil

The high 314 312 million); beer beer million);

million), beer

million). At the

It was reported in 311 million) and wines (FJ$0.11 million), 1.8 megalitres ($12 1.8 megalitres million),

service user profile has changed signif- changed has profile user service level of admissions where the patient had time customs tariffs were charged at rates litres (FJ$1.8 million) of liqueurs and spir its, particularly rum (FJ$1.5 (FJ$0.166 lion). More importantly, it imported more (FJ$5.2 spirits liqueurs, alcohol: (FJ$0.558 lion); and wines (FJ$5.9 of FJ$1.55 to FJ$68.66 per litre, or 27 per of type the on depending value total of cent content. alcohol its and beverage ‘expatriates’, later Indo-Fijians, and cur people included Giles St to admissions time with a substance use disorder. part in explained was issue use substance a assump cultural a as described was what by induces psychosis. use tion that cannabis Regulation alco an and importer alcohol an both is Fiji 661 exported Fiji 2003, In exporter. hol St Giles Hospital has been St the Giles main Hospital mental health service provider in Fiji since 1884. The icantly over time — initially predominantly rently ethnic Fijians. 2002 that more than 50 per cent of first- - - 310 309 This review included an issues paper 308 Lewa above, fn.299. Lewa above, Ibid. at: available the year, throughout a monthly basis collated on import data are Provisional 2009). (accessed November (accessed at: (accessed June 2009). 312 313 314 311 310 309 308 relevant areas include accidents and injuries, injuries, and accidents include areas relevant research and surveillance, and monitoring and evaluation. The Fiji Ministry of Health has non-communicable identifiedfor factors risk main four inac physical nutrition; poor (NCD): diseases The abuse. alcohol/kava and smoking; tivity; Health its legal systems and to enable a response to to response a enable to and systems legal its cases of volume increasing and backlog the to be heard. PILON. Fiji’s report to the 2008 PILON meet PILON 2008 the to report Fiji’s PILON. the and issues constitutional on focuses ing strengthen to staff additional of recruitment Law enforcement the of country member a not is Fiji Notably, on represented is Fiji However, network. PICP the context of criminal law and planned to issues. control include narcotics Fiji. in obligations international and regional on 66 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific While a drop in sales may be consideredto be may sales in drop a While drinking ageinFijiis 21 years. ill-health effects in some instances. The legal tions, and which are known to have greater fluctua price to linked often homebrews, increases in production and consumption of and changes monitor mechanisms to lance difficult the economic of times, thereimpact are nopositive surveil a of indicative be prices. fuel increased to due patterns ing sales related to pressure on consumer spend in drop the suggested was It sales. of ume vol in drop cent per 25 a facing was and byaffected conditionseconomic tough the was it said company The Samoa. and Fiji both in cent decreasedper byhad 1.7 ume vol sales reported Limited Pacific Group Fosters the 2008 in that noteworthy is It 318 317 316 315 • • • • include introducing the following: programs programs.NSAAC awareness and cil undertakes school-based drug prevention The National Substance Abuse Advisory Coun Non-government organisations Ibid. 3rd PDARNmeeting,July2008. (accessedApril2009). International CenterforAlcohol Policies, MinimumAge LimitsWorldwide:tableavailable at: (accessed November 2009). Statistics, September2009, available at: com/story.aspx?id=98931>; FijiIslands Bureau ofStatistics, Overseas Merchandise Trade Fosters Group reports beer, sodasales flat.FijiTimes,27August 2008:

school students; 2005 research into drug drug into research 2005 students; school secondary by use drug into research 2004 included: have activities research Recent • • • per centformarijuanause. and 63 per cent respectively, compared to 13 and kava use among students at 51 per cent ondary school reported high rates of alcohol sec in students 2147 of survey 2004 The schools. secondary 159 across use solvents use, 165 of alcohol use, and 66 of tobacco/ stance abuse, showed 181 cases of marijuana reports by school principals on student sub juana. Analysis of the ‘Red Files’, confidential mari used youth urban cent 31.1per and used alcohol, and 35.9 per cent rural youth rural youth and 63.5 per cent of urban youth cent per 59.4 reported surveys school The agement System (SIMS) data 1999–2003. Man Information Schools of analysis and 1999–2003; Files’ ‘Red principals’ school analysisof students; school primary byuse moral andfamilylifeeducation. grams, and to develop health-promoting school pro Framework (Family LifeEducation) Curriculum National the in education abuse substance and drugs incorporate substances; and drugs include to safety review of the Education Act on health and 317 318 - - - - -

Fiji 67 - - - The Fiji Educa Fiji The 322 323 Ongoing activities are are activities Ongoing 321 324 brief.html> (accessed April 2009). Fiji was included in the Pacific in completed was Regional which (PRHP) Project HIV 2008. November Many of the PRHP activities will be continued with the support of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. pilot the included PRHP the under Activities Program. Stones Stepping the supported also has Program Sector tion to NSAAC the and Education of Ministry Fiji deliver awareness workshops on substance and HIV risk. use effectiveness and effectiveness integrity been have com- reform sector public include These promised. and programs assistance to law and justice top Fiji’s of one is Australia agencies. sector partners. export five oriented toward civil society interventions. Community the include: programs Relevant Justice Support Program, Australian Civil Society Support Program, and Health Sec Program. tor Improvement Agency for Australian International Development 4.6 Australian involvement 4.6 Australian pro aid its of parts suspended has Australia gram in Fiji where it has assessed that the - - talanoa Programs have a 319 320 AusAID, Aid activities in Fiji, available at: fn.298. SPC above, in section 4.4: Alcohol; see also above discussed results Evaluation Connect, in Fiji. Cardno awareness of Education supports drug (2008), Ministry G. Ryan-Gadsden 1(4): 6–7. FCOSS presentation to 3rd PDARN meeting, Fiji, July 2008. to 3rd FCOSS presentation fn.299. Lewa above, Republic of the Fiji Islands and Trade, Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian Country Brief: (accessedMarch 2009). NZAID, Where NZAIDworks: Fiji,available at: (accessedMarch 2009). Australian CouncilforInternationalDevelopment (ACFID)details available at: 325 brief.html> (accessedApril2009). - - - or at risk of, domestic violence. Labasaassistsuffering,andtowomenNadi Ba, inbranches CrisisWomen’swith Centre programs. ance govern regional under initiatives training programming is beingsustained. 7, Round under unsuccessful was Fiji as and 2007, of end Malaria under Round 4 was expended at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Fiji’s funding for HIV programming from the instability. domestic the to tal projects and economic restructuring, due capi- havesuspendedFijian largegrantsto Bank Development Asian the as such cies agen addition, In significantly. decreased from Fijians working in Kuwait and Iraq have to manage its budget. Overseas remittances ership rights, and the government’s inability include low investment, uncertain land own problemselections.Long-term new toward steps takes government interim the until aid all suspended has Union European The Other programs includes ongoing core funding for the Fiji Fiji the for funding core ongoing includes in 2008–09. in NZ$5 the of disbursement increased to lead to forecast is poor, the on focus and settlements mal infor assisting society, civil strengthening

327 million aid allocation for Fiji Fiji for allocation aid million Significantly the program program the Significantly 326 330 A it is not clear how this this how clear not is it

re orientation toward toward orientation 329 Significantly, 328 - - - - Fiji 69 - - - - similar study on attitudes toward

settings are absent in the Pacific context. absent in the Pacific are settings secondary school survey; training of trainers trainers of training survey; school secondary data analysis for drug programs; awareness for the 2004–07 schools survey; national same The informant research. glue-sniffing also identified the need for greater coordi Education of Ministries the between nation and Health. As with all other PICTs, virtually no data were available on drug use in prison and other closed settings. Important data sets such as the rate of incarceration for drug use offences and access to drugs in closed addiction and dependence for mental health health mental for dependence and addiction be to is model service current the if workers maintained. As the primary service provid response negative overwhelmingly their ers, to alcohol ‘abuse’ is likely to act as a dis and contribute significantly to stigmatisa tion. A of development and addiction of forms other necessary. be also may programs appropriate and research the identified informant key Our 2004 the repeat follows: as priorities program With respect to drug treatment services, St Giles Hospital is the only identified service should interventions Future Fiji. in provider involve advocacy and training activities on incentive to treatment-seeking behaviour - 331 Above, fn.322. Above, 331 for a response, especially to collect evidence evidence collect to especially response, a for to allow for targeted and non-politicised intervention. collected in recent times. The number and frequency of media reports on illicit drug- need the of suggestive are incidents related the drug and alcohol situation in Fiji indi from papers of number a are there that cates data new little with late-1980s, to mid- the NSAAC is to remain viable in the context of context the in viable remain to is NSAAC cuts. expenditure forced and instability local on documentation available the of review A Substance Abuse Advisory Council, mandated mandated Council, Advisory Abuse Substance alcohol and drug to respond and research to issues, puts it ahead of many of the PICTs reviewed. However, the challenge for the initiatives. National established an has Fiji that fact The have have triggered a restructuring of approach in international aid programs with efforts increasingly focused on community-based With Fiji’s increasing isolation from regional regional from isolation increasing Fiji’s With its ability to participate bodies and forums, in regional initiatives is likely to become even more limited. Already internal politics 4.8 Gaps analysis 70 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 5. Kiribati 332 after groups, Island Line and Phoenix the new name of Kiribati. The country includes the under 1979 in 1971independence and granted self-rule by the United Kingdom in Formerly known as the Gilbert Islands, it was in the Pacific Ocean, straddling the Equator. Kiribati comprises a group of 33 coral atolls 5.1 Introduction Source: Exchange rate Currency Employment by sector Unemployment Literacy Gender Age Population publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kr.html> (accessedOctober2009). Profile onKiribati inCIA,TheWorld Factbook , available at:

- - - - 334 336 533. Tak 533.

The population is is population The 333 However, media reports reports media However, 335 000 by 2007. by 000 CIA above, fn.332. CIA above, Ibid. with Kiribati, Programme for the New Zealand Development Cooperation NZAID (2007), Strategy at: . . Volume 2: Analytical Report, 2007. Available at: 8. . CIGAD Working Paper families in Kiribati of income for seafarer but indispensable source and Development. Governance for Indigenous North, New Zealand: Centre Palmerston Community, of the Pacific Secretariat drugs, caught smuggling seafarers Kiribati to address at: (accessed March Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Kiribati Country Brief: and Trade, Affairs Department of Foreign Government Australian 2009). (accessed March Ibid. 338 339 337 336 334 335 333 and alcohol abuse among the workers. and alcohol abuse main employment opportunity outside gov outside opportunity employment main services. ernment substance to due risk at is role this that note there are estimated at any given time to be (or seafarers 1000 approximately 14 per the representing workforce), total the of cent God, totalling 8 per cent (1999 Census). coun trial the of one as included is Kiribati operated scheme labour migrant the in tries by and Australia New Zealand. In addition, at 40 per cent, with numbers much smaller Baha’i, Muslims, Adventists, Seventh-Day of of Church and (Mormons) Saints Latter-Day 98.8 per cent Micronesian. The two domi nant faiths are Roman religious Catholic at (Congregational) Protestant and cent per 52 100 than reported as being ethnically homogeneous with the 2000 Census identifying that it is In the in most Kiribati 2005, recent Census 92 as recorded was population the the consideration, into patterns rate birth ing greater be to likely was estimate population Demographics 72 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific strained by a shortage of skilled workers, weak in recent years. Economic development is con exports. The economy has fluctuated widely and production of bulk the represent now the United Kingdom in 1979. Copra and fish exhausted at the time of independence from Commercially viable phosphate deposits were development. of stages early the in are tor Private sector initiatives and a financial sec GDP. of one-fifth than more provides ism budget from an Australian trust fund. AU$15 year. each receivesalso lion around Kiribati ships abroad account for more than AU$5 bati. Remittances from seamen on merchant equals more than 10 per cent China of GDP and in Kiri Zealand New Australia, Japan, Foreignfinancial fromaid United Kingdom, Health anddevelopment 343 342 341 340 provided by the government free of charge. tional markets. infrastructure and remoteness from interna Borovnik above, fn.335. Country/KI/Stats/>. HIES [HouseholdIncomeandExpenditure Survey].Available at:

millionannually forthe government 341 Health services in Kiribati are 340 Tour

mil 342 ------fied, but no peer-reviewed publications with identi been has seafarers i-Kiribati among injecting drug of evidence anecdotal Much has not yet been represented on the PDARN. Responses in the Asia–Pacific Region Situational Analysis of Illicit Drug Issues and 2004–05 the in included not was Kiribati overview 5.2 Drugandalcohol frequently. be employed if these issues did not arise so gesting that up to double the number could sug reports some with vessels, sailing on preventing increased placement of i-Kiribati consumption has been identified as a factor alcohol Excessive injecting. no reporting sideration in this analysis, with the majority con under PICTs other the with contrasts pattern This located. were data supporting 343 . Kiribati - - - Kiribati 73 - 349 348 youth cannabis use in Kiribati. In addition, a addition, In Kiribati. in use cannabis youth reported people that advised informant key the is this If cash. earn to cannabis planting case, then it would suggest Tawara a for report significant research 2001 a from shift smoked. rarely which noted that it is injecting. This has usually been in the con- has usually injecting. This with associated arrests and seafarers of text time the At trafficking. and possession heroin of writing, the report of the Commission on AIDS in the Pacific was due forrelease. sexual for risk high the reaffirms report This transmission of HIV among the seafaring workforce, but there is still a need to col lect evidence of injecting. Cannabis Similar to other PICTs there are reports of Heroin Kiribati is one of the few countries in the region where reference is made to heroin - - How 000 by 000 by 345 As early 346 As recently as as recently As 344 347 Turning the Tide: an OPEN strategy for a response to for a response the Tide: an OPEN strategy (2009), Turning on AIDS in the Pacific Commission Region. UNAIDS Pacific . Suva: AIDS in the Pacific Radio treaties, join international countries must Pacific says group International drug control at: Kiribati High Commissioner to Fiji, Reteta Nikuata Rimon in an address to 38th meeting of to Fiji, Reteta Nikuata Rimon in an address Kiribati High Commissioner fn.344. CRGA above, SPC’s of UNICEF) (2005), Kiribati: A Situation Analysis of of Kiribati (with the assistance Government Available at: . Kiribati to address seafarers caught smuggling drugs. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Community, of the Pacific Secretariat drugs. caught smuggling seafarers Kiribati to address (CRGA), 13 October 2008. and Administrations of Governments Committee of Representatives at: Available 2009). (accessed February Islands possession. Pacific for heroin Batiri Bataua (2008), Kiribati seamen arrested at: 349 347 348 346 345 344 conventions on drugs. on conventions as 2003, the International Narcotics Control Control Narcotics International the 2003, as called for Board to Kiribati and other PICTs become signatories to the United Nations missioner of Kiribati to Fiji noted that the seafarers i-Kiribati of number worldwide total was drugs 20. caught smuggling estimated estimated to be US$680 worth over Administration. Enforcement Drug the a recent ever, statement by the High Com Reports on illicit drugs in Kiribati relate most most relate Kiribati in drugs illicit on Reports seamen. contracted to often Tuvaluan and i-Kiribati of number a 2008, July heroin, of possession in arrested were seafarers 5.3 Illicit drug trends 5.3 Illicit drug 74 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific judgments relate to drink-driving offences. drink-driving to relate judgments 5.4 Licitdrugtrends This amounts to AU$282 of a total average income was spent on tobacco and alcohol. Survey reported that 3 per cent of household The 2006 Household Income and Expenditure Alcohol highest priority. roles available to i-Kiribati, it is afforded the sector non-public few the of one isthis As i-Kiribati seamen from contract fishing fleets. be one of the key factors in the dismissal of to considered is significantly,alcohol More reports.drug-related reports and no more than half a dozen illicit alcohol-related 100 almost found ments judg reported of search website PacLII A 357 356 355 354 353 352 351 350 of proportion the found Census older.The members of the population aged 10 years and eral questions on smoking and alcohol use for 2005 Census, the questionnaire included sev household expenditure of AU$9400. Above, fn.349. Ibid. Ibid. Country/KI/Stats/> (accessedMarch 2009). Kiribati 2005 Census. Volume 2: Analytical Report, 2007. Available at: (accessedMarch 2009). Batiri Bataua,Kiribatiseamennumbers plummet,KiribatiNews,16April2008. nk=on;callback=off;legisopt=;view=date;offset=0> (accessedFebruary 2009). cgi?method=all;meta= percent2Fpaclii;mask_path=ki;mask_world=;query=alcohol;results=50;ra Pacific Islands LegalInformationInstitute, available at:

defined as daily, creating a high threshold threshold high a creating daily, as defined respectively. cent per 3 and 26 were drinkers’ ‘occasional female and male years, 5–19 aged youth Among reported drinkingalcohol‘sometimes’. than 40 per cent of males aged 20–34 years ‘regular’ alcohol consumption. However, more reporting females of cent per 2 and males of cent per 15 than less with age, any of males drinking alcohol is higher than females Substances used include imported alcohol, alcohol, imported include used Substances in court for drunk and disorderly conduct. creasing number of teenagers were appearing in- an analysisreported situational 2005 A tertiary students. disorderly conduct and heavy drinking to among addition in is This drinking. under-age in and women young among drinking in Surveys in 2005 and 2001 reported increases alcohol consumption to decrease with age. for tendency a yearsrangewith 20–29 age the in was drinkers regular of proportion for those who drink sometimes. 354 ‘Regular’ use was was use ‘Regular’ 355 The highest 357 356

Kiribati 75 - - 365

364 The authors did 366 Young women are considered at at considered are women Young 363 local situational analysis in 2005 iden

tified concerns regarding links between Other that reported document government 2005 A meth drink and benzene sniff youth Kiribati ylated spirits in addition to using a variety of alcoholic substances. not identify any additional information to pattern persists. confirm that this has been undertaken with this group. with this has been undertaken A alcohol, family violence and sexual abuse. 2000 in call a after initiated was analysis The reports following response community a for young very involving incidents of series a of children. No further information regarding unclear is it and identified been has issue this introduced been have any, if measures, what to clearly identify and manage the issue. violence. of lack a to due work sex in engaging of risk opportunities, educational and employment but no surveillance or behavioural research

------358 362 359 Te Te Koreko The South 360 and homebrews. and kaokioki In a nation with limited devel limited with nation a In 361 are reported to fraternise with local men men local with fraternise to reported are H. Buchanan-Aruwafu above, fn.358. H. Buchanan-Aruwafu above, Ibid. fn.349. Above, Ibid. Personal communication, July 2009. Personal in 2008. a peak of 2000 to below 1000 declined from to have said are Figures Ibid. plummet, Kiribati News, 16 April 2008. Batiri Bataua, Kiribati seamen numbers job overseas pushes Tong Kiribati’s ; at: H. Buchanan-Aruwafu (2007), Youth vulnerability to HIV in the Pacific. In C. Jenkins & In C. Jenkins to HIV in the Pacific. vulnerability H. Buchanan-Aruwafu (2007), Youth HIV and preventing and Contexts Matter: understanding H. Buchanan-Aruwafu (2007), Cultures fn.349. above, see also Bank.; . Manila: Asian Development in the Pacific 366 363 364 365 361 362 359 360 358 rea and and sex exchange seafarers for alcohol occasion they addition, In goods. other and ally drink to excess and become victims of point highlighted in recent media reports. media recent in highlighted point Kiribati ‘sex workers’ known as vessels vessels if the issue of excessive drinking is addressed. a concern, key a is this opportunities, opment Pacific Marine Services and the Marine Train Marine the and Services Marine Pacific people 4000 to up that estimate Centre ing (increased from the 1000) current figure of shipping of service the in employed be may excessive alcohol consumption is deemed for an employing international disincentive i-Kiribati in shipping services. reported in 2009 that many of these con the same. remain sumption patterns It is worth reiterating that a reputation for boredom boredom are listed as forreasons drinking, in social and self-esteem low to addition in analysis this for informant key The teraction. fermented toddy toddy fermented associated the and activities alternate of Lack 76 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific for responding to these issues focused on on focused issues these to responding for 5.5 Localresponses 372 371 370 369 n 05 Ntoa Laesi Conven Leadership National a 2005 In institutions andcivilsociety. strengthening partnerships between national islands. outer tion, in addition to security problems on the prostitu and crimes sex-related drinking, anti- and lawlessness of culture a as described number of key concerns including what was a on focused Government the time same the At 2004. in LeadershipCode a of ment develop the on discussion with associated Act Proceedings) Civil from the repealed ment Parlia 2003 November In government. ble accounta and transparent on Kiribati in focus strong a been has there 2003 Since 368 367 quires furtherinvestigation. re objective this towards progress any of for collective community action. The impact call a with challenge, major a as listed was ing community engagement. Alcohol abuse reforms to strengthen police services, includ style. tion was convened in a Western conference Baaro above, fn.367. Ibid. Above, fn.349. Traffic Act2002,ss.39–40. This is notthetraditional ‘maneaba’meetingstylewhichlimitswho canspeak. Proceedings) Actwasfirst passedin1997,highlighting thesignificanceof repealingthe Act. Government inthePacific, Nadi,Fiji,20–22 February 2006;theBeretitenti (Immunitiesfrom Civil M. Baaro (2006),Innovative strategies forresource mobilization,RegionalForum onReinventing establishment, particularly under-age under-age particularly establishment, 368 Among the issues considered were considered issues the Among 367 One of the key strategies strategies key the of One Beretitenti ; this move was was move this ;

(Immunities (Immunities ------Alcohol Act Alcohol uor Ordinance for third and subsequent offences. The ties include fines and potential imprisonment analysis and blood test procedures. breath provisions for including drug, other any or alcohol of influence the driveunder Under the Legislation dinance In tions. func government at consumption alcohol on limit a for call a as well as advocated also were cigarettes and alcohol on taxes limit for consumption to 21 years. age minimum raisingthe and homes, from not and bars allocated to toddy alcoholic on the sale of alcohol, restricting the sale of ing school areas, putting a time limit of 9pm surround- provisionszones alcohol-free on a review of the Leadershipfor 2005 Conventioncalled The tobacco sales. and alcohol on restrictions legal enforcing Councils and the Ministry of Health were not 21 years. alcohol or its sale to people under the age of responsibleorganisations, Islandpolice, the was being prepared for tabling in in tabling for prepared being was

370 2006 a review of the the of review a 2006 Traffic Act A 2005 survey reported that the 1997 prohibit consumption of of consumption prohibit 1997 1973 and the 371 Alcohol Ordinance 2002 it is an offence to Manufacture of Alcohol Or Alcohol to include 372 369 Higher Penal Liq- - - - Kiribati 77 ------380 Members Members 381 Discouragement of excessive excessive of Discouragement Questions on alcohol and 379 378 tobacco consumption in the 2005 Census alcohol consumption was among the initia the among was consumption alcohol tives listed in to response the demographic data collected in the 2005 Census. organisations Non-government Islands on the Pacific represented is Kiribati Organisa Non-Governmental of Association of Association Kiribati the by (PIANGO) tions included have activities Past (KANGO). NGOs HIV/ Regional Pacific the by funded project a seafarers Kiribati with working Project AIDS prevention. HIV on wives their and ernment responded by developing policies to reduce the harm caused by alcohol and tobacco, including the endorsement of the National Strategy to Prevent and Control Non-Communicable Diseases 2004–2009. The challenge of converting policies into alco reduced including behaviour, changed was flagged hol and tobacco consumption, at the time. were included at the request of the Minis Health. of try Health In 2003 tobacco- and alcohol-related ill nesses accounted for almost 10 per cent of hospital admissions. The Kiribati Gov - 374 — 373 375 and an i-Kiribati A police informant informant police A 376 Police officers were trained trained were officers Police 377 datura datura metel Dangerous Drugs (Amendment) Above, fn.349. Above, fn.351. Batiri Bataua above, Ibid. at: Unit for Kiribati, available National Liaison 2009). (accessed February No confirmation that this second convention occurred could be identified. occurred second convention No confirmation that this into the country in be smuggled to Kiribati, but thought to not indigenous The Thorn Apple is It has similar effects to the coca leaf or Indian hemp. the late 1970s or early 1980s. website, at: Institute Legal Information Islands on the Pacific available are Kiribati Laws 2009). (accessed February communication, July 2009. Personal Ibid. 379 380 381 377 378 376 373 374 375 required regulations under the proposed Act. Traffic youth groups. youth in Police use through breathalyser a Pacific Project, to support implementation of the reported that police had attempted to address address to attempted had police that reported some of the youth substance use issues by local with programs awareness-raising of way specific drug and alcohol issues, but included included but issues, alcohol and drug specific a report on a significant case dealing with crime. of proceeds the Kiribati is a member of the PILON and partici and PILON the of member a is Kiribati meetings. 2008 and 2007 the both in pated The meeting reports did not highlight any . Ordinance Drugs the Dangerous Law enforcement Act added the Thorn Apple, with a botani- cal name of in drug dangerous a as Tiaina, Urin of name it is not clear if this task was completed. A 2008. for planned was convention further The 2001 Parliament, in addition to increased taxes on on taxes increased to addition in Parliament, 2006 February in cigarettes and alcohol 78 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific in taxation on imported alcoholic beverages, ling services funded by a 10 per cent increase Proposals included prevention and counsel developed. was harms drinking reduce to integratedapproachan on youth based for ability. In addition, a government action plan posed changes in taxation and liquor avail- In 2005 a framework for alcohol policy pro Regulation NGOs are few and underdeveloped. contrast, by influence; cultural and social Association. Seafarers Union and the Kiribati Counsellors’ OverseasKiribativantmemberstheinclude recoveryto support. addition ties focusing on education and awareness, in and Family Recovery Association with activi AlcoholicAwarenessincludetheKANGO of 384 383 382 the of cent per over 60 importing for sible and BKL. These two companies are respon- Kiribati are government-owned: Abamakoro and two out of seven importers of alcohol to Australia, from imported are alcohol other sponse is significant given that all beer and re tax-based a implement to decision The coordinating body. in addition to establishing a national youth strategy-0207.pdf>. 2002–2007. Wellington:NZAID. Available at: (accessedApril2009). Membership ofKiribatiAssociation ofNGOsavailable at:

388 ment via the KANGO, and for government agencies such as the Attorney-General’s Office. bati have been identified. bati have 5.7 International involvement Zealand New is 2008–09 for Kiribati to assistance NZAID NZ$6 of vicinity the in be to estimated on basic and focuses lion. The aid program advanced education, with other activities including support for civil society - develop Australian non-novernment non-novernment Australian organisations Kiri in programs NGO Australian relevant No - - - ad

In 385 386 387 Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Kiribati Country Brief: and Trade, Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian of dollar 2009); in terms (accessed March in 2007–08 was tobacco. biggest export to Kiribati Australia’s value, Ibid. at: (accessed March AusAID, Kiribati Country Profile, available at: 387 388 386 385 nomic management. Australia is supporting supporting is Australia management. nomic this objective through activities to improve financial management and torev- increase enue collection. public sector management. In addition, the addition, In management. sector public public prioritised has Kiribati of Government sector improvement in financial and eco The current program focus is on basic edu- basic on is focus program current The cation, human resource development and Australian Agency for Australian International Development dition, Australia is Kiribati’s main trading being the principal export destina- partner, tion and import origin. The Australian country program in Kiribati is estimated to be worth AU$11.6 million as development overseas with 2008–09, for million. AU$18.4 totalling sistance 5.6 Australian involvement 5.6 Australian 80 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 5.8 Gapsanalysis ture of the situation in Kiribati, as much of activities to form a current and accurate pic sector drug) other and (alcohol AOD other identified to participate in future PDARN and and community sector contacts will also be stance use generally in Kiribati. Ideally health more up-to-date information regarding sub seek to scope is there identified, been has that a key contact within the Kiribati police Now issues. alcohol and drug on focused informant key or contact local existing an This difficulty was largely due to the lack of and alcohol use in Kiribati has been difficult. drug of areas all for data current Locating - - substance use issues — the progress and and progress the — issues use substance address to reforms policy and legislative of number a introduced has PICTs, Kiribati the general adult population. Similar to other consumptionamong alcohol as issuessuch ers and sex workers) and little is reported on youth and other high-risk groups (e.g. seafar by use substance on focuses literature the of much addition, In old. years three than more is information available currently the response toalcoholandotherdrugissues. current the of effectiveness the assess to a rigorous evaluation should be undertaken possible (above)if implemented, havebeen initiatives outlined in the Regulation section Where unclear. are moves these of success - Marshall Islands 81 - - - with 390 000, 000 and 60 a funding shortfall. The ethnic origin of the the of origin ethnic The shortfall. funding a population of the Islands is largely homo geneous, comprising Marshallese 92.1 per other cent, per 5.9 mixed-Marshallese cent, largely is population The (2006). cent per 2 Christian with affiliations as follows: Prot 25.8 God of Assembly cent, per 54.8 estant Bukot cent, per 8.4 Catholic Roman cent, per nan Jesus 2.8 per cent, Latter-Day Saints 3.6 Christian other cent, per 2.1 (Mormons) Demographics The population is estimated to be some between 50 where to due postponed Census 2009 planned the 389 64 522 (July 2009 est.) 38.6% 0–14 years: 58.5% 15–64 years: 2.9% (2009 est.) over: and 65 years 1.04 male(s)/female (2009 est.) population: Total read and write can over and Definition: age 15 93.7% population: Total Male: 93.6% 93.7% (1999) Female: 36% (2006 est.) (184) 21.4% Agriculture: 20.9% Industry: Services: 57.7% (2000) United States dollar (US$) —

Country profile: Marshall Islands, BBC News, available at: at: 2008 estimate. Population Age Gender Literacy Unemployment sector by Employment Currency rate Exchange 390 389 Free Association with the United States. Free by by the United States of America for several com- now They II. War World after decades of Compact a under nation sovereign a prise islets, just islets, north of the Equator. The atolls sub- of rims crater the on deposits coral are occupied were islands The volcanoes. merged 6.1 Introduction of chains two of consist Islands Marshall The coral atolls, together with more than 1000 Source: Source: 6. Marshall Islands 6. Marshall 82 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific in October 1986. The Government is a con- Marshallthe Islands independence attained Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, United the of part administrationas States United under decades four almost After Government since 2000. year every States United the to migrating with an average of around 1000 Marshallese be another prominent demographic feature, sustained rates of emigration are reported to Islands is population sustainability. High and concern for the development of the Marshall additional An considered. be to needs tion consump alcohol and drug moderating in beliefs religious of role the nations, Island per Census).(1999 cent 1.5 none cent, per 1 other cent, per 396 395 394 393 392 391 jela elected Litokwa Tomeing as President. November 2007. On 7 January 2008 the Niti 19 on held were elections recent most The States. United the with Association Free stitutional government under a Compact of Ibid. Above, fn.390. (accessed March 2009). Country Brief: Australian Government DepartmentofForeign Affairs andTrade, RepublicoftheMarshall Islands CIA above, fn.390.TheCompact wasamendedinMay2004. population annually. RMISubstanceAbuseProfile2008.pdf> (accessedMarch 2009);average of2percent Epidemiological Workgroup. Available at:

tion is the primary concern in the Marshallthe in concern primary the is tion consump tobacco and alcohol excessive analysis,this in considered countries other the in study. As further warrants sumption con alcohol and drug illicit in personnel sile defence network. mis States United the in installation key a Site, Test Missile Reagan (USAKA) Atoll to host the United States Army at Kwajalein Significantly, the Marshall Islands continues Republic oftheMarshall Islands is narrow. the of base export The sectors. significant most the subsistenceagriculturebeing and handicrafts copra, fisheries, — production domestic limited is there but expanding, is industry construction The sectors. retail and commercial the by employer, followed grants. States United from indirectly, or directly, derived being revenue government of cent per 80 United States under the Compact, with over tinues to be dependent on revenue from the con Islands Marshall the of economy The Health anddevelopment Islands, along with increasing cannabis use. 396 Government is the major major the is Government 395 The role of military - - - - Marshall Islands 83

- - - - 401 400 399 The 398 000, which was washed up in a boat boat a in up washed was which 000,

In July 2007, Marshall Islands police confis police Islands Marshall 2007, July In marijuana, of kilograms 30 than more cated with an estimated street US$200 value of over on a remote outer atoll. There was some suggestion of links between the boat the drugs were found in and a group of Mexi- cans who were rescued in September 2006 Pacific. the across drifting months nine after drug-running in involvement of Accusations Mexicans. the by denied emphatically were 2008, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) reported increased problems with methamphetamines. DEA contact identified source countries as China, the Philippines, Taiwan, Hawaii and con a At States. United the of mainland the ference in Saipan, the Micronesian Police Executives Association reportedly told del egates that transhipment of drugs in the ‘falling are drugs that common so is region the with shore, on up washing and ships’ off cocaine of up’ ‘wash suggesting agent DEA commonplace. is Islands in the Marshall A number of large-scale seizures of illicit drugs have taken place in the Marshall Is include seized Drugs decade. last the in lands In cannabis. and methamphetamine cocaine, - - - - 397 Ibid. not cocaine, Radio New Zealand International, 16 July drug haul marijuana Islands Big Marshall (accessed July at: 2007. Available 2009). Ibid. Above, fn.392; Republic of the Marshall Islands Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office Planning and Statistics Economic Policy, Islands fn.392; Republic of the Marshall Above, at: (2007), available 2009). (accessed March special agent Dan [interview with DEA Islands on northern Pacific ashore washing Drugs at: 401 400 399 398 but consistent with police and court data for 2000–04. 397 cent ever used. The study highlights the lim the highlights study The used. ever cent ited data available and is inconsistent with seizures, and trafficking increasing of reports cerning use prior to pregnancy. Substance other and kava marijuana, betel, included use per 2.6 at highest the marijuana with drugs, alcohol and tobacco. It attempted to identify identify to attempted It tobacco. and alcohol included but patterns, use substance ‘other’ con women pregnant from self-reports only In 2008, a comprehensive epidemiological overview of substance use in the Marshall on focused report This prepared. was Islands 6.3 Illicit drug trends Marshall Islands from other PacificIslands nations, and this special relationship is re use profile. flected in the drug to date. In 2009 a delegate was identified unable was but network the in participate to to attend the 2009 meeting. The relation the distinguishes States United the with ship 2004–05 situational analysis of illicit drug use and responses. In addition, it has not been represented at PDARN meetings held The Marshall Islands was amongnot the includedcountries considered in the 6.2 Drug and alcohol 6.2 Drug and overview 84 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 6.4 Licitdrugtrends Marshall Islands also has a very high suicide up to 70 per cent of criminal arrests. in addition to being a contributing factor for considered a key cause of domestic violence years. 17–30 aged youth with were problems reported in the Marshall Islands, alcohol particularly severe 2005, In Alcohol period 2002–2007. the spanning surveys of variety a from ing dat sources review,with the of limitation but noted data availability as a fundamental The report focused on alcohol and tobacco, 2008. in prepared Islandswas Marshall the in use substance of overview demiological epi comprehensive a earlier, described As 408 407 406 405 404 403 402 for arrest in every year from 2000 to 2004. reason common most the far by was duct Office report that drunk and disorderly con death. cases. of cent per 93 in factor contributing a isconsumption alcohol that rate, with the Ministry of Health suggesting suicide was fifth in the top 10 causes of causes 10 top the in fifth was suicide nrcrpt/2005/> (accessedMarch 2009). Control Strategy Report2005:Marshall Islands. Available at: (accessedMarch 2009). International Narcotics Control Board, AnnualReport2008 . Available at: (accessedMarch Republic oftheMarshall Islands EconomicPolicy, PlanningandStatistics Office(2007),available March 2009);suicidedidnot appearinthetop10 causes ofdeathin2005. at: (accessed Republic oftheMarshall Islands EconomicPolicy, PlanningandStatistics Office(2007),available Ibid. Ibid. no.1, 2005. Marshall Islands countryprofile, TheGlobe(GlobalAlcoholPolicy Alliance),Pacific Issue 405 Police data issued by the Statistics 402 404 Alcohol is Alcohol In 2004, 2004, In 403 The 406 - - - epidemiological profile. Islands Marshall 2008 the in included was women adult among cent) per 1.7 of (rate consumption of a survey prenatal only 2006–07 Islands, Marshall the in occur to While kava (sakau) Kava laundering laws. ing legislation and has enacted anti-money it is a signatory to counter-terrorism financ but convention, drug Nations United 1988 Marshall Islands has still not acceded to the includes provisions for synthetic drugs. The 2004, in revised last legislation, The 1987. Narcotic Drugs (Prohibition and Control) Act the is legislation control drug relevant The Legislation 6.5 Localresponses 407,408 consumption is reported - Marshall Islands 85 The 2008 substance substance 2008 The 410 mission around drugs and alcohol. However, However, alcohol. and drugs around mission drug private of number a be to appear there centres. and alcohol treatment mainland United States, which may impact on drug use supply, and patterns. It is not clear if these programs are accessible and locals. for affordable identified also survey epidemiological abuse the need for a clearer understandingavailable not and statistics treatment of recording was prepared. at the time the report organisations Non-government There is an NGO network website, but no NGOs have been identified with aspecific Health Searches indicate that the Marshall Islands is a treatment destination for people from - - - Driving Driving 1971, last , updated in 2004, The Marshall Islands was not rep not was Islands Marshall The 409 Drug Enforcement Administration fact sheets, available at: Treatment and Mental Health Services Administration, United States Substance Abuse at: 410 409 erated States of Micronesia and American Samoa. at resented the December 2008 meeting of Network. Law Officers’ Islands the Pacific wealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the the Islands, Mariana Northern the of wealth Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Fed Honolulu District Office (HDO). The HDO has has HDO The (HDO). Office District Honolulu an area of responsibility that encompasses the State of Hawaii, Guam, the Common Law enforcement The Marshall Islands is included under the Division, Field Angeles Los the of jurisdiction and increasing the severity of penalties with with penalties of severity the increasing and offence. every revised in 2004. In addition, there is a a is there addition, In 2004. in revised Under the Influence Act testing breath for provisions includes which The relevant legislation for alcohol is the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act 86 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 6.6 Australian involvement tions toregional bodiesandorganisations. contribu funding Australian from benefits included in this analysis, the Marshall Islands funds. assistance flood crisis, offering US$50 tralia also responded to the December 2008 AU$791 be to estimated was Program Cooperation Defence the through In 2007–08, funding to the Marshall Islands funding for the Pacific Patrol Boat Program. organisations. AU$496 at estimated is Islands Marshall the with Australia’s development assistance program International Development Australian Agencyfor 415 414 413 412 411 scholarships and support for community community for support and scholarships programmes/r-pac-regional.html> (accessed March 2009). NZAID, Where NZAIDworks: Pacific regional. Available at: (assessedJuly2009). Australian CouncilforInternational Development, Countries receiving assistance, available at: (accessed June2009). Republic oftheMarshall Islands, AusAID MediaRelease,12January2009.Available at: Australia provides emergency assistance totheFederated StatesofMicronesia andthe Ibid. html> (accessedMarch 2009). Country Brief, available at:

000 for 2008–09. Its focus is on on is focus Its 2008–09. for 000 411 In addition, Australia provides 413 Like the other PICTs PICTs other the Like

000 in emergency

000. 412 Aus - - alcohol andotherdrugservices. of area Australianthe programsin working opment. Devel International for Council Australian Australian NGO assistance, according to the of beneficiary a as listed not was Islands In the period to mid-July 2009 the Marshall organisations Australian non-government member. a is Islands Marshall the which of retariat, bodies such as the Pacific Islands Forum Sec Zealand does contribute funding to regional However, New Zealand. New with program bilateral a of beneficiary the not is Islands Marshall the PICTs, other to contrast In New Zealand involvement 6.7 International 414 415 Other searches revealed no other - - Marshall Islands 87 - - - million 416 million per year until 2023, US Department of State, Background Note: Marshall Islands, available at: available Islands, Note: Marshall US Department of State, Background (accessed January 2009). 416 standing of alcohol and other drug issues the Pacific. across was unable to attend. Hopefully the del egate will participate in themeeting 2010 under- and will contribute to the increased group group was identified to attend the PDARN emergency to due but Vanuatu, in meeting meeting the before days two hospitalisation nisms to include illicit drug use, particularly particularly use, drug illicit include to nisms consumption data, and the operation of health services. In 2009 a nominated del egate from the abovementioned working breadth breadth of the surveys considered. There is potential to extend existing survey mecha- group group which undertakes frequent relatively for analysis substance However, use trends. and frequency the by limited is analysis the 6.8 Gaps analysis When compared to other PICTs, the Mar budget for the 2008 financial year. financial budget for the 2008 shall Islands is at an advantage with the existence of the epidemiological working provide US$57 provide with direct US aid accounting for 65.7 per $123.3 Islands’ Marshall the of cent Since independence the Marshall Islands Associa- Free of Compact a maintained has tion with the United States. As part of this to guarantees States United the agreement, Other programs 88 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 7. Nauru 417 and atoll remote by characterised nations riskthe factors islandother with associated of this,many of result a island.As single a In contrast to other PICTs, Nauru consists of financial management. in support for need the and abroad assets of sale government the in resulted deficits tive sources of income. Consecutive budget exhausted, leaving Nauru with few alterna- How income. national gross and product lated by Western standards of gross domestic calcu as ‘prosperous’, been have to PICTs only the of one as characterised is Nauru 7.1 Introduction Source: main means of wealth) are now all but but all now are wealth) of means main (the mining phosphate from reserves ever, Exchange rate Currency Employment by sector Unemployment Literacy Gender Age Population January 2010). (accessed 2007 Census data;contrast withdatainCIA,TheWorld Factbook,available at: Per USdollar:1.2059(2008est.) Australian dollar(AU$) education andtransportation (1992) Note: Employed inminingphosphates, publicadministration, 90% (2004est.)(#200) Female: Notavailable Male: Notavailable Total population:Notavailable Definition: Notavailable Total population:1male(s)/female(2009est.) 65 years andover: 2.1%(2009est.) 15–64 years: 63.2% 0–14 years: 34.7% 14 019 (July 2009est.) - - gees andasylumseekers. closed offshore processing centres for refu- recently the of residents and staff excludes alsonow population expatriate The Nauru. on living ethnicities other of residents few programs,reformvery aresupporting there With the exception of international advisers Methodist. or Catholic Roman either lation anity, with almost 100 is per cent of the popu Nauru of 10 population estimated The Demographics with anarea ofjust 21 square kilometres. island the around walk to encouraged are people programs, lifestyles healthy of part island chains are less relevant. Notably, as as Notably, relevant. less are chains island

000. 417 The majority religion is Christi is religion majority The - - Nauru 89 - - - - - Like a number of of number a Like 421 sponses sponses in the Asia–Pacificregion. For the first time in 2008, a delegate from Nauru, nominated by the Ministry of Health, at meeting this At meeting. PDARN the tended al identified delegate the 2008) July Fiji, (in cohol as the key drug of concern in Nauru, mental violence, domestic to link the noting health issues and traffic accidents. No evi dence of illicit drug use has been provided and no publications relating specifically to identified. in Nauru were issue this heart disease (exceeding 40 heart (exceeding per disease cent of the life sedentary diet, poor to due population) abuse. alcohol and style other small PICTs, Nauru is dependent on rainwater tanks and desalinated water, as water supply. fresh no natural is there 7.2 Drug and alcohol overview situ 2004–05 the in included not was Nauru - re and issues drug illicit of analysis ational been towards a decrease in life expectancy to to expectancy life in decrease a towards been the late 40s and early 50s It age is bracket. world’s the of one has Nauru that estimated highest of levels diabetes, renal failure and

- - 419 There is a per- 418 420 current President is Marcus Stephen.

Country Profile: Nauru, BBC News, available at: to Pacific Nauru Country Report. Presented Control, & Border of Justice Nauru Ministry Vanuatu, 5–9 December 2008 (accessed Port Vila, Network meeting, Law Officers’ Islands 2009). February fn.418. Above, United States Department of State, Background Note: Nauru, (accessed February 421 420 419 418 services. These diseases include cardiovascu include diseases These services. and illnesses respiratory cancers, disease, lar has Nauru in trend the Alarmingly, diabetes. Health trends in Nauru largely reflect those reflect in Nauru largely Health trends in other PICTs, where non-communicable health on burden largest the inflict diseases Health and development managed by the Supreme Court and a re cent decision regarding quorums to validly commitment a indicates business undertake to due process. Challenges to the parliamentary process are are process parliamentary the to Challenges Ludwig Scotty was in power until a 2007 of vote no confidence, which was followed by elections when supply was blocked in a budget deadlock in the Parliament. and head of government. ceived degree of stability in the Nauruan government. The reformist government of Nauru became an independent republic in 1968. The government is made up of an 18-member Parliament, with the members state of chief is who President, the electing Government The 90 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 7.3 Illicitdrugtrends is largely infertile and reliant on imports for In contrast to a number of other PICTs, Nauru Drugs Ordinance 1952–1967. gerous drugs as prescribed by the cases in 2008 relating to possession of dan 293 of three only with courts, the before cern in Nauru is supported by reported cases con- little of aredrugs illicit that view The tially eliminatingtherisk factor. the Australian Government in 2008, poten- by closed were centres the situation, this of Irrespective substantiated. were claims these if clear not is it but centres, tention de Australian-administered the in dealing A media search revealed claims around drug any, concern over illicit drug use on Nauru. Key informants suggest there is very little, if 423 422 ing sector. bank international the in involved longer no is and list this from removed been has Nauru reform, of period a After nationals. foreign to passports of sale associated the due to the international banking sector and concern for international money laundering In 2005, Nauru was included as a country of cannabis-producing country. a as neighbours its join to scope little with food. There is little space for crop cultivation, (accessed February 2009). 11 December 2005. Available at: Police inNaurusay alcoholis fuellinglawlessness, RadioNewZealandInternational, February 2009). Available at: (accessed Detention campguards ondrugdealingcharges, SydneyMorningHerald, 13August 2003. 422 Dangerous - - - in illicit alcohol production, leading to a to leading production, alcohol illicit in increase dramatic a by followed was beer on excise in rise dramatic a 2004 in that Alcohol tion of non-beverage alcohol are also absent. use. In inhalant or kava to relatingliterature no is PICTs,there other to contrast In Nauru. in identified been haveuse substance lematic Aside from alcohol, no reports of other prob 7.4 Licitdrugtrends a high rate of binge drinking. The average The drinking. binge of rate high a the 12 months prior to the survey, there was tion surveyed had not consumed alcohol in that while more than half the total popula- sumption (among other health issues), noted con alcohol on years 64 and 15 between aged people surveyed which report, STEPS 2004 The tax. the reductionof subsequent un continued has trend this if clear not is it but 2005, around reports media by raised were duct con- of type this and consumption alcohol of levels high around Concerns behaviour. disorderly and drunk to related were 14 mately 290 cases before the courts in 2008, approxi Of Nauru. in concern of drug key the is alcohol reports, available on Based

addition, comments on the consump abated. 423 It is worth noting noting worth is It - - - - Nauru 91 - - - - 429 Liquor Ordi Liquor The The 428 1997 is the relevant relevant the is 1997 ments, and it is seeking financial assistance assistance financial seeking is it and ments, for the new position. Law enforcement Nauru is a member of both the PILON and the PICP, regional organisations providing legal address and identify to opportunity the in meeting PILON recent most the At issues. the reported Justice of Ministry the Vanuatu, planned appointment of a Border Control Director in to improvements immi oversee gration, customs and border control. This decision highlights the priority afforded by man streamlining to Government Nauru the depart three the of operations and agement The legal system of Nauru is based on the Currently, system. legal law common British United the of any to signatory a not is Nauru conventions. drug Nations Act (Amendment) nance alcohol control legislation. As part of the Action Diseases Non-Communicable National for framework legislative the 2007–12, Plan alcohol regulation and control is slated to SPC the by provided funds with reviewed, be include consideration under Issues WHO. and and marketing. pricing, licensing 7.5 Local responses Legislation - 424 with the 425 426 communicable diseases plan plan diseases communicable This issue is being addressed as 427 (accessed 2009). March ; of Nauru, Nauru National Non-Communicable Diseases Action Plan 2007–2012 Government taken place and already unclear whether it has was planned for 2007–08 but it is the review if any. resulted, what recommendations . Available at: STEPS Report. Available of Health (2005), Nauru NCD Risk Factors: Nauru Ministry . PDARN meeting, Fiji, 7–9 July 2008. 3rd Ibid. countries Island in Pacific prevalence smoking (2007), Tobacco Tukuitonga & C.F. K. Rasanathan New Zealand Medical Journal, 120(1263): U2743. and territories: a review. 429 427 428 425 426 424 introduction of tobacco control measures. - exclu ongoing for lobby to continue PICTs Pacific the from alcohol and tobacco of sion Agreement. Countries Trade Island part of the non- the of part for tobacco control among This is PICTs. a positive first step toward the broad-based with approximately per51 cent of women and 46 per cent of men reported to smoke in 2004. little discussion of problematic effects. Similar Similar effects. problematic of discussion little high identified has Nauru PICTs, other all to concern, a as consumption tobacco of rates Other - litera the in reference no is there Although is there but Nauru, in consumed is kava ture, current female drinkers among those aged (34.9 per cent). 15–24 years highest proportion of current male drink ers in the 25–34 year age group (68.2 per of proportion highest the to compared cent) population consumes alcohol: 60.7 per cent cent per 60.7 alcohol: consumes population male and 32.1 per cent female, 45 per cent of those who were drinkers were were drinkers were who those of cent per 45 category. classified in the high-risk More recently, data for 2007–08 establish that approximately 46.2 per cent of the number of drinks consumed in a session was was session a in consumed drinks of number 13.2 for men and for10.6 women. Almost 92 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific coordination of civil society organisations. society civil of coordination and system, analysis and collection data a development of a national leadership model, the strategiesinclude optimal The work. of areas core are above listed strategies tive The control. alcohol for strategies optimal and and core of development the The Diseases. Non communicable of Control and Prevention the for Strategy Global the for Plan Action 2013 2008– the Diseasesand Noncommunicable Framework for the Prevention and Control of oped and supported in line with the Pacific Plan devel- SPC, the and WHO of objectives the Action The 2007–2012. Diseases Non- Communicable National alcohol Nauru the in concern, included of is drug main the As Health 433 432 431 430 to berenegotiated in2009. PICTA,tradeliberalisationunder alcohol of against voting to committed has Nauru of Government the consumption, alcohol of rates harmful of context the In WHO. by hol and tobacco imports is well documented on the capacity of nations to regulate alco- agreements trade of impact negative The Regulation opment ofaschool-basedcurriculum. Interventions also include the ongoing devel their 5thMemorandum ofUnderstanding for the2008–09period. CountryID=21&Region=SouthPacific> (accessedApril2009); Australia andNauruhave agreed to AusAID, Aidprogram inNauru,available at:

plan is consistent with with consistent is plan

plan includes includes plan

legisla 430 - - - in Nauru. ports there are currently no NGOs operating re delegate PDARN Notably, the NGOs. of tive body being the Nauru Island Association sociation of NGOs, with the peak representa Nauru is a member of the Pacific Islands As Non-government organisations Memorandum of Understanding. the under annually negotiated funding ary the Nauru Settlement Treaty and discretion building. In addition, Australia contributes to ment, improving service delivery and capacity orities include economic reform and manage allocated to the country program. Program pri AU$26.6 be to estimated is assistance 2008–09 for Nauru to development overseas Total International Development Australian Agencyfor opment assistance program inNauru. Australia has maintained an ongoing devel sector, mining phosphate the of collapse until it achieved independence. territory trust Australian an became Nauru nese occupation during World War II ended, island at the end of World War I. When Japa the over mandate trustee joint a assigned threecountries the of one as Nauru with relationship longstanding a has Australia 7.6 Australian involvement

million. Of this, AU$15.23 432 433 As part of Since the

million is 431 ------

Nauru 93 ------Nauru has a troubled troubled a has Nauru 436 435 million) and New Zealand

million in aid, but this position

437 million). Other donor partners in

ments remained. The ADB program sup 2004, but as of 2007, outstanding repay Development Sustainable National the ports of implementation and development Strategy priorities. For For some time, ties with Taiwan were sus pended in favour of with a the relationship People’s Republic of China on the promise of US$130 2005. in reversed was Bank, Development Asian the with relationship suspended loans having but 1991 in joining condi associated with non-compliance to due restarted was program loan The 2003. in tions late in government new a of election the with are estimated to total approximately 46 per 46 approximately total to estimated are Apart revenues. budget 2007–08 its of cent from Australia, other major donors include Taiwan (AU$4.4 (AU$1.4 clude: the Secretariat of the Pacific Com Japan, munity, the European Union, India, United Secretariat, Forum Islands Pacific the Pa South Programme, Development Nations South Commission, Geoscience Applied cific Fisheries Forum Organisation, Tourism Pacific the FAO United and Nations WHO, Agency, Singa- Brazil, Israel, Italy, Cuba, Venezuela, pore, South the Korea, Czech Republic and the United States. 7.7 International 7.7 International involvement The monetary donor aid flows to Nauru - - - 434 Joint Country Strategy Community (2007), Joint Country Strategy of the Pacific Republic of Nauru and the Secretariat at: . fn.418. Above, at: Ibid. 436 437 434 435 in Nauru. A search of the Australian Council for Inter for Council Australian the of search A national Development website no provided evidence of international NGOs working Australian non-government non-government Australian organisations building. Australian programs have also sup also have programs Australian building. and manage planning sector health ported 2006. since improvements ment Director of Police and a special police adviser adviser police special a and Police of Director address to police local with work to 2005 in prosecution backlogs and undertake skills personnel from the Australian Government Department of Finance and the Australian Federal Police (AFP). The AFP provided the the program of work, Australian advisers are are advisers Australian work, of program the including government, with work to deployed 94 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific this analysis were identifiedforNauru. No other international programs relevant to Other programs will expandinthenearfuture. it is likely that New Zealand–Nauru relations National Sustainable Development Strategy, the of implementation the and framework for the Pacific Regional Assistance to Nauru New Zealand’s political and financial support Given relations. good enjoy Zealand New and Nauru mechanisms. regional through phosphateas such ties contact and exports ship with Nauru, based mainly on historical New Zealand has a limited bilateral relation New Zealand 438 trends identified. consumption current more and measured be to needs interventions targeted these of impact The program. Islands’ the ‘Healthy in involved actively been has Nauru related mortality and morbidity. In alcohol- on focus program increased been weredata reported,and collected there has part of the 2004 STEPS program. Since these Alcohol consumption data were collected as 7.8 Gapsanalysis (accessed April2009). New ZealandMinistry ofForeign Affairs andTrade, Nauru.Available at: 438

addition, - centres on the local population. The only only The population. local the on centres health effects of the immigration detention the of assessment no been also has There and alcoholpoliciesprograms. cial and technical assistance to support drug economic costs. Other needs included finan the of assessment an augment to Nauru in health and social consequences of drug use the at looking research targeted for the need reported delegate PDARN 2008 The capacity. sationsindividualsand already stretched to avoid putting additional pressures on organi lise existing mechanisms to collect data and will be essential, in the first instance, to uti usedrug illicit of it evidence Nauru, ited in illicit drug surveillance system. Given the lim tions,establishingto door the open basic a regionalorganisamajor involvementall in - border control and authorities, as wellcustoms as Nauru’s immigration, the of coordi nation and streamlining proposed The early 2008. assess, as the camps have been closed since use.to impossible be may impact such Any may have come into contact with illicit drug ble that local residents working in the camps were related to these centres, but it is possi identified reports of illicit drug use in Nauru ------Niue 95

- 441 Of signifi 440 000 people of

At approximately approximately At 442 Niueans represent a significant significant a represent Niueans 443 access to New Zealand. New to access cent, per 9 Demographics The population of Niue is estimated to be between 1400 and 2000. This represents a decline from a peak of 5200. cance are the estimated 20 Niueans are citizens with the right of free Niuean descent living in New Zealand. It is It is 439 1398 (July 2009 est.) available Not 0–14 years: Not available 15–64 years: (2009 est.) Not available over: and 65 years Not available population: Total Definition: Not available 95% population: Total Male: Not available Not available Female: (#136) 12% (2001) paid work exists Note: Most work on family plantations; and the Niue industry, service, small only in government Board Development New Zealand dollar (NZ$) (2008 est.) US dollar: 1.4151 Per

NZAID making a difference in Niue. Available at: Niue Country Brief, available and Trade, Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian 2009). (accessed March at: Issue no.1, 2005. Alliance), Pacific The Globe (Global Alcohol Policy Niue country profile, (NISP). Available at: at: Population Age Gender Literacy Unemployment sector by Employment Currency rate Exchange 443 442 440 441 439 free association with New Zealand. Niueans Niueans Zealand. New with association free descent. of Polynesian are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in in democracy parliamentary self-governing a 8.1 Introduction Niue is the least populated of the Pacific included in situational Islands this analysis. Niue unique is in that it a comprises single in the world. the largest island, coral Source: Source: 8. Niue 96 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Niue’s most recent elections were held in in held were elections recent most Niue’s role in alcohol and other drug consumption. in the literature of religion playing a regulating to other Pacific countries, there is no mention ‘no religion’ in the 2001 Census. religions, with only 1.9 per cent nominating Seventh-Day Adventists and other unspecified mons), Roman Catholics, Jehovah’s Witnesses, balance made up of Latter-Day Saints (Mor members of the Ekalesia are Niuecent) Church,per (61 Niueans with of the majority The Asian and 3 per cent unspecified ethnicity. cent per 0.2 mixed, cent per 3.9 European, Pacific other Islander, cent cent per per 4.5 of Niue comprises 78.2 per cent Niuean, 10.2 According to 2001 Census data, the population alcohol consumption there. sion in a number of key studies on drug and in New Zealand, thus explaining their inclu Pacific population Island the of proportion 452 451 450 449 448 447 446 445 444 defence. and affairs external for sibility internal affairs, New Zealand retains respon the Niue Government is fully responsible for infree association with NewZealand. While self-governing, been has Niue 1974 Since Government Above, fn.442. id=11804> (accessedMarch 2009). Available at:

the public service by almost half. has cut government expenditure by reducing pay wages to public employees. However, Niue expenditure, a large portion of which is usedgovernment and revenue between to shortfall is dependent on New Zealand to address the ministers. three of Cabinet a heads and Assembly Legislative the by elected is ment. June 2008, resulting in a change in govern prospects and high rates of migration. on New Zealand aid with limited employment facturing is limited. Niue is highly dependent agriculture is at subsistence levels and manu Kiribati. in cent per Niuehaszero poverty, comparedas with38 contribute to an explanation for reports that Zealand and, consequently, Australia. This may other PICTs, its residents have access to New A skilledoflabour. lack munications;a and transport;resourcesnaturalcom and poor other PICTs. These include: isolation; limited 08. However, challenges for Niue are similar to health and development data report for 2007– No data for Niue were included in the UNDP Health anddevelopment

distinguishing feature of Niue is that, unlike 447 The

Premier,currently TokeTalagi, 451 Despite such reports, such Despite 449 448 448 452 Niue Niue 450 - - - Niue 97

- - 457 The Niue Niue The 456 Two key contacts for contacts key Two 455 in the prevention of money laundering espe laundering money of prevention the in crime. of proceeds the to relation in cially systems, financial of strengthening the With occur likely most will issues drug illicit for risk and population mobile highly a of result a as returning and visiting with interaction local anecdo occasional are There members. family introduced been has cannabis that reports tal by Niuean students returning from Fiji but to available information insufficient is there situation. confirm this were identified in law reports, media reports reports media reports, law in identified were resources. health or Niue, including a police indicated representative,that illicit drug use has not been other with contrast In issue. an as identified Pacific nations, there have been noreports of small-scale cannabis crop cultivation by The International Nar- farmers. subsistence focused 2005 for report Board Control cotics Niue in responses laundering anti-money on drugs. illicit of mention without Country Report for the PILON meeting in progress significant reported 2008 December 8.3 Illicit drug trends 8.3 Illicit drug As part of the literature review undertaken for this study, no cases of illicit drug use evi- While it is often reported 453 In addition, Niue has enacted the 454 , Affairs Law Enforcement and for International Narcotics US Department of State, Bureau at fn.454. Above, Key informant interview, December 2008. informant interview, Key Niue Country Report to PILON meeting, 5–9 December 2008. website, at: Legal Information Institute Islands on the Pacific available Niue Law, Niue Country Report to PILON meeting, December ; 2008; and WHO reports. 457 456 455 453 454 Misuse of Drugs Act 2007. with international agreements — in particular, particular, in — agreements international with agreements relating to money laundering. Offshore services provided by the offshore banking sector were closed in December 2006. there is no specific reference to Niue as either either as Niue to reference specific no is there crop. of the or a consumer a producer compliance towards working been has Niue alcohol as the key drug of concern. No concern. of drug key the as alcohol identified been has use drug other of dence on the island. 2009 PDARN meeting. In responding to the the to responding In meeting. PDARN 2009 key informant questionnaire circulated in identified contacts Niuean the 2008, October A New Zealand-based Niuean representing the Niue Ministry of Health attended the 8.2 Drug and alcohol 8.2 Drug and overview that kava is consumed across the Pacific, 98 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 8.4 Licitdrugtrends drinking prevalence varied between men men between varied prevalence drinking ranges, age over-50 the and 31–50 the In alcohol. drank olds 21–30year of cent per that 20 per cent of 16–20 year olds and 30 In 2005 the Department of Health reported associated impact. significance of alcohol consumption and its drivers was highlighted as an indicator of the alcohol. with problem a is there admit to Niue of population the among reluctance is there of concern. One key informant reported that issues main the as identified were tobacco collected by the government, but alcohol and Data on alcohol consumption is not regularly Alcohol 463 462 461 460 459 458 drinking women, Forover-50s. the in cent per 20 to back dropping cent, per 50 at estimated was range 31–50age the in ing drink - percentagemen The of women. and born Niueanwomen livinginAuckland.Pacific Health Dialog,15(1):104–111. J. Gray &V. Nosa (2009),Tau FifineFiafia : thebingedrinking behaviours ofnineNew Zealand the timeofwritingthesis, therole ofalcoholforNiueans wasunavailable forreview; seealso Unpublished PhDthesis, University ofAuckland,Auckland;personal communication,2008:at V. Nosa (2005),The Perceptions andUse ofAlcoholamongst Niuean MenLivinginAuckland, Female> (accessedOctober2008). indicators=AlcoholConsumption&indicators=TobaccoUseAdultMale&indicators=TobaccoUseAdult Available at:

Niue 99 Further investigation is required required is Further investigation 466 reports on the consumption or impact

into whether this model can be legitimately be can model this whether into kava ritual tends to provide the model for alcohol consumption among Pacific Island cultures. applied to Niuean alcohol consumption. No of betel, tobacco or non-beverage alcohol been identified for Niue. have Other that notes research Zealand-based New The in not Niue, consumed is but that kava the - - - identified clear themes, 464 465 Ibid. Quarterly Journal of Studies on in Tonga, of kava E. Lemert (1967), Secular use Ibid.; see also Alcohol, 28(2): 328–341. The Place of Alcohol in the Lives of People from Tokelau, Tokelau, from of Health (1997), The Place of Alcohol in the Lives of People New Zealand Ministry Cook Islands and Samoa Living in New Zealand: an overview. ALAC Research Fiji, Niue, Tonga, was undertaken no.2. Wellington, New Zealand: ALAC. Note that the research Monograph Alcohol interviewed; see also in 1997 and only 19 Niuean women and 13 Niuean men were Mamali: The Place of Alcohol in the Lives of Niuean Council of New Zealand (1997). Vai Advisory no.5. Wellington, New Zealand: ALAC. Findings New Zealand. Research Living in Aotearoa People 465 466 464 highlighted the need to protect children from from children protect to need the highlighted adult drinkers. also highlighted safety concerns and the prac the and concerns safety highlighted also member group non-drinking a having of tice to watch over drinkers, while the women the health effects of alcohol consumption. However, study participants were reported to be more concerned with ‘conduct’ sur rounding consumption. The Niuean group church; and changing consumption patterns patterns consumption changing and church; Niuean the studied, groups the Of age. with group was exceptional in its awareness of but highlighted the difficulty in generalis social the included: Themes behaviours. ing nature of consumption; the role of the tion of PacificIslander populations living in New Zealand that, as with other PacificIsland cultures, - reci generosity, with linked is consumption giving. and gift procity - consump alcohol into research of Findings a Master’s thesis on alcohol consumption showed research The women. Niuean among 100 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific including data from the Customs Department tations given during the three-day program, preseninclude - reportwill The Health. and Council, and the Niue Departments of Police The program is a joint initiative of the Youth September 2008, is currently being drafted. in conducted drugs, and alcohol on gram A final report for the Winds of Change pro- alcohol issues. is reflected in reported responses to drug and development.nomic eco for sector key a as tourism promote to and country, the from workers young skilled of flow the reduce to term, long the in seeking, is Niue of Government the reconstruction, post-cyclone of program the of part As sustainability. population is Niue of Government the for issue key A 471 470 469 468 467 alcohol abuse as one of its aims. The Youth reducing YouthPolicy2009–2013 includes response to alcohol issues. The National Niue YouthalsopivotalCouncil a has role the in response. a on advice for land Zea New of Council Advisory Alcohol the fromassistance issues,seeking alcohol and The police have taken a leading role in drug cases. alcohol-related of number the on statistics Department Health and country, on the quantity of alcohol imported into the 8.5 Localresponses Niue CountryReport toPILONmeeting,5–9December 2008. Key informant,December2008. provided December2008. Natasha Toeono-Tohovaka, Executive Committee Member, NiueYouth Council:information before completionofthis document. Personal communication,December2008;theauthors were notabletoaccessthefinal report niue_brief.html> (accessedMarch 2009). Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade, NiueCountryBrief: (accessedMarch 2009);Australian Government Niue Integrated Strategic Plan2003–2008(NISP).Available at:

The Crown Law Office is implementing a implementing is Office Law Crown The Legislation key agendaitem. a be to consumption alcohol of issue the Youththe Parliament with August2009, in alsohost will Council youth.The by50–60 attended event alcohol-free an 2009, early in YouthBall inaugural the hosted Council under the New Zealand Act and is to be read It includes any subordinate legislation made Zealand’s use of Drugs Act and alcohol issues in Niue included the drug for legislation relevant the Previously the MisuseofDrugsAct2007. laundering regulations, Niue has also enacted anti-money international with compliance services.financial move further a In toward legislation — Niue no longer offers offshore financial offshore repealed and (FIU) Unit Niue has introduced a Financial Intelligence ject areas per year. Since the project began, sub legal two of reform and legislation; Act Interpretation Thisproject the of enactment the includes: of laws as part of the Niue Legislative Review. good governance and an appropriate review promote to project reform law three-stage Misuse of Drugs Act 1998. The Act extends New 2004; consolidation of of consolidation 2004; 1975 to Niue. 471 Mis - - Niue 101 - - - - - As noted previously, As noted previously, 475 476 It is well accepted that 477 Notably, there are age restrictions on the purchase of alcohol — any person aged 18 years and over can purchase alcohol from a bond in store Niue. Niue committed is to the Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic du import requires which (PACER), Relations ties to be lifted. agreements such as this have the potential to severely limit the capacity for nationaltobacco and alcohol regulate to governments importation, thus inhibiting a key response ment opportunities’. of part also is Health of Department Niue the program. Change of Winds youth-focused the rep NGO and health public Niue past, the In resentatives have participated in 2004 and 2005 meetings of the Global Alcohol Pol alcohol discussing to dedicated Alliance, icy resulted meeting 2005 December The issues. Alco Pacific Asia the of establishment the in Alliance. hol Policy Regulation objective: ‘Enjoying a healthy lifestyle in a thriving, educated and healthy community that has access to a wide range of quality social infrastructure, services and develop

- 472 473 and Liquor Act Misuse of Drugs Act. Drugs of Misuse Health falls under the strategic 474 absence of relevant reported judgments judgments reported relevant of absence

Centre for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE) (2006), Alcohol and Evaluation for Social and Health Outcomes Research Centre for the World Health Organization Region. Report prepared Pacific Marketing in the Western Auckland: SHORE. Pacific. Regional Office for the Western change, Radio New Zealand International, 2 November phased tax considers Niue Government (accessed at: 2007. Available October 2008). Key informant interview, December 2008. informant interview, Key December 2008. informant interview, Key at: Niue Law, available on the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute website, at: Legal Information Institute Islands on the Pacific available Niue Law, . 477 475 476 473 474 472 issues. has played a key role in the development of development the in role key a played has youth programming, including alcohol use Health Our key informant noted that Niue Min istry of Health‘s Health Promotion Officer undertaken a review of the submitted it to the Crown Law Office with of the Act. a view to updating provisions raises questions as to the nature response of of thelaw enforcement to reported have police The drink-driving. of rates high - relat none 1995, since judgments reported ing to drugs and alcohol was identified. The role role in addressing alcohol issues. However, before come cases of number limited a only the courts in Niue In annually. a review of Law enforcement leading a taking are officers enforcement Law However, the However, Niue Assembly maintains the the to made amendments any reject to right New Zealand Act. with any New Zealand Act deemed to be Zealand’s New of part 102 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific making significant contributions via direct via contributions significant making to addition tradingin key Niue, for partner merchandise. branded and materials promotional distributing ies thispreventnot does brewerZealand New - prohibition of alcohol advertising. However, reflected in Niue Broadcasting Corporation’s alcohol. and tobacco in importance than the facilitation of free trade cial cases. This was seen as being of greater spe as classified be they recommending imperative health to regulate tobacco and alcohol, public a identified report 2005 A an excise tax,potentiallydeferred to2009. tobacco and alcohol and the introduction of removalthe with form, on duties import of announced a two-stage approach to tax re terns. pat consumption harmful managing for 483 482 481 480 479 478 the Broadcasting Corporation. by imposed those as such approaches tory trade-related agreements will restrict regula that trade commitments to PACER and other concern legitimate a is It support. budget agenda21/natlinfo/countr/niue/niue_nisp.pdf> (accessedMarch 2009). Niue Integrated Strategic Plan2003–2008(NISP).Available at:

Niue Integrated Strategic Plan high Plan Strategic Integrated Niue 483 but none of the published materials 481 Furthermore, all alcohol is 482 A review of the reviewof A - Niue 103 - - million to the New Zealand-managed Zealand-managed New the to million AusAID reports that prior to 2006

485 No Australian NGO programs for Niue have NGO programs No Australian been identified during the exploration course further for ofarea an this is This review. with key informants. Key informants have no drug reported and alcohol interventions responses. written their in NGOs by supported Niue Trust Fund Account, until the full imple full the until Account, Fund Trust Niue Australia Furthermore, NITF. the of mentation aid bilateral its transfer gradually to intends the in contributions Fund Trust to allocation continue will Australia time, such Until future. education in activities aid bilateral support to scholarships and human resource develop enforcement law specific no are There ment. for priorities as identified programs health or in Niue. Australia non-government Australian organisations - assist development official on dependency ance. Australia had contributed approximately AU$5.5 - - mil

million million

484 000 in relief in provided the wake January 2004 funding was for essential medical infrastructure, equipment and emergency equipment and emergency January 2004 funding was for essential medical infrastructure, staffing, and other minor equipment. Niue Country Brief, available and Trade, Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian 2009). (accessed March at: addition, Australia is a joint signatory with with signatory joint a is Australia addition,

8.6 Australian involvement 8.6 Australian 484 485 stream for the Government of Niue, to meet meet to Niue, of Government the for stream decreased and self-reliance of objectives the The aim of the NITF, in operation since 2006, 2006, since operation in NITF, the of aim The revenue dependable long-term, a provide to is In Interna- Niue the to Niue and Zealand New the at signed Deed, (NITF) Fund Trust tional Fiji. Forum in Suva, Islands Pacific The focus of AusAID’s bilateral aid is promo is aid bilateral AusAID’s of focus The growth, and development economic of tion as well as an increase in self-reliance. Australian Agency for Australian International Development AU$200 Heath. of Cyclone lion. In the past, has Australia come to the an with situations, emergency in Niue of aid Defence Australian fieldForce hospital and It is estimated that the value of the Australian Australian the of value the that estimated is It AU$1.6 is Niue for Program Country - devel overseas total the with 2008–09, for AU$2.73 at benefits assistance opment 104 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Niue’s GDP through its programs. of cent per 50 providesto Zealand up New the vicinity of NZ$16.7 deliveredbydirect isbudgetsupportandin the island’s core infrastructure. particularly in tourism; and improving muchsector, private of emerging the strengthening and building the capacity of the public sector; areas:key goodgovernance supportingand New Zealand’s support targets the following economic,socialculturaland opportunities. the development of a more resilient Niue via supports Agency’swork The Niue. in donor international significant most the is NZAID New Zealand 490 489 488 487 486 risk factors for drug and alcohol use and abuse. cannot afford school fees. These are recognised parents their because school of out drop to in the world and poverty forces many children Islandnations havehighestsuiciderates the for women and children in the Pacific. Pacific standards living in overall an decline to ing contribut are issues These violence. sexual and abuse, alcohol and drug pregnancies, Island countries, UNICEF lists increases in teen Pacific in children facing issues the Among Niue is part of the UNICEF regional program. Other programs involvement 8.7 International Available at: (accessedMarch 2009). InfoDev, TheIntroduction toe-Government, III:Bilateral Donors (NationalGovernments). (accessed March 2009). UNICEF, NiueBackground, available at: agenda21/natlinfo/countr/niue/niue_nisp.pdf> (accessed March 2009). Niue Integrated Strategic Plan 2003–2008(NISP).Available at: (accessed March 2008). NZAID makingadifference in Niue.Available at:

million for 2008–09. 486 Aid is mostly 488 487 -

may assist in any drug and alcohol interven the advocacy program for open conversations and alcohol issues among youth. In addition, grams may provide an avenue to address drug protransmissionUNICEF - AIDS. and HIV of posters that raise awareness of how to prevent ties, including the publication of brochures and people develop life skills and engage in activi Health Programme is working to help young UNICEF’s Adolescent Development and Child in such a small population base. national drug and alcohol surveillance system ingthe potential todesign and implement a ing culture of alcohol consumption; and assess those residing in Niue, in particular the chang between Niueans resident in New Zealand and includeexploring theextent engagement of key informants. Areas for further investigation discussed with be to need liquor and cotics relevantchanges legislationto forboth nar details of addition, In gramsidentified. was of the data, no information on treatment pro the policy are ongoing challenges. In a review ing failure and lack of capacity to implement existence of a national alcohol policy. Continu reduction. A key informant also mentioned thedemand and supply on focus interventions todrug and alcohol programming. Currently Theremulti-sectoralisa roomapproach for 8.8 Gapsanalysis donors with bilateral programs with Niue. tions. 489 Australia and New Zealand are the only 490 ------Palau 105 - Population 494 093.

ing, largely due to the arrival of migrant labour. The people of Palau are mainly of the of cent per 69.9 at ethnicity Micronesian population, with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures. The balance of the population Demographics pop the estimate, 2008 July a to According ulation of Palau is 21 in diversity is Palau reported to be - increas

491 20 796 (July 2009 est.) 22.9% 0–14 years: 70.8% 15–64 years: 6.2% (2009 est.) over: and 65 years 1.14 male(s)/female (2009 est. population: Total read and write can over and Definition: age 15 92% population: Total Male: 93% 90% (1980 est.) Female: 4.2% (2005 est.) (#52) 20% Agriculture: Not available Industry: (1990) Services: Not available United States dollar (US$) — with 70 per cent of 492

493

Report: Republic of Palau of Health (2008), UNGASS 2008 Country Progress Ministry Palau Assembly Special UN General (Reporting period January 2006 – December 2007). New York: Session on HIV/AIDS. Factbook . Country Background Note: Palau. Prepared for UNDP Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, for Asia and the Pacific, for UNDP Regional Bureau Prepared Note: Palau. Country Background 2005. New Guinea, 14–16 November Papua Moresby, Meeting, Port Cluster Country Brief, available Palau and Trade, Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian 2009). (accessed March at: Population Age Gender Literacy Unemployment sector by Employment Currency rate Exchange 494 492 493 491 of Koror. Palau Palau comprises 340 islands, only eight of which are inhabited, the population residing on the main island 9.1 Introduction some Pacific, northern the in located is Palau 800 kilometres east of the Philippines. Source: Source: 9. Palau 106 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific workforce. ing up an estimated 73 per cent of the total of the population are foreign workers, mak women. to linked tenure land nificantly, Palau is a matrilineal society with Sig cent. per 3.1 other and cent, per 0.6 (Mormons) Saints Latter-Day cent, per 0.9 Witness Jehovah’s cent, per 5.3 Adventist per cent (indigenous to Palau), Seventh-Day 8.8 Modekngei cent, per 23.3 Protestant cent, per 41.6 Catholic Roman as: noted areaffiliations Religious population. the of no specific religion, numbering 16.4 per cent having as identify who Palau in people of number large relatively a are there suggest cent. per 3.2 unspecified or other cent, per 1.1 Micronesian other cent, per 1.4 Carolinian cent, per 1.9 Caucasian cent, per 2.4 Asian other cent, per 4.9 nese Chi cent, per 15.3 Filipino of up made is 504 503 502 501 500 499 498 497 496 495 tion topatterns ofdrugandalcoholuse. deserves in-depth research, especially in rela ment of Palauan people to the United States population composition and the free move Ibid. Ibid. Above, fn.492. Above, fn.491. same dayresulted intheelection ofJohnson Toribiong asPresident. Palau’s lastgeneral electionwasheldon4November 2008.Itsfirst presidential electiononthe Above, fn.496. Above, fn.494. Ibid. docid/487ca23af5.html> (accessedMarch 2009). civil liberties.Washington DC:Freedom House. Available at:

addition, the Compact allows the Palauan 500 498 The President is both head of state A Compact of Free Association with 502 Notably, the Council of Chiefs of Council Notably,the 503 Under the Compact, the

million over 15 years, 501 and there are there and 499 Palau is 504 - -

Palau 107 - Despite 510 key risk factors related to injecting drug use use drug injecting to related factors risk key other any for than more infection, HIV and considered PICTs in this analysis. be will Palau population, small relatively its net- the to contributor future important an work, not least because the available data place a heavy emphasis on alcohol as the main drug of concern. illicit drug issues in the region. Palau has but date, to PDARN the in part a played not for the first time a law enforcement dele PDARN 2009 the attended Palau from gate Behavioural Palau the addition, In meeting. - con a valuable has provided Health Centre country the of development the to tribution in work important undertaking is and profile is development This field. use substance the been has Palau because important relatively identified as a country with a number of 9.2 Drug and alcohol 9.2 Drug and overview - was not one of the countries consid Palau ered in the 2004–05 situational of analysis - - 506 It remains 507 An analysis of data 508 While Palau has a relatively sta relatively a has Palau While 505 509 Ibid. of Epidemiological Profile (COSAP) (2009), (Draft) Prevention Council on Substance Abuse 2009; copy March COSAP, Palau: Koror, in the Republic of Palau. Patterns Substance Use/Abuse key informant. by provided for UNAIDS. prepared epidemiological report unpublished communication, 2008, re Personal Above, fn.496. Above, and National Paper Community (2007), Country Strategy & European of Palau Government at: ; fn.491. Above, 510 509 507 508 505 506 of death in Palau, substance use plays a part part a plays use substance Palau, in death of in all but two, with the list including heart and cancer disease, liver and injuries in the top five. unranked in terms of the UNDP HumanDevelopment Index. provided by the Palau Ministry of Health suggested that, of the ten leading causes est living standards of all Pacific Island na- Island est of living all standards Pacific of that twice is capita per income and tions its the neighbour, Philippines. Health and development Palau is reported to have one of the high government officials are common and have have and common are officials government the potential to significantly affect long- goals. development term sustainable programs. among corruption of reports government, ble citizens to reside, work and study in the United States and its and territories, access funded federally States United of number a 108 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific In addition, police officers have received received have officers police addition, In countries. neighbouring in authorities with ing points of entry and sharing information that law enforcement officers were monitor list. watch narcotics tional interna Department’s State the on listing country since 2006 and protested against a cases of entry of methamphetamine into the noted that Palau has not had any reports or children. and women involving violence domestic to fied drug and alcohol ‘abuse’ as contributing Palau.in conditions rights human of review annual its in cern con for matters as violence domestic and corruption ficking, governmentby officials, of State report has highlighted people traf- Department States United recent most The 519 518 517 516 515 514 513 512 511 training tocombatdrugs. 9.3 Illicitdrugtrends Above, fn.493. Ibid. provided by keyinformant,2009. Abuse ConsumptionandConsequence Patterns inPalau. Koror, Palau: COSAP, August 2006;copy Council onSubstanceAbuse Prevention (COSAP)(2006), EpidemiologicalProfile ofSubstance dea04012.html> (accessedOctober2008). August 2004.DEA-04012. Available at: (accessedMarch 2009. rights andcivilliberties.Washington DC:Freedom House. Available at:. in Palau. Pacific Magazine,11 April2008. DetailedatHumanTrafficking Project: David Miho(2008),Humanrightsstudyreports humantrafficking andcorruption (accessedJanuary2010). US DepartmentofState(2009),2008HumanRightsReport:Palau. Available at: 512 Government and judicial leaders 511 The concerns identi- concerns The 513 It was noted noted was It - - - The rate of use has declined from a high of and otherdruguse. for potential risk and initiation into injecting tainment industry workers are all indicators enter and prostitution trafficking, people section. this to relating cators against the national program coverage indi drug users. Therefore, no data were provided veyed, the rate was 49 per cent, 2005. in cent per 52 to marijuana used ever had who 9–12 grades in males of cent per 69 decline in the period from 1999 to 2005. in be to reported was use Youthmarijuana (YRBS) is conducted every two years in Palau. farms.50 one island in Palau yielded 2900 plants from therefore easily accessible. A 2002 seizure on is and Palau on locally grown is Marijuana Cannabis that therethat werecurrent known no injecting In the 2008 UNGASS report, Palau reported 518 Among all grade 9–12 students sur 516 A YouthSurveyRisk A Behaviour 515 514 519 However, reflecting 517 - - -

Palau 109 - indicating indicating 525 These figures 523 The same report shows that 6.8 524 use use were not part of the YBRS and are not data. in the adult survey reflected of men and 0.5 per cent of women in Palau Palau in women of cent per 0.5 and men of injected, had years 59 and 20 between aged with 38 per cent sharing injecting equip other drugs if state not did survey The ment. than heroin were injected. contradict the earlier cited UNGASS report stating there is no known injecting on the islands. women of cent per 4.2 and men of cent per reported having sex with an injecting drug months, 12 previous the in user clari- and collection data further for need a cocaine on Questions issue. this on fication Other sur- behavioural 2003 and 1999 from Data veillance surveys indicate that 2.3 per cent - - However, However, 520 In the same report, 521 Further in-depth analysis is is analysis in-depth Further 522 Above, fn.509. Above, Ibid. for UNAIDS. prepared epidemiological report unpublished communication, 2008, re Personal injectors. to current relates for 2008 and presumably is The UNGASS report for UNAIDS. prepared epidemiological report unpublished communication, 2008, re Personal Ibid. 525 522 523 524 520 521 on adult substance use. use among adult populations were included included were populations adult among use Palau, for profile use substance 2009 the in collection data of lack general the reflecting slight decline in the number of females ever ever females of number the in decline slight 6 per cent in the — 2005 from having used for figures No 2007. in cent per 4 to survey cent of males having used one or more times times more or one used having males of cent 2007 the in cent per 10 to survey 2001 the in survey. The overall rate of use was 7 a reflecting per also females, and males for cent Reported youth amphetamine use has de clined significantly from a peak of 22 per tradictory results. tradictory Amphetamines ing the survey. the ing to required better understand the apparent change in consumption patterns and con the substance: 64 per cent of males and 56 and males of cent per 64 substance: the per cent of females. 38 per cent of students using had reported marijuana in the 30 days prior to complet- finding with areported increase inuse of 60 per cent of students ever having used the lower rate of use by females. by use of rate lower the the 2009 YRBS reporting on data collected in the 2007 survey contradicted this earlier 110 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 9.4 Licitdrugtrends Substance Abuse Patterns in the Republic of 2009 The hierarchy. the in ranks usual than rather friend) (my ticipants referring to one another as an opportunity for egalitarianism, with par contrast to daily life, alcohol consumption is which both men and women participate. In volves bars, house parties and car parties, at isPICTsother many to similar in- it that in same extent as elsewhere. the to homebrew or ‘toddy’ by dominated not and alcohol, imported and economy cash a by shaped be to reported is culture PICTs,other contrastto In Palau’s drinking Alcohol 532 531 530 529 528 527 526 in dollar terms is by far the most significant services. above the than nut betel and tobacco hol, regions,Forsome alco- spentmoreon was combined. services personal and education personalcare,ishealth, spent what on half than more slightly expenditure household overall an represents This Koror). in lowest regionKayangel/Angauron in (highest and on alcohol, tobacco and betel nut depending cent per 5.6 and cent per 3.1 of range the Palau Above, fn.517. Ibid. Above, fn.509. 70 percentofthepopulation Palau is reported tolive ontheisland ofKoror. Above, fn.509. Ibid. Routledge; this termneedsan explanation. The GarlandEncyclopediaofWorld Music,vol.9: Australia andthePacific Islands. New York: P.W. Black(1998),Music andIngestedSubstances:music andalcoholonPalau andTobi. In noted 2006 household expenditure in 528 527 The same data also show tobacco Epidemiological Profile of Use/ of Profile Epidemiological 526 However, Palau sechelik - was 28 per 100 per 28 was of substance use. substance of concern in the 2009 epidemiological profile suicide and chronic disease all identified as a from accident, injury, motor vehicle accidents, concern in Palau with alcohol-related death of substance key a as identified is Alcohol on alcoholalmostequals thatontobacco. expenditure where exception the providing followed by betel then alcohol, with Koror expenditure of category this of proportion of theproblem. extent true masksinterventionthe this but approach, laudable and pragmatic a isThis themselves. home them driving and cars cated people driving home, often impounding times police will intervene to prevent intoxi Substance Abuse Prevention reports that at exercise significant discretion. The Council on island population where police are small known a to in limited is data of accuracy the fied indicators for drink-driving in Palau but example, arrests were one of the few identi other social consequences of use. By way of and morbidity use-related substance other figures the not and that do alcohol- reflect in data the of limitations notes rightly file 2001. since year every contributor reported main the been has which disease alcohol-related 531 However, the epidemiological pro However,epidemiological the

000 deaths from chronic chronic from deaths 000 530 The highest of these these of highest The 532 529 - - -

Palau 111

- 537 538 In a comparison of youth alcohol alcohol youth of comparison a In 536 this is a school-based survey, most at-

cent) of high school students surveyed re ported having chewed betel one or more times in the previous 30 days. This rate of decline a but 2005 in that to similar was use noted also profile The 2003. and 2001 since and, tobacco with chewed often is betel that among higher are rates chewing 2005, since ex- be will This males. among than females plored further in the third youth tobacco planned for 2009. survey, with reported current drinking dropping from from dropping drinking current reported with 51 per cent (2003) to 36 per cent (2007), and bingeing similarly decreasing from 34 per cent (2003) to 24 per cent (2007). risk youth populations are not represented rates binge and consumption therefore and falling those for higher much potentially are age bracket. into the youth Betel In the 2007 YRBS more than half (58 per drinking. consumption and binge drinking in 2003, epidemio- recent most the 2007, and 2005 category each in declines notes profile logical As - - - - Other 534 The 2009 epidemio 533 535 990 people or 80.4 per cent of the popu the of cent per 80.4 or people 990 Ibid.; standard drinks are listed as 12oz bottles/cans. as 12oz listed are drinks Ibid.; standard fn.493. Above, fn.509. Above, Ibid. . Geneva: WHO. Available Available WHO. Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization, at: the by undertaken for the survey or more drinks fn.509; a binge was defined as five Above, of Health in 2003. Ministry

sources of information include the Ministry Ministry the include information of sources 538 535 536 537 534 533 age and often exhibiting a pattern of binge of pattern a exhibiting often and age The 2005 YBRS found that, among students students among that, found YBRS 2005 The from grades 9–12, 62 per cent had tried alcohol, most commencing at 13 years of 500 standard drinks (beer, wine and spir 21 adult per annually Palau to imported its) or older. years of Finance Bureau of Revenue, Customs and and Customs Revenue, of Bureau Finance of than more estimated which report Taxation of respondents reporting having 20 drinks or more on days when they drank. days a week. In addition, 51.7 per cent of the respondents having consumed alcohol reported having five or more drinks when they drink. Also important was 5 per cent lation 20 years or older were surveyed, with surveyed, were older or years 20 lation alcohol consumed had they indicating 3866 in 12 the and months previous 24 per cent four to one alcohol consumed they reporting providing the most recent indicators of con of indicators recent most the providing sumption among In group. survey, this this 10 logical profile noted a lack of current data Min- 2003 the with consumption, adult for assessment health community Health of istry The legal age for alcohol purchases from all all from purchases alcohol for age legal The outlets is years. 21 112 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific gests thatkava is notwidelyused inPalau. literaturesug- the of reviewdrugs. A other of affordability and availability the with cal profile notes that inhalant use fluctuates use. lifetime reporting youth of cent per 9 of survey data reflect a decline in use to a total lants as a drug in 2005. boys and 12 per cent of girls had used inha used. Among surveyed youth, 14 per cent of sene identified as one of the main substances trend emerged of increasing use, with kero- a 2005 to 1999 from period the For use. inhalant youth on data collects YRBS The Other 544 543 542 541 540 539 1(2): 2–3—‘getting ridofthepeoplethatare buyingorplantingmarijuana plants’. Maaremetua Murare (2002),SmallIslands Voice youth report, CookIslandsSmall IslandsVoice, Ibid. Above, fn.517. analysis, theresults are notconsidered inthis profile. The Ministry also conducts ayouth tobaccosurvey. Astobaccois notincluded aspartofthis Ibid. Ibid. 540 The most up-to-date epidemiologi up-to-date most The 539 However, the 2007 - - egates to the Small Islands Voice project project Voice Islands Small the to egates Revenue, Customs and Taxation, with adult- of Bureau Finance’s of Ministry the from use in Palau. Consumption data are gleaned alcohol and drug for sources data key the and Consequence Patterns in Palau cal Profile of Substance Abuse Consumption entitled report (COSAP) tion Preven Abuse Substance on Council The 9.5 Localresponses result oftheserecommendations. a as implemented been have interventions raising. ness on supply reduction of marijuana and aware issues,as recommending responses focused abuse alcohol and drug youth highlighted death. of causes leading the of ten of out eight to contributor partial a least at as use substance identified COSAP Palau. in death of causes stance use in the context of the ten leading sub- place data such and certificates death from extrapolated are data Consequences the Ministry ofEducation. collected as part of the YRBS, conducted by areyouth-specific data addition, In (2003). Assessment Health Community Health’s of specific data collected as part of the Ministry 544 It is unknown whether any any whether unknown is It 541 542 Significantly, Significantly, Epidemiologi 543 Palau del Palau highlights - - - - Palau 113 - - - - The changes 549 548 related issues available via the Pacific Pacific the via available issues related will have a major impact on the process for process the on impact major a have will criminal trials and therefore potentially on crimes. for drug-related hearings primary sources of illegal proceeds resulting resulting proceeds illegal of sources primary in money laundering. is Palau a member of the PILON, with del in meeting recent most the attending egates December 2008. The Country Palau Report any highlight not did meeting PILON the to drug use issues, but identified significant report The trafficking. people around issues Con Palau the to amendments 21 that noted elections 2008 the in approved were stitution the change significantly to potential the with ‘legal landscape’ in Palau. Islands Islands Legal Information Institute (PacLII) website, which has reported lawPalau and Yet, 1994. in independence since cases legal in fact, there have been six reported deci sions in total, with the most recent being 1995. While the in website August was last report PILON the 2007, December in updated trial Court Appeal 2006 a of details included on a human trafficking suggestingmatter, comprehen a provide not does database the courts. the before coming cases of listing sive Palauan authorities believe that drug and human trafficking and prostitution are the Law enforcement There are no reported cases of drug- alcohol- or - - - 547 Section 3302 distin 545 The cost of drug coun 546 Ibid. (2008), International Affairs and Law Enforcement for International Narcotics US Bureau at: Palau. Available for Report 2008: country profile Strategy Control Narcotics . Network meeting, December 2008. Law Officers’ Islands Country Report to Pacific Palau Temple University, Beasley School of Law (2002), Criminal law and syringe School of Law (2002), Criminal law and Beasley University, Temple at: Available 2002. 19 August memorandum, in the Republic of Palau: disposal last updated December 2008 , 2009). (accessed March Ibid. 549 548 546 547 545 to possession. The consequence of this is presents options disposal safe exercising that users. for injecting drug of arrest a risk that it does not define a minimum amount to qualify for possession. Therefore, drug equated be may syringe used a in remnants and the severity of the penalty is determined determined is penalty the of severity the and by the quantity possessed. A key concern about the legislation in its current form is revocation of the suspended sentence and immediate for imprisonment the remainder of the sentence. government national the by borne is selling also conditional on mandatory drug testing drug mandatory on conditional also three over year per times four of minimum a years. Failure of any test will result in the and allows for suspended sentences, con ditional on enrolment in a court-approved drug counselling program. This option is prescription law in Palau noted there was no no was there noted Palau in law prescription relevant legislation. drugs other and marijuana between guishes The Public Health and Safety Code of Palau Palau of Code Safety and Health Public The defines the crime of possession at section a 3302. 2002 However, paper reporting on syringe and paraphernalia drug of impact the Legislation 114 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Month’ as a celebration of individuals in in individuals of celebration a as Month’ Recovery Addiction and ‘Alcohol declared comparative analysis. international allow to techniques survey standardise to plans noted officials health report, UNGASS 2008 the of preparation as a drug diversion program. Finally, during orders, court to due treatment in majority the 51 cases, At the time, a treatment centre was handling recovery, their families and service providers. crimes. violent as a primary cause of serious car crashes and identified was abuse Alcohol December. in Month’ Prevention Driving ‘Drunk of ment concern for Palau, resulting in the announce major a as identified was alcohol 2003, In Health 557 556 555 554 553 552 551 550 Pacific Development Directory. Wellington,New Zealand:Development Resource Centre. March 2009). PIANGO available at: (accessed (accessedApril2009). International CenterforAlcohol Policies, MinimumAge LimitsWorldwide:tableavailable at: Above, fn.533. Above, fn.493. Ibid., reference by MrMarinellitotheBedochelTreatment Center. 19 September2005. Palau’s President Tommy Remengesau, Focus onalcohol,addictionrecovery, Palau Horizon/PNS , 19 June 2003. Palau’s Justice Minister MichaelJ.Rosenthal,Alcoholaserious problem inPalau, Pacnews, 552 which could be categorised be could which 550 In 2005, September was was September 2005, In 553 551 -

The advertising. tions on sponsorship of sporting events and restric no were there notably and applied limits few Otherwise, settings. sumption age restrictions for purchasing and on con- dayssale,iting of places imposing and and noted that Palau had a licensing regime lim WHO The Regulation initiatives incurrent programs ofwork. such include to scope be may there tified, targeting alcohol and other drugs were iden among others. health, and relief, disaster development, and rural residents and include: community those needs. Activities target women, youth meet to resourcesmobilise then and needs action working with people to identify their PIANGO. the of member interim an is The Palau Community Action Agency (PCAA) Non-government organisations is 21 years.

PCAA uses participatory learning and and learning participatory uses PCAA Alcohol on Report Status Global 555 554 The legal drinking age in Palau 557 While no specific programs 556 - - -

Palau 115

- - 562 Palau Palau 563 million for for million

Palau is a current beneficiary under NZAID’s NZAID’s under beneficiary current a is Palau Program. Grants Small Facility Environment NZ$6.5 worth is program total The support to targeted are grants The 2008–09. initia development community cost-effective poverty protections, environmental for tives livelihoods. sustainable and reduction also benefits from NZAID contributions to regional organisations, such as the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, but NZAID does country program. a Palau not have United States Compact the under to agreed already Grants of Free Association will cease in 2009. Ne- gotiations for a new agreement are under- Significantlyway. the United States Center supports Prevention and Control Disease for of analysis and administration biannual the the of some provides which survey, YRBS the consump use substance on data useful most tion in the region. Zealand New 9.7 International 9.7 International involvement - - - - 000 560 million in million In addition, Palau is 558 Otherwise, Palau was a recipi 559 561 ACFID membership available at: (accessed March 2009). (accessed March at: available ACFID membership year. and nine additional countries in the coming Island nations Pacific other Along with five at: available disasters, and natural regional environment Pacific NZAID works: NZAID, Where 2009). (accessed March Above, fn.492. Above, Ibid. at: available in Palau, Aid program AusAID, 2009). (accessed March 9.6 Australian involvement 9.6 Australian 561 562 563 559 560 558 in Palau. According to the mem its Australian of none Development, Council International for ber NGOs has registered current activities Australian non-government non-government Australian organisations Programs which included AusAID-funded in 2008. wound up country programs which Australia provided the boat and tech and boat the provided Australia which AU$1 over worth assistance nical 2007–08. Pacific Regional of part as assistance of ent scholarships and small grants for commu nity organisations. part of Patrolthe BoatPacific Program for Australian development assistance to Australian Palau for 2007–08 AU$436 is approximately with a priority for education programs via Australian Agency for Australian International Development 116 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific targeting poverty, with the main activities activities main the poverty,with targeting campaign a and economy, world the into and social development, smooth integration The focus areas include sustainable economic tional Indicative Programme for 2008–2013 developed a In Palau. of Republic the in Management the Project for Improvement of Solid Waste is example One resources. human and ture infrastruc environment, on mainly focus 15 per cent of grants-in-aid. technical support to Palau, with an estimated provides Agency Cooperation International tourismJapan investment.to The and utes contrib Taiwan Union. European the and Palau’s development include Taiwan, Japan After the United States, key contributors to Other programs 568 567 566 565 564 centred onenergy andresources.

2007 the European Community and Palau palau.html?q=printme> (accessedMarch 2009). Details ofUNICEF activitiesinPalau are available at: Above, fn.506. social_environmental/archive/reviews/pro_asia/pdf/pala02_02.pdf> (accessedMarch 2009). Japan InternationalCooperation Agency, available at:. Indicative Programme (fortheperiod2008–2013). Available at:

to develop a Country Partnership Strategy Strategy Partnership Country a develop to ture Survey. The ADB isExpendi working with Palau and Income Household its ing standards in statistical publications, includ- international achieve to supported being is dition, the National Statistics Office of Palau ad- In 2003. in PalauADB since the joined assistance technical small-scale and efforts planning national for support with Palau assisted has Bank Development Asian The and trafficking, amongotheractivities. and include advocacy to prevent child abuse lifestyles healthy and skills life develop to health programs. These assist young people child and development adolescent cludes in which program, multi-country UNICEF commencing in 2008. 567 Palau is part of the 568 - - Palau 117 - - - 9.8 Gaps analysis treatment services for substance use. treatment the need for economic modelling in relation relation in modelling economic for need the impor an as programming use substance to and prevention developing to step next tant Finally, the key informant for Palau identified identified Palau for informant key the Finally, alcohol use have been identified. This area needs further exploration but may best be are services these that fact the by explained services health government of mandate the and locally run NGOs. It has been difficult to identify international NGO activities undertaken in Palau, and drug targeting programs current no and data figures focus on alcohol, providing no on alcohol, providing focus data figures and illicit of consumption adult into insight other licit drugs. Consumption data are calculated via imports, imports, via calculated are data Consumption failing to capture locally produced alcohol beverages. Furthermore, the adult survey while arrests are provided as an indicator of indicator an as provided are arrests while drink-driving, the broader impact of sub stance use-related arrests is not measured. gaps in substance use information. A review review A information. use substance in gaps of substance abuse-related deaths fails to capture associated morbidity. In addition, Palau’s Palau’s response to substance use issues is more developed than that of many of the analysis. situational this in considered PICTs there However, are a number of clear data 118 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 10. Papua New Guinea ministration in1975. ad Australian from independence gained cific Ocean to the east of Indonesia, Pa South the and Sea Coral the between Located Guinea. New of island the of half Papua New Guinea (PNG) forms the eastern 10.1 Introduction Source: 571 570 569 Exchange rate Currency Employment by sector Unemployment Literacy Gender Age Population papua.cfm> (accessed July2009). AusAID, Aidprogram inPapua New Guinea,available at: (accessedJuly2009). Profile on Papua NewGuineainCIA,TheWorld Factbook,available at:Negrito, Papuan, Melanesian, comprising population, The Demographics 570 While the number of eth 571 - - -

Papua New Guinea 119 ------579 000 000

Up to 85 per per 85 to Up 577 576 PNG is also unique among the 578 AIDS epidemic on a scale not faced by any of rate highest the has It region. the in other 64 with region, the in cases HIV reported people (or 2 per cent of the adult popula tion) living with HIV and AIDS in 2005. Approximately 40 per cent of the popula (less in poverty absolute live tion reportedly Guineans New Papua Most day). a US$1 than but conditions poor rural in areas, live rural cen urban to moving are people more mean civil and unemployment poverty, where tres, the to contributing Also growing. are unrest Health and development endowed is PNG PICTs, other to contrast In with natural resources, but development is and rugged high terrain costs by hampered infrastructure. developing of sub on dependent is population the of cent However, livelihood. a as agriculture sistence and gold copper, including deposits, mineral oil, account of for export nearly two-thirds earnings. inPICTs that it faces a worsening HIV and difficulty in gaining investor confidence, re confidence, investor gaining in difficulty storing integrity to state institutions, pro andmoting balancing economic efficiency, Australia. with relations - - highlighted highlighted 572 573 In of an on- environment Since independence, PNG 575 574 Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. fn.571. Above, Census statistics published by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, available at: fn.571. Above, fn.569. Above, 579 576 577 578 574 575 572 573 going instability and violence, PNG still faces faces still PNG violence, and instability going with the led government by Prime Minister full a serve to first-ever the Somare Michael term. five-year the head of state, represented by a Gov ernor-General. has struggled with governmental stability, The government The of New government Papua Guinea is a with democracy parliamentary constitutional Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952) of about 2.7 per cent a year. Government important for intervention development for development intervention for important experi- also is PNG issues. alcohol and drug encing rapid, sustained population growth cent, Bahai 0.3 per cent, indigenous beliefs beliefs indigenous cent, per 0.3 Bahai cent, and other 3.3 per cent (2000 This Census). does not explain the of interaction religion prove may which ties kinship traditional and cent, Pentecostal 8.6 per cent, Evangelical cent, per 3.2 Anglican cent, per 5.2 Alliance per 8.9 Protestant other cent, per 2.5 Baptist including Roman Catholic 27 per cent, Evan cent, per 27 Catholic Roman including Church United cent, per 19.5 Lutheran gelical per 10 Adventist Seventh-Day cent, per 11.5 The most recent Census report Census recent most The a degree of religious diversity with groups 120 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific PNG has been the subject of much alcohol alcohol much of subject the been has PNG response in 2006. In contrast toand other PICTs, assessment rapid a undertake to was each PDARN meeting. An initiative of PDARN In issues. drug illicit analysis of situational 05 Papua New Guinea was included in the 2004– overview 10.2 Drugandalcohol mortality. life expectancy and high infant and maternal low have Guineans Papua males.New than females for limited more are opportunities mon and access to education and employment for males. cent per 63 and females for 51cent of per development challenges are low literacy rates 584 583 582 581 580 SimilarFiji,isPNGcannabis-producingto a illegal for indigenes to consume the product. research since prohibitionist times when it was

addition, PNG has sent a representative to Above, fn.569. . of thesouthwestPacific: Questions takenonnotice, 21 November 2008. Available at: into theeconomicandsecurity challenges facingPapua NewGuineaandtheisland states Australian SenateStanding CommitteeonForeign Affairs, DefenceandTrade (2008),Inquiry International JournaloftheAddictions , 23(6):573–589. M. Marshall (1988),Alcohol consumption asapublichealth problem inPapua NewGuinea. Ibid. Ibid. 581 580 Violence against women is com 582 -

produced alcohol and homebrews. the abuse of licit drugs such as commercially have a ‘culture of intoxication’ characterised by organisedactivities.to iscrimeknown PNG other and syndicates gun-running local to least) at media the (in cultureisalsolinked around the local product. PNG’s illegal drug developed has folklore much and country, secessionists. and squatters and trafficking, narcotics gal Indonesia, including goods smuggling, ille- illegal cross-border activities primarily from deter to Australia from assistance on relies presence of organised crime groups. the and control border in capacity limited with associated risk significant identified have authorities Customs Australian tralia. Aus to route en goods illegal other and emergingriskan transhipmentfor drugsof Papua New Guinea is increasingly considered 10.3 Illicitdrugtrends 584 583 PNG - Papua New Guinea 121 ------sus

The na The 589 590 Police said the 38-year-old was later released on bail of PGK500 (Papua (Papua PGK500 of bail on released later was New Guinea kina). ing a broad reach. Firearms were commonly were Firearms reach. broad a ing drugs. as time same the at seized tional drug squad and southern command task force rounded up two during suspects after being tipped drug operation a regular off about a deal, resulting in the confisca tion of a .22 rifle and 38rounds of am government officer and father of nine was arrested and charged for being in posses A further seven arrests followed and 18 kilo 18 and followed arrests seven further A in confiscated later were marijuana of grams The weekend. a on block road similar a indicat regions, of variety a from came pects munition from an Australian man and 20 kilograms of illicit drugs from a govern ment official. sion of 20 kilograms of illegal drugs, but

588 587 Over the last decade, last the Over 585 Trends toward increased increased toward Trends 586 , 20 January 2005. New Guinea Post-Courier Papua in drug bust, PNG official charged Aussie, (accessed at: Available January 2009). US$160. to approximately Equivalent 2nd PDARN meeting, 2006; Drug trafficking said to be widespread in PNG after four more in PNG after four more said to be widespread 2nd PDARN meeting, 2006; Drug trafficking at: . New , Papua Highlands region in Eastern marijuana ring, 17 people arrested PNG police bust Ibid. of Health (2006, Ministry New Guinea & Papua Institute PDARN meeting, 2008; Burnet 3rd and alcohol, HIV and development drugs and Response: Rapid Assessment (Draft) unpublished), & D. Lipset (2006), also J. Halvaksz released); see not been officially have in PNG (findings Oceania, 76(3): New Guinea. to marijuana in Papua Another kind of gold: an introduction at: . 590 589 588 587 585 586 were part of a major marijuana syndicate. marijuana major a of part were overseas, were overseas, seized as part of a 24-hour crackdown in the Eastern Highlands. PNG police believed the 17 detained individuals cited as an indicator of the trend. In early 2008, 40 kilograms of dried mari juana destined for Madang, or possibly of people admitted to mental health services services health mental to admitted people of 2000 from psychosis cannabis-induced with to 2004, with close to 100 in 2004 alone use are often measured by arrest reports, PDARN 2006 the at delegate PNG the while number the in increase rapid a noted meeting increased drug use, especially of cannabis, despite little systematic data collection to view. this support Papua New Guinea is reported to be a major major a be to reported is Guinea New Papua consumer. cannabis enforcement law media, the officials, health officers andresearchers have allreported Cannabis 122 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific selves or doing harm to others by taking taking by others to harm doing or selves them harming from individuals drunken protect to police allow provisions dition, enness include violence and damage. In drunk for Offences consumption. alcohol of rates high the recognised have sponses re legislative 1975 in independence Since 10.4 Licitdrugtrends users inPNG. estimated that there are 7500 injecting drug juana were seized. 10mari- kilogramsaddition, of In cocaine. or methamphetamine be to suspected der pow of quantity a and notes counterfeit seizure by PNG police of US$250 a on reported media the 2009 January In Other 596 595 594 593 592 591 consumption and the cultural determinants sidered the debilitating effects of methanol con also paper The problem. the address to body national a of establishment cated PNG. facing issues sponses, Mac Marshall flagged the long-term and conceiving appropriate public health re velopment of alcohol consumption patterns dertaken. In a 1988 paper reviewing the de un was drink to people indigenous the of to independence, a campaign for the rights them into custody for up to 12 hours. Prior . Harmony Goldwarns aboutlawandorder problems. Pacific Magazine, August 2008. Available at: Ibid. Ibid. International JournaloftheAddictions , 23(6):573–589. M. Marshall (1988),Alcohol consumption asapublichealth problem inPapua NewGuinea. . International HarmReductionAssociation(2006),RegionalOverview:Oceania . Available at: php?op=read&id=44466> (accessed February 2009). New ZealandInternational,29January2009.Available at:

ad ------provincial communities have often adopted intoxication’. of ture and response, local In Papua New Guinea is renowned for its ‘cul- Alcohol culture ofdefianceprohibitions. a of origins historical the is issues drug to eration for PNG when developing a response behaviour.this for uled to commence in June 2009, providing persisted. problemsorder and law operationsif cease reported that the project could be forced to was Morobe,whereit Bulolo, Valleyin den as a multi-billion dollar gold project at Hid such cases by evidenced is prosperity.This general and employment development, ing threaten times, at PNG in issue an be to Destructiveconsumption patterns continue by Marshall suggestnegative responses. described as PNG prohibitionin of impacts the resultant risk factors. However, the early and alcohol non-beverage of consumption creased production of illegal homebrews and ble associated consequences include the in responses.such of However,impacts possi- little evidence for the effectiveness or other Lack of program evaluations means there is sumption to address local issues of concern. con alcohol to approach prohibitionist a 596 Full-scale production is sched- isproduction Full-scale 594 An important consid important An 595 - - - - - Papua New Guinea 123 - Staff claimed the the claimed Staff 600 The link between alcohol and vio and alcohol between link The 601 relating the incident to alcohol. While it is difficult to assess the extent to which this the from informant key a persists, situation abuse substance that noted Highlands PNG is often identified as a trigger for violence health to presented people where injury and services. part as collected data by supported is lence of a rapid assessment undertaken by the conditions of employment visas in addition to to addition in visas employment of conditions Papua their of grief the to insensitive being New Guinean hosts. Such conflict between issue an is enforcement policy and business Pacific. the across emerge to continues that a as alcohol address to 2004 in calls Despite an be to continues it violence, to contributor Reform Law PNG the 1995 In PNG. in issue Commission found that per 71 cent of the abuse alcohol considered interviewed women as a major cause of marital with problems, spouse their by beaten those of cent per 26 assistance, mainly targeting its flood-affected flood-affected its targeting mainly assistance, villagers. and employees vil- while misunderstanding, a was incident noted the behaviour breached lage officials - - - Following con- Following on humanitarian humanitarian on 597 599 State-of-emergency State-of-emergency 598 million

Personal communication, 2008; for links between substance abuse and violence, see Country and violence, see Country between substance abuse communication, 2008; for links Personal Papua New Guinea in WHO (2004), Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004: Western Profile: at: ; Burnet Institute in PNG and alcohol, HIV and development drugs and Response: Rapid Assessment (Draft) released). not been officially have (findings Equivalent to US$680 000. Equivalent zone, Radio New PNG for taking liquor into flood emergency Expatriates to be deported from at: . Ibid. Magazine , 24 December Pacific alcohol. smuggled denies workers Higaturu Oil Palms Zone: and at World News at: ; 2007, available . 601 599 600 598 597 spent over PGK2 over spent laws prohibited the sale and consumption of of consumption and sale the prohibited laws alcohol in the province. The Oro company, has employer, sector private biggest province’s owned Higaturu Oil Palms, which involved a involved which Palms, Oil Higaturu owned disaster- the in order alcohol party Christmas province. Oro stricken Another case where alcohol regulation and Cargill- the of that is conflicted have business to impose the liquor ban exam andone is to This improve area. the in presence police to ple problematic of a response local-level alcohol use. tor and Bulolo Sam MP, Basil, to impose a liquor ban in the district. sultations with various relevant authorities moves the supported Basil electorate, the in Governments (LLGs) for is Governments the to electorate work together in addressing the issue. This Administra District the on call a in resulted sumption have been identified ascontributor to The the challenge problems. a key laid down for the President’s Local Level new employment opportunities for the local local the for opportunities employment new people, but high daily rates of liquor con 124 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Kava or natural agriculture crops. biological from made bio-fuel, to additive an be can beverages, alcohol manufacture Ethanol, which is produced from cassava to Corporation. International LG company, another possible investor — the giant Korean attract to set Moresby,is Port capital, the outside kilometres several province Central PNG’s in Launakalana at project bio-fuel cassava dollar multi-million A PNG. in ues contin production alcohol Nonetheless, alcohol use, violenceandinjury. between links strong are there that view the supports also informants key by vided experiences of violence. to approximately 50 per cent of participant Burnet Institute in 2006, with alcohol linked 603 602 other substanceuse. relatively minor concern when compared to a remains this but consumer kava a also is Like its PICT neighbours, Papua New Guinea stories/200805/s2238201.htm>. Radio Australia, 7May2008,available at: ; PNGproject turningcassava intoethanol expands, S. Korean investors to develop ethanolinPNG.Pacific Magazine , 28July2008,available Burnet Institute &Papua NewGuineaMinistry ofHealth,ibid. 602 Information pro 603 - -

alcoholic drink or drugs that his physical or by affected so is who person a of state the includes ‘drunkenness’ include: legislation Offences Act Dangerous Drugsthe Act includes PNG in legislation Relevant Legislation 10.5 Localresponses with uponindictment. dealt be may person a which to relation in dealt with summarily or a summary offence offence in relation to which a person may be indictable an includes offence’ ‘indictable and ‘to fight’ has a corresponding meaning; injury to the property of some other person; causebodily to as so personor other some to injury bodily cause to likely is that ner people are assaulting one another in a man more or two which in fight a means ‘fight’ meaning; corresponding a has ‘drunk’ and life; daily of acts or affairs ordinary the of ably and materially impaired in the conduct mental faculties or his judgment are appreci 1976. Specific definitions in the 1952 and the Summary - - Papua New Guinea 125 - - - The program was was program The 606 Calls for independence and 607 a few issues. change in staff have been made, with - pro posed staffing to includeyoung women,repre church and teachers lawyers, doctors, problems noted 2004 in Reports sentatives. ecstasy with and cannabis, Viagra, cocaine, trafficking, drug of problems to addition in human smuggling, money laundering and more been have There drugs. illicit of sale the than 13 police commissioners since inde commissioner police one equalling pendence, launched on the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking and was rise the about concern increased the of part in marijuana cultivation, trafficking and consumption. to continued has PNG that suggest Reports - cultiva to narcotics struggle in responding tion and trafficking despite formation of to continuing staff former with Bureau, the ‘shady other and salaries, substantial receive pro financial of want of reports payments’, to name bity but and for deals, drugs guns manned 24 hours a day at the Boroko police police Boroko the at day a hours 24 manned and police the call to public the for station, the to lead may that information any on pass offenders. drug of arrest - - 000 people

605 Overwhelmingly, the response to 604 National Narcotics Control Board Act , 8 November 2004. Available at: 2004. Available in corruption, The National, 8 November mired Bureau Narcotics (accessed January (c.1997), Drugs, Arms and H. Ivarature in PNG, see also on drug control 2009); for background Militarisation, report: New Guinea. Research National Security: the global becomes local in Papua Peace Sweden: Life & Uppsala, series. and Human Rights in the Pacific Economic Penetration at: . , 29 September New Guinea Post-Courier Papua homebrew. drugs, against 000 In PNG march 10 (accessed at: 2008. Available June 2009). The drugs, police lines in campaign against free to install PNG Telikom (2001), Anis Alison at: . National Narcotics Control Bureau: (last updated Bureau: Control National Narcotics May 2006). 607 606 605 604 Other provincial-level interventions have included a PNG Telikom initiative in 2001 which forprovided the installation of tele charge, of free extensions six with lines phone rape, stealing, murder and the rise of HIV and AIDS. removal removal of marijuana and homebrew from the community would help to end law and included problems Identified problems. order included schoolchildren, public servants, hospital patients, police, correction officers and women prisoners, and youth equipped the that view the by motivated placards with homebrew dealers by up to 10 The march, in Kundiawa, Chimbu province. commander, police provincial the by endorsed level bans and eradication schemes dominate dominate schemes eradication and bans level the response. Examples include a Septem ber 2008 protest march against drug and drugs. illicit drug use in PNG is punitive, focused Provincial- reduction. demand and supply on The 1992 established the National - coordi for Narcotics responsible is it Bureau; Control against response the of aspects all of nation Law enforcement 126 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific alcohol policy in PNG. There is a clear argu and reconsiderdrug cuurentapproachesto ings in 2008 and 2009), suggest the need to offences (as identified at the PDARN meet- alcohol-related legislationfor currentforce traffickingdrug and failure and use, en- to Failed attempts at enforcement around illicit balance placed on good behaviour bonds. cent dismissed for lack of evidence, and the 23 per cent absconding while on bail, 10 per 60 per cent of offenders convicted in court, with offences, drug-related for Squad Vice and Drugs the by arrests 307 estimated an in the period from 1999 to 2004 there were and alcohol. eradicate public consumption of illicit drugs as an issue, undertaking a ‘clean-a-thon’ to trade illicit identified Lae in administration for every two years. 614 613 612 611 610 609 608 for amulti-sectoral response. framework a of development the for ment May 2009). available at: (accessed Papua NewGuineaCensus results are published by theSecretariat ofthePacific Community, archive/2009/february/02-11-16.htm>. IN-PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA.html> (accessedFebruary 2009);see also (accessed Betel nutbaninPort Moresby delayed amonth. RadioNewZealandInternational,30December (accessedApril2009). International CenterforAlcoholPolicies, MinimumAgeLimitsWorldwide:tableavailable at: 2nd PDARNmeeting,July2006. rampant.html> (accessedJanuary 2009). Available at: (accessed PNG securitychiefsays intelligencein‘shambles’, Papua NewGuineaPost-Courier, 2October 609 Despite the reported troubles, 608 In 2005 the provincial 610 - Guinea Government announced a complete years. tivities. The legal drinking age in PNG is 18 dertake mass audience awareness-raising ac un to vehicle a as used also programsare radio and Newspaper groups. church and organisations non-government of support the with issues use substance addressing for responsible largely are services health mental that reports delegate PDARN The Health ioural questions are asked. behav no that suggests format simplified 1971.since decade a once collected A data with 2000, in Office Statistics National the The tuberculosis. and ulcers cancers, included associated with chewing betel nut. 2000 people die yearly from health problems concerns, appeared to be motivated by environmental ban the While 2009. in early commence to ban on the sale of betel nuts in plastic bags most recent Census was undertaken by 611 In December 2008, the Papuathe 2008, December New In 612 a later report suggested up to to up suggested report later a 614 613 These - - - Papua New Guinea 127

- - - 618 2009 the Australian Government has begun begun has Government Australian the 2009

violence campaigns by Caritas, and sexual health and police training by the Interna Agency. Development tional Women’s As part of to the the response incidence of HIV in PNG, the AusAID-funded and Bur Laip, Tingim project, Institute-managed net delivers programs designed to specifically and use substance of interaction the address HIV risk across multiple sites. In addition, youth implements Australia Children the Save healthy lifestyles programs, including HIV preven and management STI and prevention literacy, include programs relevant Other tion. implemented programs health and leadership anti- and capacity-building Vision, World by nation building; sustainable broad-based productivity; increased and growth economic service and delivery stability; improved and a strengthened, coordinated and effective response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic. In consider to discussions roundtable of series a Police Federal Australian of redeployment the to PNG. officers non-government Australian organisations Australia’s aid program aims to help the PNG PNG the help to aims program aid Australia’s medium-term own its implement Government development goals. The program includes and governance improved areas: four focus

- 616 million in aid in

In addition, Australia 617 There is no specific focus on 615 million.

AusAID above, fn.571. above, AusAID Ibid. at: (accessed July 2009). Details of PIANGO activities relating to PNG are available at: (accessed May 2009). 616 617 618 615 quality of life for all NewPapua Guineans. Australia has developed the Cooperation Papua Development Guinea–Australia New Strategy to help reduce poverty, promote sustainable development and improve the Australian Agency for Australian International Development AU$389.4 partner. principal export/import PNG’s is the 2007–08 accountingfinancialyear, for budget. national the of cent per 20 nearly The country program investment for the 2008–09 financial year is approximately to achieve sustained economic growth and planned Australia to alleviate sup- poverty. ply more than AU$300 10.6 Australian involvement Australian 10.6 PNG with working to committed is Australia support to build skills among other civil soci civil other among skills build to support in PNG. ety organisations alcohol and other drug issues but may be therescope to utilise some of the skills organisation and networking governance, in Papua New Guinea is a memberumbrella organisation PIANGO, where it is of the represented by the Melanesian Centre for Leadership. Non-government organisations Non-government 128 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific involvement 10.7 International in PNG working in the relevant areas of peace ple. improved livelihood opportunities for rural peoand health, and education in services social the two strategic outcomes listed as improved gender empowerment and HIV awareness, is response with the for framework The lihoods. RuralLiveDevelopment;and - Capacity and Education HIV/AIDS; and Health are: areas program for 2008–2018. aid its deliver Government to PNG the with lion.NZAID has entered into jointa strategy the 2008–09 financial year was NZ$22.5 The NZAID allocation for Papua New Guinea in New Zealand 621 620 619 absent from the 2008 update. data, but with information on drug injecting analysisand HIV-relatedcollation ofrole in present. UNAIDS continues to play a significant with WHO, UNICEF, UNAIDS and the ADB all involvementmultilateralof agenciesPNG in the Tingim Laip program. There is significant of delivery the on Institute Burnet the with also a presence in PNG and previously partneredStatistics Office. Family Health International is graphic survey supported by the PNG National demo and healthassistance technicala for In 2006 the Asian Development Bank provided Other programs building, and conflict and HIV prevention. cent20Guinea> (accessed May2009). cent20do&s2=where percent20wecent20work&s3=pacific&s4=Papua percent20New Available at: accessed(May2009). NZAID, Aidprogram inPapua NewGuinea,available at:

mil 621 - - - issues are far from recently emerging and are these suggests evidence available ever, the How violence. interpersonal and domestic useand substance between association the to respect with case the specifically is This pact of substance use in Papua New Guinea. im the of awareness greater a seemingly is there PICTs, other to compared When 10.8 Gapsanalysis future response. stance use issues, this has been flagged as a there is no current national strategy on sub initiatives would be greatly beneficial. While earlier of evaluation includes sponsewhich increasing concerns, a more coordinated re and trends identified earlier of persistence among high-risk populations. Based on the have included harm reduction interventions of HIV risk associated with substance use and More recent initiatives have raised the issue local and provincial enforcement approaches. issuestowardalcohol tended and drug licit region.Previouslythe in responsethe il- to much more pervasive than in other countries - - - - Samoa 129

624 625 166;

631 and more more and 631

083 (est. July 2008).

000 000 people identifying with

recently at 217 than More 100 Demographics The Samoa Statistics179 at Department population the Census estimated report 178 at it report sources other - - 623 998 (July 2009 est.) 219 37.6% 0–14 years: 56.7% 15–64 years: 5.7% (2009 est.) over: and 65 years 1.06 male(s)/female (2009 est.) population: Total read and write can over and Definition: age 15 99.7% population: Total Male: 99.6% 99.7% (2003 est.) Female: Not available Not available Agriculture: Not available Industry: Not available Industry: (Western) Samoan tala (WST) US dollar: 2.7594 (2006) Per It is situated about half about situated is It 622

(Tusigaigoa 2006 (Tusigaigoa and Housing of Population Department (2006), Census Samoa Statistics research village and may inform future down the population by Ma Fale 2006): breaks O Tagata with urbanisation. and links on drug use fn.622. CIA above, Government of Samoa available at: (accessed October at: of Samoa available Government at: document. in this to in full when discussed American Samoa which will be referred from at: ; 60 000 (est. July 2008). Population Age Gender Literacy Unemployment sector by Employment Currency rate Exchange 625 624 623 622 ognised name for what was previously know know previously was what for name ognised Samoa. Western as with Zealand, New and Hawaii between way neighbour. closest its as Samoa American 11.1 Introduction 11.1 rec officially the been has Samoa 1997 Since Source: Source: 11. Samoa 11. 130 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 634 633 632 631 630 629 628 627 626 with large populations also living in Aus in living also populations large with not least for the fact that colonial adminis- nic groups living in Samoa. indication of significant non-Polynesian eth an give not Census do 2006 the from data demographic the significance, of Though the need for interventions across the Pacific. to impact on drug consumption patterns and potential the with migrationschemes sonal AustraliaandNew Zealand are piloting sea remittances to countries of origin; funds of rate high a is there Zealand; New alcohol consumption patterns, particularly in nicity are well studied in relation to drug and Pacific Islanders identifying with Samoan eth these large migrant populations is threefold. (est. 91 tralia(over 17 Zealand, New in live ethnicity Samoan tration of Samoa had a history of importing CIA above, fn.622. meeting, 5–10 December 2007. AusAID above, fn.629;SamoaCountryReporttothePacific Islands LawOfficers’ Network CIA above, fn.622. The JournalofPacific History , 32(1):29–48. B.F. Liua’ana (1997),Dragons inlittleparadise: Chinese(mis-) fortunesinSamoa,1900–1950, CIA above, fn.622. source offoreign exchange currently accountfor20 percentofSamoa’s GDP. untryID=18&REgion=SouthPacific> (accessedOctober2008); it is estimatedthat remittances asa AusAID, Aidprograms inSamoa,available at:(accessed at: (accessedOctober2008). Australian Government DepartmentofForeign Affairs andTrade, SamoaCountryBrief,available Drugs andAlcoholConsumptionSurvey2003:final report, vol.1. Auckland,NewZealand: SHORE. SHORE/Whariki &MasseyUniversity, Pacific Research &Development Services(2004),Pacific

000–120

000)

000). 627 andtheUnited States 628 The 630 This is notable,

significance of 629 and both 626 - - - -

Samoa’s government consists of a Head Head a of consists government Samoa’s It is a relatively stable parliamentary democ land’s administrative mandate since 1962. Zea New of independent been has Samoa Government use intothe21st century. alcohol which may have shaped patterns of issues of opium addiction and distillation of Chinese labourers with the resultant reported tinuing participationinregional responses. trafficking and cultivation, and allows con - drug as such issues to respond to ability key determinant in the Samoan government’s ter’s advice. points Cabinet Ministers on the Prime Minis (elected by the Legislative Assembly) and ap Minister Prime the in swears who State of 2007. June in occurring state, of head elected the in change one only with racy 634 Government stability will be a 631 633 632 - - - -

Samoa 131 - - — the the —

640 However, what what However, 639 Progress to achieving Progress 641 The Samoan Department of Statistics health health of Statistics Department The Samoan data do not reflect drug- or alcohol-related admissions. hospital (MDG) Goal Development Millennium dis other and malaria HIV, combating of goal and gaps data by inhibited reportedly is — eases systems. surveillance strengthen to need the are living below the basic needs poverty line, line, poverty needs basic the below living are but it is important to note that of culturally concept the with identify not do Samoans that principle general the adopt They poverty. and family both for provide should individuals will people that expectation The community. ceremonies community and church to donate difficulties. exacerbate can con other in poverty relative as seen be may characterised ‘hardship’, as recognised is texts basic meet to income cash to access of lack by limited and services, to access of lack needs, employment. for opportunities the potential to include activities addressing addressing activities to include potential the diseases. these with relationship the and alcohol that 20 It estimated per is cent of Samoans

- - 638 636 In 2004 Samoa was ranked ranked was Samoa 2004 In 635 637 communicable diseases program of program diseases communicable Ibid. at: available Statistics (accessed October 2008). United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Index Indicators in UNDP’s in UNDP’s Index Indicators Human Development Programme, Development United Nations Development of Samoa & United Nations Human Development Report (annual); Government . Action Plan 2008–2012 Country Programme Programme, fn.629. above, AusAID 2006– Strategy Zealand (2006), Joint Samoa Program and New of Samoa, Australia Governments at: ; poverty disasters. and natural cycles to crop vulnerable but they remain Joint Samoa Program Strategy 2006– Strategy and New Zealand (2006), Joint Samoa Program Australia of Samoa, Governments at: ; no reason Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Group on Least Developed, on Least Developed, Working Group for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission at: 12 April 2007. Available Resume of Discussions, Countries, Developing Landlocked and Island . and, as a Country status Least Developed from graduation In 2007 Samoa made a case against indicator. on the economic vulnerability did not graduate result, terms of other indicators, the UNDP reports reports UNDP the indicators, other of terms

640 641 639 638 637 636 635 The non- The non- of levels high and obesity endemic areas, Type e.g. diseases, lifestyle and communicable hypertension. and disease heart diabetes, II has Community Pacific the of Secretariat the erage, increasing life expectancy, and declin and expectancy, life increasing erage, over in 2005. in over AusAID reports that healthcov immunisation indicatorsof rates high show for Samoa In 98.6 approximately at literacy of level high a and 15 aged population total the of cent per it However, fertility. and mortality infant ing rural in services care health poor reports also 75th of 177 countries in the UNDP’s Human Human UNDP’s the in countries 177 of 75th United the to According Index. Development Nations, it was ranked 77th in 2007–08. The United Nations Development Programme Programme Development Nations United The to recommended been has Samoa that notes (LDC) country developed least from graduate 2010. in status Health and development 132 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Samoa has attended each PDARN meet PDARN each attended has Samoa representative has been from the Samoan Samoan the from been has representative analysis. that since held ing Region Drug Issues and Responses in the Asia–Pacific countries in the Pacific the of one as included was Samoa overview 11.2 Drugandalcohol patterns is emerging as an area of concern. consumption alcohol and drug on schemes term impacts of seasonal and migrant worker Samoa. for concern potential a as identified was Pacific the across ships cargo on working sailors among consumption alcohol MDGs, Inarecent report on progress related to the 647 646 645 644 643 642 istry toworkondrugandalcoholissues. Min- the employedspecialistwithin now is last analysis. the reportedsince havebeen Samoa in ties No Ministry of Health’s Health Promotion Team. chain-of-custody issue); Police vBen Vai; Police vJoseph Faulkner. Police vNicky ChanChui;Police vTagaloa RuniMasame;Police vLucky Nauer(dismissed duetoa Personal communication,April2009. Information provided by theMinistry ofHealthrepresentative atthe2008meeting. 2005, 2006,2008and2009. The Pacific DrugResearch NetworkbecamePDARNin 2006;networkmeetings have beenheldin . Australian NationalCouncilonDrugs Research Paper 12(2006).Available at: Participation andGoodGovernance, NewYork, 11–13 January 2006. International ExpertGroup Meeting ontheMillenniumDevelopment Goals, Indigenous

specific drug and alcohol research activi , 2004–05. , 642 In addition, the potential for long- 645 However, a health promotion Situational Analysis of Illicit 643 A representative from representative A 644 To date, the the date, To 646 - - 11.3 Illicitdrugtrends drug andalcoholissues. potential for Samoa to respond to emerging great is there that mean issues the of ness cultural traditions, and a heightened aware strong of promotion ongoing the building, ing institutional strengthening and capacity Multi-sectoral development programs includ ing forchain-of-custody matters in2007. offences. Samoan police participated in train sentence ever imposed by the courts for drug highest the to led significantly cocaine of Joseph Faulkner of case recent The illegal. is mines of utensils for administering methampheta cannabis. and mines methampheta cocaine, involving offences drug details 2007 December in Meeting The Attorney-General’s report for the PILON for possession of 500 647 Notably possession possession Notably Policev

grams - - - - - Samoa 133 - - - 649 652, 653 652, The precise source, valid source, The precise A 2006 study of hepatitis C hepatitis of study 2006 A 650 651 ans found a low prevalence, which suggested suggested which prevalence, low a found ans low rates of injecting in each country. The may practices tattooing that note did article exist. does that HCV any to contribute There are few indications of significant opium opium significant of indications few are There web-based of number A today. Samoa in use an not is use drug illicit that suggest resources in Samoa. issue not are information this of reliability and ity clear always and content by contradicted is global the on report recent A reports. media identified use drug injecting of epidemiology that does injecting occur in Samoa, though reli a make to inadequate were data available estimate. able Samo American and Samoans among (HCV) made recommendations to address them via via them address to recommendations made the theAnti-Opium New However, Society. issue this to response administration’s Zealand China. to addicts all of repatriation was - - Cannabis 648 G.I. Armstrong, I.T. Williams et al. (2006), Hepatitis C virus infection in Samoa and American C virus et al. (2006), Hepatitis Williams I.T. G.I. Armstrong, Medicine and Hygiene, 74(2): 261–262. Samoa. American Journal of Tropical in of drug and alcohol consumption and control The impact of the matai on the regulation research. for future Samoa may be an area Above, fn.631. Above, at: and HIV among people et al. (2008), Global epidemiology of injecting drug use Mathers B.M. to the UN on HIV and Group (for the 2007 Reference review a systematic who inject drugs: The Lancet, 372(9651):1733–1745. Injecting Drug Use). US Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, American Samoa Drug Drug Intelligence Center, National US Department of Justice, at: Available (Document ID: 2001-S0388AS-001). Assessment, June 2001. Threat has not been An updated assessment . accessed for the 2008–09 study. 652 653 651 649 650 648 support their addiction. The Chinese Gov ernment, becoming aware of the problem, indentured labourers. From the early indentured labourers. 1900s many were labourers reported to have seri to simply worked and addictions opium ous Opium Samoa in trends use drug at look historical An Chinese of fortunes the into study a yielded needle to inject any illegal drug into their lifetime’. their during times more or one body behaviours was the increase (<0.01 reported reported (<0.01 increase the was behaviours with a confidence interval of 95 per cent) in the ‘percentage of students who used a was reportedly the most frequently used drug. drug. used frequently most the reportedly was the to exception notable the report, that In stable and downward trend in risk-taking A 2001 Drug Threat Assessment by the United United the by Assessment Threat Drug 2001 A States National Drug Intelligence Center identified Samoa as the primary source of cannabis for American Samoa. Cannabis 134 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Samoa mirror those in American Samoa, but Western in patterns use closely how clear drug-taking 2007. to 1999 from behaviours and alcohol in decrease) a Preven usually (and change little veryshowed tion and Control Disease for Center States United the by Samoa American in The Youth Risk Behavior Survey undertaken cases before the courts and in court reports. is supported by the number of drug-related session of 555 cocaine, with a man gaoled in 2007 for pos cate the presence of methamphetamine and manufacture. likely be Hawaii rather than large-scale local ice) use, but concluded that the source would lighted increasing methamphetaminehigh (largely Assessment Threat Drug 2001 The Other 660 659 658 657 656 655 654 affect bothcountries. to likely is consumption and hospitality of nants of drug use — for example, the culture discussion on the impact of social determi- any be will research future for interest of Ibid. Drugs andAlcoholConsumption Survey2003:final report, vol.1. Auckland,NewZealand:SHORE. SHORE/Whariki &MasseyUniversity, Pacific Research &Development Services(2004),Pacific CIA above, fn.622. Above, fn.631; atthetimeitwasnotconsidered anoffencetodistil spirits. (accessed November 2008). Available at: news.php?op=archive> (accessedNovember 2008). Radio NewZealandInternational,24June2008—allavailable at:

grams of cocaine. Recent media reports indi reports media Recent 655 656 This view It is not not is It - - - - providing support for the whole group. whole the for support providing unit community and family strong a tates It is well recorded that Samoan culture dic- work. plantation of month a from than night one in processes these from money proof spirits from cocoa juice, making more distilled and drugs manufactured bourers When opium supplies were low, Chinese la- 10.4 Licitdrugtrends parsimonious. as regarded is quantities small only viding the events must be consumed and that pro at provided alcohol and food all that tion significant in-country. resident in New Zealand and may be equally influence the drinking patterns of Samoans to shown been has support of culture This of hospitality and entertaining and the no- ternsare strongly culture influenced the by 660 659 Consumption pat- 658 657 -

Samoa 135 - - - Table 6.1.1.1 describes the age and and age the describes 6.1.1.1 Table 663 in the younger age groups for both males females. for years 55–64 except females, and Table 6.2.2.3 in the report shows that the drink not did (who abstainers of percentage alcohol in the last year) was 70.6 per cent and males, for (±5.6) cent per 49.2 — (±4.1) were there females; for (±1.8) cent per 94.2 fe and males between differences significant males. popula- of the gender surveyed breakdown sampling overall the to relation its and tion 2804: was size population study The frame. females. males and 1513 1291 males, binge drinking was defined as hav least at on drinks standard more or five ing pro higher A week. previous the in day one were (±6.3)) cent per (44.7 males of portion as recorded being binge drinkers compared cent (±15.2)). to females (15.6 per The gender difference was significant and persisted across the 25–34 and 35–44 age groups. In the 55–64 age range, femalebinge drinkers were even higher than male binge drinkers, but not significantly. There were higher proportions of binge drinkers difference that persisted across age groups. age across groups. that difference persisted For females, binge drinking was defined as having four or more standard drinks on at least one day in the previous week. For - - 661 - perpetra the often are matai 662 (chiefs), (chiefs), because there are no police. : a collaborative effort between the Samoa Ministry of effort between the Samoa Ministry STEPS Report: a collaborative Samoa NCD Risk Factors Regional WHO Western Pacific Suva: University. and Monash Health, World Health Organization Office, 2007. Samoan Ministry of Health website, available at: (accessed October 2008) — a similar approach available recommendations, Lifestyle meeting and to tobacco education; SPC Healthy Pacific (accessed at: October 2008). in Samoa, December 2004, quoting K. Siaosi NGO Shadow Report on the Status of Women Samoa. in and sexual abuse the physical to address used on processes Sumeo (2003), A research North, New Zealand. NGO Shadow Palmerston Massey University, Thesis, Master’s Unpublished at: . Report available 663 662 661 with 79.9 per cent (±5.8) of males and 47.6 47.6 and males of (±5.8) cent per 79.9 with consumed having females of (±12.0) cent per gender a months, 12 previous the in alcohol past 30 days, 75.2 per cent (±6.6) of the study population had consumed alcohol. There was a significant gender difference or justice. A STEPS report on alcohol consumption the in data: following the provides patterns matai show Reports victims the for place safe no is there so tors, rural villages, largely (but not always) re com are These pressures. economic to lated male of Councils Village by with dealt monly by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Pacific the of Secretariat the by Alcohol-related acts of domestic violence in increasing reportedly are abuse child and the information did form part of the Healthy Healthy the of part form did information the Pacific Lifestyle program, a broader public supported Pacific the across initiative health and if this operates as an effective means alcohol-related other No communication. of but website, the on listed were interventions The Samoan Ministry of Health includes a guide to healthy alcohol consumption on its website, but it is not clear what level of Samoa in internet the to have people access Alcohol 136 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific factor, with consumption and associated associated and consumption with factor, differentiating key a was alcohol analysis, this for Significantly health. stressorson in differences significant are there that cates in Samoa, American Samoa and Hawaii indi communities Samoan in symptoms health at looking 1993 in undertaken Research (marijuana) from thefisherman. were reported to be drunk and seeking drugs ence of drugs, but the victim and his friend the convicted man was not under the influ where manslaughter, alcohol-related an is reportedAlso consumption. into studies of number large the hence issues, alcohol for living in New Zealand are a vulnerable group in Samoa. It is well recognised that Samoans unique factors contributing to the situation of alcohol in the review will see some quite inclusionHowever,the that iscontended it 667 666 665 664 surveybal therethat are surveyno for data glo 2004 its of part as noted capita, per consumption alcohol recorded on porting re Office, Regional Pacific Western WHO’s tective factors ineachsetting. pro enhance and identify to data provide may it Still Samoa. in situation the inform or in Samoan residents in New Zealand can Samoa American in use alcohol and drug This may undermine the view that trends of and to the emergence of health symptoms. differences the to factor contributing key a is modernisation that view the proposes study The Samoa. in less symptoms health New ZealandMedical Journal,118(1216): U1491. J. Huakauetal. (2005), NewZealandPacific peoples’drinkingstyle:too muchornothingatall? region. Geneva: WHO. Country profile forSamoainWHO(2004),GlobalStatusReportonAlcohol 2004:WesternPacific health symptoms inthree Samoan communities. SocialScienceandMedicine , 36(9):1169–1180. J. Hanna&M.Fitzgerald (1993),Acculturation andsymptoms: acomparative studyofreported Melani Pini,Deadlycatchforfisherman, Samoalive News, 18October2008. 664 665 - - - - -

than the homebrews mentioned above. His made from fermented fruits and are stronger and gin) content. alcohol in lower than cheaper is which cent, per 10–25 of tent or ment) alcohol consumed include of Types Samoa. in beverages of ufacture self-reported consumption or the illicit man Healthy Lifestyleprogram. Health’s of Ministry Samoa the for website A similar set of guidelines is available via the services. support for details and formation in accurate provide and impact, negative a has alcohol where studies case highlight in English and Samoan, which break myths, Alcohol, Your Community and You, available of New Zealand developed guidelines titled In March 2006 the Alcohol Advisory Council harms. more face and more drink drink, do who those but Zealand, New of lation cific Islanders drink than the general popu- of the study group, which showed fewer Pa part as Samoans included Zealand New in Pacific Islandersof living study 2002–03 A flourishing homebrew ‘industry’. this restriction may have contributed to the that contends report WHO The 1950s. the in it prohibiting regulated, is supply cohol torically palagi matai (bushai-vao sipili spirits) are both (brew), with an alcohol con- alcohol an with (brew), pulu (European alcohol), which is which alcohol), (European have had a say in how al how in say a had have Sini ai-vao Sini fa’amafu (to fer- 666 (bush 667 - - - - -

Samoa 137 - - - is is the

1967 It has not accepted com accepted not has It Narcotics Act 671 672 2007, the Chief Justice called for a review review a for called Justice Chief the 2007,

of the penalties in light of recent patterns of offences. At the time of the the of any to 2004–05party not was Samoa analysis, situational three main international conventions on drugs (1961, 1971, 1988). Samoa acceded to the UN Convention against Illicit Traf fic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic tive Acts with respect to the fundamental citizens. of rights pulsory International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction. The most significant legislation for the control of illicit substances. Notably the maximum penalty for import and export of narcotics gaol years’ two at lower significantly is (s.17) possession or supply for maximum the than 21 under aged persons for years 14 at (s.18) and seven years for persons aged over 21. In Legislation Eng on based is Samoa of system legal The Samoa customs. local and law common lish has a principle of - judicial review of legisla - - 669 670 It continues to 668 Samoa Chief Justice calls authorities to reconsider penalty for narcotics, Radio New penalty for narcotics, authorities to reconsider calls Samoa Chief Justice at: Samoa Country Report to 26th annual PILON meeting, Rarotonga, Cook Islands, Cook Islands, Samoa Country Report to 26th annual PILON meeting, Rarotonga, at: . at: ; as a world court, the ICJ has a Acting . that of a legal nature disputes with international law, in accordance it decides, dual jurisdiction: advisory cases); and it gives in contentious member states (jurisdiction submitted to it by are or specialised of the United Nations of the organs at the request on legal questions opinions jurisdiction). (advisory to make such a request agencies authorised Journal of the Polynesian Journal of the Polynesian among the Samoans. drinking ceremonies Smith (1920), Kava S. Percy 1–21. Society, 29(114): of IKEC–EU consultations. exports: outcome and strategies Lifting the German ‘ban’ on kava October 2008. 29 release, IKEC press 672 671 670 668 669 to provide an opportunity to include harm desire the addition, In approaches. reduction into sector justice and law the introduce to Samoa of Development the for Strategy the has been highlighted. 2008–2011 Institutional Strengthening Project is likely - re to Samoa of ability the to contribute to spond to illicit drug issues and potentially with American Samoa and the relationship between the two nations. With respect to current interventions, the Law and Justice 11.5 Local responses 11.5 Specific to Samoa is the close proximity undertakes around discussions strengthen market. export kava the building and ing lubricant, but consumption patterns have Interna the of member a is Samoa changed. which (IKEC), Council Executive Kava tional As with many other Pacific nations, kava consumption in Samoa is traditionally a heavily ritualised process. business and social important an as function Kava 138 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific discretionary powers as described in the Act. the exercise to likely is Health of Director this provision is interpreted, and whether the narrowly how clear not isit use— medical’ ‘quasi- define, not does but to, reference unlikely to be safely treated. The Act makes for the supply of opium to registered addicts The related offencesby youth. drugs (the Customs amendment) and drug- and alcohol of import on directly impact will provisions new these if clear not is it the Attorney-General’s Department, toms Amendment Act 2007 were drafted by The ermo Convention). against Transnational Organized CrimeConvention (Pal UN the to party a not is but 2005, in Convention) (Vienna Substances 677 676 675 674 673 amphetamines.amendment an addition, In ‘hard’ so-called against offenders convicted for sentence life maximum a propose Reports offences. drug illicit to approach of ening Finally, recent media reports indicate a tough far reports atrialonthis issue. Notably, none of the case law examined thus php?op=read&id=30311>. Zealand International, 21 February 2007.Available at:. Apia, Samoa,30September2008:

Reported judgments on on judgments Reported recent - - - Samoa 139 - - - include the potential potential the include 682 related to drugs classi 681 680 Narcotics Act sor chemicals — information provided on for life imprisonment for offences against the methamphetamine. The potential for a 14- year sentence for lesser drug offences (e.g. marijuana possession) indicates a focus on Amendments include approach. a deterrent dealingprovisions with the sale of precur and Samoa. Sniffer dogs have been intro duced at airports. Planned tougher drug2008, late in flagged laws in Samoa, The majority of reported judgments relate to marijuana offences, also in mirrored the these in evidence accepted The media. news to offenders for common is it indicates cases be apprehended in the local food markets, where offences usually involve possession and supply, with the drug amounts being cocaine- one been has There small. relatively related conviction and one amphetamine- Media 2005. January since conviction related high a indicate also judgments reported and Samoa American between trafficking of rate instances first-time offenders have received received have offenders first-time instances in time for reductions sentences, suspended 2–3 of vicinity the in penalties and custody, gaol. years’ fied as hard drugs, including cocaine and - have not been widely 679 suggesting a link between the 678 v Palemene Court of Samoa include: Police the Supreme judgments from of reported Examples v Siaosi [2007] WSSC 98. Police v Apulu [2008] WSSC 58; [2007] WSSC 59; Police at: April 2007. Available Radio New Zealand International, 30 Samoa gets sniffer dogs, . fn.676. Above, There is no indication of the quantities that have been seized in the past. no indication of the quantities that have is There been sentences have harsh American Samoa where from with media reports Contrast crime, Radio New Filipino jailed in American Samoa for drugs imposed; see, for example: at: ; at: . 682 681 680 679 678 imum sentences While there was a tendency toward a more max mandatory 2008, in approach punitive involvement of Australian Federal the in noted was Police Teams Crime Transnational a is Samoa assessment. situational 2004–05 member of the PILON. trends in organised crime. Samoa is a part Transnational Pacific the of initiatives the of the addition, In Centre. Coordination Crime Samoa was reported to be involved in the development of a Combined Law Agencies new to respond to designed program, (CLAG) domestic drug market and transnational are that crime of proceeds producing crime, in Samoa. then money-laundered people. The amounts of suspected narcotics narcotics suspected of amounts The people. were reported to be significantby Samoan standards, operations during February and March 2006 2006 March and February during operations - narcot suspected of seizure the in resulted ics and firearms and the arrest ofover 20 strict drug control and associated initiatives initiatives associated and control drug strict drug policy in Samoa. likely to influence Joint Transnational Crime Unit and police and American Samoa have agreed to coop- agreed and American Samoa have erate on drug control with trends towards used in Samoa in recent times. In many 140 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Board requirements and programs,includ and requirements Board Rugby International the with compliance rugbyfor policy anti-doping players,ing in regard program clear a is there However, available. currently is therapy substitution are the drugs of most concern for which no be noted that should cannabis it and methamphetamines yet literature, the of any in There is no reference to treatment programs Health transit pointformethamphetamines. prevent Samoa fromalso becoming a trafficking will penalties tough the that is tion inten- The Attorney-General’sDepartment. Samoan Attorney-General and the Australian the of Office the by co-hosted and Apia in held conference, Forum Control Precursor 30 684 683 use of alcohol. Healthy Lifestyles program promotes sensible youth programs, among others. Notably, the for models role rugby identify to portunity op potential a providesthis and herbs for players to visit their medicine man ( tober 2008, also notes a tendency of rugby Oc News, Samoalive on report A training. to addition in outreach, and awareness ing

Social Science andMedicine , 19(3):209–216. P. Schoeffel (1985),Dilemmasofmodernisation inprimaryhealth care inWesternSamoa. Samoa is Samoanotapartofsomething,Samoalive News, 10 October2008. September 2008 at the South Pacific Pacific South the at 2008 September taulasea - - - - ) poses the interesting question regarding regarding question interesting the poses might leave with a restored sense of identity. introduce bad drinking patterns. Rather, theySamoa to returning Samoans that notion the to response a as act may This society. primitive a not is it that realise to and live Samoans how see to Samoa to return to them for is answer proposed The Zealand. New in raised and born Samoans among Samoan tradition and culture are being lost that view a suggested have reports Media they are functioningtoday. search would need to investigate how and if issue of these services in recent times, so re been no further publications relating to the grams for drug and alcohol use. There have havethey rolewhether a preventive in pro - and 2009 associationsin these of state the Samoa. in services health ished by the increasing bureaucratisation of paper argues that this role has been dimin- tumama role that rural women’s associations (komiti important the highlights Samoa systemsin An historical look (1984) at grassroots health what it means to have a Samoan identity. stronga suggesting commentaries sense of There have been discussions on weblogs and ) played in preventive medicine. The 684 This situation situation This 683 - Samoa 141 ------The JSPS highlights youth youth highlights JSPS The 686 million). It is a partner with New Zea New with partner a is It million).

strategies to address drug and alcohol issues. alcohol and drug address to strategies Agency for Australian International Development The law and justice system component of mod of integration the advocates JSPS the Specifically the systems. ern and traditional includesprogram addressing domestic violence, which needs to be considered in the context of substance use. AU$20 land in the development and implementa tion of the Joint Samoa Program Strategy strat the leads Australia 2006–2010. (JSPS) jus and law and reform sector public in egy initiatives. tice op employment of lack to due vulnerability Reports status. cultural low and portunities show an increase in suicide and substance use. Community development, including strengthening the police force and build the of part key a is linkages, community ing include potentially can and JSPS 2006–2010 11.6 Australian involvement Australian 11.6 Australia contributes an estimated 30 per (approximately aid bilateral Samoa’s of cent - - - to.

685 International Center for Alcohol Policies, Minimum Age Limits Worldwide: table available at: Minimum Age Limits Worldwide: table available International Center for Alcohol Policies, (accessed April 2009). Strategy Zealand (2006), Joint Samoa Program and New of Samoa, Australia Governments at: . 686 685 ant for this research noted that the prescribed prescribed the that noted research this for ant adhered not is process recording With respect to diversion of pharmaceutical to diversion With respect preventing regulations existing are there drugs, the supply of to pseudoephedrine the same inform key the However, week. a within buyer lation. The legal drinking age in Samoa is 18 years. Agreements under the GATS and GATT have have GATT and GATS the under Agreements Gov Samoan the on impact to potential the ernment’s ability to control alcohol supply, regu and taxation distribution, production, Regulation a source of future service providers in the field. alcohol and other drugs has a clear mandate for drug and alcohol service provision. However, many of these NGOs do work in youth and women’s support and development services and may be The Samoa Umbrella for Non-Governmental Non-Governmental for Umbrella Samoa The database membership (SUNGO) Organisations lists 87 the members, majority of which do none and services health-related in work not Non-government organisations Non-government 142 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific ment of Australian NGOs in Samoa. To date, Little information is available on the involve organisations Australian non-government pleted in2008. and substance abuse. alcohol including problems, youth-related addressed which ministrativegrant support ad Council AIDS National the specifically being at risk and were targeted by programs, However,Samoa. recognisedwereas youth not identified among risk groups for HIV in were users drug other) (and injecting bly, strengtheningprogramming.HIV for Nota- capacity support to scheme grants a ing includ AusAID, by funded (PRHP) Project terpart under the Pacific Regional HIV/AIDS Samoa was a recipient/implementing coun 689 688 687 law andjustice andsecurity. improved on focus a includes which 2009, with the Pacific Regional Aid Strategy 2004– services delivery. The program is also aligned activities focused on improvement of health (VIDA) program is active in Samoa, including for International Development from Australia tralian Government-sponsored Volunteering ACFID website suggests this is true.the The of Aus review A provision. service alcohol such organisations are working in drug and where identified cases no been have there Strategy Review , May2007:Document Control no.53384,Version 1.02007.Melbourne: VIDA. Volunteering for InternationalDevelopment from Australia (2007), SamoaCountry Volunteer Pacific Communityprograms. Many ofthePRHPactivitieswill continueunderthemanagementofSecretariat ofthe and dances. Worship Centre activityincludingaweek-longprogram ofpresentations, discussions, skits Pacific RegionalHIV/AIDS Project, Project MonitoringandEvaluationReport.Annex9;Samoa 688 687 The PRHP was com 689 ------reference is made to them in the strategy. the in them to made is reference specific no that fact the despiteissues, hol with the potential to include drug and alco on community development and health, each In the JSPS, New Zealand specifically focuses New Zealand involvement 11.7 International trained staff advancing in their civil service civil their advancingin trainedstaff fied positive developments with many of the A 2004. to 1985 from planning development for Samoa to support provided ADB The on macroeconomic policy for development. mendations for future activity, with a focus tween 1995 and 2004 and provided recom- capacity- 2008 April Samoa of for Development the Strategy the of Implementation and incep Bank’s — report tion Development Asian The Other programs communicable diseases.non- on is emphasis The issues. alcohol and drug addressing include interventions if clear not is it though care, health mary Health priorities concern strengthening pri-

2008 report assessing the program identi building program implemented be

— reviewed activities under the the under activities reviewed — Support for the Formulation Formulation the for Support completed in in completed - - - - Samoa 143 - - - - problematic drug use may support appropri support may use drug problematic development. ate intervention eases, eases, would be of value. The potential for the Center for Risk Disease Youth Control’s Behavior Survey to be extended to Samoa be should A explored. of review the impact for materials promotion health web-based of infor alcohol include that lifestyles healthy mation would be useful in assessing if this effective. is approach Finally, the role ofchurch the traditionalof role the to leadership compared structures of determinants social the to responding in - minimisa harm a versus reduction demand to contributing factors Other approach. tion difference may be development indicators and changes in traditions. the of discussion much is there addition, In ‘erosion’ of traditional values and the shift from a community-focused subsistenceeconomy to a more individualistic modern economy with its changing modes of be A haviour. further comparison between al cohol abstainers and studying drinkers, the - dis lifestyle of levels high with relationship mentioned in a number of the reports. There There reports. the of number a in mentioned may be benefit a from derived comparative analysis of drug and alcohol responses in American Samoa and Samoa, an includinganalysis of the impact of a supply and - - - - - 692 Finally, an Finally, 691 690 Country Program (not dated), Country Program Programme Development of Samoa & United Nations Government of on the Elimination of the Convention : notes limits of operation 2008–2012 Action Plan (CPAP) on the Rights of the Child. and the Convention Women against of Discrimination All Forms of to support achievement programs and sports (UNV) program Volunteers Ibid.; United Nations financing funds from US$2.5 million with a goal to raise allocation of over the MDGs: resource funds). million (non-core US$10.2 of approximately partnerships Support for the Formulation and Implementation of the Strategy Bank (2008), Support for the Formulation and Implementation of the Strategy Asian Development Assistance — Technical no. 4110301) (Project for the Development of Samoa: inception report Manila: ADB. report. Consultant’s 692 691 690 tions; for example, those identifying with Samoan ethnicity who are resident in New are policies alcohol and drug Specific Zealand. anecdotal reports or qualitative research, or research, qualitative or reports anecdotal popula and contexts analogous from inferred 11.8 Gaps analysis 11.8 No data prevalence on illicit drug use have been collected for Samoa. Furthermore,much of the discussion of trends is from regional harmonised information systems). information harmonised regional women, which may require additional atten additional require may which women, tion to the links with alcohol. initi DEVINFO the is program new important and (national data sex-disaggregated of ative specific drug and alcohol initiatives outlined outlined initiatives alcohol and drug specific the highlights plan the However, plan. the in need to address domestic violence against opment Goals (MDGs), acknowledging the difficulty of managing HIV in the absence no are There data. sufficient and reliable of The Country Program Action Plan 2008– 2012 between the Government of Samoa Devel Millennium on focuses UNDP the and for other skills sets. The focus of this pro and policy analysis macroeconomic is gram formulation. careers. careers. A 2007 training needs assessment identified a priority forresearch training 144 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 12. SolomonIslands 694 693 crippling a had 2003 to 1999 from lasting 28 about coveringatolls coral and islandsous 1978. in independence and 1976 in government the South Pacific. The Islands achieved self- in archipelago an is Islands Solomon The 12.1 Introduction Source: Exchange rate Currency Employment by sector Unemployment Literacy Gender Age Population country.cfm?CountryID=16&Region=SouthPacific> (accessed April 2009). AusAID, Aidprogram intheSolomonIslands, available at: (accessedApril2009). Profile ontheSolomon Islands inCIA,TheWorld Factbook,available at:

- - - - 695 697 000.

696 Above, fn.693. Above, fn.694. Above, Ibid. Ibid. NZAID, Where NZAID works: Solomon Islands. Available at: able to manage the economy and deliver deliver and economy the manage to able 699 696 697 698 695 on 24 July 2003. While progress in the ensu the in progress While 2003. July 24 on ing period has been the considerable, - situ fragile. remains ation in Solomon Islands Kemakeza, requested assistance from Aus and, Pacific the in partners regional and tralia deployed was RAMSI the consequence, a as acterised acterised by growing lawlessness, extortion and open corruption. The government was un basic services. The Prime Sir Minister, Alan After years of ethnic tension and a coup char- became Islands Solomon the 2000, in Government ethnic groups include Polynesians, Micro ethnicity. unspecified of people and nesians population the of cent per 40 estimated An of age. under 15 years is The current population of the SolomonIslands is estimated to be over 530 The majority of the population is Melane sian at approximately 94.5 per cent. Other Demographics 146 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific overview 12.2 Drugandalcohol sion have been arrested for alcohol-related for arrested been have sion cases where officers associated with the mis tion patterns. There have been a consump number of alcohol and drug different of ing effect of the RAMSI is the development the other countries in the study. An interest to dynamic different a Islandscreates mon Australians and New Zealanders in the Solo The heavy presence of other Pacific Islanders, as part of the mental health services sector. to date. Drug and alcohol issues are treated held meetings PDARN four all at delegate sented by either a Ministry of Health or NGO situational analysis. 2004–05 The Solomon Islands the has been in repre considered was Islands Solomon the in use Substance 703 702 701 700 concern, andthis remains the case. and alcohol were the two key substances of youth in the Solomons. At thefacing time,issues marijuanaother many of consequence a and to contributor a both as use stance sub identified 2004 programsYouthfrom other thandrinking. without social networks and with little to do from their families for long periods of time, away being officers of issue the identified offences. A number of key informants have Ibid. in transition. NewYork: Springer, pp.211–254. a cause forconcern.InSocialChangeandPsychosocial Adaptation inthePacific Islands:cultures R. Kuschel, A.F.T. Takiika &K.Angiki (2005),Alcoholanddruguse inHoniara, SolomonIslands: No specific details of usage rates were provided. Personal communication,2009. 700 ------In the 2004–05 situational analysis, cannabis Cannabis other no country intheregion facesthis issue. Timor-Leste, of exception the tional dimension of RAMSI personnel. With addi the has Islands Solomon the PICTs, other to factors risk similar facing While 12.3 Illicitdrugtrends work, butthedatasource is unclear. in nightclubs and casinos as payment for sex speed. or cocaine of use reported people unemployed young overof 3000 11cohort to a up of cent per cocaine. as such use drug’ ‘hard of reports were 2001there in but reported, well not are Islands mon Solo the in use substance other illicit of on types patterns consumption Recent Other respond tothis trend. and understand better to urgency need the around of sense increasing an is There of cannabis use, particularly among youth. concernsrateslocal high highlighted citing again delegate PDARN 2008 The concern. was identified as the key illicit substance of use, particularly among Asian businessmen, 702 703 One study found that that found study One The same report noted reportsame The 701 - -

Solomon Islands 147 - Betel Betel 709 like the majority of the PICTs, has recognised recognised has PICTs, the of majority the like implement to begun and issue an as tobacco Frame the to up signing as such responses, Control. Tobacco on Convention work Solomon the in consumed also are kava and most appear cannabis and alcohol but Islands of concern. often as the primary drugs Other As tobacconoted previously, and betel are not a focus of this analysis. However, bears it reporting that the Solomon Islands, - - - Treatment 706 Reports of officials drink officials of Reports on duty have added to 704 Reporting of further incidents There There are internal investigation kwaso

707 708 These reports contribute to tension tension to contribute reports These 705 Tongan soldiers in alleged brawl with drunk Solomon Islands youths, Radio New youths, with drunk Solomon Islands in alleged brawl soldiers Tongan at: ; at: 2007, available Radio New Zealand International, 12 November soldiers, Tongan . and treaties. conventions in United Nations participation See Appendix 18.3: Pacific Samoan PM says criminal charges possible over RAMSI accident, Radio New Zealand possible over criminal charges Samoan PM says at: Radio young woman in Homiara, accident kills demands after traffic RAMSI facing compensation at: Top cop in Solomon Islands suspended over alleged inappropriate behaviour, Radio New behaviour, inappropriate alleged over suspended cop in Solomon Islands Top at: ; at: . R. Lenga (2009), Melanesia in review: issues and events, 2008: Solomon Islands. 2008: Solomon Islands. and events, issues R. Lenga (2009), Melanesia in review: at: the key informant. by confirmed were 709 708 707 706 705 involved in misconduct. involved 704 alcohol or tensions. are officers where processes disciplinary and with the woman’s family demanding com pensation. consuming officers police Tongan involving hit and killed a local woman. tension, creates context a such in officers of made, in addition to concerns related to al- to related concerns to addition in made, of police RAMSI among consumption cohol ficers. in- officers police Samoan two with locally, in a fatal car accident in volved which they one of the main drugs of concern in the Islands. Solomon ing in government vehicles have also been Alcohol suggest that Media alcohol reports remains 12.4 Licit drug trends 12.4 Licit drug 148 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 12.5 Localresponses Health further assessment. role in addressing substance use issue requires substance use issues, its current or potential been identified for the potential to exacerbate PILON and the PICP. the of member a is Islands Solomon The Law enforcement regulation ofalcoholandrelated offences. The forcement. en and proceedings legal for process the Act Drugs Relevant legislation includes the Legislation 715 714 713 712 711 710 effects health the on research to addition in students, school secondary among use areas include alcohol, tobacco and cannabis focuscurrent issues.The use substance for Services of the Solomon Islands is responsible and tobacco use). secondary school students’ alcohol, cannabis terventions) and 11.1 (including a survey on in prevention suicide and use (substance 7.1 objectives strategic under Plan tegic use issues as part of the Mental Health Stra MinistryThe addressesHealth of substance (accessed April2009). International Center forAlcoholPolicies, MinimumAgeLimitsWorldwide: tableavailable at: Personal communication,July2009. Personal communication,July2009. Personal communication,July2009. Personal communication,July2008. (accessed March 2009);PICP available at: (accessedMarch 2009). 2008, available at: Solomon Islands CountryReportto27thPILONmeeting,Port Vila,Vanuatu, 5–9 December with Part 5 of the Act outlining outlining Act the of 5 Part with Liquor Act Liquor 711 Integrated Mental Health 710 While the RAMSI has provides for the the for provides Dangerous - - - identified substance use issues as a key con analysis situational health mental youth A meet monthly. to intentions with twice, only met had tee commit the 2009 July in but emphasised, been already has networking increased for the majority of sectors represented. The need across from stakeholders with 2008, early in formed was Committee Substances and of betel consumption. chasing alcohol and consuming it off-site. years, but there is no age restriction for pur tion of alcohol in the Solomon Islands is 21 The legal drinking age for on-site consump Regulation stance use trends andissues. sub current understand better to Fiji, and Guinea PapuaNew in undertaken those to take a rapid assessment and response, similar intention of the Ministry of the Health to under identified delegate PDARN 2009 The other organisations. abuse’ awareness raising among schools and Responses are essentially based on ‘substance issues. these with patients toward attitude discriminative a demonstrated respondents provision of training, over 80 per cent of the people with substance use issues. Before the to attitudes worker health mental sessing as survey a was concern greater Of cern. 713 714 712 A National Alcohol 715 ------Solomon Islands 149 - - program also also program 716 million of aid, in aid, of million Since July 2003,

717 million through the RAMSI. RAMSI. the through million

AusAID’s regional and global programs and and global programs regional AusAID’s agencies, Government Australian other from such as the Australian Federal Police and bring total estimated expenditure Customs, in 2007–08 to AU$229.8 million. the are RAMSI the and program bilateral The mechanisms through which Australia seeks improving by security increasing support: to the and prisons police, the of operations the justice system; improving the performance supports agriculture and manage- resource Solo- the to provided also is Support ment. Management Disaster National Islands mon and preparedness disaster improve to Office humanitarian assistance. Additional activi community and peace-building include ties development programs. has aid been to Solomon Islands Australian delivered through a bilateral program and the RAMSI. In 2007–08 AusAID’s country AU$101 provided program AU$67.4 cluding through provided assistance Australian Other Australian Agency for Australian International Development Enforcement Law RAMSI The - - million for for million

million. The bilateral program

billion in aid aimed at fostering a

AusAID, Aid program in Solomon Islands, available at: Solomon Islands and Trade, Affairs of Foreign Department Government April 2009); Australian at: (accessed April 2009). fn.716. above, AusAID 717 716 program is assisting to strengthen manage- strengthen to assisting is program ment and of to provision essential improve health services. is is designed to complement the RAMSI and across delivery service improving on focuses bilateral the sector, health the In sectors. key 2008–09, with total overseas development approximately period same the for assistance AU$236.42 peaceful, well-governed and prosperous Solo prosperous and well-governed peaceful, is program country current The Islands. mon AU$105.49 worth be to estimated 12.6 Australian involvement 12.6 Australian Since 2003 Australia has provided about AU$1 identified emerging substance use issues of issues use substance emerging identified concern and sought to investigate, but the was hampered response by the outbreak of 2000. in ‘the troubles’ A 2007 baseline survey into the role of church church of role the into survey baseline 2007 A what assess to undertaken was organisations Fed the that, to Prior provided. were services had (FOSIY) Youth Islands Solomon of eration Non-government organisations Non-government 150 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific the Children Australia has participated in the Agency.AdventistSaveRelief Development the and Vision, World Children, the Save include: Islands Solomon the in working currently organisations Non-government organisations Australian non-government mon Islands. Solo western the affected which tsunami and earthquake 2007 the after assistance provided recently has Australia program, peaceful. and ing communities to become strong, resilient assist and growth; economic broad-based generate reforms to encouraging agement; government’s economic and financial man- the improving effective; and efficient able, account more it make to government of 720 719 718 Solomon Islands. to substance use at a number of sites in the responses pilot would it announced Vision identification. drug decisionas and such making activities type skills- life Programs include use. substance around programs awareness-raising youth Islands Integrated Mental Health Services on PDARN in addition to working with Solomon 2009–2018 (accessedApril2009). solomon-islands.html>; ManTalem Duim : NewZealand/Solomon Islands Programme Strategy NZAID programs intheSolomonIslands, available at:

million in a program focused on in 720 ------Timor-Leste 151

- - 722 2002, the Constituent Assembly then passed passed then Assembly Constituent the 2002, Timor’s Constitution, based on the Portu guese model, with a unicameral system of executive with minister prime a parliament, andpower, a president as head of state. re government the independence, Following all in country the of name the that quested languages be Timor-Leste. The first democratic legislative elections were were elections legislative democratic first The Over 2001. August 30 on later years two held per91 cent of East Timor’s eligible voters elected a Constituent Assembly. In March - 721 612 (July 2009 est.) 612 1 131 (male 199 237/female 192 900) 34.7% 0–14 years: (male 356 772/female 344 103) 61.9% 15–64 years: 197) 3.4% (male 18 403/female 20 over: and 65 years (2009 est.) 1.03 male(s)/female (2009 est.) population: Total read and write can over and Definition: age 15 58.6% population: Total Male: Not available Not available Female: 40% for urban youth over areas; 20% (2006 est.) rural 90% Agriculture: Not available Industry: (2006 est.) Services: Not available United States dollar (US$) —

Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Timor Country Brief, available Timor Country Brief, available and Trade, Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian 2009). (accessed March at: Ibid. Population Age Gender Literacy Unemployment sector by Employment Currency rate Exchange 722 721 United Nations Transitional Administration in in Administration Transitional Nations United East governed which (UNTAET), Timor East Timor prior to independence. East Timor was formalised on 20 May 2002. 2002. May 20 on formalised was Timor East the after destruction and violence However, 1999 vote led to the establishment of the tional referendum decided in favour of inde of favour in decided referendum tional population, the of cent per 78.5 by pendence of Republic Democratic the for independence 13.1 Introduction na- Nations-sponsored United 1999 a After Source: Source: 13. Timor-Leste 13. 152 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Government migration schemes. seasonal regional Pacific the of any under beneficiary a not is It mobility. population of level same the of evidence little is there annum population growth at around 4 per cent per of rate high a has Timor-Leste addition, In almost 40 per cent aged 14 years or under. with population, young a has Timor-Leste Protestants.and Catholic, with only small numbers of Muslims that 98 per cent of the population is Roman minority. Chinese small a (Malayo-Polynesian)majority, Papuans and million, 2.1 The estimated population of Timor-Leste is Demographics 733 732 731 730 729 728 727 726 725 724 723 were held in 2007 and the next are planned elections recent most The terms. five-year serve to vote popular by elected members is with seats 65 to 52 Parliament between of comprised National unicameral The Ibid. Ibid. Above, fn.721. Ibid. Above, fn.724. migration/labour-migration/pid/2033> (accessedApril2009). International Organization for Migration, available at: (accessedNovember 2008). Profile onTimor-LesteinCIA, TheWorld Factbook,available at: (accessedApril2009). MDGMonitor: Tracking theMilleniumDevelopment Goals, available at: 727 and, in contrast to other PICTs, other to contrast in and, 723 comprising an Austronesian Austronesian an comprising 725 Like many of the PICTs,the of many Like 728 724 It is estimated estimated is It 726

Health anddevelopment to substanceuse issues. capacity to develop a national-level response the affect to likely are and fronts many on Timor-Leste for ahead still challenges the of indicative are 2006 April–May of unrest Minister by the President. Prime as appointed is coalition majority or for 2012. nations initsDoingBusinessreport. 181 of 170 Timor ranking Bank World the lenge to investment and development, with chal a represents skills and infrastructure 2006. in lence of international personnel in 2002 and vio- and negative growth related to the departure mains vulnerable, with notable contractions eracy and GDP per capita. The economy re- lit expectancy, life as such indicators key Index. ing to the 2008 UNDP Human Development 158 out of 179 countries worldwide accord countries in poorest the Asia–Pacific the region, ranking of one remains Timor-Leste 731 In addition, it ranks low on other other on low ranks it addition, In 729 The leader of the majority party 732 The absence of adequate adequate of absence The 730 The violence and 733 - - - Timor-Leste 153 - Sim- 741 Key in- Key 739 Alcohol issues and responses responses and issues Alcohol use were also cited. also were use 740 738 Anecdotal reports of homebrew Key contacts noted only low levels levels low only noted contacts Key 737 736 shabu phetamines. were not a focus of the previous analysis. Key informants also identified increasing concern with diversion of pharmaceutical production. alcohol illicit and drugs ilar to the other countries included in this iden- been has use poly-substance analysis, of evidence specific with concern, a as tified impacts on health and law enforcement as unavailable. yet situational analysis. At that time no data on illicit drug issues had been collected, due to many competing and more urgent issues. of and no of early substance indicators use change. and formants in 2008–09 highlighted concerns De- consumption. alcohol problematic over these much spite earlier of views, the com- mentary on the 2006 country-wide trouble metham particular, in — use drug to it links 13.2 Drug and alcohol 13.2 Drug and overview Timor-Leste was included in the 2004–05

- 734 735 addition, strengthening the judiciary is a locally used term to describe amphetamine-type substances. a locally used Shabu is fn.736. Above, at: 30 October 2006. Available ABC Radio, AM program, East Timor violence linked to drugs. (accessed May 2009). and stimulants). sedatives included pharmaceuticals 4th PDARN meeting, July 2009 (diverted Ibid. Ibid. (2006), Situational Analysis of Illicit Alcohol and Drug Centre Point & Turning Burnet Institute 12. Canberra: Paper Region. ANCD Research Drug Issues and Responses in the Asia–Pacific National Council on Drugs. Australian Ibid.

741 739 740 737 738 736 734 735 be evidenced by transparency in the manage the in transparency by evidenced be reserves. petroleum ment of its large sector and improvement of infrastructure are also flagged as priorities in the plan. will plan this for support and Implementation environment for civil society and business, skills providing and unemployment reducing areas as seen all are education and training power the of reform Continued concern. of food security as development priorities.In enabling an creating institutions, other and The National Development Plan has identified identified has Plan Development National The improved and reduction poverty governance, 154 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 13.3 Illicitdrugtrends young men and women involved in gangs gangs in involved women and men young of cent per 70 estimated an on reports cle Timor. in violence and drugs Online reported links between youth gangs, fied in this analysis. In late 2008, Asia Times only a single report of this type was identi - 2008, early in reported were drugs’ However, seizures of ‘ice’ and ‘opium- there is little evidence to support this view. tion characterised by high rates of drug use, that Timor-Leste would soon become a na- In spite of predictions, almost a decade ago, 748 747 746 745 744 743 742 April 2009). for Asia–Pacific, 2008,available at: (accessed Timor-Leste countryreview inUNAIDS(2008),EvidencetoAction:HIVandAIDS datahub GSHROceania.pdf>; theauthors were unabletoconfirmcasesofinjectingdrug use. (c.2008), OceaniaRegionalOverview , available at: (accessedApril2009);UNODC epidemiology andresponse, Timor-Leste:2008update.Available at: (accessedMay2009). (accessed S. Oviedo(2008),JackieChantakesonTimor’s karate kids. AsiaTimesOnline,18September (accessedApril2009). L. Horta(2008),ThecostofcrimeinEastTimor. AsiaTimesOnline,30April2008.Available at: paradise.html> (accessedApril2009). available at:

on the gang culture notes the usedrugsculturethe of gang notes the on despite a UNODC regional overview reporting preventionindicators,no includes and use, for 2008 provided no data for injecting drug HIV on sheet fact epidemiological Nations trends.use drug in play they role the and production and trafficking to and alcohol, but it is not clear if this extends involvedriots.2006 the in and somewhere between 10 and 25 per cent highlights injecting as a risk factor for HIV. Action to Evidence 105 people who inject. report for Timor-Leste Timor-Leste for report 747 However, the 2008 745 A 2009 report2009 A 746 The United United The 748 Timor-Leste 155 - - - No official data data official No 753 ticipates in the Judicial System Monitoring Timor-Leste is included under the South- East Asia Regional Office of WHO andis not a beneficiary under any of thePacific Australia. by funded programs regional Legislation Timor-Leste is not listed as a signatory to con drug on conventions UN key the of any trol but there are plans to ratify the 1971 par Pacific 18.3: Appendix (see Convention ticipation in United Nations conventions and treaties for details). Timor-Leste par 13.5 Local responses this in included been has Timor-Leste While represented not is it analysis, regional Pacific the including forums, regional the of any on Secretariat of the Pacific Community, the Pacific the Secretariat, Forum Islands Pacific Islands Law Officers’ Network, the Oceania Islands Pacific the and Organisation Customs Chiefs of Police. In contrast to the analysis, other this of part as considered countries discovered drunk on duty. on drunk discovered relating to consumption patterns among these groups have been identified, but this relevance. to be of is considered influence

- - - 751 749 The 2009 752 ) and drinking drinking and ) tuak sabu tuak Global Status Report on Report Status Global shows a dramatic decline in per per in decline dramatic a shows This issue was highlighted in 2004 2004 in highlighted was issue This 750 Country profile for Timor-Leste in WHO (2004), Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004: South- Country profile WHO. East Asia Region. Geneva: at: , 15 December 2008, available New Zealand Herald drunk on duty in East Timor. Soldiers 2009). (accessed February (Humanitarian news and analysis service of and analysis IRIN (Humanitarian news in spotlight. Timor-Leste: Abortion laws at: 2009. Available 18 March of Humanitarian Affairs), the UN Office for the Coordination May 2009). (accessed in the South-East Asia Region: selected issues. Policies WHO (2006), Alcohol Control Series no.3. New Delhi: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. Alcohol Control Post-Conflict Rehabilitation in East Timor: conflict sensitivity as cross- Rehabilitation in East Timor: conflict sensitivity as G. Kruk (2004), Post-Conflict Sector and Democracy Governance . Dili: GTZ cutting issue within a food security programme Transformation). and Conflict Prevention (Crisis Programme 753 751 752 750 749 not be overlooked. Recent media reports cite cite reports media Recent overlooked. be not the repatriation of personnel after being Islands, the contribution of high levels of international security and law enforcement should patterns to substance use personnel ditional homebrew ( homebrew ditional alcohol (disinfectant). non-beverage Analogous to the situation in the Solomon were recorded only until 1977. recorded were emerg as highlighted also delegate PDARN ‘abuse’ in increase apparent an concerns ing tra of consumption drugs, sedative legal of However, the WHO the However, 2004 Alcohol capita pure alcohol consumption, but data context. In a 2006 WHO report on alcohol region, Asia Southeast the in policies control no data were available for Timor-Leste. of reported domestic violence cases linked to to linked cases violence domestic reported of alcohol. and continues to be reported in the ‘gang’ and as a contributor to domestic violence. domestic to contributor a as and vio domestic and alcohol between link The lence was highlighted, with around a third As with illicit drug use, there is no published published no is there use, drug illicit with As use alcohol considering specifically research use alcohol However, impacts. its and trends gangs among concern key a as highlighted is 13.4 Licit drug trends 13.4 Licit drug 156 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 2009 PDARN delegate reported the adop the reported delegate PDARN 2009 forcement of drug and alcohol issues with with issues alcohol and drug of forcement en Timor-Leste’s explore further to scope use issues were identified. However, there is data or programs associated with substance enforcement law other No months. 12 ing regulationsINCB the of precedtion the in - precursors, on report 2005 its for Board Control Narcotics International the to advice provide not did Timor-Leste Law enforcement investigation. issues. cohol al and drug for legislation national vant rele no is there that noted also contact A legislation. control alcohol and drug regarding information specific no revealed Programme, 760 759 758 757 756 755 754 its representation nowatPDARNmeetings. Burnet Institute. Trauma, Making theConnections: unpublished alcoholsituational analysis provided for the Personal communication,May2009;PRADET(2009), Timor-Leste: ReducingAlcohol, Ibid. Challenges inthe21st Century(accessedonlineFebruary 2009). Nassau, 22–26May2006:Agendaitem4A:TheCommonwealth’s Response toYouth Global Commonwealth Secretariat (2006),ReportoftheSixthCommonwealth Youth Ministers Meeting , Japan MedicalAssociationJournal,48(4):168–174. M. Jimbaetal.(2005),Schoolhealthresearch inlow-incomecountriesAsiaandthePacific. legislation/UN-INCB-PrecursorsReport.pdf> (accessedApril2009). Substances of1988.NewYork: UnitedNations. Available at: (accessedApril2009). Judicial System MonitoringProgramme, available at:

key key - - - - tors. The survey highlighted the challenge challenge the highlighted survey The tors. was undertaken in 2005 to identify risk fac YouthTimor-Leste A AnalysisSocial Survey tion ofthatarticle. publica the to subsequent identified been Leste. Timor- for health activities no identified research school-based on article recent A Health and sexual assault. to reduce the high rates of domestic violence the dangers of alcohol abuse in an attempt of awareness raise to workshops organised and Development East Timor (PRADET), has Notably the local NGO, Psychosocial Recovery Non-government organisations nomic Development program. been created under the Leadership for Eco- has portfolio sport and youth a response, ditional youth/sport groups. tramore to activities militia-type political fromtransitioningculturesaway for ‘gang’ 757 No published research reports have 760 Among other activities, 758 As part of the 759 - - - Timor-Leste 157 ------million. million.

763 million. In total, Australia’s ODA

the justice sector and supports accountabil supports and sector justice the the including mechanisms, oversight and ity system. electoral nation’s the and Parliament budget for Timor-Leste in 2008–09 is improvement support to continues Australia in the delivery of basic services in Timor- Leste. The aims of this assistance include: strengthened rural water supply and sani tation, with an on emphasis environmental health; better health sector management; opportu education vocational of expansion security. food improved and youth; for nities Australia has also been working with de thethe assist to Timor-Leste of Government as including forces, security its of velopment Force Police National Timor-Leste the sisting through a joint program between AusAID and the AFP. In addition, Australia assists number of avenues. These include AusAID’s AusAID’s include These avenues. of number development assistance program and the (AFP). Police Federal Australian the of work to budget assistance development AusAID’s AU$43.6 was 2006–07 in Timor-Leste With the violence and unrest in April–May crisis, humanitarian associated the and 2006 development overseas on spending Australia’s assistance (ODA) increased to an estimated AU$74.8 AU$96.34 million. 13.6 Australian involvement 13.6 Australian devel Timor-Leste’s to committed is Australia a via support provides and priorities opment

- - 761 — the the —

762 Personal communication, May 2009. Personal at: Minimum Age Limits Worldwide: table available International Center for Alcohol Policies, table/MinimumAgeLimitsWorldwide> (accessed April 2009). (accessedMarch 2009). AFP’s International Operations, available at:

768 After a recent review, the NZAID NZAID the review, recent a After 767 769 the form of a justice outreach program run by by run program outreach justice a of form the Programme Monitoring Systems Judicial the rights for advocating to committed (JSMP), Timorese the for justice and law to access and people. New Zealand Customs Service will provide support to the Timor-Leste Customs Serv in commissioned review a to subsequent ice, officials Customs Zealand New which in 2007 participated. programs, abovementioned the to addition In 25 of deployment the to contributes NZAID New Zealand police officers to participate Timor-Leste the to assistance UNMIT the in 12-month a and (PNTL) Force Police National community policing pilot program implestarted which Police, NZ and PNTL by mented in October 2008. Further support comes in New Zealand New NZ$5 of allocation estimated an With for 2008–09, NZAID assistance to Timor- Leste focuses on capacity building, public - gov good and rights human reform, sector ernance. the on based be will Timor-Leste in strategy Currently Priorities. National Annual country’s justice. and education are sectors targeted the NZAID also contributes to the multi-donor Capacity Management Financial and Planning the program this Under Programme. Building 13.7 International 13.7 International involvement - - - million over

766 Above, fn.721. Above, at: (accessed April 2009). Ibid. Ibid. 769 767 768 766 PRADET has received support from a number number a from support received has PRADET implemen the in organisations Australian of workshops. tation of alcohol awareness organisations. As with the other countries considered in this analysis, there is little in the way of targeted alcohol and other NGO local the However, programming. drug velopment lists Timor-Leste as one of the top top the of one as Timor-Leste lists velopment development receiving countries recipient 15 non-government Australian from assistance The Australian Council for International De International for Council Australian The community. non-government Australian organisations students from 2009; AU$24 the in and schools in services training tional determinants of substance use including: an an including: use substance of determinants - Devel Australian of number the in increase opment Scholarships available to Timorese to Australia’s seasonal labour market. Prime Prime market. labour seasonal Australia’s to initia- additional announced Rudd Minister tives with the potential to impact on the four years (2008–2012) to improve youth unemployment opportunities; and voca national development. The review will also workers Timorese for access possible consider 160 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific to address thesestructural issues. subsequent activities have been implemented of day-time entertainment. ularly vulnerable as there is little in the way issues. These youth were identified as partic highlighting awareness of drug and alcohol preventionthose HIV messages, with along included which campaign, anti-violence an of part as youth displaced for program skills life a provided UNICEF 2006 July In staff andprisoners in2008. prison with workshops awareness alcohol undertook which Unit, Section Justice of tice sector. This includes the Administration role this mission plays in supporting the jus analysis the this is for Significant (UNMIT). Timor-Leste in Mission Integrated Nations A key multi-lateral intervention is the United Other programs 772 771 770 ity torespond tosuchissues. strengtheningoverallto contributes capac- institutional program, this under sectors enforcement law or services health the at While there are no specific activities targeted Skills. Governance and Management tor Capacity Building to Strengthen Public Sec menting the third phase of a program titled Fund, the Asian DevelopmentSpecial Bank is imple Japanese the from funding With Report. Manila: ADB (accessedFebruary 2009). Strengthen Public SectorManagementandGovernance Skills,PhaseIII Asian Development Bank(2008),Democratic RepublicofTimor-Leste:CapacityBuildingto html> (accessedApril2009). Newsline, 12July2006.Available at: (accessedonlineMay 2009). Available at:

activities as part of their programs. This is This programs. their of part as activities training awareness drug other and alcohol post-conflict stress issues have incorporated tially focused on mental health;ini in particular,NGOs local issue, this to response In the impact of substance use in Timor-Leste. of awareness increasing is there that clear Since the 2004–05 situational analysis, it is 13.8 Gapsanalysis substance use issues. groupsspecificwith reference managing to efits and challenges of participation in these undertake an analysis of the potential ben- to scope is There bodies. and mechanisms coordinating regional Pacific the of part tage or disadvantage as a result of not being It is not clear if Timor-Leste is at an advan- ing toexpanditswork. and is advocating for further program fund professionals, enforcement law and health both with work to undertaken recently has PRADET NGO However,the level. national the at coordinated nor systematic neither , ADBTechnical Assistance - - Tokelau 161 - 776 meet the needed threshold for approval. meet the needed threshold from surrounding island groups, the Tokelau Tokelau the groups, island surrounding from 1889. in protectorate British a became Islands admin Zealand New to transferred were They 2006 in held Referendums 1925. in istration islands the of status the change to 2007 and one to territory Zealand New a of that from not did Zealand New with association free of with a with 774 1416 (July 2009 est.) 1416 42% 0–14 years: 53% 15–64 years: 5% (2009 est.) over: and 65 years Not available population: Total Definition: Not available Not available population: Total Male: Not available Not available Female: Not available Not available New Zealand dollar (NZ$) (2008 est.) US dollar: 1.4151 Per Notably, Tokealu Notably, does 775 comprising a group of three 773

Exxun profile of Tokelau, available at: (accessed at: Tokelau, available of Exxun profile 2008). November of the Special Assembly [on the report the General fn.774; Resolution adopted by CIA above, A New 62/121. Committee) (A/62/412/Add.1)] (Fourth and Decolonization Committee Political Tokelau. collected on behalf of Zealand key informant was unable to confirm if any data were AusAID country profile for Tokelau, available at: at: Population Age Gender Literacy Unemployment sector by Employment Currency rate Exchange 776 774 775 773 natural natural resources. by only accessed is and airstrip an have not emigrants Polynesian by settled Originally sea. of Samoa, Nukunonu) Fakaofo, (Atafu, atolls land area of 12 square kilometres and few 14.1 Introduction north kilometres 480 about located is Tokelau Source: Source: 14. Tokelau 14. 162 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific It is likely that the size of the atolls prevents where reports suggest increasing urbanisation. contrast to many other Pacific Island nations Tokelau100as rural, centper per cent. per cent, Roman Catholic 28 per cent, other 2 tions as: Congregational Christian Church 70 Christian,recentwith reporting data affilia or under. age range, with just under half aged 14 years Just over half of the population is in the 15–64to migration for education and employment. declines by about 0.9 per cent per annum due hundreds in Samoa. many and Zealand New in settled have to islands, up to 6000 Tokelauans are estimated is estimate 1433. population recent most The Demographics 787 786 785 784 783 782 781 780 779 778 777 alcohol consumption. and drug increased with associated often traditionalformsurbanisation,of arewhich html> (accessed March 2009). NZAID, Tokelau aidprogram, available at: (accessedMarch 2009). Australian Government DepartmentofForeign Affairs andTrade, Tokelau CountryProfile, Pacific Region.Geneva: WHO. Country profile for Tokelau inWHO(2004),GlobalStatusReportonAlcohol2004:Western Ibid. Above, fn.774. UNDP, Tokelau CountryProgramme Action Plan2008–2012. A1F1C057-5019-4092-87B2-A0B84F2320EB/0/TOK.pdf> (accessedNovember 2008). WHO WesternPacific RegionalOffice, available at:

produce the two-thirds majority vote nec vote majority two-thirds the produce not did 2007 October in self-governance a United Nations-sponsored referendum on free association with New Zealand. However, draft constitution, as Tokelau moves toward Tokelau and New Zealand have Zealand. agreed to a New of territory (governing) self-administering a currently is Tokelau Government 80 percentofitsbudget. approximately for assistance Zealand New (village mayors). leaders)(village threeFaipule and Government of Tokelau, consisting of three Ongoing the for Council the called is net the three government position rotates annually among Administrator. an by sented repre is Zealand New and Zealand, New of Governor-General the by represented is who Elizabeth, Queen is state of head The status. political the changing for essary Faipule (village leaders). The cabi - 786 Tokelau is dependent on 787 785 The head of of head The Pulenuku 783 784 - -

Tokelau 163 - - - - - HIV infections infections HIV 793 Lack of reports on HIV infection HIV on reports of Lack To date, Tokelau has not been rep been not has Tokelau date, To 794 792 authors to provide any estimates of incidence incidence of estimates any provide to authors illicit no reportedly are There prevalence. or Tokelau. in problems drug have now been reported in every country bar- region, island Pacific the in territory or and Niue countries, smallest the of two ring Tokelau. inject no is there that view the support may ing drug use on the atolls. Alternatively it surveillance of lack of consequence a be may of affected people. or of migration no information is available on drug and alco and drug on available is information no for potential is there but Tokelau, in use hol WHO from generated be to information more in on activities the non-communicable area 2008–09. for prevention disease 14.3 Illicit drug trends A recent study into the global epidemiol include not does users drug injecting of ogy any data for Tokelau. For the whole of the the for difficult equally was it region Pacific analysis. attend and meetings PDARN the at resented a be to continue will meetings regional at ance Almost limitations. transport to due challenge - - - - communicable communicable 791 The increased pollution is partly partly is pollution increased The A full-time medical practitioner To date, Tokelau has not reported reported not has Tokelau date, To 789 788 790 See (accessed November 2008); and Exxun, (accessed November See 2008). (accessed November at: available at: Above, fn.779. Above, Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. (2006), Situational Analysis of Illicit Drug and Alcohol Centre Point & Turning Burnet Institute 12. Canberra: Paper Region. ANCD Research Drug Issues and Responses in the Asia–Pacific National Council on Drugs. Australian 793 794 792 789 790 791 788 the SPC. Tokelau was the not SPC. one Tokelau of the coun tries inconsidered the 2004–05 situational Tokelau is not independently represented on on represented independently not is Tokelau PILON, PIFS, as: such forums regional common OCO and it However, PICP. is a member of 14.2 Drug and alcohol overview ment Goals. ance on imported food and beverages, which which beverages, and food imported on ance non- in increases to contribute diseases. Develop Millennium the toward progress on pollution. - reli increasing and changes lifestyle to due seafood. is available on each of the three atolls and of some address to engaged been has WHO increasing with associated issues health the waste management, which directly affects reef quality and therefore the healthwhoTokelauans, consume locally available of The main challenges facing Tokelau are envi are Tokelau facing challenges main The it atolls, low-lying of group a As ronmental. is susceptible to natural Indisasters. addi for challenges creates mass land limited tion, Health and development 164 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific too remote from the current day to provide overisbut question, perhaps in decade the consumption The increasing suggests research alcohol. consumed females of cent showing that 34 per cent of males and 0 1976, and 1971 1968, in undertaken was Research on alcohol consumption in Tokelau 14.4 Licitdrugtrends tified for Tokelau. No reports of other substance use were iden Other are collected. of cannabis use, even where no official data reports anecdotal of absence an was there nations, Island Pacific other to contrast In Cannabis 800 799 798 797 796 795 worth mentioning. tion from around 5 per cent to 21 per cent is consump- toddy in increase significant the However,patterns.use current into insight Ibid. New ZealandMedicalJournal,118(1216). J. Huakauetal.(2005),NewZealand Pacific peoples’drinkingstyle:toomuchornothing atall? Monograph Seriesno.3.Wellington:ALAC. New Zealand.Reportprepared fortheAlcohol Advisory CouncilofNewZealand.ALACResearch Ibid.; InuPia(1997),ThePlaceofAlcoholintheLives of Tokelauan People Living inAotearoa Ibid. Ibid. WHO above, fn.782. 795 A 2004 estimate from

per - cially males, have made and consumed for at fa’amafu ( tree palm the of sap mented consumption patterns in Tokelau. imported goods, which have shaped alcohol to access frequent of lack a to addition in gious prohibitions on alcohol consumption, alcohol. males and 0.8 per of cent of femalescent consumed per 50 to up that suggests WHO who did drink consumed greater amounts. those but drink, to likely less were lation, popu- com generalparedZealand the New with people, Pacific whereby identified was trend general a However, Tokelauans. for were reported trends specific No lauan. Toke into translated not was survey The per cent of interviews conducted in English. 79 approximately with surveyed, were ples total of 1103 randomly selected Pacific peo Drugs and Alcohol Consumption Survey. descent were included in the 2002–03 Pacific People who identified as being of Tokelauan have been an important ceremonial drink. least several generations, does not appear to 796 ), which Tokelauan people, espe people, Tokelauan which ), There are strict social and reli and social strict are There kalaeve 797 The

799 fer or or 798 800 A ------

Tokelau 165

- - - 805 806 1991–94 incorporate 1991–94 the defi

ard exceptions for use by medical practition medical by use for exceptions ard of their employment. in the course ers New Zealand has ratified the United Nations Nations United the ratified has Zealand New they declaration a with drugs on conventions Customs Tokelau The Tokelau. to apply will Regulations accordance in drugs psychotropic of nitions with Schedules I, II, III and IV of the 1961 the of 25 Section conventions. UN 1971 and Tokelau Customs Regulations specifies itis substances the of any import to offence an or plants captured by these definitions.up of fines or imprisonment include Penalties stand includes legislation The NZ$1000. to 14.5 Local responses Legislation

- - - - 804 801 Specifically the notion 802 A 2004 WHO report also noted 803 WHO above, fn.782. WHO above, for the time being or synthetic) or preparation any substance (natural drug’ means: ‘Psychotropic Drugs, on Narcotic to in Schedule I, II, III or IV of the Single Convention referred or specified 1961. 30 March New York, plant or section 25: Offence to import prohibited Regulations, Customs Tokelau drug. psychotropic The Place of Alcohol in the Lives of People from Tokelau, Tokelau, from of Health (1997), The Place of Alcohol in the Lives of People New Zealand Ministry Cook Islands and Samoa Living in New Zealand: an overview. ALAC Research Fiji, Niue, Tonga, 2008); the link was first no.2. Wellington: ALAC (accessed online November Series, Monograph Tonga. Quarterly Journal of in use of kava by E. Lemert: Secular identified in a 1967 study Studies on Alcohol, 28(2): 328-341. ALAC, ibid. Ibid. 806 803 804 805 801 802 or inhalants among Tokelauans have been identified. compared to other Pacific Island countries. Island Pacific other to compared No other reports relating to the consump tion of non-beverage alcohol, kava, betel noting that kava is reportedly not used in Tokelau. a lack of kava-type ceremony in - consump tion of locally produced liquor in Tokelau, was highlighted. ‘cir- the in drinking directing ‘barman’ a of despite is this Tokelauans; by cited was cle’ Zealand, including people of Tokelauan eth Tokelauan of people including Zealand, nicity, the possible link between the kava circle and patterns of alcohol consumption greater individual annual rates of consump of rates annual individual greater peoples. Island tion among Pacific In a 1997 study of Pacific peoples in New total annual volume of alcohol consumed. This suggests or ‘celebrations’ ‘ceremonies’ were not a key contributing factor in the Interestingly, consumptionInterestingly, during celebra tions accounted for only 4 per cent of the 166 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific policy or existing regulatory measures; how vide information on current drug and alcohol to both attend the PDARN meeting and pro within government departments of Tokelau contact a identify to made were Attempts Regulation guarantee regional participation. to important be would networks regional Tokelau, then membership of this and other succeeds in establishing the independence of jurisdiction in Tokelau. If a future referendum Supreme Court of New Zealand currently has the that fact the reflect may This Network. Officers’ Law Islands Pacific the on sented apart from Timor-Leste, which is not repre- study, this in country only the is Tokelau Law enforcement 810 809 808 807 ever, nonewasidentified. Above, fn.773. not occur. Note: itwasexpectedthatself-government wouldbedeclared inOctober2007butthis did Above, fn.787. Above, fn.773. - - governments of New Zealand and Tokelau, and Zealand New governmentsof are supported by these scholarships to study ing. At any one time, two to three students scholarships for tertiary education and train mately AU$360 Australia’s bilateral aid to Tokelau is approxi International Development Australian Agencyfor 14.6 Australian involvement to the TITF. AU$5.1 approximately contributed declared. is of Directors when Tokelauan self- wishes to participate on the Trust Fund Board and TITF the to contribute to continue to financial viability of Tokelau. Australia plans long-term the to contributing revenue of source additional an provide to is purpose supported by the Australian Government. Its established2004 was in fund The (TITF). Fund Trust International Tokelau In addition, Australia has contributed to the mentation periodendingin2008. Pacific Regional HIV Project, with the imple participating country in the AusAID-funded Tokelau. of development social and economic the support to aims programthe experience, skillsand building on focusing By Pacific. South the of sity at regional institutions, such as the Univer- 810 809 Since 2005, Australia has has Australia 2005, Since

000 per year which provides 807 Tokelau was a was Tokelau government 808

bythe million million - - - Tokelau 167 - - - - Tokelau was also included included also was Tokelau 817 will be part of the 2009–13 strategy (in draft draft (in strategy 2009–13 the of part be will form at the time of writing). from chronic non-communicable conditions, conditions, non-communicable chronic from visual and injuries violence, disorders, mental aims also assistance WHO (SO3). impairment control NCD of strengthening the support to and under prevention Strategic Objective 6 to promote health and development, and con health for factors risk reduce or prevent ditions associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs sub- other psychoactive stances, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity sex. unsafe and Implementa Regional Pacific UNAIDS the in and 2004–08 AIDS and HIV on Strategy tion region. These programs promote cooperation, cooperation, promote programs These region. states. island smaller the among particularly The WHO country office located in Apiais responsible for WHO activities in Tokelau. - govern the between cooperation Technical ment and WHO focuses mainly on human resources development (fellowships), com diseases non-communicable and municable (NCD), and tobacco control. In 2008–09, WHO technical cooperation with the Gov on focus to expected is Tokelau of ernment WHO strategic objectives: death to prevent premature and and disability disease, reduce Other programs Tokelau is included in many of the United Pacific the in programs multi-country Nations

- - 812 814 816 million.

The Government of 813 budget support program

811 The 815 Ibid. Ibid. available budget, program Tokelau 2008–09 Regional Office, WHO Western Pacific at: ACFID website, available at: (accessed March 2009). (accessed March at: ACFID website, available fn.787. Above, Ibid. Ibid. 816 817 813 814 815 811 812 for study in New Zealand and places Volun places and Zealand New in study for in Tokelau. teachers teer Service Abroad the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs Affairs Foreign of Ministry Zealand New the and Trade. awards study tertiary and secondary includes The Administrator The of Administrator Tokelau manages the in based is and Zealand New with relationship departments support the limited Tokelau Public Service in any area of government activity, as required. New Zealand worked with the Government the TITF in 2004. to establish of Tokelau of Partnership between New Zealand and Tokelau. In accordance with this partner ship agreement, New Zealand government The 2008–09 allocation is NZ$17.1 is allocation 2008–09 The made are Contributions in with accordance the 2003 Joint Statement of the Principles New Zealand New New Zealand is the major contributor to Tokelau, providing direct budget support. ACFID website. 14.7 International involvement Tokelau is not listed as receiving assistance not as assistance is listed receiving Tokelau the to according NGOs, Australian any from Australian non-government non-government Australian organisations 168 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific to work with Tokelau to produce a Millen- a produce to Tokelau with work to and Crime. able for the United Nations Office on Drugs nations, no country-specific details are avail activities for Tokelau. identification of no Asian Development Bank toward independence. A web search yielded move the of supporter key a is it addition, nium Development Goals report for 2010. In programming.joint and ery; sustainable environmental management; recov and prevention crisis rights; human and governance good reduction; poverty and growth economic equitable include: ProgramTokelau.areasGovernment of the with 2008–2012 for (CPAP) Plan Action Program Country a established has Office, Multi-Country Samoa the via UNDP, The 819 818 organisations (personal communication, 2009). New Zealandrepresents theinterests of Tokelau ontheADBandregional networks and UNDP above, fn.779. 819 As with other Pacific 818 The UNDP plansUNDP The - - and alcohol issues, especially when compared to develop research and policy skills in drug of less than 1500, there is only limited scope ment interventions there. With a population international agenciesfrom to develop and commitment imple limited be to appears there Zealand, New of territory governing While Tokelau continues to operate as a self- 14.8 Gapsanalysis situation inthefuture. PDARN will be important to improve on this the of activities the in Tokelau engage to of the situation in Tokelau difficult. Efforts oping a current and accurate understanding lack of an established contact, made devel- available for other PICTs. This, along with data the admission hospital and figures, sales income and expenditure surveys, import and data sources for Tokelau, such as household incidental any identify not did authors the Pacific, the across limited is issues alcohol and drug on collection data While orities. pri development and health competing to - - Tonga 169 - - 000 adher

821 009 (July 2008

comprising Christian (Free Wesleyan Wesleyan (Free Christian comprising 820 ents) Polynesians and Europeans. Most peo Most Europeans. and Polynesians ents) is It Tongatapu. island, main the on live ple population the of cent per 98 that estimated are of background, Polynesian with the - re European mixed European, of being mainder and Islanderother descent, Pacific in addi- Chinese. tion to a few hundred Demographics Tonga’s population is 119 est.), Church claims to have over 30 - - 120 898 (July 2009 est.) 32.8% 0–14 years: 62.9% 15–64 years: 4.3% over: and 65 years 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.) population: Total Tongan and/or English read and write Definition: can 98.9% population: Total Male: 98.8% 99% (1999 est) Female: 13% (2003–04 est.) 31.8% Agriculture: 30.6% Industry: Services: 37.6% (2003 est.) pa’anga (TOP) Tongan US dollar: 2.0277 (2006) Per

Tonga Department of Statistics, Census 2006 data, available at: (accessed March for Asia and the for the UNDP Regional Bureau prepared Note on Tonga, Country Background 2006. Meeting, 15–16 November Cluster Pacific Population Age Gender Literacy Unemployment sector by Employment Currency rate Exchange 820 821 of Nations. monarchy monarchy in 1875 and a British protector ate in 1900. In 1970 it withdrew from the Commonwealth the joined and protectorate governance. The archipelagos of the ‘Friendly ‘Friendly the of archipelagos The governance. king Polynesian a into united were Islands’ constitutional a became Tonga 1845. in dom 15.1 Introduction Tonga is unique among Pacific nations in that it never completely lost its indigenous Source: Source: 15. Tonga 15. 170 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific offset its trade deficit. Tourism is the second- tances from Tongan communities overseas to Tonga is dependent on external aid and remit on English commonlaw. based is system legal The monarch. the by ister and Deputy Prime Minister are appointed The the monarch, the Cabinet and two governors. of consisting Council Privy a also is There representatives, each serving three-year terms. ing two each from the nobles’ and peoples’ members of the Legislative Assembly, includ life; four appointed from among the elected members: 10 appointed by the monarch for 11 February 2006. The Cabinet comprises 14 Minister, Dr Feleti Sevele, has held office Prime since The 2006. September since state of chief the been has V Tupou George King Government 829 828 827 826 825 824 823 822 high that reports profile AusAID’s Further, increased funds for health and education. ment of the private sector, and is committing thegovernment is focusing on the develop AusAIDalcohol.drugsreports andand that shipbetweenmigrant seasonalworkersand providerelationtheinsightdetermining in remittances. largest source of hard currency earnings after Above, fn.821. Ibid. Ibid. Joint Tonga/New ZealandCountryProgram Strategy 2008–2018. the WorldTrade Organization in2005or2007. 3rd PDARNmeeting,July2008;notethatthere are conflicting reports onwhether Tonga joined Ibid. Ibid. CountryID=19&Region=SouthPacific> (accessedMarch 2009). AusAID, countryprofile for Tonga, available at:

monarch is hereditary and the Prime Min 822 The levelThe remittancesof may 823 - - - - -

Tonga is ranked 55 in Human Development indicators, 2007–08 UNDP to According Health anddevelopment by key informant interviews. particularly youth unemployment, is supported the government. for democratic reform are major issues facing youth unemployment, inflation and pressures public institutions, improve fiscal policies, policies, fiscal improve institutions, public accountability and responsiveness of Tonga’s reform.reformscal The improve to aim the politi with parallel in reform sector public and ambitiousprogrameconomic an of on cent. per 98 over at ters. Tonga has high literacy rates, estimated vulnerability to natural and economic disas opment and employment opportunities, and Other challenges include lack of youth devel tances remit on dependency a and emigration of levels high include challenges Reported identity. national and community of sense high quality of life, which includes a strong the poverty line. below live to estimated are population the Pacific. the in highest-ranked the of one status, Index 828 (approximately 45 per cent of GDP). 826 However, nearly a quarter of of quarter a However, nearly 827 824 Tongans enjoy a relatively This analysis of the issues, 829 Tonga is embarking embarking is Tonga 825 - - - - Tonga 171 - - - - - 1982 report highlights that kava

A 834 the time of the survey. inter and programs of consideration any In ventions in Tonga, it is important to note that the majority of the population is con- Tongatapu, of Island main the on centrated and that many programs do not reach the have there past the in However, islands. outer inter among efforts coordinated some been national donors to assist development on these islands. use was predominant among men and that was predominant use Ad rank. and status into insight provided it report the importantly, most and ditionally, notes that urbanisation introduced a new dimension to consumption, with the pres Western therefore and Westernisation of tige time that At use. alcohol up driving products inconsistencies legislative noted authors the - pro and challenge a as alcohol concerning posed that kava and kava ritual - are prefer able to other drug use. Use of alcohol at kava clubs was considered unacceptable at Kava is frequently noted as an important Alcohol ceremony. and ritual Tongan of part and tobacco (and presumably other drugs) were first introducedby sailors and trad ers.

- - - - 832 831 833 An estimated 5 per cent of of cent per 5 estimated An 830 P. Ruze (1990), Kava-induced dermopathy: a niacin deficiency? The Lancet, 335(8703): Ruze (1990), Kava-induced P. 1442–1445. PILON meeting, December 2008. among tobacco consumption alcohol and S.A. Finau, J.M. Stanhope & I.A. Prior (1982), Kava, with urbanization. Social Science and Medicine 16(1): 35–41. Tongans Ibid. Ibid. 833 834 830 831 832 Fiji to Tonga, marking it as a recipient mar recipient a as it marking Tonga, to Fiji ket. Tonga is a member of the PILON, but did not attend the 2008 meeting. research activities investigating kava use, but but use, kava investigating activities research old. decade a than more are these of many PIFS assessment reports for 2004–05 indi from trafficked been has cannabis that cate issue for research activities, as have the cur the have as activities, research for issue Tonga of the and statistics. reliability rency has also been the subject of a number of egate is a representative of the Salvation pro alcohol and drug operates which Army, size has Inadequate been sample an grams. Tonga has been represented at each PDARN PDARN each at represented been has Tonga del- Tonga The inception. its since meeting 15.2 Drug and alcohol 15.2 Drug and overview and create a more efficient and streamlined streamlined and efficient more a create and service. public for health expenditures. allocated GDP is - rev equitable and effective more a develop growth sector private promote system, enue 172 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 15.3 Illicitdrugtrends mitted infections, HIV and AIDS have been have AIDS and infections,HIV mitted transsexually - to exposure and behaviours risk youth kava use, in rises and trafficking a context where reports of increases in drug current situation. These circumstances exist in the changing to barriers are challenges, as these of denial with deaths,combined and injuries prevent to and facilities, bilitation and monitoring systems, treatment and reha surveillance support to resources of lack a drug and alcohol issues in Tonga. laboration, constitute barriers to addressing enforce policy and limited intersectoral col- to a lack of political involvement, a failure to understating the situation. lack of current data remains a challenge for Tonga have in been undertakenuse in the past, substance the youth of surveys While 841 840 839 838 837 836 835 2005 Report Strategy trol Hawaii. existence the fied a of in syndicate Tongan identi analysis situational 2004–05 The substance use. with associated symbols and advertising to people young of exposure increased by reported the additional challenges presented identified as serious concerns. Key informants Suitcase, marijuana, abandonedatTonga Airport. MatangiTonga, 9February 2006. Australian NationalCouncil onDrugs. Drug IssuesandResponsesinthe Asia–Pacific Region.ANCDResearch Paper 12.Canberra: Burnet Institute &Turning Point DrugandAlcoholCentre (2006),SituationalAnalysisofIllicit Control Strategy Report2005 . Available at:. US Bureau ofInternationalNarcotics andLawEnforcement Affairs, InternationalNarcotics No furtherreports oforevidence tosupportthis claimhave beenfound. Ibid. 3rd PDARNmeeting,July2008. Secretariat ofthePacific Community, Pacific ActionforHealth Project. C. McMurray (2003),KingdomofTonga Qualitative StudyofYouth SubstanceAbuse.Noumea: 838 The 837 International NarcoticsInternational Con- 835 , released by the the by released , This, in addition 836 As

well, - - fences wasidentified. of drug to relating report court 2004 one Tonga in 2001. in cocaine of kilograms 100 of seizure the The cludes details regarding money laundering. Pacific, makes no reference to drugs, but in Enforcement Affairs, Southeast Asia and the Law and Narcotics International of Bureau and thecommunity. reported to have been working with the police Tonga Defence Service. Customs officers were TonganNavy, using patrolthe the of boats the and officers Customsexercisesby joint harbours.thereaddition, In reporta was of and airport entries, border all covered and Department Customs the by initiated was operation The incident. the to prior weeks security operation, which was launched two The national. Tongan a as identified was suitcase the of owner The Airport. Fua’amotu Tonga’s at carousel inward the on abandoned juana mari of kilograms 2 containing a suitcase reported media the 2006 in However, Cannabis

2004-05 situational analysis reported reported analysis situational 2004-05

seizure was part of a border border a of part was seizure 840 From 2004 to 2007, only 841 839 - - -

Tonga 173 - - - litres litres 844 but anecdotes suggest the 843 rates may be quite high. The authors also in Tonga, with those coming into contact with police ending up in the criminal jus tice system, unless officers simply elect to study The charge. without home them take reported illegal out-of-hours sales and - do mestic violence as other alcohol-associated Atissues. the time of the Tonga did study, In 1997 a not national have alcohol policy. McDonald et al. highlighted the need for research on transitions in drinking, a need pertinent today. that remains In 1997 beer was produced locally by the Royal Beer Company Limited (located in Nuku’olafa), with per capita consumption 1.3 approximately at 1994 in estimated including beer, wine and spirits. Beer was No figure. this of cent per 77 approximately data were available for consumption of il licit alcohol, noted that public drunkenness was one of po by offences reported commonly most the schemes diversion offender no are There lice. 15.4 Licit drug trends 15.4 Licit drug Alcohol - - - Each of these 842 500 and prison terms of up to 30

2003, Part 2: Offences, ss.3, 4, 5. ss.3, 2: Offences, Act 2003, Part Illicit Drugs Control Tonga Drug and the mid-1990s. D. McDonald, G. Elvy & J. Mielke (1997), Alcohol in the South Pacific: Alcohol Review, 16(4): 383–390. Ibid. 844 842 843 ised crime suggest the presence of other little evi- is but there in Tonga, illicit drugs use. dence to suggest widespread Other organ of existence the and seizures Cocaine the Tongan Customs Department, including including Department, Customs Tongan the Bill. a new Customs initiatives suggests a move toward a punitive punitive a toward move a suggests initiatives appointment The control. drug to approach 2005 in Customs of Head as Australian an of from initiatives new by followed closely was and for importation and possession of con of possession and importation for and maxi- the equipment, and chemicals trolled mum penalty is 25 years. US$488 posses- For drugs. illicit importing for years supply or use cultivation, manufacture, sion, In 2003, Tonga introduced heavy penal ties for drugs offences, with fines of up to 174 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Alcohol use was positively associated with with associated positively was use Alcohol by UNICEF also showed links with bullying. surveyBehaviour Health 2001of The State with otherdiseases. 18 with non-communicable diseases and 96 a known link to alcohol, compared with only 2001 there were 114 hospital admissions with pleting tasks. passage — young men are given it for com- and used as a reward and taken as a rite of Bounty rum, and basis. ular rega on ratesdrinking high - binge with of consumptionalcohol for norm the was age WHO report indicated that 16 or 17 years of 2004 A girls. than often more alcohol ing drink survey,boysreporting Children with School-Age in Behaviour Health 2000–01 UNICEF-funded the Tongain included was 851 850 849 848 847 846 845 same The youth. Tongan among haviours this may be an indication of risk- past substance use and the authors suggest with associated were treatment requiring self-reports. to cording ac spirits, methylated of use of rate high a had Tonga in Males maleness. and age program? Working Papers inEconomics , no.8/08.Hamilton, NewZealand:University ofWaikato. of seasonalmigrant workers from Tonga underNewZealand’s Recognised SeasonalEmployer 2007; seealso J.Gibson,D.McKenzie &H.Rohorua(2008),Howpro-poor is theselection Future ofRSEforTonga looks bleak,Pacific Islands Broadcasting Association, 10 December Ibid. 16(2): 144–150. Vanuatu, Tonga andtheFederated StatesofMicronesia. HealthPromotion JournalofAustralia, H. Corner, C.Rissel etal.(2005),Sexualhealthbehaviours amongPacific Islands youth in 88(1): 9–18. usage amongschoolstudentsinthree Pacific Island societies. DrugandAlcoholDependence, B.J. Smith,P. Phongsavan etal.(2007), Comparison oftobacco,alcoholandillegaldrug Above, fn.845. (accessedJanuary2010). Hopi is brewed from water, yeast andsugarormashed fruit:Wikipedia,available at: Region. Geneva: WHO. Notethat‘binge’is notdefined inthe report. Country profile for Tonga inWHO(2004),GlobalStatusReportonAlcohol2004:WesternPacific 845 Spirits included included Spirits 846 The report also notes that in hopi, 847 which is easily brewed 848 Reports of injury injury of Reports hot stuff hot taking be- , e.g. e.g. , - - raised issues of urbanisation and access to to access and urbanisation of issues raised high. or drunk when sex ing hav report and active sexually be to likely more were men young However, males. of cent per 32.3 to compared STIs, and HIV 61 per cent reported not protecting against concern is the high rate of girls in this group: charge of the labour schemes advocated care excessive alcohol consumption. The official in New Zealand was charged with rape due to scheme. (RSE) Employer Seasonal Recognised land of the Tongan workers under the New Zea- some among problem a become reportedly has consumption alcohol afield, Further numbers ofpartners. increased and activity sexual increased and is the identified link between binge drinking ing services. Of most concern for this study fore marriage was preventing youth access- considered if shame associated with sex be- it addition, In condoms. of use the on ing impact possibly as services and products per cent reported sexual activity. Of more more Of activity. sexual reported cent per 35 noted and school in behaviours not youth among risk sexual at looked survey 851 A worker in the South Island of of Island South the in worker A 850 849 This study study This - - Tonga 175 - - Research in 856 857 puts an unfair burden 858 859 has been argued that Australia’s restriction restriction Australia’s that argued been has

Kava clubs in Australia are seen by Tongans Tongans by seen are Australia in clubs Kava with touch in people their bring to way a as their roots and heritage. A Tongan com munity representative said that more than 100 Tongan kava circles gathered at least key the (drink) kava pure with week a twice A 2008 media report on kava restrictions in restrictions kava on report media 2008 A con the into insight some provides Australia tinuing importance of kava in Tongan cul- alcohol. and kava of interaction the and ture It on kava imports on Pacific culture andshould be changed. Tongans in Australia have linked increases community Island in violence in the Pacific with the ban on commercial importation of kava and associated increases in alcohol consumption. monarch-imposed protocols. 1990 found that consumption was in the period a over evening per litres 13 of vicinity a week. of 50 hours - The sig 854 853 The significance of this lies in Consumption patterns are part

855 852 means ‘bitter’ in Tongan. Sione Pinomi (2008), Australian kava restrictions unfair to Pacific cultures. Sydney Morning cultures. unfair to Pacific restrictions kava Sione Pinomi (2008), Australian at: : bans Tongan Arts and Culture; Association of the publicity officer with the Sydney-based is for not clear what evidence exists in 2007 — it is prior to the report months 11 introduced were alcohol consumption. increased Above, fn.832. Above, Ibid. no consumption; and heavy kava cholesterol found a link between increased research The same study. been identified during this have data on consumption updated research P256: (2004), Final Assessment Report: Proposal and New Zealand Australia Standards Food & Wellington: FSANZ. of kava. Canberra review Pacific Magazine , Pacific seasonal workers. with Tongan problem S. Maumau (2007), Alcohol causing 6 December 2007. fn.835. Above, Medicine, 8(3): The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Tonga. (2002), Kava A.K. Vallance 231–235. 858 859 856 857 855 853 854 852 of ceremony and ritual and have been the strict by regulated men, Tongan of preserve highlighted. Arguably the ‘kava legend’ is one of community sacrifice and loyalty to the king, with requisite reward for displays of virtue. Kava often is culture Tongan in kava of nificance Kava on remittances from international workers, and the impact on community attitudes to alcohol consumption. In 1994, 18 per cent be to reported were offences criminal all of alcohol-related. the opportunity for Tongans to work inter- work to Tongans for opportunity the home at those of dependence the nationally, report it was estimated that representatives it was estimated report that representatives from up to 20 companies were anticipated in Tonga to recruit fruit pickers for New Zealand. in selection of the workers, avoiding those the of time the At problem. ‘drinking’ a with 176 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific imported to Australia. to imported kava of supply and quality the approval of appropriate group, to allow for control and another or Health, of Department ernment AustralianGovconsulate-general,the - gan for kava club registration through the Ton- TonganThe proposedcommunity systema kilogram. per AU$200 around to kilogram kava,of pushing fromup prices per AU$30 tions allow a traveller to bring in 2 kilograms with excessive drinking’. placed with the violence so often associated re being is contentment of sense gentle a of ‘kava’spromotion kava: for substitute a become has alcohol that fear a is There out violenceordisorderly behaviour. customs. The gatherings are said to be with Tongan in pride of on passing the and ing ingredient, along with discussions and sing 866 865 864 863 862 861 860 provided suchaviewforTonga. none of the material reviewed for this study exports are a key contributor to GDP, though tion. For other countries in the Pacific, kava consump alcohol increase aspirationsalso in Tonga that increasing Westernisation and alcohol consumption reflects the arguments culture and prevent a shift toward increased allowing kava rituals to promote traditional Convention against IllicitTraffic in Narcotic Drugs andPsychotropic Substances. 1961 Convention onNarcotic Drugs; 1971 Convention onPsychotropic Substances; 1988 Legislation ofTonga is available at:. Personal communication,2008. programming. The authors were unableto determinehowthesubmitteddatamaybeinfluencingcurrent Ibid. Above, fn.859. In Tonga, peopleare notpermittedtoenterkava clubs/circles inanintoxicated state. 862 861 The argument for for argument The Australian restric 860 - - - - - capacity to undertake drug and alcohol alcohol and drug undertake to capacity has Army Salvation the while that noted data. alcohol and drug collecting all are Violence on Children and CentreWomen National for Centrethe and Salvation Army Alcohol and Drug Awareness the Clinic, Health Family Tonga the Police, Ministryof the Health, Ministryof the that reported Tonga from delegate PDARN The 15.5 Localresponses tions on illicit drugs. illicit on tions conveninternationalthree all to party a is the the 1988, the includes tion Act Control the including Justice, of istry Actsadministeredcontainedin Min theby issuesislegislationdrug illicitmain forThe Legislation funding. program increased for advocate to vehicle a be may which Association, Health Family the Salvation Army, Red Cross and the Tonga Advisory Board, whose membership includes Drug and Alcohol National a is ever, there How under-resourced. remains sector the research and implement program responses, Methylated Spirits Act Spirits Methylated 864 Intoxicating Liquor Act Liquor Intoxicating 2003. Other relevant legisla relevant Other 2003. Act Poisons and Drugs 866 The PIFS-endorsed PIFS-endorsed The 863 A key informant informant key A 2001. Illicit Drugs Drugs Illicit 865 1988 and 1988 Tonga Tonga - - - - Tonga 177 - - - 869 869 Tonga Police Com

the 870 The Ministry of Health is also also of Health The is Ministry 868 when passed, will assist in detecting bulk responses requires further investigation. further requires responses provides information on substance abuse. substance on information provides In his closing address to the Tonga Police Commissioned Officers 39th Conference in October 2008, mander identified drugs and alcohol as an high also but future the for concern of issue including priorities, competing many lighted community policing. Notably, community may policing be responses compatible with innovative responses to alcohol and other coordinate to potential the and issues, drug institutions of suspicious transactions. suspicious of institutions Law enforcement collec data heading is Police of Ministry The tion in relation to crimes committed under the influence of alcohol and other drugs, as part of the Ministry of Police AnnualPlan 2008. Family Tonga The response. this in involved Health Clinic provides information on STIs and HIV. The Salvation Army Alcohol and Drug Awareness Centre collects data from clients, while the Tonga National Centre for Women and Children on Violence also cash smuggling. The FIU Bill will provide the the provide will Bill FIU The smuggling. cash FIU Tongan to powers with extensive more investigate reports received from financial - - - - - , as well as 2001 2001 (MLPCA). Money Launder- Money Money Laundering Act Control Drugs Illicit Bill and subsequently enacted governmental Financial Action governmental The 867 A key informant noted that little priority is given to substance use issues; therefore, it was therefore, issues; use to substance given A key informant noted that little priority is or otherwise. punitive issues, use to substance specific approach difficult to determine a 2009. February informant interview, Key at: Burnet Institute & Turning Point Drug and Alcohol Centre (2006), Situational Analysis of Illicit Drug and Alcohol Centre Point & Turning Burnet Institute 12. Canberra: Paper Region. ANCD Research Drug Issues and Responses in the Asia–Pacific National Council on Drugs. Australian 869 870 868 867 MLPCA include serious offences designated offences serious include MLPCA the by inter- offences for money as predicate Force Task laundering. The Currency Declaration Bill, ing of amendments to the to amendments of ing ing and Proceeds of Crime Act drafting Bills for currency declaration and for the strengthening of a financial intel ligence unit (FIU), resulting from a review in March 2007. The amendments to the of Tonga’s review of its and Proceeds of Crime Act ties regarding the theft of precursor chemi- precursor of theft the regarding ties manufacture the for used be to believed cals of methamphetamines. PALP’s legal men tor provided assistance to the Government The legal mentor also aided in the draft In 2007, a legal mentor with the (PALP) PacificProgramme Laundering Anti-Money authori Tongan from request a to responded as the foundation of their drugs legislation, as of the legislation, foundation their drugs some of consistency approach will result at level. regional a cluding methamphetamines, which were not not were which methamphetamines, cluding addressed in earlier legislation. If countries model this adopt to choose Pacific the across 2003. to issues developed were address legislation around new emerging drugs of concern in Illicit Drugs Control Bill 2002 provided the Tonga the for model 178 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific acceded to the World Trade Organization. products is well reported. Tonga has already other and alcohol of supply the manage to nationsregulationsof ated capacity the on The impact of trade agreements and associ Regulation Awareness Centre, discussed below. ties of the Salvation Army Alcohol and Drug response seems to rest largely with the activi health The identified. been have collection data alcohol and drug in involvementtry’s Minis the beyond activities additional No 2009–2013. HIV/AIDS Combating for Plan Strategic National Tonga the of mentation imple and monitoring production, the in agency lead the is Health of Ministry The Health 875 874 873 872 871 on purchase foroff-siteconsumption. consumption is 18 years, with no restriction The legal drinking age in Tonga for on-site New Zealand:. Tonga’s restorative youth diversion scheme.Master’s thesis, VictoriaUniversity ofWellington, paper3.2.pdf>; S.F. Mackesy-Buckley(2008),Taimi Tonu —Just inTime:anevaluation of youth_stakeholders_meeting/meeting_papers/hdp_youth_stakeholders_PYME_summary_report_ Paper 3.2:Youth Mapping Exercise, available at:; seealso SPCRegionalYouth Stakeholders Meeting,Working 2008. WorkingPaper 4.4: available at: PIANGO available at: (accessedMarch 2009). (accessedApril2009). International CenterforAlcoholPolicies, MinimumAgeLimitsWorldwide:tableavailable at: . S.ReidSmith(2005),Tonga’s WTO accessionhasTRIPS+linkage(posted15December 2005): 872 871 - - - -

youth/women gender issues. gender youth/women and development community governance, good and transparency environment, and programsgrantsmalldevelopment, munity com building, capacity including: work of areas key identified has Tonga in group NGO umbrella The place. in already struc tures many are there accordingly, and, establishing in benefit strong a society civil Authorities in Tonga recognise that there is Non-government organisations and regional forums. have been identified in a number of national use, including national-level responses. These substance with associated issues are cerns con- key organisation.umbrellaAmong an as acting Congress Youth National Tonga the with youth, affecting issues on focus justice.social achieving and inequality tackling of way powerful a as supported and recognised is opment CSFT works to ensure that community devel tive roles of civil society organisations (CSOs). address and coordinate the needs and to collec mandate multi-sectoral a has 2001, in Society Forum of Tonga (CSFT), established 875 874 There is a strongThereisa 873 The Civil Civil The - - - - Tonga 179 - - - - million. Focus areas

million country pro

assistance of AU$19.3 account- and governance improved include better and growth economic stronger ability, service Relevant delivery. forprograms this review include law and justice, and health and education programs. Australia is pro viding funding and technical support for business reform, sector public and economic customs initiatives, anti-corruption recovery, development. community and policing, and the European Union, to focus on provid ing support to nominated outer islands of Tonga. In 2004–05 the Australian Federal Police funded a transnational crime team for a number of Pacific countries, includ ing Tonga. Agency for Australian International Development is the Australia largest aid donor to Tonga, providing a AU$13.2 15.6 Australian involvement 15.6 Australian international for tendency a been has There and Zealand New Australia, including donors, gram and total overseas development

- - 877 876 Such advocacy groups may based programs, team building based programs, 878 Other groups include the Pacific Concerns Resource Centre, the Pacific Network on Globalisation Pacific Network on Globalisation the Centre, Resource Concerns include the Pacific Other groups Education and Advocacy. for Research, and the Ecumenical Centre role of Australian the Good Governance Pacific-style: Aid (2004), Council for Overseas Australian Centre, National Europe discussion, civil society. Report to roundtable NGOs in assisting Pacific at: Overview of Drugs and Alcohol, Tonga: workshop presentation to 3rd PDARN meeting, Fiji, July PDARN meeting, Fiji, to 3rd presentation workshop and Alcohol, Tonga: of Drugs Overview at: . 2008. Available 878 876 877 alcohol issues. present an opportunity to advocate for inno for advocate to opportunity an present and drug to responses alternative and vative Democracy Movement, monitor corruption, monitor Movement, Democracy aiming to raise awareness and to ensure that Pacific Island decisionaccountable for makers inaction or complicity are in corruption. Regional and national advocacy groups, including the Tonga Human Rights and skills, healthy anger, 12 steps to good health, health, good to steps 12 anger, healthy skills, psychology of winning, recovery group,community- approaches to assessment, treatment, aware treatment, assessment, to approaches ness and education. Programs include life and one-to-one counselling. The Salvation Army AlcoholAwareness and Centre Drug of healthy lifestyle Tonga choices, offering promotes holistic 180 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific were identifiedin Tonga. AustralianprogramsbyNGOs implemented No alcohol and other drug sector or related organisations Australian non-government recovery fundafterthe2006riots. providedAU$2.6 also als. The Australian Government, via AusAID, of non-compliant companies and individu- prosecution achieving corruption, tackling Interim Assistance Program has succeeded in of Customs The Service. Customs Tongan Head the as and judiciary Tongan the in positions key hold Australians addition, In 883 882 881 880 879 winejobsonline.com/documents/NewSeasonalWorkScheme.pdf>. seasonal horticulture andviticulture jobswhen noNewZealanders are available. ; Newseasonalworkscheme introduced thatwilllet workers from thePacific region fill au/index.php?module=documents&JAS_DocumentManager_op=downloadFile&JAS_File_ Recognised SeasonalEmployer (RSE).Sydney: EdmundRiceCentre: (accessed NZ toacceptseasonalworkers from Pacific, RadioNewZealandInternational,25 October Ibid. pdf> (accessedMarch 2009).

million to a business a to million 880 879 age to address policing concerns. New Zealand are preparing a five-year pack and Australiasociety. civil and governance 2008–2018Strategy gramme The Joint Tonga/New Zealand Country Pro New Zealand involvement 15.7 International horticulture andviticulture industries. the in jobs temporary up take to workers Island Pacific semi-skilled and low- 5000 allowing Scheme, Labour Seasonal Pacific new a launched Government Zealand New than 30 per cent of GDP. In April 2007, the more constitute remittances where Tonga, like countries in levels,povertyparticularly of reduction the in assisted has home sent Under the New Zealand RSE scheme, money Service incooperation withAustralia. New Zealand is supporting Tonga’s Customs addition, In mid-2008). (reviewed services tims of family violence, training and advisory for Women and Children safe house for vic also includes funding for the National Centre 881 focuses on on focuses 882 The plan 883

- - - Tonga 181 ------‘kava Tonga’ Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Alcohol and Drug for migrant and seasonal workers. for migrant While the Salvation Army has identified an minimi harm a employing of understanding alcohol and drug manage to approach sation cur in approach common a not is this issues, rent interventions. Potential research areas include: exploring the cultural prohibitions substitu- kava and consumption alcohol on as alcohol of impact the investigating tion; fac protective exploring product; prestige a tors associated with cultural practices; and regu kava Australian of impact the assessing lations on changing consumption patterns communication around interventions. Alco interventions. around communication hol is the main drug of concern form to proposal but a rejected has the government the address to Committee Control Alcohol an Com Control Tobacco the contrast, By issue. basis quarterly a on meet to managed mittee to An address tobacco-related issues. additional concern is the place of in men. of the The Tongan lives traditional association with kava consumption means key but problem, a as identified not is it that analysis impact social a suggest informants picture. a different would reveal 15.8 Gaps analysis and drug addressing for challenges main The and coordination are Tonga in issues alcohol . ------In 884

885 UNAIDS, WHO and UNICEF are also also are UNICEF and WHO UNAIDS, 886 88: 9–18; B.J. Smith, P. Phongsavan et al. (2007), Body mass index, physical activity and dietary et al. (2007), Body mass index, physical Phongsavan Smith, P. 88: 9–18; B.J. 137– , 10(2): Public Health Nutrition among adolescents in the Kingdom of Tonga. behaviours youth in Islands among Pacific et al. (2005), Sexual health behaviours C. Rissel 144; H. Corner, , Journal of Australia Health Promotion of Micronesia. States and the Federated Tonga Vanuatu, 16(2): 144–150. B. Smith, P. Phongsavan, A. Bauman et al. (2007), Comparison of tobacco, alcohol and illegal A. Bauman et al. (2007), Comparison Phongsavan, Smith, P. B. societies. Island Pacific three in students school among usage drug Change Begins With One Person: a review of the a review Change Begins With One Person: Army New Zealand (2007), Salvation at: . Country Strategy Paper and National Paper Community (2007), Country Strategy & European Kingdom of Tonga (2008), External Commission ; European (for the period 2008–2013) Indicative Programme at: . 886 885 884 frastructure development. frastructure active in HIV programming in Tonga, along Tonga, in programming HIV in active fo programs Bank Development Asian with in and management sector public on cused The European Union plans to establish a na a establish to plans Union European The around themed Tonga in program tionwide water. marijuana, glue/petrol and methylated spir methylated and glue/petrol marijuana, years 11–17 aged students 2808 total, In its. in Tonga. surveyed were The survey measured the prevalence and fre and prevalence the measured survey The drunken- and use kava smoking, of quency ness as well as illegal drug use, including In 2001 UNICEF conducted a survey entitled entitled survey a conducted UNICEF 2001 In The State of Health Behaviour and Lifestyle Youth:of Kingdom Pacific ofTonga Report and community support. Other programs stance abuse programs, offering a ‘Bridge Addiction’, Alcohol and Drug — Programme program recovery 12-step the includes which prepares prepares its own financial statements. sub in involved is Army Salvation the Tonga The Fiji and Tonga Salvation Army offices form part of a single entity with the Sal vation Army in New Zealand, but each 182 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 16. Tuvalu 887 inhabited. are islands atolls and four reef islands. Eight of the nine coral five of up made Islands, Ellice the as and comprises the territory formerly known 1978 in independence granted was Tuvalu 16.1 Introduction Source: Exchange rate Currency Employment by sector Unemployment Literacy Gender Age Population 15–16 November 2006(accessedDecember 2008). Background Note prepared forUNDPRegional Bureau forAsiaandthe Pacific Cluster Meeting, publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tv.html> (accessedJanuary2009);Tuvalu Country Profile on Tuvalu inCIA,TheWorld Factbookavailable at:

- 894 relatively relatively 893 892 However, real GDP per capita 896 895 provision. in mainly 2005, and 1995 between cent per Trust Tuvalu the Notably, sector. public the Fund has contributed roughlyper 11 cent of annual government budgets since 1990 income of source important an provides and to Tuvalu. monarch responsible for appointing theGovernor-General. Health and development Tuvalu is classified as a leastcountry, developedaccording to the United Nations. almost the include challenges Development water, potable of lack complete oppor few and workers, skilled of levels low tunities for private sector development. ham- may factors such of combination The and economic per service growth sustained Tuvalu is a Commonwealth nation Queenwith Elizabeth II as the head of The head of state.is the government Prime Min- In addition, ister. there is a local hereditary has grown at an average annual rate of 2

- - - 891 888 890 000 000

Significantly, there are a large large a are there Significantly, 889 000, with cyclical variances as stu

CIA above, fn.887; UNDP above, fn.889. fn.887; UNDP above, CIA above, at: (accessed December 2008). Ibid. Ibid. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Tuvalu Country Brief, available Country Brief, available Tuvalu and Trade, Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian 2009). (accessed March at: Ibid. CIA above, fn.887. CIA above, for Asia and the Pacific for UNDP Regional Bureau Note prepared Country Background Tuvalu 2006. Meeting, 15–16 November Cluster of the University . Suva: (2006), Remittances and Development in Tuvalu Taomia Fakavae at: series). Available Papers Country Conference School of Economics (ELMS South Pacific, paper estimated population in this ; 12 000. is 896 894 895 892 893 891 890 888 889 isters were sworn in in early August 2007. August early in in sworn were isters as Prime electedMinister, by a majority of the 15 members of the new Tuvalu Parlia ment. Two additional Cabinet Tuvalu Min- Government held were elections national recent most The in sworn Ielemia Apisai with 2006, August in drug and alcohol consumption is significant. is consumption alcohol and drug ever registered ever and registered 600 in active service. level high a twofold: is impact potential The income; disposable increases remittances of on lifestyle seafarers’ the of impact the and cent are members of the protestant Chris Church. tian 1200 with Tuvalu, from seafarers of number Micronesian. In addition, almost 97 per The population of Tuvalu is between 11 between is Tuvalu of population The and 12 dents, labourers and seamen return during the festive season and out-of-term time. Demographics An estimated 96 per cent of the population population the of cent per 96 estimated An is with of ethnicity, the Polynesian balance 184 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific overview 16.2 Drugandalcohol Fijian variety ofkava (yagona). or ice. Approximately 30 reported using the speed cocaine, heroin,usingreported none veyedyouths reported using and marijuana a ‘standard can of beer’). Only 15 of the sur number of drinks is four cans, equivalent to per session varied from 1 to 24 cans (average consuming more than once a week. Amounts those of overhalf with alcohol, consuming reported respondents,male, of mainly cent 41per over Just patterns. use alcohol and behaviours included data collection on drug research report surveying 127 youths on risk meeting. A key informant noted that a recent from Tuvalu participated in the 2006 PDARN However,delegate region. a the in sponses re and issues drug of analysis situational 2004–05 the in included not was Tuvalu 901 900 899 898 897 Session onHIV/AIDS. (reporting period January2006–December2007). NewYork: UNGeneral AssemblySpecial Tuvalu NationalAIDSCommittee (2008),UNGASS2008CountryProgress Report:Tuvalu at: (accessedMarch 2009). Tuvalu legalcases, reported onthePacific Islands LegalInformationInstitute website,available Issues inCrimeandCriminalJustice, no.308.Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. R. McCusker (2006),Transnational Crimeinthe Pacific Islands: real or apparent danger? Trends & Ibid. also knownasyagona,describedby thekeyinformant forTuvalu. Key contactquestionnaire, January2009.Note:Fijiankava, commonlyknownasyaquona , is 897 - - or alcohol cases are available for the period use. No includes data on drug, alcohol and tobacco which Survey Health Demographic a ing The counter- the is of use drug illicit reported. other little very but uncovered, are Fiji from Tuvalu into gled smug being cannabis of cases Occasional associated withalcohol. as a high-risk group, but the reported risk is fore no interventions. Seafarers are identified any injecting drug use in Tuvalu, and there identify not did report 2008 UNGASS The 16.3 Illicitdrugtrends Liquor Board Committee. 1987–2008.

Ministry of Health is currently finalis currently is Health of Ministry reported judgments related to drug 898 Tuvalu is not a signatory to any 900 Tuvalu has an Alcohol and and Alcohol an has Tuvalu actc conventions. narcotics 901 899 - - -

Tuvalu 185

------906 However, However, 907 908 survey of 250 people from a combina

missed, but also resulting in the tarnished cially among youths as users and women as women and users as youths among cially husbands). alcoholic of partners a is there of tradition social strong support extended family and with family, networks, the church expected to bear the burden of traditional This hardship. the to responding support contrasts with decreasing levels of or community village, clan, from obligation in parliament, and government ganisations, that order. contrib- consumption alcohol Significantly, utes to a reported 90 per cent of seafarer dis those on impact direct a with dismissals, Women with ‘alcoholic’ husbands were iden were husbands ‘alcoholic’ with Women tified as a in group facing a hardship 2003 Asian Development Bank report on hard that the The paper reported in Tuvalu. ship hardship is related to lack of opportunity poverty. than rather resources, limited and A in around particularly change, cultural and was consumption, alcohol and drug creasing a contributor to increased hardship (espe 16.4 Licit drug trends 16.4 Licit drug Alcohol tion of urban and rural areas across three geographical regions indicated that social

- 902 905 The majority of of majority The 903 Drugs issues were raised in a late- a in raised were issues Drugs 904 Ibid. . Manila: ADB. in Tuvalu hardship Bank (2003), Priorities of the People: Asian Development at: . Available Ibid. Ibid. Tuvalu Police toughening up on drug users, Tuvalu-News.TV, 27 December 2006. Tuvalu-News.TV, up on drug users, toughening Police Silafaga Lalua, Tuvalu at: (accessed December 2008). Ibid. Ibid. 908 906 907 904 905 903 902 As mentioned in the introduction, there are are there introduction, the in mentioned As use substance illicit other any of reports no in Tuvalu. Other Tuvalu vessel for drugs before it leaves Fijian Fijian leaves it before drugs for vessel Tuvalu waters. this suggesting Parliament, of session 2008 concern. of increasing as an issue marijuana by smelling it, and also by look- addition, In microscope. a through it at ing Fiji in police that propose to plans are there and Tuvalu work together to search every not have the technology to monitor the entry entry the monitor to technology the have not country. the into drugs of identify to trained been have force police the Motulu Pedro, noted that the police force and and force police the that noted Pedro, Motulu identify to public the on largely rely customs marijuana users and that Tuvalu police do In a subsequent tip-off, police arrested a number of young men. At the time of the campaign, the Commissioner, Acting Police In 2008, police and customs officers were reported to be working together to com substances illicit for searches passenger plete on ferry services, which yielded nothing. Cannabis 186 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Other Alcoholic DrinkAct(revised 1990). trols and publicising awareness’ utilising the national policy ‘strengthening alcohol con- Tuvalu delegate flagged a plan to develop a imported. At the 2009 PDARN meeting, the of consumption. is spent annually on control and surveillance AU$15 mately drinkers. being lation popu- male the half almost with olds,year 18–40 among predominantlyconsumption with alcohol, drink Tuvaluans of cent per Tuvaluans. that some contractors will no longer employ agencies have highlighted these problems, so Tuvaluanworkers.Recruiting of reputation 915 914 913 912 911 910 909 report onthese. sources reviewed appears to be equipped to data existing the of none and Tuvalu for identified was substances other the of tion consump - recordof No concern. remainsa analysis, the 2009 PDARN delegate noted it alcohol. While tobacco is not a focus of this non-beverage and tobacco betel, include stances of concern identified in other PICTs kava. of blend Fijian the consumed youth of number a that reported Homasi Dr by 2007 in published survey youth A 2005 are said to have generated approxi generated have to said are 2005 Ibid. 2008. Available at:. 26th PILONmeeting,CookIslands, December2007;27th PILONmeeting,Vanuatu, December 26th PILONmeeting,December 2007. exploration asTuvalu is notrecognised asatraditional consumer ofkava. thesis, University ofSydney; keycontactquestionnaire, January2009;this requires further S.M.K. Homasi(2007),HIV/AIDSandOtherSTIs inTuvalu, SouthPacific. Master ofMedicine Ibid. Tuvalu countryprofile, TheGlobe(GlobalAlcoholPolicy Alliance),Pacific Issue no.1,2005. Taomia above, fn.890. 909 A 2005 report noted that 22.2

000, of which only AU$350 AU$350 only which of 000, 911 The majority of alcohol is 910 Liquor licences in in licences Liquor 912 Sub- - ; and statutes coveringstatutes and Act; control,tobacco the Rights; of Bill its taining con Tuvalu’sConstitution includes: issues use drug for legislation Relevant cedures. citizens of Tuvalu for criminal and civil pro all to provided is representation legal Free Legislation 16.5 Localresponses statistics, with the potential to enhance quality andenablefuture analysis.enhance to potential the with statistics, crime their manage to database establisha support from Australia and New Zealand to Tuvalureceivingwerein police that ported either year. cluded in the list of significant decisions for assault.sexual to a reported increase in serious crimes related were land disputes, while in 2008 there was 2007 the majority of cases before the courts tended meetings in both 2007 and 2008. In at and PILON the of member a is Tuvalu Law enforcement Parliament. was being prepared for consideration by the it was reported that a Counter-Terrorism Bill legislation was last reviewed in 1990. In 2007 alcohol licensing and customs. Consolidated 915 913 The 2009 PDARN delegate re 914 No drug cases werecases in- drug No Island Courts Courts Island - - - - Tuvalu 187 - - Al

The 917 The Commit 918 920 In the 12-month period period 12-month the In 919 future trade under the agreement. the under trade future regulates Committee Board Liquor and cohol and sales for licences issuing in use alcohol prohibiting sale to minors. tee also has the power to confirmrenewal cancel remove, to and licences of transfer or them. suspend or the meeting, PDARN 2009 July the to prior the with compliance investigated Committee licensing regime and undertook an alcohol lim- are There workshop. awareness-raising its imposed of on alcohol the consumption premises. outside licensed Regulation is and PICTA the ratified recently has Tuvalu in the of process for implementing reforms - - - 916 Key contact questionnaire, January 2009. contact questionnaire, Key July 2009. to 4th PDARN meeting, Vanuatu, of Health presentation Ministry Tuvalu at: country/287/general_information/Australia-and-South- December 2009). Tuvalu Ministry of Health presentation to 4th PDARN meeting, Vanuatu, July 2009. to 4th PDARN meeting, Vanuatu, of Health presentation Ministry Tuvalu at: Available statement, 28 April 2008. press Forum Secretariat, Islands Pacific (accessed December 2008). 919 920 918 916 917 social harms. (risk (risk factors). The current lack of reporting on alcohol-related deaths and accidents has been identified as a concern, in addi document accurately to inability the to tion awareness raising on impacts; and sharing the including stakeholders, with information non-communicable diseases strategic plan terventions. The Ministry has terventions. identified the following priorities: providing advice on quantity and consumption; education and opportunity to engage the delegate in re gional regarding discussions substance use issues and discuss planning for future in For the first time in 2009, the Ministry of Health nominated a health education and promotion officer to attendthe theprovided This Vanuatu. in held meeting PDARN Health 188 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific some information on alcohol use among among use alcohol on information some provides also Association Health Family alcohol interventions and issues. The Tuvalu and drug for point focal collection data a and agency lead a as operate to potential Control Coalition in Tuvalu working in Tuvalu. TANGO leads the Tobacco database of donors and other organisations ties. concern among the NGO and CBO communi other tasks, and is able to highlight issues of and direction of these organisations, among TANGO supports the enhanced cooperation and non-government community- of capacity the tion of NGOs (TANGO) Association of NGOs. Islands Pacific the of member a is Tuvalu Non-government organisations 926 925 924 923 922 921 young people. at: (accessedMarch 2009). Australian Government Departmentof Foreign Affairs and Trade, Tuvalu Country Brief,available Trust Fundsince1988. Australia wasanoriginalcontributor andhascontributedaround $12.5milliontotheTuvalu Key contactquestionnaire, January2009. (accessed March 2009). TANGO’s future direction, available at: at: . TANGO profile available on Foundation ofthe Peoples oftheSouth Pacific Internationalwebsite, (accessed March 2009). Tuvalu’s membership ofPIANGO, available at: 923 It also aims to provide a comprehensive based organisations in Tuvalu. organisationsin based 921 922 The Tuvalu Associa aims to strengthen 924 and may have - - Board of Management of and the Advisorythe and of Management of Board the of member Australiaa alsoisagement. tion to technical assistance for budget man addi in training, and education is Tuvalu program in aid Australian the of focus The International Development Australian Agencyfor 16.6 Australian involvement surveillance. sistance to support its operations in fisheries tinues to provide technical and financial as patrol boat, the a with Tuvalupresented Australia 1994, In Fund. TrustTuvalu the manage to helping 2015, through both direct assistance and in Strategy for Sustainable Development 2005– the in identified as priorities development Tuvalu’s supports mated at AU$6.2 esti assistanceoverseas development total isAU$4.3 be to estimated 2008–09 Tuvalufor programin aid tralia’s contributions. annual providing as Committee to the Tuvalu Trust Fund, as well 926 HMTSS Te Mataili

million. AusAID’s program Te Kakeega II Kakeega Te million, with the with million, , and con National National 925 Aus ------Tuvalu 189

- - - - 932 New 927 930 In terms terms In 929 928 The Tuvalu Trust Fund 931 Zealand also funds a Tuvalu Trust Fund di- Fund Trust Tuvalu a funds also Zealand member, Committee Advisory an and rector in addition to making contributions to the basis. fund on a regular Other programs Educa Eyecare for Centre International The with listed NGO international only the is tion De International for Council Australian the Tuvalu. in working as velopment of international development activities by as NGOs, Japan a registers heavily involved country;the authors however, were unable details. program to identify specific is is currently being reviewed and updated in years. 10 next the cover to 2008–09 Tuvalu is a member of both the Asian Devel Asian the both of member a is Tuvalu opment Bank and the United Nations with with relations diplomatic and Fiji to ties close Chinese Taiwan. is the primary source of income with con the Zealand, New Australia, from tributions Korea. South and Japan Kingdom, United - - - - develop island outer II Kakeega Te Tuvalu Country Background Note prepared for UNDP Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific for Asia and the Pacific for UNDP Regional Bureau Note prepared Country Background Tuvalu 2006. Meeting, 15–16 November Cluster Ibid. Ibid. Activities Activities, Information on Development Accessible Gateway Foundation, Development at: name.default&countrySelectedValues=Tuvalu§orSelectedValues=Social 2009). (accessed March NZAID’s aid program in Tuvalu, available at: (accessed March 932 931 930 929 927 928 egy are: are: egy ment; financial management support; and The development. human strategy resource - devel equitable and to sustainable achieve opment. The three key areas aligned with the Tuvalu National Development Strat 2007 outlines NZAID’s priorities with Tuvalu. Tuvalu. with priorities NZAID’s outlines 2007 The goal of the strategy is to support the people and Government Tuvalu the of efforts New Zealand New Co- Development Zealand–Tuvalu New The operation Programme Framework 2002– fied no Australian NGOs working in Tuvalu. in working NGOs Australian no fied 16.7 International involvement A web-based and Australian Council for Inter for Council Australian and web-based A identi search database Development national Australian non-government non-government Australian organisations 190 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific tobacco use. and alcohol with associated risks the ing reduc and preventing is program WHO the of objective programs.specific based A Tuvalu- have all ADB and UNAIDS WHO, ture programs, provided ongoing contributions to infrastruc of Tuvalu’s single desalination plant and has development the funded Japan programs. health public for funds provide WHO and Both 934 933 programs. 8&sourceid=ie7&rlz=117DBAU_en-GB> (lastaccessedJanuary 2009). PROGRAMME+BUDGET+TUVALU&rls=com.microsoft:en-au:IE-SearchBox&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF- governance…, available at: (accessed Japan’s EconomicCooperation betweenJapanandTuvalu, published by the EmbassyofJapan

the Secretariat of the Pacific Community 934 933 as well as fisheries-related - - and in particular substance use, among sea behaviours, risk-taking of Reports further. explored be to needs populations migrant among risk that indicator important an is Zealand New in Tuvaluansresident among fill the data gap. The example of risk taking and this verify to need studies Tuvalu, on use drug illicit no reportedly isthere While 16.8 Gapsanalysis address these issues have not been identified. farers are common, yet tailored programs to - Vanuatu 191 - Vanuatu Vanuatu with ni- with 936 446,

The religious profile of the popu 937 cent, Anglican 13.4 per cent, Roman Cath- olic 13.1 per cent, Seventh-Day Adventist cent, per 13.8 Christian other cent, per 10.8 indigenous beliefs 5.6 per cent (including Jon Frum cargo cult), other 9.6 per cent, Demographics In July 2008 the Vanuatu population was 215 be to estimated comprising 98.5 per cent, others 1.5 per cent. lation of Vanuatu is Presbyterian 31.4 per A history of 935 519 (July 2009 est.) 519 218 30.7% 0–14 years: 65.3% 15–64 years: 4% (2009 est.) over: and 65 years 1.04 male(s)/female (2009 est.) population: Total read and write can over and Definition: age 15 74% population: Total Male: Not available (1999 Census) Not available Female: but 1999 estimate) 15 worldwide 1.7% (1999) (ranked 65% Agriculture: 5% Industry: Services: 30% (2000 est.) (VUV) vatu Vanuatu (2006) (2007), 111.93 US dollar: Not available Per

Government of Vanuatu, available at: (accessed January 2009). villages. 000 with the majority living in rural the population at 221 Ibid.; other estimates have planned for late 2009. is The next Census Population Age Gender Literacy Unemployment sector by Employment Currency rate Exchange 937 935 936 governing structures and policies. structures governing traditions traditions and relations has contributed to of interaction complex uniquely current the archipelagic nation of 83 islands attained joint of years 74 after 1980, in independence rule by Britain and France. 17.1 Introduction Vanuatu is the official name of the islands formerly known as the New Hebrides. The Source: Source: 17. Vanuatu 17. joint rule overlaid with strong indigenous 192 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific pared to other Pacific nations. The new RSE abroad per cent 1.5 of Vanuatu’s population currently only lives reports, Bank World to ing Accord scheme. (RSE) Employer Seasonal Recognised Zealand New the in Vanuatu of inclusion recent the is significant Also interests willalso present challenges. the limitations of competing denominational support drug and alcohol responses. Avoiding service delivery experience of the churches to nations. competing interests of the different denomi tions, which are somewhat hampered by the influence broad-based grass-roots interven tified the potential of churches in Vanuatu to (1999 Census). A recent AusAID report iden 1 none 942 941 940 939 938 to operate. programcontinues the as only emerge will ated remittances, to the economy of Vanuatu associ any and trends, employment these of contribution The workers. of majority the formed ni-Vanuatu RSE, the for round recruitment 2008 the In Vanuatu.from ers work migrant of numbers on impact to scheme and other similar schemes are likely identify measures to harness the reach and reach the harness to measures identify Government survived ano-confidence motion. Note there wasachange ofgovernment inSeptember 2008;inJune2009the Vanuatu Vanuatu CountryReporttoPILONmeetings, 6–10 December2007;5–92008. CountryID=17&Region=SouthPacific> (accessedJanuary2009). AusAID, Vanuatu Country Brief, available at:. Visas are issued forseven months onlybutworkers are abletotakerepeat Analysis ofMigration (CReAM).Available at:. M. Cox etal.(2007),TheUnfinishedState:drivers ofchangein Vanuatu. Canberra: AusAID. 939

938 per cent, unspecified 1.3 per cent cent per 1.3 unspecified cent, per

An ongoing challenge will be to be will challenge ongoing An — this is significantly low com low significantly is this — 940 ------and the National Council of Chiefs for a for Chiefs of Council National the and bers.PresidentThe is byelected Parliament elected by Parliament from among its mem Minister,isPrime who the by istersheaded The years. four every population adult the by public with a 52-member Parliament elected redemocratic- independent, an isVanuatu Government alcohol production and supply. decrease motivation to enact regulations for hotels, licensed premises and casinos may also Government earnings from turnover taxes on drug and alcohol issues. Substantial Vanuatu emerging and current to respond to tions interven and policy legislation, develop to governmentthe of ability the on impact to stability of the government has the potential confidence. no of motions five than less no to subject is worth noting that the previous leader was it but coalition, new the of stability the on lition government. It is too soon to comment resulted in a change in leadership for the coa The most recent election, in September 2008, joying relative political stability since 2004. A number of sources describe Vanuatu as en period offive years. executive consists of a Council of Min- 942 As in other Pacific nations, the 941 - - - -

Vanuatu 193 - - - - This This 948 Around 20 per cent of the 946 These data need to be considered considered be to need data These 947 monetisation of the economy is making it more difficult for families to access- educa there context this In services. other and tion of numbers in increases reported been have to crop cash a as cannabis producing farmers These expenditures. household routine cover features influence both the affluence and of Vanuatu. poverty in rural areas. Vanuatu population do not have access to health services and almost 25 per cent of children aged under fiveyears are under weight. af ‘subsistence Vanuatu’s of context the in opportunity’. of ‘poverty and fluence’ commu of culture strong the in reflected is nity obligation in Vanuatu supported by a large rural population of subsistence farm- and employment formal of rates low and ers adequate creates land Fertile opportunities. increasing but families, rural for yields crop Meanwhile, AusAID reports that poverty lev poverty that reports AusAID Meanwhile, els in Vanuatu are among the highest in the Pacific and improving the delivery of particularly priority, a remains services basic

------943 In February 2009, Van 944 Vanuatu claimed the decision 945 economic balance; raising public AusAID above, fn.941. above, AusAID Ibid. fn.938. Above, AusAID above, fn.941; Vanuatu Ministry of Finance and Economic Management (2006), Ministry Vanuatu fn.941; above, AusAID Vila: . Port Vanuatu’ Educated, Healthy and Wealthy ‘An Priorities and Action Agenda 2006–2015: at: . at UN. Radio New Zealand if it loses LDC status rates worried about interest Vanuatu at: , available at: a is (accessed October 2009). This List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_IndexUNDP> period. for this listed — 182 countries were decline in ranking 948 946 947 945 944 943 was based on faulty data; graduation would would graduation data; faulty on based was receipt the on impact significant a have likely assistance. development of overseas uatu sent a delegation to the United Nations Nations United the to delegation a sent uatu headquarters in New to York argue against its graduation from least developed coun try status. service performance; cutting costs associ improv and utilities; and transport with ated ing access to basic services, such as health and education. cially agriculture and tourism; maintaining a macro The Action Agenda for 2006–2015 outlines outlines 2006–2015 for Agenda Action The Vanuatu’s development priorities, includ - espe ing: increasing the sector, productive In the most recent estimation based2007 data, on Vanuatu had a Human Devel listed was and 126 of ranking Index opment as a medium-range developing country. Health and development 194 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific overview 17.2 Drugandalcohol istries of Health and Justice, in addition to addition in Justice, and Health of istries with representatives from the Vanuatu Min the PDARN meeting was hosted in Vanuatu alcohol- interventionsstyle incorporating and drug- life and health include which Australia, Children the Save for programs youth on working representative NGO an was egate meeting for the firstPDARN time in 2008. The del- the at represented was Vanuatu drug serviceproviders were identified. population and no specific alcohol and other possible to obtain estimates for a drug user im was it study, that For analysis. ational included in the 2004–05 ANCD-funded situ countries Pacific five of one was Vanuatu 953 952 951 950 949 to be characterised by less risky behaviours. erated States of Micronesia), Vanuatu tended other countries surveyed (Tonga and the Fed alcohol consumption. When compared to the and drug included survey This behaviours. risk to related survey lifestyle and health three nations participating in a recent youth respectWith research,to Vanuatu isof one Pacific International. the Foundation of the Peoples of the South transport drugs toVanuatu; cultivation relates tocannabis only. The ni-Vanuatu defendantinoneofthecocaine casesreported travelling toVenezuela to 2007: PublicProsecutor vChavdarKoleff —estimatedvalue ofAU$145 000. at: (accessedJuly2009);CriminalCaseNo.51 of Vanuatu legalcases, reported onthePacific Islands LegalInformationInstitute website,available Vanuatu CountryReporttoPILONmeetings, 6–10 December2007;5–92008. Ibid. 16(2): 144–150. Vanuatu, Tonga andtheFederated StatesofMicronesia. HealthPromotion JournalofAustralia , H. Corner, C.Rissel etal.(2005),Sexualhealthbehaviours amongPacific Islands youth in related health promotion. In 2009 2009 In promotion. health related 949 - - - - -

dence of alcohol-related interpersonal and and interpersonal alcohol-related of dence has been identified. However, the high inci- Vanuatu in populations non-youth among issues alcohol and drug into research no Finally, concern. emerging an as identified partners. taking and the likelihood of having multiple risk- sexual increased and drinking binge nificant in Vanuatu an association between sig as highlighted research the However, drugs from JanuarytoSeptember2008. consumption,cultivation traffickingand of judgments for offences including possession, cannabis-related and two cocaine-related further illustrated by the identification of 35 age of five in previous years. aver an from up increase: significant a is this standards local By report. PILON its in with a total of ten related matters included of drug offences (possession and cultivation), increase an noted Office prosecution the in Attorney-General’s Vanuatu the 2008 and Vanuatu is a member of the PILON. In 2007 17.3 Illicitdrugtrends ongoing concern. an as flagged been has violence domestic 950 Poly-substance use has also been 951 This trend is 953 952 - -

Vanuatu 195 - illustrates 958 There is also a also is There 961 While concerns over cannabis cannabis over concerns While 959 Save the Children Australia reported reported Australia Children the Save 960 suggestion of a ‘cannabis following’ among among following’ ‘cannabis a of suggestion music fans/artists, in particular reggae and hip-hop. police), to increased treatment and educa light in leniency for call a to NGOs), (by tion of ‘economic (by a imperatives’ Member of Parliament). were aired, police indicated there had been to specifically referring cases, drug ‘hard’ no heroin and cocaine. An attendant concern is the increasing frequency for kava bars in can- for points supply as act to areas urban nabis. that an increasing number of unemployed pas- a as marijuana smoke olds year 15–30 time activity: ‘kilim taem’. of freshly harvested marijuana why it is a significantissue. At the time of the arrests, there were calls for responses (by enforcement law increased from ranging

- - - 954 955 The 2006 National 957 However, Vanuatu has demonstrated demonstrated has Vanuatu However, 956 Ibid. view. to support this available is not clear what evidence PDARN meeting, July 2008; it is 3rd 2004. Project Research People’s on the Young Ibid., reporting Above, fn.954. Above, PDARN meeting, July 2008. 3rd , no.460, Chronicle Vanuatu. Drug War in growers sympathy for marijuana South Pacific: at: responses). (Local profile section 17.5 of this see also Advice by S. Wimmer, National Manager, International Branch, Australian Government Government Australian International Branch, National Manager, S. Wimmer, by Advice Senate 19 December 2008, to the Australian and Trade, Affairs Department of Foreign on notice to questions in response Defence and Trade Affairs, Standing Committee on Foreign on and trafficking points for illegal drugs transhipment 2008) concerning November (21 of Institute Australian to illicit drugs, vulnerable Oceania remains and weapons; illegal drugs 2008. 17 November Criminology media release, US Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (2003), International Affairs and Law Enforcement of International Narcotics US Bureau Crime and Society: a Report 2003, for Southeast Asia and the Pacific; Strategy Control Narcotics at: 961 959 960 958 956 957 955 954 cannabis was again identified as the key il- cannabis licit drug of concern. the to leading Malekula on raid Squad Drug bags 40 of seizure and villagers 20 of arrest Cannabis At the 2008 and 2009 PDARN meetings, organisations in dealing with drug trafficking trafficking drug with dealing in organisations issues. Today Today there continues to be a lack of reli able measures of either trafficking or drug use. international with cooperate to willingness a kilograms of heroin originating from Myan from originating heroin of kilograms mar and 120 kilograms of cocaine found buried on a beach in Vanuatu in 2004. targeted initiatives to countering cultivation, cultivation, countering to initiatives targeted drugs. illegal of distribution and production 160 of seizure 2001 the ignore to not is This A 2003 report identified limited drug traffick drug limited identified report 2003 A of lack a explaining Vanuatu, in use and ing 196 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific against crimes of this type, notably the the notably type, this of crimes against work to initiativesregional of number a of money for risk laundering, a as identified was and haven tax a as known been has Vanuatu has changedintheensuing period. situation this if clear not is it providedand heroin and cocaine, uatu as a known transit point for trafficking Van- identified reportBoard Control cotics youth. In addition, a 2001 International Nar portedly from Asia, for supplying to affluent re ecstasy, including drugs synthetic and amphetamines of quantities small of zures notes some small-scale relatively recent sei- chemicals, precursor of source a not Report Strategy 2003 The Other 970 969 968 967 966 965 964 963 962 seizures hasbeenidentified. 2004. in cocaine found buried on a beach in Vanuatu inquiry included a report of 120 kilograms of cocaine use. limited of evidence anecdotal also is There Pacific Anti-Money Laundering Programme. Above, fn.949. Above, fn.954. Tusker is alocallybrewed beer. S. Wimmer, above, fn.955. Ibid. (accessedJuly2009). law enforcement mentorbased inVanuatu from thesecondhalfof2008.Available at: The USStateDepartment,underthementoringsectionofthis project, secondeda 2009). (accessed February Crime andSociety:acomparative criminologytouroftheworld:Vanuatu, available at: incb_report_2001_notes.pdf> (accessedMarch 2008). International Narcotics Control Board report, available at:

of age. Save the Children Australia reports reports Australia Children the Save age. of drinkers’ ‘tusker as known drinkers night Friday lar urban centres, Port Vila and Luganville, regu number of drinking trends.a In the two majoroutlined delegate PDARN the 2008, In Alcohol 17.4 Licitdrugtrends tureSurvey reported average,on that, total Expendi- Householdand 2006 Income The youth. out-of-school with undertaken partners.sexual Thisof surveywas number ation between binge drinking and increased drugs’. The report also highlighted an associ ever having had sex when ‘drunk or high on third of surveyed youth in Vanuatu reported a over that noted report research 2005 A range forconsumption is 15–30years. at special occasions. Again the estimated age locally brewed spirits are said to be consumed homebrews,to addition and imported both nity celebrations outside the urban centres. In consumption as part of family and commu homebrew of accounts anecdotal provide 968 are predominantly 19–30 years 19–30 predominantly are 969 970 - - -

Vanuatu 197

------977 illustrates illustrates 976 , kastom As the recruitment cycles con cycles recruitment the As 978 However, bias in the selection process exists, exists, process selection the in bias However, Year 10 (4th Form). More importantly, they (4th 10 Form). More importantly, Year alco or kava drink and healthy ‘relatively are non-participants’. than frequently less hol only selecting communities of number a with alco cigarettes, on ‘dependent’ not applicants kava. or hol community on impact to begin may this tinue, to consumption, attitudes and alcohol kava For consumption. reduce to them pressuring were numbers application low regions, some ing traditional Vanuatu Vanuatu traditional ing par issues, these of sensitivity potential the domestic to linked is alcohol where ticularly violence. The emergencecon a for need the of emphasises a organisation’ ‘backlash the both roles recognising process sultative traditional structures and modern systems responses. can play in developing Zea New with initiative of RSE A the study found the majority of land partici research pants were males in their late 20s to early 40s, literate but with no schooling beyond The establishment of the Violence Against Men and Family Protection of to the view that the promotion response Centre, in western-style women’s rights is undermin

- - 974 972 975 425

Chal 973 808 of that

with VUV22 971 Above, fn.973. Above, in modernity and raet The social life of rights: ‘gender antagonism’, (2008), Taylor John P. , 19(2): 165–178. Journal of Anthropology Australian Vanuatu. fn.939. Above, Ibid. Development of an Alcohol Policy for Vanuatu: final report. final for Vanuatu: & S. Casswell (2003), Development of an Alcohol Policy G. Humphrey (SHORE), Massey Evaluation and for Social and Health Outcomes Research Auckland: Centre University. Fiji Sun, 25 December Government, on Aussie O’Connor (2009), Moti debacle a smudge P. at: 2009. Available (accessed January 2009). Vanuatu currency AU$1 = approx. 82 vatu (July 2009). 82 vatu = approx. AU$1 currency Vanuatu at: Available Survey. and Income Expenditure Household Office, Statistics Vanuatu per cent202006.htm> (accessed March

light of this fact, import restrictions by Aus on thesale of ColemanLightandyeast to youth. Recommendations forthedevelopment of aVanuatu alcoholpolicyincluded strictregulations Above, fn.973. No metricmeasure wasprovided fortheshells but theyare usually thesizeofacoconutshell. (accessedMarch 2009). S. Combs(1995–98),Vanuatu: aCanadian’s perspective —Kava inVanuatu, Part 2. Available at: March 2009). (accessed Crime andSociety:acomparative criminologytouroftheworld,available at: WHO (2004),GlobalStatusReportonAlcohol2004.Geneva: WHO. Ibid. Ibid. 981 983 The report showed a sig a showed report The There are a number of reports 979 Importantly, Importantly, 980 982 - - - -

combining kava consumption with alcohol alcohol with consumption kava combining exclusionsocial Tonga)in found as of (e.g. night. per kava edly consuming between 2 and 25 shells of in other centres. Regular drinkers are report emerging be to said is but Luganville, and 3am. This trend is mainly limited to Port Vila Nakamal the at drinking found be can females and The PDARN delegate reports that both males also identifiedaslocally used drugs. were mushrooms and homebrew, make to of highly concentrated coconut and fruit juice meeting. Benzene and glue sniffing, the use matter was raised again at the 2009 PDARN this issue remains a matter of supply. liquor licensing, the difficulty with managing commercially available product not subject to groupkey the spiritAs concern. of isfuel a as early as 2003. an alcoholic drink was identified as an issue The use of spirit fuel (Coleman Light) to brew Other consumption have beenidentified. (kava bars) from 5pm to 2am or or 2am to 5pm from bars) (kava 984 985 No reports of the same same the of reports No Youth were identified as 986 This - Vanuatu 199 - - - Dangerous Sentencing pro 993 The Penal Code allows Domestic legislation has 991 992 990 set the maximum penalty by a fine fine a by penalty maximum the set million or face a penalty of 22 years’ million or face a penalty of 22 years’ not signed the UN Convention against Cor- against Convention UN the signed not imprisonment, or both. with sentences, suspended for allow visions indi PILON to report Attorney-General’s the cating both approaches had been taken in 2007. In a 2007 sentencing hearing of 21 defendants in a cannabis case, it was sub mitted that ‘Section 17 of the Act Drugs not exceeding 100 million Vatu or a term extracted extracted the of provisions the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Substances, with Psychotropic the - Act pro 15 on effect into coming ratification viding September 2003. in trafficking or use possession, for Penalties strict and con- are in Vanuatu illegal drugs victed offenders can expect gaol sentences and heavy fines. for anyone found selling, in possession of or cultivating marijuana to be fined up to VUV1 ruption. The Vanuatu Financial Intelligence Intelligence Financial Vanuatu The ruption. Unit has a memorandum of understanding with Australia.

- - 987 The Supreme Court Court Supreme The 988 is under with review, 989 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 2001. Drugs and Psychotropic in Narcotic Convention against Illicit Traffic 13 October 2005. Information Sheet: Vanuatu, US Department of State (2005), Consular (accessed at: Available January 2009). fn.954. Above, Ibid. fn.964. Above, International Narcotics Affairs, and Law Enforcement for International Narcotics US Bureau . Vanuatu Attorney-General, Alatoi Ishmael Kalsakau, The Birth and Rebirth of Law Reform Kalsakau, Alatoi Ishmael Attorney-General, Vanuatu to presented Paper Law Reform Commission. of Vanuatu’s Agencies: the establishment 2008. September 10–12 Vila, Vanuatu, Port Agencies Conference, Law Reform Australasian at: . Available 993 992 991 988 989 990 987 ary 2006. The of Government Vanuatu has Vanuatu acceded to both the UN Conven Crime Organized Transnational against tion Janu- in convention drug UN 1988 the and recommendations for reform, including pro including reform, for recommendations visions to include ‘modern’ drugs such as amphetamines. this analysis, as at September 2008, Dangerous theDrugs Act a steering committee working to develop establishment by 2009. by establishment all determine to jurisdiction has Vanuatu of In matters. terms of for relevant legislation This This unified approachisrelatively new and the reform project continues to this day. of The a establishment Law Vanuatu Com- for priority clear a as identified was mission of British and French laws, with an opt-in approach for citizens. At independence, a move was made to consolidate legislation. Legislation Historically, Vanuatu had parallel systems 17.5 Local responses 200 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific manages the kava export industry and pro- a has also Vanuatu Substances Act2001. Psychotropic and Drugs Narcotic in Traffic the and Act ment the Traffic Regulation, the Liquor Licensing Act, the includes legislation relevant Other drugs. and alcohol of ence provisionsinflu- the regardingunder being the Legislationas such sentences. determining in assessment case-by-case a for opted court The kilogram. 1 or gram 1 whether drugs, the of quantity the to tion Act Drugs the provisionin of lack a noted imprisonment.’ court and The fine both to yearsexceedingimprisonment20 not of or 998 997 996 995 994 alcohol and drug providing responsiblefor Women’s Centre. Vanuatu the and Department Corrections courts, the Department, Police Law enforcement is provided by the Vanuatu Law enforcement ment andotherinterested stakeholders. by the Ministry of Health, the Police Depart processes for enforcement being put in place bacco Control Act crops. In March 2008 tobacco legislation ( kava country’s the of quality the ensuring and regulating in interest vested a vides PDARN meeting, Vanuatu, 7-10 July2009. UNDP above, fn.943. Did notenquire astoavailability inFrench. PDARN meeting,Vanuatu, 7-10 July2009. force asat2009. included intheamendmentsof the newPenal CodeAct—itis notclearifthesehave comeinto Criminal CaseNo.53of2006&CasesNos.83–102 of2006.Sentencingreforms are Alcohol Importation Act 995 The same departments are also also are departments same The to distinguish sentences in rela in sentences distinguish to 994 2008) was passed, with the Convention against Illicit against Convention Kava Act Act Kava includes NursesAct Customs Act Customs , the 2002, which which 2002, Beer Amend Dangerous , Road Road , To - - - - conditions. These were available in both both in available were These conditions. of regular excessive kava use, including skin tified potential negative health consequences Justice to be used locally. Materials also iden in conjunction with the Vanuatu Ministry of cannabis-related harms — materials developed tion and communication materials detailing educa information, of examples provided PDARN the Australian Federal Police delegate support programs and services. At the 2009 hol andotherdrugissues. Strategic Plan (2010–2014) addressing alco and a National Non-Communicable Diseases (2009–2015), a Draft National Drugs Policy of a National Mental Health Policy and Plan ers. This initiative includes the development consultation with NGOs and other stakeholdin policy, national new a of development recentlyassistancetechnical the sought for alcohol in Vanuatu. of regulation and legislation existing ing provided clear recommendations for enhanc Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE), New Zealand’s Centre for Social and Health of the Pacific Community, and developed by Secretariat the of Project Health for Action Pacific the under funded report a 2003 In Health Bislama andEnglish. 997 996 The Ministry of Health 998 - - - - - Vanuatu 201

- - - - - 1001 July

1003 The legal drink legal The 1002 1000 result will be a reduction in import

the autonomy of Pacific countries in regulat in countries Pacific of autonomy the taxes. via imports alcohol of supply the ing With respect to alcohol, there is a Liquor certain at alcohol of sales limiting Ban Sales times of the e.g. year, leading up to Inde currently is there addition, In Day. pendence addition (in Tax Excise Alcohol imported an cent. per 5 at set VAT) to 18 years. is ing age in Vanuatu may have the potential to extend regulation regulation extend to potential the have may to the supply of alcohol and kava. In re a scheduled Health of Ministry the 2009 - re and legislation control narcotics of view an develop to WHO from assistance quested updated alcohol policy, scheduled to take place in late 2009. that announced Vanuatu 2008, February In it was ready to trade under the PICTA. duties on other goods PIFS from countries. limit to potential the have agreements Such advertising and promotion, marketing and sales of tobacco. The new Act the provides man the in change positive for opportunity this regulation; via consumption of agement The - - - - Love Patrol Love Patrol A delegate from FSPI participated 999 Vanuatu programs of Save the Children Children the Save of programs Vanuatu Vanuatu ready to trade under PICTA. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, press statement, press Forum Secretariat, Islands Pacific under PICTA. to trade ready Vanuatu at: fn.954. Above, at: Minimum Age Limits Worldwide: table available International Center for Alcohol Policies, (accessed July 2009). Personal communication, 2009. Personal Above, fn.954. Above, 1002 1003 1000 1001 999 the legislature considered changes to the velopment velopment of an alcohol policy by SHORE, though it is not clear if there 2008 In havepolicy. this in been developments further Regulation In 2003, Vanuatu was assisted in the de sexual and reproductive health, and sub issues. stance use in the 2009 PDARN meeting. In 2009 the Sea release to due is Theatre Bag Smol Wan son 2 of the regionally popular series, which includes themes such as HIV, (e.g. churches, Chiefs), all have responsibility responsibility have all Chiefs), churches, (e.g. use substance around raising awareness for issues. and the DepartmentPolice People’s Young Project, along with Wan Smol Bag Theatre and other community-based organisations The Australia, the Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific International (FSPI) The Vanuatu Association of NGOs (VANGO) (VANGO) NGOs of Association Vanuatu The represents Vanuatu on PIANGO. In 2006Van in issues drugs on commented VANGO uatu, calling for more treatment options. Non-government organisations Non-government 202 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 17.6 Australian involvement aid to Vanuatu for 2008–09 is AU$37.35 The Australian country program estimate for International Development Australian Agencyfor reform economicgovernance. the island nation improve infrastructure and help Australia see also will partnership The tion of malaria rates by 38 per cent in 2008. focus,important an reducthe on building - fees. In addition, combating malaria will be school retention rates by phasing out school laboration with New Zealand, to lift primary col in together, working are Vanuatu and ment, the fifth such agreement. a Pacific partnership agreement on develop AustraliaVanuatusigned 2009 and May In 1006 1005 1004 strengthening intheseareas. for potential the providing staff legal and activities such as capacity building for police with priorities, governmental of list the on identify where drug and alcohol use features ties. to reflect the Vanuatu Government’s priori- education, and law and justice are designed health, in programpriorities of linking The sustainable economic and social development. programVanuatusupport in isto designed development AU$51.79 of overseas assistance total with lion, ing regional initiatives. The Australian aid aid Australian The initiatives. regional ing interventions against domesticviolence. Ibid. Thefirst recruitment drive since1997 mayprovide anopportunity tostrengthen AusAID above, fn.941. php?op=read&id=46800> (accessedJuly2009). Zealand International,27May2009. Available at:

ilo, includ million, 1004 Australia

mil - - - - and continues to do so with the placement 2000 since Project Strengthening Sector Legal regional the from benefited has uatu campaign. the before cent per 2 young women, compared with approximately In police operations in Port Vila and Luganville. of reach extended and presence police ible vis more a including the program, of Vanuatu achievements highlights AusAID policing initiative. AusAID an desk officer in-country as part of has a regional Vanuatu detection. and preventioncrime strengthen to aims which Force Capacity Building Project (2006–2011), Project (2006–2011); and the Vanuatu Police of the Law and Justice Sector Strengthening women and children (2007–2012); Phase III against violence reduce to working Centre interventions include the Vanuatu Women’s support the development of drug and alcohol Programs with the potential to impact on and ing inAustralia. opportunity for ni-Vanuatu to attend train the and in-country advisers Australian of

addition, 27 per cent of new recruits were 1006 Van - - - Vanuatu 203 - - - 1010 NZAID iden NZAID 1009 million, with the

1008 Vanuatu is worth NZ$17 governance education, on focusing program development. economic and tifies urban drift youth and unemployment judiciary the for Support issues. emerging as and the Department of Corrections are an important part of the rele NZAID program sup- also program The analysis. this to vant which Service, Counselling Sanma the ports issues. violence domestic address to works icy focal point for its Melanesian members. icy focal point for its Melanesian members. This group provides significant leverage in negotiating the terms of trade agreements, which in turn have the potential to impact enforcement and revision of outcome the on regulations. of trade Zealand New The 2008–09 NZAID bilateral program in 17.7 International 17.7 International involvement Vanuatu is the current chair of, and pro vides the secretariat office for, the Mela nesian Spearhead Group, which advocates for free trade and acts as a regional pol - — in — 1007 NZAID, Vanuatu program overview, available at: at: For a detailed list of Australian NGOs working in Vanuatu, see Appendix 18.5. in Vanuatu, NGOs working of Australian a detailed list For Country Vanuatu and Trade, Affairs Foreign Department of Government Australian (accessed at: Brief, available January 2009). 1009 1010 1008 1007 established in 2008 and has focused preparedness. emergency on programs. Other agencies include World Vision, which focuses on rural training and capacity building. CARE Vanuatu was only the case of the first two, intersecting with is IWDA activities. prevention use substance working on sexual and health reproductive Children Australia; Oxfam; and the Interna- the and Oxfam; Australia; Children (IWDA). Agency Development Women’s tional programs youth their for significant are These issues skills life and health on working Relevant Relevant Australian NGOs with representa tive offices inVanuatu include: Save the Australian non-government non-government Australian organisations 204 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific discussion. other advocacy activities to encourage open and health programs, including life skills and development programs,adolescent tection children. UNICEF activities include child pro and women for standards living in decline overall an to contributing as reported are violence sexual and use, alcohol and drug pregnancies, teen increased and HIV for risk of levels High countries. Island Pacific the in children facing issues with working UNICEF has taken a regional approach when Other programs labour inthefirst year oftheprogram. of supplier largest the countries) kick-start nominated five of (one Vanuatu with land, Zea New in work to ni-Vanuatu supports The Recognised Seasonal Employer program 1016 1015 1014 1013 1012 1011 the development ofVanuatu. on have will relationship politicised highly this impact what clear not is It Vanuatu. and China between increasingengagement report AusAID-published The ment in health or law enforcement issues. port does not include details of any invest- State: drivers of change of drivers State: No dollarvalue fortheprogram wasidentified. (accessed July2009). cooperation_6714/framework-partnership-document-france-vanuatu-2006-2010_8625.html> country-files_156/vanuatu_737/france-and-vanuatu_6711/cultural-scientific-and-technical- (2006–2010). Available onFrance Diplomatie website,at: (accessedJanuary 2009). Vanuatu: background onUNICEFwebsite,available at:

ument (FPD), which is ‘the action guide for France–Vanuatu framework partnership doc bled at times but is currently reflected in the with France. The relationship has been trou relationship bilateral ongoing significant a As a former French colony, Vanuatu also has scheme. RSE Zealand’s New for labour providing tion, professional training). to basic services (health care, primary educa tourism in particular); and improving access oping the productive sector (agriculture and making public action more efficient; devel- at aimed reforms structural implementing 2010. 2006– for Vanuatu’ in cooperation French ment by one of the key agencies (‘Big Toe’) Finally, World Vision has supported recruit- 1015 The program focus areas include: include: areas focus program The 1016 - - - Vanuatu 205 - - - adult range than any other. adult range is is collected. While a number of responses of mention no is there identified, been have - life healthy youth beyond provision service Sig- programs. violence domestic and styles flagged is violence domestic while nificantly no programs as a key concern for Vanuatu, specifically addressing alcohol andiden were other violence to contributors as drugs tified. much Finally, of theisresponse tar paid attention little with youth, toward geted to adult alcohol and other drug consump known is less Even harms. and patterns tion about people considered to fall within the Ministries of Health and Justice reported that that reported Justice and Health of Ministries while information is collected, there is lim- ques- they and data of sharing routine ited tioned the quality and of consistency what - - - - strength of local and provincial provincial and local of strength

ordination across sectors is clear. At the 2009 PDARN meeting, delegates from the an effective response. an effective al- mechanisms response of number a With ready in motion, the need to increase co structures and networks, such as the Vanuatu Vanuatu the as such networks, and structures Youth Interagency Group, are identified as capable of supporting the development of use have been recognised and some steps taken toward appropriate legislativeThe sponses. re issues. The absence of a solid evidence base base evidence solid a of absence The issues. high also was development intervention for drug illicit for factors risk However, lighted. Participants at both the 2008 and 2009 PDARN meetings identified gaps includ ing a lack of research capacity and clearly to substance use aligned policy approaches 17.8 Gaps analysis 206 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific essential role infurtherdeveloping targeted responses. an play to continue will responsescurrent and in role organisationsa play these — region the in assistance development of delivery the to fundamental are organisations Regional 18.1: Membership ofregional organisations 18. Appendices Tokelau Timor-Leste Solomon Islands Samoa Papua NewGuinea Palau Niue Nauru Micronesia Marshall Islands Kiribati Fiji Cook Islands Member – Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Community (SPC) Secretariat ofthePacific Member – – Member Founding member Member Member Member Founding member Member Member Member Founding member Secretariat (PIFS) Pacific Islands Forum Founding member – – Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Officers’ Network (PILON) Pacific Islands Law – – Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Organisation (OCO) Oceania Customs – – Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Suspended Member Police (PICP) Pacific Islands Chiefs of Appendices 207 Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member – – Pacific Islands Chiefs of Chiefs Islands Pacific (PICP) Police Member Suspended Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member – – Oceania Customs Oceania Customs (OCO) Organisation Member Member Member – – Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Pacific Islands Law Law Islands Pacific (PILON) Network Officers’ Member Member Founding member Founding Founding member Founding Member Member Member member Founding Member Member Member member Founding Member – – Pacific Islands Forum Islands Pacific (PIFS) Secretariat Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member – Member Secretariat of the Pacific Pacific of the Secretariat Community (SPC) Fiji Kiribati Islands Marshall Micronesia Nauru Niue Palau New Guinea Papua Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tokelau Cook Islands 208 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific PICP: OCO: PILON: PIFS: SPC: References: are represented by NewZealandbecause ofthesmall populationsizeandassociatedcost Timor-Leste —is nottreated aspartoftheregion, hencethelackofmembership Tokelau’s interests Fiji —membership currently suspended: annualconference 2008resolved suspension tocontinue Notes: Vanuatu Tuvalu Tonga Member Member Member Community (SPC) Secretariat ofthePacific Member Member Founding member Secretariat (PIFS) Pacific Islands Forum

Member Member Member Officers’ Network (PILON) Pacific Islands Law Member Member Member Organisation (OCO) Oceania Customs Member Member Member Police (PICP) Pacific Islands Chiefs of Appendices 209 Pacific Islands Chiefs of Chiefs Islands Pacific (PICP) Police Member Member Member Oceania Customs Oceania Customs (OCO) Organisation Member Member Member Member Pacific Islands Law Law Islands Pacific (PILON) Network Officers’ Member Member

Pacific Islands Forum Islands Pacific (PIFS) Secretariat member Founding Member Member Secretariat of the Pacific Pacific of the Secretariat Community (SPC) Member Member Member Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Notes: to continue suspension 2008 resolved annual conference suspended: currently Fiji — membership interests Tokelau’s hence the lack of membership as part of the region, not treated Timor-Leste — is size and associated cost population of the small New Zealand because by represented are References: SPC: PIFS: PILON: OCO: PICP: 210 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific • • • • • • Alcohol/homebrew/toddy • • • • • • • • identified research priorities July 2009—participant- 18.2: 4thPDARN meeting, Changing patterns of use across age age groups across use of patterns Changing ing legalage enforc harms, and consumption Youth Outlets, licensing, availability on youth/children consumption alcohol adult of Influence Alcohol andothermedication Alcohol andtheelderly, injuries injury anddisease Understanding alcohol-related accidents, contribute toHIVrisk behaviours? drug other and alcohol do much How other) ineachcountry Study of risk/protective factors (social and sleepy? Homebrew effect on behaviour, e.g. angry, and commercial alcoholandtaxmeasures homebrew between Relationship text, drinkperml+otherdrugs con- much, how who, harm: Homebrew chases, cost,frequency, harmtoothers Drinking till finished + black-market pur tion patterns, gender, distribution Sour toddy: per cent alcohol + consump - - - Other drugs • • • • • • • • • • Policy andservices Approaches for advising people with with alcohol dependence people advising for Approaches active substanceuse psychoinvolved in clients with work to Assessment of skills of health care workers ness ofservices effective and availability of Assessment stances Information and guidelines for other sub sub stance use psychoactive for estimates Risk and betel) (kavadrugstraditional in Activecontent and adolescents children among consumption Cannabis frequency hol, tobacco and other drugs — cost and Understanding drug use people’s young with associated Harms health policy mental and alcohol drug, a Developing ‘kava wash’ ‘kava with alco with - - - - Appendices 211 - Research collaborations across Pacific countries study National household analysis Cost-effectiveness Understanding contribution to burden of of burden to contribution Understanding responses prioritising implement for approaches Understanding and legislation policy ing existing • • • • Other areas • 212 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific and treaties 18.3: Pacific participationinUnitedNations conventions model foraddressing substanceuse issues inthePacific. potential a as identified been has conventions and treaties of system Nations United The Marshall Islands Kiribati Fiji Cook Islands Date Tokelau* Timor-Leste Solomon Islands Samoa Papua NewGuinea Palau Niue Nauru Micronesia Accessioned 9August 1991 November 2009 by 1972Protocol Narcotic Drugs, asamended 1961 SingleConvention on Accessioned 29April1991 Succession 28 October

1980*** Accessioned 9August 1991 Accessioned 25March 1993 November 2009 1971 Psychotropic Substances UN Convention on See notes* convention a long-termplantoratify the proposal 2004-07identified Pharmaceutical services Accessioned 19August 1998 See notes* Accessioned 29April1991 1981 (Reservations) Accessioned 20November Accessioned 19August 2005 Accessioned 6July2004 Accessioned 25March 1993 Accessioned 22February 2005 November 2009 Substances 1988 Narcotic Drugs andPsychotropic Convention against IllicitTraffic in See notes** Ratified August 2004 Ratified November 2005 Ratified May2006 Ratified February 2004 Ratified June2005 Ratified June2004 Ratified March 2005 Ratified December2004 Ratified September2005 Ratified October2003 Ratified May2004 November 2009 Tobacco Control Framework Convention on Appendices 213 Ratified May 2006 2005 Ratified November 2004 Ratified August See notes** Ratified March 2005 Ratified March Ratified June 2004 Ratified June 2005 February 2004 Ratified Framework Convention on Convention Framework Control Tobacco 2009 November Ratified May 2004 Ratified October 2003 Ratified September 2005 Ratified December 2004

2005 19 August Accessioned Accessioned 6 July 2004 Accessioned Accessioned 25 March 1993 25 March Accessioned Convention against Illicit Traffic in Illicit Traffic against Convention and Psychotropic Drugs Narcotic Substances 1988 2009 November 2005 22 February Accessioned Accessioned 20 November 20 November Accessioned (Reservations) 1981 See notes* November 2009 November 1993 25 March Accessioned 1991 9 August Accessioned 29 April 1991 Accessioned See notes* 1998 19 August Accessioned Pharmaceutical services 2004-07 identified proposal the a long-term plan to ratify convention UN Convention on UN Convention Substances Psychotropic 1971 1980***

Succession 28 October 28 Succession

November 2009 November 1991 9 August Accessioned 29 April 1991 Accessioned 1961 Single Convention on Single Convention 1961 as amended Drugs, Narcotic 1972 Protocol by Tokelau* Date Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Islands Marshall Micronesia Nauru Niue Palau New Guinea Papua Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste

214 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific *** ** * Information accessedonlineDecember2008 Notes: References: Vanuatu Tuvalu Tonga Reservations Art.31, para.2 &Art.10, para.1 unless adeclaration is lodgedinconsultation withTokelau Ratified by NewZealandJune2004withnotificationthatitwillnotapplyto Tokelau Niue andTokelau NZ signed13September1971, ratified 7June1990,withdeclaration ofapplicationto by 1972Protocol Narcotic Drugs, asamended 1961 Single Convention on Succession 5September1973 1971 Psychotropic Substances UN Convention on Accessioned 24October1975 Accessioned 26January2006 Accessioned 29April1996 Substances 1988 Narcotic Drugs andPsychotropic Convention against IllicitTraffic in Ratified September2005 Ratified September2005 Ratified April2005 Tobacco Control Framework Convention on Appendices 215 Framework Convention on Convention Framework Control Tobacco Ratified April 2005 2005 Ratified September 2005 Ratified September Accessioned 26 January 2006 26 Accessioned Convention against Illicit Traffic in Illicit Traffic against Convention and Psychotropic Drugs Narcotic Substances 1988 April 1996 29 Accessioned Accessioned 24 October 1975 24 Accessioned UN Convention on UN Convention Substances Psychotropic 1971 Succession 5 September 1973 Succession 5 September 1961 Single Convention on Single Convention 1961 as amended Drugs, Narcotic 1972 Protocol by NZ signed 13 September 1971, ratified 7 June 1990, with declaration of application to 7 June 1990, with declaration ratified NZ signed 13 September 1971, Niue and Tokelau Tokelau with notification that it will not apply to by New Zealand June 2004 Ratified with Tokelau consultation lodged in is unless a declaration para.1 & Art.10, para.2 Art.31, Reservations Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu References: Notes: 2008 Information accessed online December * ** *** 216 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific produced alcohol,e.g.viataxes, duties. Listed agreements potentially impact on national powers to regulate supply of commercially trade agreements 18.4: Participation ininternational,regional andbilateral Fiji Cook Islands Date Islands Marshall Kiribati Jan 1996 WTO

July 2008 Nov 1993 GATT

2008 December F April2003 R Oct2001 S Aug2001 F Apr2003 R Aug2001 S Aug2001 PICTA 2001 F Jul2003 R Jun2003 S Aug2001 2008 December F Oct2002 R Oct2001 S Aug2001 F Oct2002 R Aug2001 S Aug2001 PACER S Aug2001 F Jul2003 R Jun2003 S Aug2001 2008 December APEC

2008 December F May1989 R Apr1989 F Aug1981 R Jul1981 S Jul1980 F Jan1981 R Dec1980 F Jan1981 R Nov 1980 S Jul1980 December 2008 SPARTECA 1981 Mar 2007 December 2008 MSG agreement withUS Ship rider health sector cooperation in to increase with Cuba2008 Bilateral agreement China BTA (BTA) withtheUSA; Textile Agreement (FATERA); Bilateral Agreement Cooperation and Economic Fiji/Australia Trade BTA withPNG; BTA withVanuatu; Islands; reciprocal Tuvalu, Cook BTA withTonga, Non-reciprocal 2008 Coast Guard signed agreement withUS law enforcement with Fiji;bilateral Non-reciprocal BTA December 2008 BTA PARTA –FTA PARTA –FTA information conflicting PARTA –FTA December 2008 FTA Appendices 217 PARTA – FTA – FTA PARTA FTA December 2008 – FTA PARTA conflicting information – FTA PARTA Bilateral agreement agreement Bilateral with Cuba 2008 to increase in cooperation health sector Ship rider with US agreement BTA December 2008 BTA Non-reciprocal with Fiji; bilateral law enforcement with US agreement signed Coast Guard 2008 Non-reciprocal with Tonga, BTA Cook Tuvalu, reciprocal Islands; with Vanuatu; BTA with PNG; BTA Trade Fiji/Australia and Economic Cooperation Agreement Bilateral (FATERA); Agreement Textile with the USA; (BTA) China BTA

MSG December 2008 Mar 2007 R Apr 1989 F May 1989 S Jul 1980 R Jul 1981 F Aug 1981 R Dec 1980 F Jan 1981 SPARTECA 1981 1981 SPARTECA December 2008 S Jul 1980 1980 R Nov F Jan 1981 December 2008

APEC December 2008 S Aug 2001 S Aug 2001 R Aug 2001 F Oct 2002 S Aug 2001 R Oct 2001 F Oct 2002 S Aug 2001 R Jun 2003 F Jul 2003 PACER December 2008

S Aug 2001 R Aug 2001 F Apr 2003 S Aug 2001 R Oct 2001 F April 2003 S Aug 2001 R Jun 2003 F Jul 2003 PICTA 2001 PICTA December 2008

1993 Nov GATT July 2008

Jan 1996 WTO WTO Marshall Marshall Islands Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Date 218 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Guinea Papua New Palau Niue Nauru Micronesia Tonga Tokelau Timor-Leste Islands Solomon Samoa 9 June1996 WTO 2007 27 July 1996 26 July 1998 est. 15Jul accession party working Observer 1994 16 Dec GATT 1994 28 Dec A Sept2003 R Aug2003 S Mar2002 A April2003 R Feb 2003 S Aug2001 F Apr2003 R Mar2003 S Aug2001 S Apr2006 PICTA 2001 F Aug2003 R Dec2001 S Aug2001 F Jul2003 R June 2003 S Aug2002 F Apr2003 R Oct2001 S Aug2001 F Sept2003 R Aug2003 S Mar2002 S Aug2001 F Oct2002 R Sept2002 S Aug2001 F Apr2003 R Mar2003 S Aug2001 PACER F Oct2002 R Dec2001 S Aug01 F July2003 R Jun2003 S Oct2002 F Oct2002 R Oct2001 S Aug2001 2003 Joined Nov APEC

F Jan1981 R Dec1980 S July1980 F May1981 R Apr1981 S July1980 F Mar1981 R Feb 1981 S Jul1980 F Jan1981 R Dec1980 S Dec1980 F Feb 1981 R Jan1981 S Jul1980 F Sept1982 R Aug1982 F Dec1988 R Nov 1988 SPARTECA 1981 Mar 2007 Mar 2007 MSG II); Fiji–PNGBTA Agreement (PATCRA with Fijisince1995 Non-reciprocal BTA Relations Commercial Trade and PNG–Australia signed 2008 agreement withUS Ship rider agreement withUS Ship rider BTA PARTA –FTA PARTA –FTA PARTA –FTA PARTA –FTA FTA Appendices 219 – FTA PARTA FTA – FTA PARTA – FTA PARTA PARTA – FTA – FTA PARTA BTA Non-reciprocal with Fiji since 1995

Ship rider with US agreement signed 2008 PNG–Australia and Trade Commercial Relations BTA Ship rider US with agreement Agreement (PATCRA (PATCRA Agreement II); Fiji–PNG BTA

Mar 2007 Mar 2007 MSG S July 1980 R Dec 1980 F Jan 1981

S July 1980 R Apr 1981 F May 1981 S Jul 1980 1981 R Feb F Mar 1981 S Dec 1980 R Dec 1980 F Jan 1981 S Jul 1980 R Jan 1981 1981 F Feb SPARTECA 1981 1981 SPARTECA 1988 R Nov F Dec 1988 R Aug 1982 F Sept 1982

Joined Nov 2003 APEC

S Aug 01 R Dec 2001 F Oct 2002 S Aug 2001 R Sept 2002 F Oct 2002 S Aug 2001 S Mar 2002 R Aug 2003 F Sept 2003 S Aug 2001 R Oct 2001 F Oct 2002 S Oct 2002 R Jun 2003 F July 2003 PACER S Aug 2001 R Mar 2003 F Apr 2003 S Aug 2001 R Dec 2001 F Aug 2003 S Aug 2001 2003 R Feb A April 2003 S Mar 2002 R Aug 2003 A Sept 2003 S Aug 2001 R Oct 2001 F Apr 2003 S Aug 2002 2003 June R F Jul 2003 PICTA 2001 PICTA S Apr 2006 S Aug 2001 R Mar 2003 F Apr 2003

16 Dec 1994 28 Dec 1994 GATT 27 July 2007 9 June 1996 Observer working party accession est. 15 Jul 1998 26 July 1996 WTO WTO Timor-Leste Tokelau Tonga Niue Palau New Papua Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Micronesia Nauru 220 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific FTA BTA MSG SPARTECA APEC PACER PICTA GATT GATS WTO References: A F R S Key: Vanuatu Tuvalu accessioned in force ratified signed Free Trade Agreement Bilateral Trade Agreement 1993-10.html> Melanesian SpearheadGroup Asia Pacific EconomicCooperation Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement General Agreement onTariffs &Trade General Agreement onTrade inServices World Trade Organization (members are also GATS members) WTO GATT F Jul2005 R Jun2005 S Aug2001 F May2008 R Apr2008 S Aug2001 PICTA 2001 S Aug2001 S Aug2001 PACER APEC F Dec1981 R Nov 1981 F Jun1981 R May1980 S Jul1980 SPARTECA 1981 Mar 2007 MSG Taiwan with Fiji;BTA with Reciprocal BTA with Fiji Non-reciprocal BTA BTA No PARTA –FTA FTA Appendices 221 FTA – FTA PARTA No Reciprocal BTA BTA Reciprocal with with Fiji; BTA Taiwan BTA BTA Non-reciprocal with Fiji Mar 2007 MSG R Nov 1981 R Nov F Dec 1981 SPARTECA 1981 1981 SPARTECA S Jul 1980 R May 1980 F Jun 1981 APEC PACER S Aug 2001 S Aug 2001 PICTA 2001 PICTA S Aug 2001 R Apr 2008 F May 2008 S Aug 2001 R Jun 2005 F Jul 2005 GATT WTO WTO World Trade Organization (members are also GATS members) members) GATS also are (members Organization World Trade in Services per per cent20status file/PICTA on Closer Economic Relations Agreement Pacific per per cent20status PARTA: economies.html; & Economic Agreement Trade Regional South Pacific per per cent20status Agreement Trade Bilateral Agreement Trade Free signed ratified in force accessioned Tuvalu Vanuatu Key: S R F A References: WTO GATS GATT PICTA PACER APEC SPARTECA MSG BTA FTA 222 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific organisations in thePacific 18.5: Regional,Australian andnationalnon-government while recognising many more work in the region and nationally. Not all activities were listed. were included on the basis of identified activity relevance to the alcohol andThis othermatrix drugsof NGOs sectorwas collated using publicly available program information. programs Regional Micronesia Marshall Islands Kiribati Fiji Cook Islands PIANGO* Member Member Member Member Member Member Umbrella Org National NGO Council ofNGOs Marshall Islands of NGOs Kiribati Association Services Fiji CouncilofSocial ciation ofNGOs Cook Islands Asso- Domestic/regional International** the SouthPacific the Peoples of Foundation of Local name them partners butdidnot NGOs asservice MoH identified Organisations Vision World Program erment Empow- Social tional Interna- Oxfam Oxfam Children Save the Australian Project ment Hub Develop- Youth Agency Relief opment Devel- Adventist ment Empower- munity Com- Training, Rural Caritas IWDA

NZ Aust & Interpalst agencies Other Seminar nesia Micro- Mission Marist TEAR, ASHM, AVI Institute, Burnet Appendices 223 - Micro nesia Seminar ASHM, TEAR, Marist Mission Burnet Institute, AVI Interpalst & Aust NZ Other agencies

IWDA Rural Training, Com- munity Empower- ment Caritas Youth - Develop ment Hub Project Adventist Adventist - Devel opment Relief Agency Australian

Save the Save Children

Social Empow- erment Program Oxfam Interna- tional Oxfam

World Vision MoH identified NGOs as service but did not partners name them Local of Foundation of the Peoples the South Pacific International** Domestic/regional

National NGO Org Umbrella Asso- Cook Islands ciation of NGOs Fiji Council of Social Services Kiribati Association of NGOs Islands Marshall Council of NGOs Member PIANGO* Member Member Member Member Member Micronesia Regional programs Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Islands Marshall 224 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Guinea Papua New Palau Niue Nauru Samoa Member Interim member Member Member PIANGO* Member Member ship (InterimNLU) Centre forLeader- Melanesian NGO of NGOs Niue Association ciation ofNGOs Nauru Island Asso- Umbrella Org National NGO of NGOs Samoa Umbrella Domestic/regional name them partners butdidnot NGOs asservice MoH identified Local

Health Leadership, Literacy, Vision World assessment services health access to and Violence Oxfam

Children Save the Pevention ment & Manage- tion, STI Preven- style, HIV & Life- Health Programs Youth Australian Agency Relief opment Devel- Adventist Building Capacity Caritas Health Children Women & Violence, Anti- Building, Capacity IWDA Training Police Health, Sexual agencies Other Mission Marist AVI, TEAR, Appendices 225 TEAR, AVI, Marist Mission

Other agencies Sexual Health, Police Training

IWDA Capacity Building, Anti- Violence, Women & Children Health

Caritas Capacity Building

Adventist Adventist - Devel opment Relief Agency Australian Youth Youth Programs Health & Life- style, HIV - Preven tion, STI Manage- ment & Pevention

Save the Save Children

Violence and access to health services

Oxfam assessment

Literacy, Leadership, Health

World Vision MoH identified NGOs as service but did not partners name them Local Domestic/regional Niue Association of NGOs Melanesian NGO for Leader- Centre (Interim NLU) ship Samoa Umbrella of NGOs National NGO Org Umbrella Asso- Nauru Island ciation of NGOs Member Interim member Member Member PIANGO* Member Member Niue Palau New Papua Guinea Samoa Nauru 226 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Timor-Leste Solomon Islands Tokelau Interim member Member PIANGO* Member no Services Exchange Development Umbrella Org National NGO

Domestic/regional technical assistance RRRT humanrights awareness training, the Pacific alcohol Peoples ofAsiaand Foundation for PRADET, Australian Local

programs health & basic opment Devel- munity Com- Integrated programs other drug hol & pilot alco- announced tion; 2009 Preven- ship, HIV Leader- Women Vision World Program erment Empow- and Health munity Com- I &II); (Phases Program pation Partici- & Political Economic Social programs hoods Liveli- tice & HIV, Jus- Oxfam style, HIV & Life- Health Programs Youth Children Save the Prevention Australian Agency Relief opment Devel- Adventist Services Health Building, Capacity vention, HIV Pre- programs opment Devel- munity Com- Integrated Rights & Human Caritas

program erment Empow- for Literacy IWDA Programs & Sports Education ment, Environ-

Australia tional Interna- Plan Australia, CARE Australia, AID Action- agencies Other TEAR Mission, Marist Care, World Baptist cord, Angli- Appendices 227 Angli- cord, Baptist World Care, Marist Mission, TEAR

Other agencies - Action AID Australia, CARE Australia, Plan Interna- tional Australia

- Environ ment, Education & Sports Programs

IWDA Literacy for Empow- erment program

Caritas Human Rights & Integrated Com- munity - Devel opment programs - HIV Pre vention, Capacity Building, Health Services

Adventist Adventist - Devel opment Relief Agency Australian Prevention

Save the Save Children Youth Youth Programs Health & Life- style, HIV

Social Economic & Political - Partici pation Program (Phases I & II); Com- munity Health and Empow- erment Program Oxfam - Jus HIV, tice & - Liveli hoods programs

Integrated Integrated Com- munity - Devel opment & basic health programs Women Leader- HIV ship, - Preven tion; 2009 announced pilot alcohol & other drug programs World Vision PRADET, Australian Australian PRADET, for Foundation of Asia and Peoples alcohol the Pacific training, awareness RRRT human rights technical assistance Local Domestic/regional

National NGO Org Umbrella Development Services Exchange Interim member no PIANGO* Member Member Timor-Leste Tokelau Solomon Islands 228 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific ** * programs were identified gramming, e.g.youth andHIVprograms. Where nothing is listed, nospecifically relevant Listed NGOsoperate projects thatmayprovide servicesrelevant fordrugandalcoholpro- Notes: References: Vanuatu Tuvalu Tonga The FSPIworks withpartners across theregion butis listed here onlywhere relevant The future ofPIANGOremains unclearasofJuly2009,withfundingwithdrawn dueto programs were identified misappropriation Member Member Member PIANGO* Member of NGOs Vanuatu Association of NGOs Tuvalu Association of Tonga Civil SocietyForum Umbrella Org National NGO Domestic/regional Smol Bag Pacific Int’al,Wan Peoples oftheSouth Foundation ofthe Awareness Centre Alcohol &Drug Salvation Army Local Vision World Lifeskills Advocacy, Health, Youth, Oxfam Lifestyle Health & Programs Youth Children Save the Australian Agency Relief opment Devel- Adventist Caritas Programs Health ductive Repro- HIV & IWDA AVI CARE, agencies Other Appendices 229 Other agencies CARE, AVI IWDA HIV & - Repro ductive Health Programs Caritas Adventist Adventist - Devel opment Relief Agency Australian Save the Save Children Youth Programs Health & Lifestyle Youth, Youth, Health, Advocacy, Lifeskills

Oxfam

World Vision of the Foundation of the South Peoples Int’al, Wan Pacific Smol Bag Local Army Salvation Alcohol & Drug Centre Awareness Domestic/regional Tuvalu Association Tuvalu of NGOs Association Vanuatu of NGOs National NGO Org Umbrella Civil Society Forum of Tonga Member Member PIANGO* Member Member misappropriation identified were programs The future of PIANGO remains unclear as of July 2009, with funding withdrawn due to unclear as of July 2009, with funding withdrawn of PIANGO remains The future relevant only where here listed but is the region across with partners The FSPI works Tuvalu Vanuatu Tonga References: References: Notes: - for drug and alcohol pro services relevant that may provide projects NGOs operate Listed relevant no specifically listed, nothing is Where and HIV programs. e.g. youth gramming, identified were programs * ** 230 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 18.6: Table ofrelevant legislation drugs, injectingparaphernalia andsentencingapproaches. narcotics, alcohol, to references identifying law case and legislation available of review A Cook Islands Nauru Marshall Islands Kiribati Fiji Micronesia Federated Statesof offences) Drugs AmendmentAct2009;Shipping1998(personnel Narcotics andMisuseofDrugsAct;Narcotics andMisuseof Narcotics control Offenders Act1973(offencesby foreigners) Dangerous DrugsOrdinance 1952–1967; Extradition ofFugitive opiates, andderivatives possession ofopium,meperidine,isonipecaine, coca leaves and Narcotic Drugs(Prohibition andControl) Act1987:offencefor opium orpipes/utensils, Indianhempandcocaleaf Dangerous DrugsOrdinance: includespenaltiesforpossessionof pipes andutensils Indian hemp,opiumpoppy orcocaleaf,prepared opium,and Abuse AdvisoryCouncilAct1998;penaltiesforpossessionof (Prohibited ImportsandExports)Regulations 1986;Substance Dangerous DrugsAct;IllicitControl Act2004;Customs Substances Act [FSM Code,Title19Chapter6];Trust Territory Controlled Admiralty andMaritime,Employment andWelfare ofSeamen offences) 2007; CivilAviationAct2002(personnel Order 2006;Transport AmendmentAct Customs (Miscellaneous) Amendment Alcohol Motor Traffic Act1937–1973 Liquor Ordinance (Amendment)Act1997; Act 1971 Influence Act;AlcoholicBeverage Control Duties Act1989;DrivingUnderthe Alcohol RestrictionAct1994;Import Customs Act1993 (Amendment) Act2005;Traffic Act2002; Manufacture ofLiquorAct1997; 1986; CustomsAmendmentActs Liquor Act2006;Traffic (Amendment)Act Substances Act 19 Chapter6];Trust Territory Controlled and Welfare ofSeamen[FSMCode,Title Admiralty andMaritime,Employment CKCA 1 [2006] CKHC4;MatavQueen[2000] Tereora [2007]CKHC4;Police vNgatikao CKHC; ReNicholls[2004]CKHC1;Police v [1999] CKCA 1;Police vDauvois[2006] Criminal JusticeAct1967;Police vBrown Sentencing v Uilama[2008]NRSC17 Republic vKepae [2009]NRSC4;Republic Prosecutions vAliklik[1980]NRSC15; [1978] NRSC9;Director ofPublic Director ofPublicProsecutions vDeaido and Control) Act1987outlinespenalties Section 909ofNarcotic Drugs(Prohibition outlines legalproceedings andpenalties Part SixofDangerous DrugsOrdinance conviction Act outlinesoffencespunishable on Third ScheduleofDangerous Drugs Appendices 231 Narcotic Drugs (Prohibition Drugs (Prohibition Section 909 of Narcotic Act 1987 outlines penalties and Control) v Deaido of Public Prosecutions Director of Public [1978] NRSC 9; Director v Aliklik [1980] NRSC 15; Prosecutions [2009] NRSC 4; Republic Republic v Kepae v Uilama [2008] NRSC 17 Drugs Ordinance Six of Dangerous Part and penalties outlines legal proceedings Sentencing v Brown 1967; Police Criminal Justice Act v Dauvois [2006] Police 1; [1999] CKCA v Police CKHC; Re Nicholls [2004] CKHC 1; v Ngatikao Police [2007] CKHC 4; Tereora [2006] CKHC 4; Mata v Queen [2000] 1 CKCA Drugs Schedule of Dangerous Third on Act outlines offences punishable conviction Liquor Ordinance (Amendment) Act 1997; Liquor Ordinance Act 1937–1973 Motor Traffic Alcohol Restriction Act 1994; Import Duties Act 1989; Driving Under the Control Influence Act; Alcoholic Beverage Act 1971 Manufacture of Liquor Act 1997; Liquor Manufacture 2002; Act (Amendment) Act 2005; Traffic Customs Act 1993 Admiralty and Maritime, Employment and Maritime, Employment Admiralty Title of Seamen [FSM Code, and Welfare Controlled Territory 19 Chapter 6]; Trust Substances Act (Amendment) Act Liquor Act 2006; Traffic 1986; Customs Amendment Acts Customs (Miscellaneous) Amendment (Miscellaneous) Customs Act Amendment 2006; Transport Order 2002 (personnel 2007; Civil Aviation Act offences) Alcohol Admiralty and Maritime, Employment and Welfare of Seamen and Welfare and Maritime, Employment Admiralty Controlled Territory [FSM Code, Title 19 Chapter 6]; Trust Substances Act 2004; Customs Act Drugs Act; Illicit Drugs Control Dangerous 1986; Substance Imports and Exports) Regulations (Prohibited Abuse Advisory Council Act 1998; penalties for possession of opium, and leaf, prepared or coca Indian hemp, opium poppy pipes and utensils : includes penalties for possession of Drugs Ordinance Dangerous Indian hemp and coca leaf opium or opium pipes/utensils, Act 1987: offence for Control) and Drugs (Prohibition Narcotic and coca leaves possession of opium, meperidine, isonipecaine, and derivatives opiates, of Fugitive 1952–1967; Extradition Drugs Ordinance Dangerous foreigners) Act 1973 (offences by Offenders Narcotics control Narcotics of and Misuse of Drugs Act; Narcotics and Misuse Narcotics Act 2009; Shipping Act 1998 (personnel Drugs Amendment offences) Federated States of Federated Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Islands Marshall Nauru Cook Islands 232 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Tonga Tokelau Timor-Leste Solomon Islands Samoa Papua NewGuinea Palau Niue Poisons Act(penaltiesforpossessionofopiumpipesorutensils) Drugs andPoisons Act;IllicitDrugsControl Act2003;Drugsand Crimes, Procedure andEvidence Rules2003 Customs Rules1991, Tokelau Customs Regulations 1991–94; Unable toaccessEnglish languageversions (March 2008) Dangerous DrugsAct Narcotics Act1967;Narcotics AmendmentAct2006 1992 Dangerous DrugsAct1952;NationalNarcotics Control Board Act No specific legislation identified(March 2008) Act 1994 involvement innarcotics trade orlaundering);Off-Shore Banking (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act1994(businesses suspected of Misuse ofDrugsAct1998;Niue1966;Off-Shore Centre drug &alcoholtreatment; MisuseofDrugsAct1975–1998; Constitution ofNauru,s.5(1)(g): righttodeprive oflibertyfor Narcotics control Manufacture ofIntoxicatingLiquorAct Liquor (Amendment)Act1989; (Amendment) Act1995;Intoxicating Intoxicating Liquor Act; Regulations (seenarcotics control) 2003 inadditiontoCustoms Rulesand Crimes, Procedure andEvidenceRules versions (March 2008) Unable toaccessEnglish language Liquor Act Liquor Act1971 Correctional ServiceAct1995 Act 1973;ExciseTariff Act1956; 1963; Liquor(MiscellaneousProvisions) Distillation Act1955;LiquorLicensing (March 2008) No specific legislation identified 1998, Transport Act1965 Liquor Act1975;Amendment Alcohol Intoxicating Liquor outlines penalties Section 14ofDrugsandPoisons Act Rules 2003 Crimes, Procedure andEvidence versions (March 2008) Unable toaccessEnglish language legal proceedings andpenalties Part Five ofDangerous DrugsActoutlines and possession includes penaltyforimport,export,supply offences; Narcotics AmendmentActalso Narcotics Act1967outlinespenaltiesfor (March 2008) No specific legislation identified offences ofinmates) Penal Manual2006(drugandalcohol Sentencing Appendices 233 Crimes, Procedure and Evidence and Evidence Procedure Crimes, Rules 2003 Act Section 14 of Drugs and Poisons outlines penalties Dangerous Drugs Act outlines of Dangerous Five Part and penalties legal proceedings language Unable to access English 2008) (March versions Sentencing and alcohol Manual 2006 (drug Penal offences of inmates) identified legislation No specific 2008) (March Act 1967 outlines penalties for Narcotics also Amendment Act offences; Narcotics includes penalty for import, export, supply and possession Intoxicating Liquor Intoxicating Crimes, Procedure and Evidence Rules and Evidence Procedure Crimes, and Rules 2003 in addition to Customs control) (see narcotics Regulations Act; Liquor Intoxicating (Amendment) Act 1995; Intoxicating Liquor (Amendment) Act 1989; of Intoxicating Liquor Act Manufacture Liquor Act language Unable to access English 2008) (March versions Liquor Act 1971 No specific legislation identified legislation No specific 2008) (March Distillation Act 1955; Liquor Licensing Act 1963; Liquor (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1956; Act 1973; Excise Tariff Service Act 1995 Correctional Alcohol Act Liquor Act 1975; Liquor Amendment 1965 Act 1998, Transport National Narcotics Control Board Act Board Control Drugs Act 1952; National Narcotics Dangerous 1992 2006 Amendment Act Act 1967; Narcotics Narcotics Drugs Act Dangerous 2008) (March versions language Unable to access English 1991–94; Regulations Customs Tokelau Rules 1991, Customs Rules 2003 and Evidence Procedure Crimes, 2003; Drugs and Act Act; Illicit Drugs Control Drugs and Poisons or utensils) Act (penalties for possession of opium pipes Poisons Narcotics control Narcotics of liberty for right to deprive Nauru, s.5(1)(g): of Constitution Misuse of Drugs Act 1975–1998; drug & alcohol treatment; Centre 1998; Niue Act 1966; Off-Shore Misuse of Drugs Act of suspected Act 1994 (businesses (Miscellaneous Provisions) Banking Off-Shore or laundering); trade in narcotics involvement Act 1994 2008) identified (March legislation No specific Papua New Guinea Papua Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tokelau Tonga Niue Palau 234 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific WorldLII PacLII References: and alcohol-related offences Listed casesprovide recent examples ofapproaches tosentencingregarding illicitdrug- activities. Information Institute (PacLII), manycountriesare currently involved inlawreform Based onlegislation available inthepublicdomainviaPacific Islands Legal Notes: References: Notes: Vanuatu Tuvalu WorldLII PacLII regarding illicitdrug-andalcohol-related offences Listed casesprovide recent examples ofapproaches tosentencing currently involved inlawreform activities. Islands LegalInformationInstitute (PacLII), manycountriesare Based onlegislation available inthepublicdomainviaPacific Drugs andPsychotropic SubstancesAct2001 Dangerous DrugsAct;ConventionagainstIllicitTraffic inNarcotic Traffic Act1983[Cap71] Narcotics control (Amendment) ActNo.39of2000 Licensing (Amendment)Act1995;Liquor (Amendment) ActNo.48of2000;Liquor Licensing (Amendment)Act2001; Liquor 2002; LiquorLicensingAct; Alcohol ImportationAct;Excise Act 1983[Cap71] Alcoholic DrinkAct1984[Cap69];Traffic Alcohol outlines penalties Section 17ofDangerous DrugsAct (22 September 2003) TVHC 16;HCCrimCaseNo5of2003 (14 August 2002);FatigavR[2003] [2002] TVHC4;CaseNo02-04of2002 of 2003(17February 2003);PitavR Lisale vR[2003]TVHC7;CaseNo01 Sentencing Appendices 235 Sentencing No 01 Lisale v R [2003] TVHC 7; Case 2003); Pita v R of 2003 (17 February No 02-04 of 2002 [2002] TVHC 4; Case Fatiga v R [2003] 2002); (14 August Case No 5 of 2003 TVHC 16; HC Crim (22 September 2003) Act Drugs Section 17 of Dangerous outlines penalties Alcohol Importation Act; Excise Act Alcohol Importation ; Liquor 2002; Liquor Licensing Act Liquor Licensing (Amendment) Act 2001; (Amendment) Act No. 48 of 2000; Liquor Licensing (Amendment) Act 1995; Liquor (Amendment) Act No. 39 of 2000 Alcohol Traffic Alcoholic Drink Act 1984 [Cap 69]; Act 1983 [Cap 71] Based on legislation available in the public domain via the Pacific in the public domain via the Pacific available Based on legislation many countries are (PacLII), Legal Information Institute Islands activities. in law reform involved currently to sentencing of approaches examples recent cases provide Listed offences illicit drug- and alcohol-related regarding PacLII WorldLII Narcotics control Narcotics Act 1983 [Cap 71] Traffic in Narcotic Illicit Traffic Act; Convention against Drugs Dangerous Substances Act 2001 Drugs and Psychotropic Notes: References: Tuvalu Vanuatu Notes: Legal Islands in the public domain via the Pacific available Based on legislation in law reform involved currently are many countries (PacLII), Information Institute activities. illicit drug- to sentencing regarding of approaches examples recent cases provide Listed offences and alcohol-related References: PacLII WorldLII 236 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 18.7: Key bilateral aidestimates(2009–2010) Palau Micronesia States of Federated Niue Kiribati Fiji Islands Marshall Guinea Papua New Cook Islands Nauru Samoa Islands Solomon Tokelau Timor-Leste Tonga Vanuatu Tuvalu 2009–10 millions) AusAID 35.40 246.2 414.3 21.30 (AU$ 3.1** 3.1** 17.7 23.4 32.4 56.3 117 7.7 3.6 7.5 2009–10 millions) *NZAID 16.02 17.58 (NZ$ 6.5 6.5 14 27 14 36 16 18 7 3 thousands) 2009 (Y1) USAID 2700 9450 (US$ 150 695 115 40 60 40 40 40 2008–13 millions) 142.3 (Euro 13.8 16.5 23.2 31.3 EDF 8.3 2.9 3.3 2.7 5.8 6.8 5.4 3 2007 FY million) (¥ 100 JICA 2.43 5.85 1.53 9.35 5.55 3.53 2.53 4.84 3.2 Appendices 237 This is the combined AusAID budget for Niue and Tokelau budget for Niue and AusAID the combined is This Total ODA allocation including country program budgets and regionally allocated budgets and regionally including country program ODA allocation Total funding and other drug program alcohol specific represent funding; they do not Notes: donor agencies for all overseas estimates from publicly available Based on current drug and alcohol programming) (ODA) (i.e. not specific assistance development * 2009: as at November accurate are Estimates ** References: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/makediff/default.cfm http://www.nzaid.govt.nz/programmes/ http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2009/101439.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/development/geographical/regionscountriesp_en.cfm http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/lang/en/home http://www.jica.go.jp/english/countries/oceania/ http://les.acdi-cida.gc.ca/servlet/JKMSearchController http://www.dfid.gov.uk/ http://www.icdf.org.tw/english/e_co_area.asp?coarea=02 The value of the regional program is estimated for 2009-10 to be $270 million which for 2009-10 estimated is program regional of the The value regional organisations via countries in the Pacific supports programs years the next three over development Pacific NZAID has allocated $756 million for peace and is largely year in 2009; the focus had their first Many of the USAID programs programs stability via military training a have papers Fund strategy Development — European Fund (EDF) Development European development sector on energy focus strong in programs Agency (JICA) funds technical assistance International Cooperation Japan’s focus infrastructure with a strong the region identified for the Situational Agency were Development of the French No programs not included in the analysis) territories are countries (former French Analysis 238 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Assistance Report.Manila: ADB. 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BritishJournal for nationalalcoholprogrammes in Curry Jr, R.L.(1987),Aframework vanuatu-2006-2010_8625.html>. framework-partnership-document-france- scientific-and-technical-cooperation_6714/ france-and-vanuatu_6711/cultural- en/country-files_156/vanuatu_737/ at: . Department Government Australian and Trade, Affairs of Foreign Sheets: Fact Countries and Regions: . on Senate Standing Committee Australian (2008), Trade Defence and Affairs, Foreign Inquiry into the economic and security New Guinea challenges facing Papua states of the southwest and the island 21 November on notice, Questions Pacific: 2008: . (2008), Kiribati seamen arrested Bataua, B. Islands possession, Pacific for heroin 2008. Association, 14 August Broadcasting numbers seamen Kiribati (2008), B. Bataua, plummet, Kiribati News, 16 April 2008. assistance: . assistance: Drug Foundation, Australian on alcopops: sheet Fact . Data: . Bank, Asian Development countries: to Pacific Assistance . Health: Pacific Aid Activities: AusAID . and Aid Programs: Country Briefs AusAID . in PNG official charged Aussie, New Guinea Post- Papua drug bust, Courier, 20 January 2005. Asia Pacific Alcohol Policy Alliance, National National Alliance, Policy Alcohol Pacific Asia business/index_dynamic/containerNameToRe place=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=17361/ overideSkinName=issueArticle-full.tpl> drugs, against 000 in PNG march 10 New Guinea Post- Papua homebrew, Courier, 29 September 2008. install to PNG Telikom A. (2001), Anis, police lines in campaign against free May The Independent, 31 drugs, East–West Centre, Reported by 2001. Program: Development Islands Pacific . £30m worth of amphetamines £30m worth of amphetamines Fiji drug bust, seized in record June 2004. (UK), 10 The Guardian under watchlist: countries 4 Islands Samoa, Palau, Cooks, US pressures (2007): Islands Business Vanuatu. . . . Part 2:. Civil SocietyForum ofTonga website: states/territories/american_samoa.htm>. . . Fiji Islands Bureau ofStatistics website: International, 17December2007. emergency zone,Radio NewZealand PNG fortakingliquorintoflood Expatriates tobedeportedfrom Cook-Islands.html>. . LDCs/WorkingGroup/8th-April-07/ . lectedValues=Tuvalu§orSelected ple&sortBy=name.default&countrySe ount=1&SearchPrompt=N&type=Sim cted=7600&countrySelected=TUV&c SearchRouter.do?frame=1§orSele aida.developmentgateway.org/ Activities: Activities inTuvalu: . Studies, of Development Institute and Regional website: Country Eldis . International Center for Alcohol Policies, Minimum Age Limits Worldwide (table): . group International drug control join countries must Pacific says Zealand Radio New international treaties, 2003. International, 27 February International Harm Reduction Association (2006), Regional Overview: Oceania: . Economic Cooperation Japan’s published between Japan and Tuvalu, the Embassy of Japan in Fiji: by . Zealand Country Joint Tonga/New 2008–2018: Strategy Programme . Monitoring Programme, Judicial System Timor: . Kiribati Association of Non- Member Organisations, Governmental . Members Hard drug finds a matter of concern, drug finds a matter of concern, Hard 2008. Fiji Times Online, 4 August order about law and Harmony Gold warns 2008. Magazine, August Pacific problems. denies workers Higaturu Oil Palms Magazine, alcohol. Pacific smuggled 24 December 2007. kava: of kava History . Horta, L. (2008), The cost of crime in East Asia Times Online, 30 April 2008. Timor. in Lae. rampant Illicit drug trade Broadcasting Islands Pacific 2005. Association, 8 November samoa-jsps-prog-strategy-2006-2010.pdf>. , Fiji Daily Post HIV situation, Fiji’s July 2008. 11 Samoa Filipino jailed in American Radio New Zealand crime, for drugs April 2006. International, 10 in Samoa cocaine defendant First New Radio jail, to sentenced and convicted 17 October 2007. Zealand International, company boss Samoa tobacco Former Radio New crime, guilty of drugs Zealand International, 24 June 2008. sales soda beer, reports Group Fosters 2008. flat. Fiji Times, 27 August looks of RSE for Tonga Future Broadcasting Islands bleak, Pacific December 2007. Association, 10 of Samoa, Australia Governments and New Zealand (2006), Joint 2006–2010: Strategy Samoa Program . Micronesia Seminarwebsite: Fiji Times,13January2006. Marijuana grower gets5year sentence, (UK), 6January2009. Guinea bans betelnut,The Telegraph Malkin, B. (2009).Papua New Council press release, 29October2008. consultations. InternationalKava Executive outcome andstrategies ofIKEC–EU Lifting theGermanbanonkava exports: Fiji Times,11 October2002. drugs, alcohol,says Fijisurvey, Lewa, S.(2002),Teen sexfollows articles/legend-of-kava.html>. . . Countries: . 2008: . http://www.iwraw-ap.org/resources/ Women inSamoa,December 2004: NGO ShadowReportontheStatusof Relations/Pacific/index.php#papers>. . . catch Pini, M. (2008), Deadly News, Samoalive for fisherman, 18 October 2008. kava Pinomi, S. (2008), Australian cultures. unfair to Pacific restrictions , 30 May 2008. Sydney Morning Herald marijuana ring, 17 PNG police bust in Eastern Highlands people arrested , New Guinea Post-Courier , Papua region 2008. 18 March into ethanol turning cassava PNG project 2008. 7 May Radio Australia, expands, intelligence PNG security chief says New Guinea Papua in ‘shambles’. , 2 October 2003. Post-Courier fuelling alcohol is in Nauru say Police Radio New Zealand lawlessness, December 2005. International, 11 in two Samoas plan Police drug beefed up campaign against Radio New Zealand smugglers, 2007. February International, 21 S. (1999), East Prawirosujanto, drug paradise? Timor: a future , 24 September 1999. Jakarta Post demands RAMSI facing compensation young accident kills after traffic Radio New Zealand woman in Honiara, International, 15 June 2008. O’Connor, Patrick, (2009), Moti debacle (2009), Moti Patrick, O’Connor, Government, on Aussie a smudge Fiji Sun, 25 December 2009. to help with Fiji drug detectives Overseas 26 September 2008. case, Fijilive.com, Chan takes Oviedo, S. (2008), Jackie Asia Times kids. karate on Timor’s 2008. Online, 18 September New in Papua Oxfam New Zealand Guinea: Drug and Alcohol Research Pacific and country Network — meetings . expected exports to Europe kava Pacific Radio New Zealand to resume, 2008. International, 12 November Association of Non- Islands Pacific website: Organisations Governmental . Police website: of Chiefs Islands Pacific . website: Forum Secretariat Islands Pacific . Network, Law Officers’ Islands Pacific Country Reports: Legal Information Institute Islands Pacific website . Michael J. Minister, Justice Palau’s problem Rosenthal: Alcohol a serious , 19 June 2003. Pacnews in Palau, 254 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Zealand International,11 July2008. possible over RAMSIaccident.RadioNew Samoan PMsays criminalcharges International, 12December2007. convict, RadioNewZealand Samoa upholdsjailingofcocaine prism/wstest/index.htm>. Fale 2006):. . Samoa Government website: Zealand International,30April2007. Samoa getssnifferdogs, RadioNew countries/western-samoa/>. website: . 2007: . 2005: . 2002: . meeting_papers/hdp_youth_stakeholders_ Documents/youth_stakeholders_meeting/ Exercise: . AC/Healthy_Lifestyle/tobacco_ recommendations: . (2008), UNAIDS/WHO/UNICEF Sheet on HIV Epidemiological Fact on epidemiology data and AIDS: core Timor-Leste: 2008 and response, update: . country and Information by UNICEF, . 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Zealand International, 1 November suspended cop in Solomon Islands Top Radio behaviour. inappropriate alleged over New Zealand International, 25 June 2009. the Millenium Development Tracking MDGMonitor: Goals, . crime continued Transnational Radio New Zealand in Pacific, threat International, 5 June 2008. Association of NGOs (TANGO), Tuvalu of the of the Peoples Foundation International website: South Pacific . : Guide Travel World key facts, Tuvalu . Forum Islands Pacific PICTA. ratifies Tuvalu statement, 28 April Press Secretariat, 2008: . guilty American Samoan brothers Two Radio New Zealand offences, of drugs 2006. International, 6 November 256 Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific Samoa, 27–29February 2008. Commodities Programme (AAACP), Off Workshop oftheAllACPAgricultural information noteforthePacific Kick- and thePacific Islands: background World Bank(2008),The B24A-176FBD39DBB0/0/TUV.pdf>. rdonlyres/6F0AB974-71A9-429D- . 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