УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И УСТОЙЧИВО РАЗВИТИЕ 2/2011 (29) MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2/2011 (29)

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF INDIGENOUS IN NEW ZEALAND

Agnieszka Jedraszak, Malgorzata Dalke-Swiderska, Katarzyna Kazmierczak, Katarzyna Skrzypek, Mariusz Miotke Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland

Abstract

History of New Zealand, shows how people can destroy nature for their own profit. Intense and destructive use, strong for agricultural cultivation and animal husbandry has led to the impoverishment of indigenous resources. At the end of the nineteenth century, in these devastated lands began to develop sustainable and restoration of native forest species. For this reason, today exist a model of the full separation of the productive and protective forests. Currently in New Zealand there are approximately 50 000 ha of natural forests managed according to the guidelines of the Programme for Sustainable Management. According to the local law sustainable forest management applies to managing the native forests in a way that maintains their production capacity while maintaining the natural values and environmental sustainability. These forests should have ensured the protection of biodiversity for future generations with a constant capacity to supply timber.

Key words: sustainable forest management, indigenous forests, New Zealand.

Introduction by the new Forest Act such as: providing the In accordance to the Resource Management revenue to protect forests from pests and Act 1991, which was created to promote the predators, providing the constant regeneration of sustainable management of natural and physical forests, restocking of its canopy and enabling resources, sustainable managementi in New the timber supply to the market. Zealand is defined as: 'managing the use, development, and protection of natural and A brief history of in New Zealand physical resources in a way, or at a rate, which Before arrival of the firs settlers, New enables people and communities to provide for Zealand was covered in 80% by natural, mainly their social, economic, and cultural well-being conifer-broadleaf forests. The most common and for their health and safety while: native species were: kauri (), - sustaining the potential of natural and rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum), totara physical resources (excluding minerals) ( P. hallii), kahikatea to meet the reasonably foreseeable (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), miro (Prumnopitys needs of future generations; and ferruginnea), matai (Prumnopitys taxifoila), tawa - safeguarding the life-supporting capacity (tawa Bielschmedia) and beech (Nothofagus of air, water, soil, and ecosystems; and fusca, N. menziesii). In current times, and after - avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any many years of restoration of indigenous , adverse effects of activities on the they occupy only about 24% of the country environment'. (data from 2009, according to NZFI F& F) (Fig. After the establishment of the above 1). mentioned Act there was a need for the implementation of its principles. That is why in 1993 the governemnt made the resumption of the Forest Act from 1949, matching the records to the new requirements of forest management according to sustainable development. Criteria for sustainable forest management must have reflected specific ecological and environmental conditions and therefore a number of provisions Fig. 1. New Zealand land use (by NZFI F&F 2009) concerning the requirements of forest Even in the mid-19th century native forests management of native forests in a sustainable covered around half of New Zealand. But to over manner were made. Private owners of these the next 150 years, intensive and destructive forests are required to comply with the rules set use of natural resources resulted in a Agnieszka Jedraszak, Malgorzata Dalke-Swiderska, Katarzyna Kazmierczak, Katarzyna Skrzypek, Mariusz Miotke reduction of the remaining forests by about half, Act 1991 and the most important Forests which led to intervention by state authorities. Amendment Act 1993. Since 1871, the government has come to offer land on preferential terms for , Part III A of Forests Amendment Act 1993 - and in 1874, the first Forest Act was established guidelines on sustainable management [8]. A few years later the first Conference of 'The purpose of this Part of this Act is to wood was organized, on which the timber promote the sustainable forest management of industry representatives, together with activists indigenous forest land.' for environmental protection have agreed that This Act provides the topic of sustainable forests should be the only main source forest management in natural forests of New of timber in the future. Even in those days Zealand. It defines sustainable management as: people were aware how important is protection 'management of an area of indigenous forest of natural forest resources of the country. The land in a way that maintains the ability of the next step in the development of forest forest growing on that land to continue to management was the establishment the Royal provide a full range of products and amenities in Forestry Commission in 1913, which proposed perpetuity while retaining the forest's natural to the growers several exotic species of values'... as the management of native forests in under intensive cultivation. However, despite the a way that preserves their productive capacity, new provisions to encourage the colonists to while maintaining the natural values and plant trees, deforestation of native forests have environmental sustainability. By the mid 20th been too large and some of the native species century the main source of wood supply were were considered as threatened with extinction. indigenous forests, but gradually the situation For this reason, in 1918 the export of local began to change and exotic species (mainly timber was prohibited, and in 1925 the ) from forest plantations slowly government introduced new financial incentives displaced native species. The most important in order to create more plantations of introduced native tree species allowed to harvest from species. All these treatments had the intention to indigenous forests are: reduce the pressure on natural forests and to - Nothofagus fusca (Red Beech); initiate conservation operations. - Nothofagus menziesii (Silver beech); Massive plantations formed in the 20's, - Dacrydium cupressinum (Rimu); 30's and 60's of the twentieth century has - Beilschmiedia tawa (Tawa). created a solid base for the forestry industry, and intermittently kauri, matai, totara, miro, and soon made it possible to meet all the needs black beech, hard beech, rewarewa, hinau and a of New Zealand wood products, as well as range of other minor species. Currently the became the basis of forest sustainable largest harvested wood is beech wood - about management for future generations. The forest 90%, the rest 10% belongs to Podocarpus policy changes of the late 1970s and 1980s species. reflected the changing and turbulent political Indigenous forests are at a constant climate and popular support for forest capacity to supply timber and should also be conservation [14]. In 1986-87 the Government under the constant protection of its biodiversity of New Zealand divided forest resources for the future generations. According to the Act between two separate entities – the Department in these stands only single trees or small groups of Conservation (responsible for the protection of of trees can be removed. Landowners have a native forests) and the New Zealand Forestry right to obtain an economic return from their Corporation (responsible for the management of own forests, but they also have responsibility to state-owned forests). Isolation of native forests maintain them healthy, with functioning has allowed to preserve their natural character ecosystem and appropriate balance between and they to control the limitation of obtaining productive use and natural values. Timber can timber from them. The next step causing also be taken for personal use and to salvage significant changes in the system of native forest dead and dying trees, and under other specific management was the publication of two Acts circumstances, when the forests need to be implementing a number of principles of cleared. There are also some forests exempted sustainable forest management in indigenous from the Forests Act e.g. forests under the forests. These acts were Resource Management Conservation Act of 1987 [14]. Of the 6,4 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF INDIGENOUS FORESTS IN NEW ZEALAND

million ha of indigenous forest in New Zealand, limited to a 10 year term with a maximum round- approximately 1 million hectares is privately wood harvest of 250 m3 of kauri or podocarps or owned and potentially available for management shade tolerant broadleaved hardwoods, and a for timber production [6]. The Department of maximum of 500 m3 of beech or light demanding Conservation holds more than 4,9 million hardwoods, where the harvest does not exceed hectares of natural forest in National parks, 10 percent of the timber standing on the land. scenic reserves, forest parks and other Permits may be also renewed after 10 years but protection areas. A further 650,000 hectares is only in stands where the forest has been privately owned protected forest [10]. Fig. 2 replaced through growth and the quantity of shows the ownership and allocation of the timber removed under the previous permit. The natural forests. timber may be harvested at any time over the 10-year term, either as a single harvest or spread over a number of years. The average annual volume of forest land for harvesting to approval by SFM Plans (1 July 1993 to 30 June 2001) is 3300 ha and 7 000 m3 round-wood per annum. The average annual rate of approval of SFM Permits for this period is 4 900 ha per annum producing 10 600 m3 of round-wood per annum [6]. The same author made the projection for SFM plans and Permits on 2010 year (Table 1) with an average rate of 3 about 2 m of round-wood per ha per annum. Fig. 2. Ownership and allocation of New Zealand's natural forests (source: NZMOF 1997) Table 1. SFM Plans and Permits - projection to 30 June 2010 (according to [6]) Sustainable development program created Area Total volume/annum 3 on the basis of the Forest Act performs many (ha) (m ) functions, among others: SFM Plans 72300 150900 SFM Permits 105700 15200 - limits export of native species only to Total 178000 166100 these from sustainable managed forests The Government of New Zealand, (SFM); environmental protection organizations, local - approves forest management plans and authorities, but also representatives of science permits (SFM Plans and Permits) for the and industry are trying to help the indigenous of native trees species; forest owners on many levels by: - approves the annual plans for timber - assistance in completing applications for production from indigenous woods; SFM licenses; - registers for processing the - assistance in developing projects and raw material of native species; plans for harvesting under the - monitors compliance with the provisions requirements of SFM programe; of the Forests Act. - organizing meetings with practitioners,

researchers and government SFM Plans representatives; They provide a long-term management of - technical advice; indigenous forests, for a minimum of 50 years. - visitting the forests; They must be based on a and - assistance in the management of provide for harvests of timber on a perpetual, forests; sustainable basis while maintaining the forest’s - publishing information brochures, books, flora, fauna, soil and water quality, natural and articles, journals, etc. amenity values and protecting the forest from The other important issue connected with pests, weeds and fire [6]. indigenous forests is certification of the timber

harvested from lands under sustainable SFM Permits management. PEFC is the Programme for the According to Griffiths [6] SFM Permits are Agnieszka Jedraszak, Malgorzata Dalke-Swiderska, Katarzyna Kazmierczak, Katarzyna Skrzypek, Mariusz Miotke

Endorsement of Forest Certification. It is a effective growing Pinus radiata, New Zealand guarantee to protecting natural resources by would not be able to meet the wood market only sourcing fibres from plantations and with native species, without risking the loss of environmentally sustainable forests. Procedures natural character of indigous forest. And applying for this certificate must show that in although the protective and economic functions their industry no wood or fibre comes from illegal are performed in a completely separate types of operations or controversial sources and forests, co-executive bodies of these tasks has determine the percentage of fibre which comes led to the development and efficiency of from certified forest operations. implementation of sustainable management, Saying about the operations we should also giving future generations the assurance of the mentioned anout new solutions and conservation of native forests in New Zealand. techniques that have been used to support sustainable management in native forests. References Helicopters are used to remove single trees with 1. About FOA. http://www.nzfoa.org.nz. 2. Brown. C. In depth country study - New Zealand, avoiding damage to the surrounding forest. Small Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study. FAO mills using chainsaws are set up in the forest Forestry Planning and Statistics Branch. 1997. p. and they process single trees with leaving the 62. tree stumps and crowns left behind in the forest. 3. Current Trends in Timber Use & Forest Timber is taken out from the forest by using Management under Part IIIA of the Forests Act small machines such as motorbikes, to minimize 1949. www.maf.govt.nz. the damage of the other trees and mulch. 4. Forests Act 1949 No 19. http://www. New Zealand forests can be can be divided legislation.govt.nzv. into two main types - the beech forests, 5. Forest Amendment Act 1993. www.mfe.govt.nz/. 6. Griffiths, A. Managing NZ's Indigenous Forested dominated by one indigenous species of Lands for Timber: an Update. Indigenous Forestry Nothofagus, and the conifer-hardwood forests Unit. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. covered mainly by Podocarps [2]. Kauri (Agathis Christchurch. 2002. australis) and cedar species also sometimes 7. Jedraszak, A. Nowa Zelandia – daleka zielona occur, but they are usually in protected forests, kraina. Przeglad Lesniczy. No 11. 2009. p. 30 (in national parks nad other areas under protection. Polish). The Forest Research - indigenous plantation 8. Moore, J., Kimbar, R. Lasy i lesnictwo Nowej research programme has identified a range of Zelandii. Las Polski Vol. 2008. 4. p. 22. native softwood and hardwood timber species 9. Logging native forests. www.teara.govt.nz. 10. McConchie, D. Quality native timber from future with potential for growing in plantations or small managed stands, Proceedings of Native Tree woodlots as a long term timber supply. Species Forum. University of Waikato. Hamilton 8-10 have been selected on the basis of their timber October 1999. 1999. properties, growth rates, breeding potential, site 11. New Zealand Forest Industry facts & figures tolerance and public profile [10]. Those species 2009/2010. Information brochure jointly released are mainly beech, tawa and rimu. by NZFOA. WPA and MAF. New Zealand. 2010. p. 5. Conclusions 12. New Zealand Plantation Forestry. http:// Active, sustainable management of private www.forestenterprises.co.nz/. indigenous forests is one way of providing forest 13. Parks & recreation. http://www.doc.govt.nz/. owners the means to re-invest in the forests’ 14. Reid, A. Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests: New Zealand. Asia- future. The control of pests and predators and Pacific Forestry Commission. Forests Out of the maintenance of forest productivity, soils, Bounds: Impacts and Effectiveness of Logging water quality, natural and amenity values are Bans in Natural Forests in Asia-Pacific. FAO realistic prospects if the forests are financially 2001. self-sustaining [6]. 15. Sustainable forest management. www.kca.com. Forests in New Zealand are wealth of au. endemic species, which in the vast majority are 16. Sustainable Forest Management. www.pefc.org. now strictly protected and are the national 17. Sustainable forest management of native tree heritage of this country. However, if plantations species in New Zealand. www.nzwood.co.nz. 18. Sustainable Management of Private Indigenous have not been established on the basis of the Forests. http://www.maf.govt.nz/. introduced species, such as an extremely 19. Timber species. http://www.nzwood.co.nz/.