Copernicus in China
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Galileo's Misstatements About Copernicus Author(S): Edward Rosen Source: Isis, Vol
The History of Science Society Galileo's Misstatements about Copernicus Author(s): Edward Rosen Source: Isis, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Sep., 1958), pp. 319-330 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/226939 Accessed: 13/04/2010 16:29 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press and The History of Science Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Isis. http://www.jstor.org Galileo's Misstatementsabout Copernicus By Edward Rosen * A RECENT English translation 1 of selections from the writings of Galileo ( (564-I642) will doubtless bring to the attention of many readers the statements about Copernicus (I473-I543) in the great Italian scientist's Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina. -
Curriculum Vitae - 24 March 2020
Dr. Eric E. Mamajek Curriculum Vitae - 24 March 2020 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Phone: (818) 354-2153 4800 Oak Grove Drive FAX: (818) 393-4950 MS 321-162 [email protected] Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Mamajek/ Positions 2020- Discipline Program Manager - Exoplanets, Astro. & Physics Directorate, JPL/Caltech 2016- Deputy Program Chief Scientist, NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program, JPL/Caltech 2017- Professor of Physics & Astronomy (Research), University of Rochester 2016-2017 Visiting Professor, Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester 2016 Professor, Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester 2013-2016 Associate Professor, Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester 2011-2012 Associate Astronomer, NOAO, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory 2008-2013 Assistant Professor, Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester (on leave 2011-2012) 2004-2008 Clay Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 2000-2004 Graduate Research Assistant, University of Arizona, Astronomy 1999-2000 Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Arizona, Astronomy 1998-1999 J. William Fulbright Fellow, Australia, ADFA/UNSW School of Physics Languages English (native), Spanish (advanced) Education 2004 Ph.D. The University of Arizona, Astronomy 2001 M.S. The University of Arizona, Astronomy 2000 M.Sc. The University of New South Wales, ADFA, Physics 1998 B.S. The Pennsylvania State University, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Physics 1993 H.S. Bethel Park High School Research Interests Formation and Evolution -
Cosmology Slides
Inhomogeneous cosmologies George Ellis, University of Cape Town 27th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophyiscs Dallas, Texas Thursday 12th December 9h00-9h45 • The universe is inhomogeneous on all scales except the largest • This conclusion has often been resisted by theorists who have said it could not be so (e.g. walls and large scale motions) • Most of the universe is almost empty space, punctuated by very small very high density objects (e.g. solar system) • Very non-linear: / = 1030 in this room. Models in cosmology • Static: Einstein (1917), de Sitter (1917) • Spatially homogeneous and isotropic, evolving: - Friedmann (1922), Lemaitre (1927), Robertson-Walker, Tolman, Guth • Spatially homogeneous anisotropic (Bianchi/ Kantowski-Sachs) models: - Gödel, Schücking, Thorne, Misner, Collins and Hawking,Wainwright, … • Perturbed FLRW: Lifschitz, Hawking, Sachs and Wolfe, Peebles, Bardeen, Ellis and Bruni: structure formation (linear), CMB anisotropies, lensing Spherically symmetric inhomogeneous: • LTB: Lemaître, Tolman, Bondi, Silk, Krasinski, Celerier , Bolejko,…, • Szekeres (no symmetries): Sussman, Hellaby, Ishak, … • Swiss cheese: Einstein and Strauss, Schücking, Kantowski, Dyer,… • Lindquist and Wheeler: Perreira, Clifton, … • Black holes: Schwarzschild, Kerr The key observational point is that we can only observe on the past light cone (Hoyle, Schücking, Sachs) See the diagrams of our past light cone by Mark Whittle (Virginia) 5 Expand the spatial distances to see the causal structure: light cones at ±45o. Observable Geo Data Start of universe Particle Horizon (Rindler) Spacelike singularity (Penrose). 6 The cosmological principle The CP is the foundational assumption that the Universe obeys a cosmological law: It is necessarily spatially homogeneous and isotropic (Milne 1935, Bondi 1960) Thus a priori: geometry is Robertson-Walker Weaker form: the Copernican Principle: We do not live in a special place (Weinberg 1973). -
The Big Bang
The Big Bang • Review of Hubble expansion • Assumptions in cosmology • The Big Bang • Cosmic microwave background Hubble expansion v = H0d What would be the recession speed of a galaxy at a distance of 7 Mpc? A) 0.1 km/s B) 10 km/s C) 250 km/s D) 500 km/s E) 1000 km/s Speed = H0 distance H0 = 71 km/s/Mpc Receding galaxy 8 Speed = 500 km/s = 0.5 Mpc/Gyr 6 4 2 Distance (Mpc) 0 -2 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 Time (Gyr) When was this galaxy in the same place as the Milky Way? time = distance / velocity = 7 Mpc/(0.5 Mpc/Gyr) = 14 Gyr ago If the Hubble constant were doubled, what would be the recession speed of a galaxy at a distance of 7 Mpc? A) 0.1 km/s B) 10 km/s C) 250 km/s D) 500 km/s E) 1000 km/s Speed = H distance H = 271 km/s/Mpc 0 0 Receding galaxy 8 Speed = 1000 km/s = 1.0 Mpc/Gyr 6 4 2 0 Distance (Mpc) -2 -4 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 Time (Gyr) When was this galaxy in the same place as the Milky Way? time = distance / velocity = 7 Mpc/(1.0 Mpc/Gyr) = 7 Gyr ago If Hubble's constant were twice as large as we now think it is, our estimate of the age of the universe would A) be unchanged B) increase by a factor of 2 C) increase by a factor of 4 D) decrease by a factor of 2 E) decrease by a factor of 4 Quasars are receding from us at high velocities because A) matter in black hole jets moves at close to the speed of light B) matter moves rapidly when close to a black hole C) quasars are at large distances D) we smell bad The variety of different active galaxies can be explained as due to A) different orientations of the accretion disk B) different forms of matter being accreted C) different shapes of black holes D) different velocities of black holes Assumptions in Cosmology Copernican principle: – We do not occupy a special place. -
Medicine and Culture Chinese-Western Medical Exchange
Educating Minds and Hearts to Change the World NUMBER 43 ReportJULY • 2007 CENTER for the PACIFIC RIM Medicine and Culture THE CENTER FOR THE PACIFIC RIM PROMOTES Chinese-Western Medical Exchange (1644-ca.1950) understanding, communica- tion, and cooperation among the cultures and Keynote Lecture by Marta E. Hanson, Ph.D. economies of the Pacific Symposium Summation by Charlotte Furth, Ph.D. Rim and provides leader- ship in strengthening the The Ricci Institute at the USF Center for the Pacific Jesuits and Medicine in the position of the San Rim is pleased to publish two extracts from its March Francisco Bay Area as a 2007 symposium, “Medicine and Culture: Chinese- Kangxi Court (1662-1722) pre-eminent American Western Medical Exchange.” Marta Hanson's keynote gateway to the Pacific. It lecture on the Jesuits' introduction of Western medical Marta E. Hanson fulfills its mission through knowledge to China during the Qing dynasty drew a Johns Hopkins University interdisciplinary academic programs, research, print large crowd to the USF hilltop. Charlotte Furth's and online publications, summation synthesized the works of 10 leading scholars hat kind of healing took place in the early scholarly exchanges, and doctoral candidates who presented their research at Manchu court during the reign of the conferences, and other the Institute's day-long symposium on Chinese-Western WKangxi emperor (r. 1662-1722)? Chinese outreach activities. medical exchange held the following day. physicians offered acupuncture, moxibustion, massage, and medicinal tonics. Yet the Kangxi emperor disliked Chinese acupuncture, loathed the THE RICCI INSTITUTE IS smell of mugwort (Artemesia used for moxibustion), part of the Center for the would never get a massage, scoffed at Taoist longevity Pacific Rim. -
The Human Orrery
The Human Orrery APowerfulResourceforRaising Universe Awareness Mark E. Bailey Armagh Observatory http://star.arm.ac.uk/ [email protected] http://climate.arm.ac.uk EU-UNAWE Workshop 2012 March 26–30 – #1 What is an Orrery? The answer brings in History, Culture, Cosmology, Religion, the Develop- ment of Scientific Ideas ... An Orrery is: 1. A dynamic model of the Solar System; 2. A model of the world, dating back to early eighteenth century; 3. A table-top model to illustrate what was then still a new idea: that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and — contrary to immediate experience: the Sun lies apparently motionless at the centre of the Solar System; the Earth spins on its axis and Earth moves through space. 4. An orrery can illustrate some key observations, namely: the planets nearer the Sun show phases, like the Moon; the outer planets retrograde at certain points of their orbits; the Jovian system provides a visual analogue for the structure of the Solar System. Think: How do you know the Earth goes around the Sun? EU-UNAWE Workshop 2012 March 26–30 – #2 Cross-Cutting Links: Use Orrery Science to Teach History Think again: How do you know the Earth moves? Use the extraordinarily slow acceptance of the heliocentric picture to illustrate: 1. Development of scientific ideas; their interaction with society; 2. Key moments in history; key personalities; bringing ‘science to life’, e.g. the labours of Copernicus, who in 1543 (on his death-bed) ultimately produced his famous De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium; Martin Luther’s disparaging remarks: “The fool will overturn the whole science of astronomy. -
Chapter 16 the Sun and Stars
Chapter 16 The Sun and Stars Stargazing is an awe-inspiring way to enjoy the night sky, but humans can learn only so much about stars from our position on Earth. The Hubble Space Telescope is a school-bus-size telescope that orbits Earth every 97 minutes at an altitude of 353 miles and a speed of about 17,500 miles per hour. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) transmits images and data from space to computers on Earth. In fact, HST sends enough data back to Earth each week to fill 3,600 feet of books on a shelf. Scientists store the data on special disks. In January 2006, HST captured images of the Orion Nebula, a huge area where stars are being formed. HST’s detailed images revealed over 3,000 stars that were never seen before. Information from the Hubble will help scientists understand more about how stars form. In this chapter, you will learn all about the star of our solar system, the sun, and about the characteristics of other stars. 1. Why do stars shine? 2. What kinds of stars are there? 3. How are stars formed, and do any other stars have planets? 16.1 The Sun and the Stars What are stars? Where did they come from? How long do they last? During most of the star - an enormous hot ball of gas day, we see only one star, the sun, which is 150 million kilometers away. On a clear held together by gravity which night, about 6,000 stars can be seen without a telescope. -
A Democratic Cosmos? Arxiv:1910.00481V1 [Physics.Hist-Ph] 1 Oct 2019
A democratic Cosmos? Guilherme Franzmann1 and Yigit Yargic2 1Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada 2Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. N., Waterloo ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada Abstract Despite the success of our best models in Theoretical Physics, especially concerning Cosmology and Particle Physics, we still face persistent challenges. Among them we have the cosmological singularity problem, understanding the late-time acceleration of the Universe, and comprehending the fundamental na- ture of time. We believe relevant new insights to tackle each of these issues may be found in the Philosophy of Cosmology. We elaborate on three philosophical principles that shall guide us on how to improve our current theories. They are the Copernican Principle for Scales, the Cosmological Heterarchical Principle and the Cosmological Principle of Irreversibility. Following these principles, and using some of our current physical theories as a proxy to implement them, we consider a new assessment of each of these challenges, and show how they may be either explained away, hinting towards new physics, or summarized in a new philosophical principle. Essay written for the 2019 Essay Prize in Philosophy of Cosmology1. arXiv:1910.00481v1 [physics.hist-ph] 1 Oct 2019 1http://www.rotman.uwo.ca/2019-essay-prize-in-philosophy-of-cosmology/ 1 Contents 1 The Cosmic Pnyka 3 2 The Copernican Principle for Scales 5 3 The Cosmological Heterarchical Principle 8 4 The landscape of scales 10 5 The Very Early Universe 12 5.1 T-duality . 12 6 Λ-theory: GR’s unknown heir in the deep IR 15 6.1 Inspirations from MOND . -
Complete Kepler Planet Transit Demonstration with LEGO Orrery
Kepler Planet Transit Demonstration Demonstrates how the Kepler science team will use the Kepler satellite photometer to discover Earth-size planets around other stars by the transit method. © 2006, 2011 by the Regents of Produced for NASA’s Kepler Mission LEGO Orrery Table-top Demonstration—version 2011 p. 1 the University of California Kepler Planet Transit Demonstration including a LEGO orrery* with 4-planets+1moon The Kepler Transit Demonstration illustrates Components: how the Kepler science team will discover A LEGO-orrery model represents a planet Earth-size planets around other stars by system that can be set in motion with the transit method with the Kepler satellite either a hand crank or electric motor. photometer. A light bulb at the center of the orrery represents the star. This document can be downloaded from the A light sensor represents the Kepler Kepler Education website at spacecraft photometer. http://kepler.nasa.gov/education/Modelsand- The light sensor is connected through an Simulations/LegoOrrery/ interface box (which represents NASA Deep Space Network) to… A computer that represents the Kepler Science Office. * An orrery is a model of planets going around a star. p. 2 LEGO Orrery Table-top Demonstration—version 2011 Produced for NASA’s Kepler Mission Setting Up the Demonstration Star Light sensor holder Planets 1. Assemble the LEGO orrery that makes beads (planets) go in orbits (if it’s not already assembled). 2. Position the light (star) near the center of the planet orbits. 3. Mount and aim the light sensor to point at the star. It should be far enough away from the light that the planets do not hit it, but in general, the closer the better, even though Crank this is one of the unrealistic elements of the model. -
Kepler's Cosmological Synthesis
Kepler’s Cosmological Synthesis History of Science and Medicine Library VOLUME 39 Medieval and Early Modern Science Editors J. M. M. H. Thijssen, Radboud University Nijmegen C. H. Lüthy, Radboud University Nijmegen Editorial Consultants Joël Biard, University of Tours Simo Knuuttila, University of Helsinki Jürgen Renn, Max-Planck-Institute for the History of Science Theo Verbeek, University of Utrecht VOLUME 20 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hsml Kepler’s Cosmological Synthesis Astrology, Mechanism and the Soul By Patrick J. Boner LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Kepler’s Supernova, SN 1604, appears as a new star in the foot of Ophiuchus near the letter N. In: Johannes Kepler, De stella nova in pede Serpentarii, Prague: Paul Sessius, 1606, pp. 76–77. Courtesy of the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Boner, Patrick, author. Kepler’s cosmological synthesis: astrology, mechanism and the soul / by Patrick J. Boner. pages cm. — (History of science and medicine library, ISSN 1872-0684; volume 39; Medieval and early modern science; volume 20) Based on the author’s doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2007. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24608-9 (hardback: alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-24609-6 (e-book) 1. Kepler, Johannes, 1571–1630—Philosophy. 2. Cosmology—History. 3. Astronomy—History. I. Title. II. Series: History of science and medicine library; v. 39. III. Series: History of science and medicine library. Medieval and early modern science; v. 20. QB36.K4.B638 2013 523.1092—dc23 2013013707 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. -
A Review on Substellar Objects Below the Deuterium Burning Mass Limit: Planets, Brown Dwarfs Or What?
geosciences Review A Review on Substellar Objects below the Deuterium Burning Mass Limit: Planets, Brown Dwarfs or What? José A. Caballero Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain; [email protected] Received: 23 August 2018; Accepted: 10 September 2018; Published: 28 September 2018 Abstract: “Free-floating, non-deuterium-burning, substellar objects” are isolated bodies of a few Jupiter masses found in very young open clusters and associations, nearby young moving groups, and in the immediate vicinity of the Sun. They are neither brown dwarfs nor planets. In this paper, their nomenclature, history of discovery, sites of detection, formation mechanisms, and future directions of research are reviewed. Most free-floating, non-deuterium-burning, substellar objects share the same formation mechanism as low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, but there are still a few caveats, such as the value of the opacity mass limit, the minimum mass at which an isolated body can form via turbulent fragmentation from a cloud. The least massive free-floating substellar objects found to date have masses of about 0.004 Msol, but current and future surveys should aim at breaking this record. For that, we may need LSST, Euclid and WFIRST. Keywords: planetary systems; stars: brown dwarfs; stars: low mass; galaxy: solar neighborhood; galaxy: open clusters and associations 1. Introduction I can’t answer why (I’m not a gangstar) But I can tell you how (I’m not a flam star) We were born upside-down (I’m a star’s star) Born the wrong way ’round (I’m not a white star) I’m a blackstar, I’m not a gangstar I’m a blackstar, I’m a blackstar I’m not a pornstar, I’m not a wandering star I’m a blackstar, I’m a blackstar Blackstar, F (2016), David Bowie The tenth star of George van Biesbroeck’s catalogue of high, common, proper motion companions, vB 10, was from the end of the Second World War to the early 1980s, and had an entry on the least massive star known [1–3]. -
Astr-Astronomy 1
ASTR-ASTRONOMY 1 ASTR 1116. Introduction to Astronomy Lab, Special ASTR-ASTRONOMY 1 Credit (1) This lab-only listing exists only for students who may have transferred to ASTR 1115G. Introduction Astro (lec+lab) NMSU having taken a lecture-only introductory astronomy class, to allow 4 Credits (3+2P) them to complete the lab requirement to fulfill the general education This course surveys observations, theories, and methods of modern requirement. Consent of Instructor required. , at some other institution). astronomy. The course is predominantly for non-science majors, aiming Restricted to Las Cruces campus only. to provide a conceptual understanding of the universe and the basic Prerequisite(s): Must have passed Introduction to Astronomy lecture- physics that governs it. Due to the broad coverage of this course, the only. specific topics and concepts treated may vary. Commonly presented Learning Outcomes subjects include the general movements of the sky and history of 1. Course is used to complete lab portion only of ASTR 1115G or ASTR astronomy, followed by an introduction to basic physics concepts like 112 Newton’s and Kepler’s laws of motion. The course may also provide 2. Learning outcomes are the same as those for the lab portion of the modern details and facts about celestial bodies in our solar system, as respective course. well as differentiation between them – Terrestrial and Jovian planets, exoplanets, the practical meaning of “dwarf planets”, asteroids, comets, ASTR 1120G. The Planets and Kuiper Belt and Trans-Neptunian Objects. Beyond this we may study 4 Credits (3+2P) stars and galaxies, star clusters, nebulae, black holes, and clusters of Comparative study of the planets, moons, comets, and asteroids which galaxies.