INDEX
A Washington Public Power Supply Aboriginal stories, 64, 193, 194–98, 201 System (WPPSS), 118–19, 120 Acapulco, 11 aftershocks, 6, 44, 51, 71, 163, 195, 231, accretionary wedge, 76, 89, 96, 97, 179 252, 256 Aceh province, xvi, 99 Alaska (see Adak Island; Anchorage; Aceves, Richard, 252 Kodiak; Palmer; Prince William Adak Island, 148, 149, 151, 152, 157 Sound; Valdez) Adams, John Alaskan earthquake and tsunami of Alpine (New Zealand) fault, 19, 1964 106–8 aftershocks, 44, 51 earthquake history of CSZ, 18, 19, 21, Alberni Inlet, 30 107, 108–9, 111, 113, 118, 119, Anchorage, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46 120, 127, 135, 136, 139, 191, 221, angle of fault debate, 44–54, 66–67, 223, 224–25, 226, 227 70–72 episodic tremor and slip (ETS), 262 Bamfi eld, 30 locked tectonic plates debate, 107, 118 Benioff , Hugo, 49–50, 54 Mexico City earthquake of 1985, 19 casualties, xvii, 36, 39–40 mountain-tilting paper, 20, 109, 111, compared with 1906 California earth- 113, 118, 120, 127, 135, 136 quake, 39 turbidite-landslide debate, 108, 111, compared with Chilean earthquake of 120, 135, 136, 139, 191, 221, 1960, 39 223–25, 226, 227 damage caused by, xvii, 36–37, 39–41, 44
331 epicenter, 38, 45, 51 Andreanof Islands earthquake and eyewitness accounts, 31–35, 36, 41 tsunami of 1986, 148–53, 157 Grantz, Arthur, 43 Adak Island, 148, 149, 151, 152, 157 magnitude, xvii, 38–39 Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, 149 Meishusan Maru, 30, 31, 36 magnitude, 148 Montague Island, 45 Naval Air Station on Adak Island, 148 Plafker, George, 43–47, 48, 53–54, 59, angle of fault debate, 44–54, 66–67, 63, 127, 165 70–72, 77, 83 Prince William Sound, 38, 42, 45, animal behavior, 236, 237, 238–39, 247 46, 50 antinuclear activists, 74 seismogenic zone, 181 Applegate, Bruce, 190 tsunami reaches Crescent City, 36, 66 Arcata, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 73, 77, 165 tsunami strikes Port Alberni, 29–31, aseismic subduction, 18, 105, 110, 111, 34–37 118, 122, 164, 205 Turnagain Heights, 41, 44 aseismic zones, 8, 9, 11, 86, 87 USGS fi eld investigation, 43–51 asperities, 27, 155, 167, 180, 191 Alaska Standard, 41 Astoria, 102, 151, 152 Alaska Tsunami Warning Centers, 149, Astoria Bridge, 151–52 182 Astoria Canyon, 104 Alberni Inlet, 30, 117, 137, 279 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), Albert Head GPS monument, 214–18 65, 74 (see also Nuclear Regulatory Aleutian Islands, 49, 148, 149, 172, 184, Commission) 203 Atwater, Brian Aleutian Trench, 46, 51 crustal compression, measuring, Allen, Clarence, 71 126–33, 137, 154–55 Alpine (New Zealand) fault, 19, 106–8 date and time of last CSZ quake, 205 Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning earthquake history of CSZ, 126–33, Act, 68, 76 135–36, 137, 139, 140–42, 143, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 148, 154, 177, 191, 192, 194, 198, 70, 118–19, 135, 177 199, 201, 205, 210–11 Anchorage, 148, 149, 181, 212 ghost forest discovery, 126, 131, 132– Alaskan earthquake of 1964, 30, 38, 33, 140–42, 199, 200, 209–11, 229 39, 40, 41, 44, 46 locked tectonic plates debate, 126–27 Anchorage Daily News, 149 Monmouth conference, 135–37 Ando, Masataka orphan tsunami research, 205–7, 211 aseismic debate, 72, 84–86, 87, 109, 119–20, 131–32 B locked tectonic plates debate, 110, Bakun, William 119–20, 126, 128, 130 explanation of Richter scale, 22
332 Index fi rst offi cial prediction experiment in blind fault, 243 U.S., 22 Bobrowsky, Peter, 137, 192 fi rst offi cial USGS seismic predic- Bodega Head, 65, 66 tion, 23 Bolt, Bruce, 67 Parkfi eld earthquake prediction ex- bottom pressure recorder (BPR), 186–87 periment, 26–27, 249–50, 259 British Columbia (see Alberni Inlet; prediction debate, 23 Bamfi eld; Campbell River; Cape threat of great subduction quake on Scott; Port Alberni; Tofi no; Ucluelet; Juan de Fuca plate, 22 Vancouver; Vancouver Island; Balazs, Emery Victoria) aseismic debate, 72, 84–86, 87, 109, British Columbia’s Provincial Emer- 131–32 gency Program (PEP), 35 locked tectonic plates debate, 110, building codes, 14, 15–16, 252, 286, 126, 130 296–99, 310 Balch, Billy, 194, 195 Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Bamfi eld, 30, 196, 197 Zoning Act, 68, 76 Banda Aceh, xxi, 96, 208, 285, 294 Large-Scale Earthquake Counter- Barclay Canyon, 224 measures Act, 253 Barker, Doug, 294–95 quake eff ects on tall buildings, Seattle bathymetry, 62, 97, 171, 271, 278, 279, study, 296–99 289, 290 (see also computer models Bulletin of the Seismological Society of of tsunamis) America, 122 Beijing, 234, 237–38, 247 Burke, Bud, 137, 143–46 Benioff , Hugo, 48–50, 53, 54 Benioff zone, 83 C Benning, Jerry, 182–83, 186, 275 caldera, 89 Bernard, Eddie California (see Arcata; Bodega Head; comparing Cascadia event with Cape Mendocino; Coalinga; Katrina, xxi Crescent City; Eureka; Ferndale; computer models of a Cascadia tsu- Humboldt Bay; La Jolla; Los An- nami, 168–71 geles; McKinleyville; Menlo Park; computer models of Sumatra tsunami Oakland; Parkfi eld; Paso Robles; of 2004, 271–73 Petrolia; Sacramento; San Francisco; raising public awareness, 273–74, 285, Santa Cruz; Sylmar) 317–18 California Institute of Technology Sumatra 2004, response to, 270 (Caltech) tsunami warning systems, 184, 186, Benioff , Hugo, 49–50, 54 188, 274 Earthquake Engineering Research Big One, xvii, 23, 280, 282, 283, 284, 299 Laboratory, 296–97
Index 333 Heaton, Tom, 121–24, 129, 131–32, NOAA’s reaction, 167–68, 170, 285 135–39, 143, 145, 194–95, 201, Petrolia, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 296–98 170, 171, 285 Jing Yan, 296–99 signifi cance, 167 Kanamori, Hiroo, 86, 122–23, 137, 201 subduction zone, 165–66 Press, Frank, 50–51, 66–67, 70–71, 77 tsunami, 164, 167 camera, high-speed, 289 Cape Scott, 152 Campbell River, 157 Caribbean plate, 310 Cao Xianqing, 234–35, 236, 237, Carver, Deborah, 195 239–40, 241–42, 245–46, 264 Carver, Gary Mr. Earthquake, 235 crustal compression, measuring, Cape Aonae, 171 68–69, 73–74, 77, 87, 137, 143–44, Cape Disappointment, 101, 147 154, 165–66, 191 Cape Flattery, 130, 194–95 “decades of terror” scenario, 154, 155, Cape Mendocino 156, 166, 177, 191 angle of fault debate, 67, 154 earthquake history of CSZ, 69, Cascadia Subduction Zone, xviii, xix, 70, 72–74, 77, 87, 137, 143–46, 63, 65, 67, 73, 144, 154, 225, 228, 154–56, 165–67, 177, 191, 192, 230 201 Mendocino Triple Junction, 63, 65, 67 experience of Cape Mendocino earth- San Andreas fault, xix, 62, 63, 65, 67 quakes of 1992, 164–65 San Francisco earthquake of 1906, 62 PG&E nuclear power plant, 69, turbidite-landslide debate, 225, 228, 74–75, 87 230 Cascade Arc, 80 westernmost point of land, 62 Cascadia earthquake and tsunami of Cape Mendocino earthquakes of 1992 1700 aftershocks, 163 Aboriginal stories, 64, 193, 194–98, Carver, Gary, 164–65, 166–67 201 casualties, 164 date and time confi rmed by scientists, Crescent City, 164, 167 205 CSZ, 164, 167 estimate of magnitude, 204 damage caused by, 162, 164 ghost forest, discovery of, 126, 140, Dengler, Lori, 162–64, 165–67, 168 141, 142, 155, 192, 198–99, 209, epicenters, 163, 165 210, 229 eyewitness account, 162–63 orphan tsunami research, 201–9, 211 Ferndale, 161, 162, 163 projected wave height, xx, 208 ground displacement, 164, 165 speed of tsunami crossing ocean, 204 magnitude, 163 Cascadia fault (see under Cascadia Sub- main shock, 163 duction Zone)
334 Index Cascadia Region Earthquake Work- seismogenic zones, 177–78, 179, 181 group (CREW), 307–8 size and location, xvii Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) Central Aleutians Seismic Network, 149 Cascadia fault, x, xii, xvii, xviii, xx, Melbourne, Timothy, 181, 295 xxi, xxii, 18, 63, 80 Chairman Mao, 236, 244, 245 comparison of Cascadia, Alaska and Chilean earthquake of 1960 Chile subduction zones, xvi–xvii, aseismic question, 19, 42 7, 19, 22, 42, 59, 60, 70, 71, 72, 77, Bakun, William, 22 80, 86, 122, 127, 133, 136, 138, Benioff , Hugo, 49 143, 165, 201, 311 casualties, xvi–xvii, 71, 184, 204 comparison of Cascadia and San computer model, 311 Andreas faults, xvii, xix, 138 eyewitness accounts of tsunami waves, creation of Cascade Arc of volcanoes, 175 80 fault controversy, 71–72 CSZ quake compared with Hurricane ground displacement, 71–72, 86, 127, Katrina, xxi, 314 165 date and time of last Cascadia earth- magnitude, xii, xvi, 7, 22, 39, 310 quake, 205 main shock, 71, 72 earthquake triggering, xiii, xix, 262, new South American fault, 49 263 Plafker, George, 70, 71–72 extended timeline of CSZ events, 230, seafl oor spreading, 59 231–32, 234 signifi cance, 7 fi rst offi cial announcement of Casca- subduction zone, 86, 122, 138 dia quake threat, 18, 21, 130 tsunami casualties, xvii, 71, 204 ghost forest, discovery of, 126, 140, tsunami wave height, 207 141, 142, 155, 192, 198–99, 209, Wang, Kelin, 311 210, 229 Chilean earthquake of 2010, 310–11 Juan de Fuca Subduction Zone, 63, casualties, 310 85, 122–23 computer models, 311 orphan tsunamis, 202–4, 207, 208, ground displacement, successful pre- 209, 211 diction of, 311 parallels between Alpine and Casca- magnitude, xii, 310 dia faults, 108–9 new building codes, 310 Queen Charlotte fault as segment of public awareness, 311 CSZ, 83, 231 subduction zone, 310 recurrence interval for CSZ earth- Wang, Kelin, 311 quakes, xviii, 228 China syndrome, 64 relationship between San Andreas China Syndrome, Th e (fi lm), 176 and Cascadia faults, 232–33 Christchurch earthquake of 2011, xii, 311
Index 335 casualties, 311 disaster preparedness, 281–84, 314, magnitude, 311 317 Clague, John, 137, 192 wave tank experiment, 288, 291 Coalinga earthquake of 1983, 250 (see Corvallis, 96, 134, 136, 288, 293 also Bakun, William; Lindh, Allan) Cox, Dan, 288–91 magnitude, 250 Crater Lake, 89, 226 (see also Mount Coast Range Mountains, 85, 86, 102, Mazama) 110, 113, 178, 280 creepmeters, 25, 256, 258 mountain-tilting paper (Adams), 20, Crescent City tsunami of 1992 109, 111, 113, 118, 120, 127, 135, wave height, 164 136 Crescent City tsunami of 2006 Cocos Island, 271 damage caused by, 275 Cocos plate, 19, 59 eyewitness accounts, 274–75 Collins, Tom, 73–74, 143 Crosson, Robert, 83, 109, 128–29 Columbia Bar, 102 CSZ (see Cascadia Subduction Zone) Columbia basin, 104 Cultural Revolution, 235–36, 243 Columbia River, 78–79, 88, 100, 101–2, 103, 132, 141, 147, 226 D computer models of tsunamis, xx, 167, damage caused by earthquakes and tsu- 285, 288, 295, 311, 317 (see also ba- namis (see under specifi c events) thymetry; wave tank experiment) fi res, 3, 41, 160, 162, 171, 206, 207, Goldfi nger, Chris, 290, 293 244, 255, 287 Heaton, Tom, 296–99 Darienzo, Mark, 137 Jing Yan, 296–99 Dashiqiao, 236, 239, 241, 242, 243, 246 Lynett, Patrick, 289–90, 291–93 “decades of terror” scenario, 154, 155, Titov, Vasily, 169–76, 188, 269, 156, 166, 177, 191 270–73, 275–76, 278, 290 deep-ocean buoys, 150, 182, 186–88, continental displacement (see continental 274, 275, 282–83, 285, 311 drift debate) Dengler, Lori continental drift debate, 8, 45, 49, earthquake history of CSZ, 62, 65, 53–58, 77, 80, 113, 215 (see also plate 162–64, 165–66, 167 tectonics debate) experience of Cape Mendocino earth- convection cell, 56, 57, 59, 63 quakes of 1992, 162–64, 165–66, convergent plate boundary, 60 167 Copalis River, 125, 126, 132, 140, 142, NOAA pays attention to CSZ, 198, 210 167–68 Corcoran, Patrick, 280 PG&E nuclear reactor, 65 demonstration of Seaside evacuation prediction debate, 264 route, 280–81, 284 raising public awareness, 285, 314–17
336 Index Simeulue Island story, 315–17 earthquake triggering, xiii, xix, 231–32, Tilly Smith story, 315 262, 263 Dennis, Robert, 197–98 EarthScope, 259–60 detection equipment Plate Boundary Observatory project, bottom pressure recorder (BPR), 186 259–60, 261 creepmeters, 25, 256, 258 SAFOD project, 258–59 seismographs, 14, 38, 75, 185, 186, USArray, 259 219, 236, 256, 258 van der Vink, Greg, 260 seismometers, 44, 188, 255, 259, 261 East Pacifi c Rise, 59 tiltmeters, 258 Eel River, 166 tsunameters, 186–87, 188 elastic rebound hypothesis, 249 DeVall, Ron, 15–17 “Elvis” fault, 190, 225 documentaries epicenters, 27, 38, 45, 51, 163, 165, 178, Quake Hunters, 196 179, 181, 185, 243, 255, 315–16 ShockWave, 61, 116, 231, 289, 313 episodic tremor and slip (ETS) Douglas, Robb, 3–4, 6–7, 15 Adams, John, 262 Dragert, Herb Dragert, Herb, 215–19, 258, 260, 262 crustal compression, measuring, 115, Goldfi nger, Chris, 261–62, 263 117–18, 124, 129, 156–58, 178, Rogers, Garry, 219–20, 258, 260, 261, 213, 214 262–63 earthquake history of CSZ, 157 silent slip, 215, 217, 218 earthquake triggering, 262 Wang, Kelin, 217–18 episodic tremor and slip (ETS), Eureka, xix, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66 215–19, 258, 260, 262 new faults discovered, 73, 77, 143 locked subduction zone debate, 157, nuclear power plant, 65, 66, 68, 77 218 Ewa Beach, 184 locked tectonic plates debate, 118 Explorer plate, 82, 156 Plate Boundary Observatory project, eyewitness accounts 261 Alaskan earthquake and tsunami of silent slip, 215, 218 1964, 41 Wilson, J. Tuzo, 115, 118, 157 Cape Mendocino earthquakes of 1992, 162–63 E Chilean tsunami of 1960, 175 Earthquake Engineering Research Crescent City tsunami of 1964, 36 Laboratory, 296–97 Crescent City tsunami of 2006, Earthquake Prediction and Public Policy, 274–75 235 (see also prediction debate) Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, 313 Earthquake Research Institute ( Japan), Kuril Islands earthquake of 2006, 253 274–75
Index 337 Mexico City earthquake of 1985, 3–4, fractures (see faults) 6–7 Fritts, Stephanie, 147–48, 150–53, Port Alberni tsunami of 1964, 31–35 182–83, 185, 186, 275 full margin rupture, xviii, 177, 232, 290 F false alarms, dealing with, 153, 183, G 184–86, 234, 238, 239, 254, 280 Gaetz, Simon, 32–34 fault plane solution, 50 Gaetz, Yvette, 32–34 faults Gang of Four, 245–46 active, 65 Geller, Robert J., 244, 250–52 blind, 243 Geodolites, 115, 213 defi nition of, 8 Geological Society of America (GSA) “Elvis,” 190, 225 meetings, 39, 143, 201 Hayward, xii, xx Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) Jinzhou, 237, 243 Adams, John, 18–21, 107–9, 111, 113, Queen Charlotte, 83, 231 118–20, 127, 135–36, 139, 191, strike-slip, 71, 191 221, 223–27 subduction, ix, 19 Dragert, Herb, 115, 117–18, 124, 129, thrust, 72, 73, 80, 87, 137, 165, 166 156–58, 178, 213–19, 258, 260–62 Wecoma, 190 Hyndman, Roy, 84, 156, 178–80, 295 Federal Emergency Management Mazzotti, Stéphane, 262 Agency (FEMA), xxi, 183–84, 187, Riddihough, Robin, 84 285 Rogers, Garry, 13, 19–21, 128–29, Jonientz-Trisler, Chris, 183–84 156–58, 178, 181, 196, 219–20, Ferndale, 62 258, 260–63, 277 Ferndale earthquake of 1975, 161, 162, Schmidt, Mike, 113–17, 213, 311 163 Wang, Kelin, 156, 178–81, 217–18, threat to PG&E nuclear power plant, 234, 238, 241, 244–49, 264–65, 74, 143 295, 311 fi lms Weichert, Dieter, 14–15, 17–18, 21, Th e China Syndrome, 176 130 It’s a Wonderful Life, xv Geological Survey of Japan Krakatoa, 153 Satake, Kenji, 200–9, 211 Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR), Geology, 108 120 geometric discontinuity, 27 fold and thrust belt, 62, 76 Geos, 157–58 Forbes, Yvonne, 32 ghost forests, discovery of, 141, 192 foreshocks, 237, 245, 247, 248–49, 252, Copalis River, 126, 140, 141, 142, 155, 256 (see also episodic tremor and slip) 192, 198–99, 209, 210, 229
338 Index Glacial Lake Missoula, 104 ground displacement (see under specifi c Golden Gate Bridge, 160 events) Goldfi nger, Chris Gu Haoding, 237–38 earthquake history of CSZ, 97, 98, Gutenberg, Beno, 48 100, 101, 190–91, 224, 225, 226, 228–32, 263, 276–77 H earthquake triggering, 231–32, 263 Haicheng earthquake of 1975, 56 (see episodic tremor and slip (ETS), also Tangshan earthquake of 1976) 261–62, 263 animal behavior, 236, 237, 238–39, locked zone debate, 191 247 mud-core sampling, 96, 97–98, 100, Cao Xianqing, 234–35, 236, 237, 221–22, 225, 228, 229, 276 239–40, 241–42, 245–46, 264 oilfi eld technology techniques, 96, casualties, 243, 244, 245, 246 100, 226, 227, 229 China’s seismic prediction program, prediction debate, 230, 234, 263–64 234, 235, 236, 237, 238–39, 244, recurrence interval for CSZ earth- 246, 247 quakes, xviii, 228 Cultural Revolution, 235–36, 243 relationship between San Andreas damage to buildings, 243 and Cascadia faults 232–33 Dashiqiao, 236, 239, 241, 242, 243, research cruises, 96–98, 100–101, 190, 246 221, 223–24, 225–26, 228, 230 economic loss, 243 research cruise to Sumatra, 96, 221 epicenter, 243 turbidite-landslide debate, 96, 97–98, evacuation, 234–35, 241, 245–46 100–101, 105–6, 108, 221–31 foreshocks, 237, 245, 247, 248–49 turbidite timeline, 230, 231–32 Gang of Four, 245–46 using computer models to test ideas, ground displacement, 237, 243 290, 293 groundwater fl uctuations, 236, 237, wiggle-matching, 226–27 239, 240, 247 Good Friday earthquake of 1964 (see Gu Haoding, 237–38 Alaskan earthquake of 1964) Jinxian Observatory, 237 Gorda plate, 63, 67, 77, 80, 82, 83, 154, Jinzhou fault, 237, 243 156, 164, 166 population, 243 Gorda Ridge, 63 Shipengyu Earthquake Observatory, Grant, Wendy, 193 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246 Grantz, Arthur, 43 skeptics, 234, 235, 244 Grays Harbor, 119, 132, 140, 141, 152, 155 Wang, Kelin, 234, 238, 241, 244, 245, great earthquakes, defi nition, 22 246–47, 248–49 Griggs, Gary, 103, 105, 106, 108, 120, world’s fi rst successful prediction and 133, 135, 139, 221, 222, 223 evacuation, 246
Index 339 Yingkou County, 234–35, 236, 237, Huu-ay-aht people, 197–98, 201 239, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246 Hyndman, Roy, 84, 156, 178–80, 295 Zhu Fengming, 240–41 Haitian earthquake of 2010, 310 I Harper, Bob, 279 Ilwaco, 147 Harris, Grady, 274–75 Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 Hartzell, Stephen, 137, 138, 139, 143, Aceh province, xvi, 99 145, 201 Banda Aceh, xxi, 96, 208, 285, 294 Hawaii casualties, xvi Ewa Beach, 184 computer models of, 269–73, 275, 293 Hilo, 11, 153, 184, 313 Langi village, 316 Hayward fault, xii, xx Phuket, xvi, 208, 294, 315 Heaton, Tom projecting Sumatra-size waves for CSZ compared to other subduction Cascadia, xx, 313 zones, 121–24, 129, 131–32, 135, Simeulue Island, 315–16 137–39, 143, 145, 194–95, 201 wave heights, xvi, xx locked tectonic plates debate, 139 insurance, 257 locked zone debate, 297, 299 International Association of Geodesy, quake eff ects on tall buildings, Seattle 156 study, 296–99 inundation zones, 188, 208, 278, 279, Heiken, Grant, 90 281, 284, 285, 290, 294, 295, 311 Heritage Research Associates, 193 Israel, Bill, 143–46 Hilo, 11, 153, 184, 315 It’s a Wonderful Life (fi lm), xv Hilo tsunami of 1946, 184, 315 Himalayas, 57, 178, 237 J Hokkaido, 171, 172, 173 Jackson, David, 251 Hokkaido earthquake of 1993, 171–72 Japan, xi Hull, Don, 135 Earthquake Research Institute, 253 Humboldt Bay, 61, 137, 154, 155, 191 Geller, Robert J., 244, 250–52 nuclear power plant, 64–66, 68, 69, historical earthquake and tsunami 73–76, 77, 80–81, 87, 119, 143 records, 201–11 Humboldt State University (HSU) Hokkaido, 171, 172, 173 Burke, Bud, 137, 143–46 Kikuchi, Masayuki, 253 Carver, Gary, 68–70, 72–75, 77, 87, Kuwagasaki, 206 137, 143–46, 154–56, 164–67, Large-Scale Earthquake Counter- 177, 191–92, 201 measures Act, 253 Dengler, Lori, 62, 65, 162–68, 264, Mogi, Kiyoo, 254–55 285, 314–17 Nankai Subduction Zone, 155 Stephens, Tom, 68–69, 73, 75 Nankai Trough, 85, 86, 122, 208
340 Index Obara, Kazushige, 218–19 Kuril Islands earthquake of 1994, 182 orphan tsunamis, 202–4, 207, 208, Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, 182 209, 211 evacuation controversy, 182 prediction research program, 253–55 Kuril Islands earthquake of 2006, Satake, Kenji, 200–209, 211 274–75 Shimazaki, Kunihiko, 202 damage caused in Crescent City, 275 Tanabe, 208 eyewitness accounts, 182, 274–75 Tokai Gap, 251, 253–54, 286 model of tsunami waves, 274 Tsuji, Yoshinobu, 202 Kuwagasaki, 206 Ueda, Kazue, 202 vertical evacuation shelters, 285–86 L Jing Yan, 296–99 La Jolla, 39 Jinxian Observatory, 237 Landers earthquake of 1992 Jinzhou fault, 237, 243 aftershocks, 231 Johnston, David, 78 prediction debate, 251 Jonientz-Trisler, Chris, 183–84 triggering study, 231–32 Journal of Geophysical Research, 177 landslides (see turbidite-landslide Juan de Fuca plate, 18, 19, 22, 23, 63, debate) 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 97, 103, Langi village, 314 104, 105, 109, 110, 111, 128, 135, L’Aquila earthquake of 2009 166, 191, 225, 261 Major Risks Committee, 309 Juan de Fuca Ridge, 59, 60, 61, 63, 73, prediction debate, 309 82, 83, 88, 180 Large-Scale Earthquake Countermea- Juan de Fuca Subduction Zone (see sures Act, 253 Cascadia Subduction Zone) Lassen Peak, 80 Lence, Barbara, 294–95 K Lichtie, Rich, 24–26 Kagan, Yan, 251 Lindh, Allan KAL fl ight 007, 212 fi rst offi cial prediction experiment in Kanamori, Hiroo, 86, 122–23, 137, 201 U.S., 22 Kikuchi, Masayuki, 253 fi rst offi cial USGS seismic predic- Kobe earthquake of 1995 tion, 23 prediction debate, 251, 254, 255 Parkfi eld earthquake prediction ex- Kodiak, 41, 151 periment, 23–24, 26–27, 249–50, Krakatoa, 90 259 Krakatoa (fi lm), 153 prediction debate, 256–58 Kulm, LaVerne (Vern), 100–101, 103, 105, Lisowski, Mike, 110, 156 106, 108, 120, 133, 135, 139, 221–23 Little Cholame Creek, 25 Kuril Islands, 86 Little Salmon fault, 73–77, 143, 144
Index 341 Little Salmon River, 63 Meishusan Maru, 30, 31, 36 Living with Earthquakes in the Pacifi c Melbourne, Timothy, 181, 295 Northwest (Yeats), 134, 190 meltdown, 64, 76 Lo, Robert, 16 Mendocino Triple Junction, 63, 65, 67 locked tectonic plates debate, 84–87, Menlo Park, 21, 22, 24, 26, 43, 67, 231 107, 109–11, 118, 120, 127, 129, 139, Mexico City earthquake of 1985, 29, 155 149, 164 locked zone debate, 156, 157, 177–78, Acapulco, 11 179–81, 191, 218, 219, 261, 262, 295, aftermath, 3–4, 6–7, 10 297, 299 aftershocks, 6 Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, aseismic debate, 6, 8, 9, 12, 17–20 158–60, 164, 251 building code, 15–17 Long Beach Peninsula, 147, 151, 152 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Los Alamos Scientifi c Laboratory, 90 TV crew, 3–4, 6–7, 15 Los Angeles, xvii, xix, 9, 24, 68, 138, 257 casualties, xvii Lost Coast, 161, 163 city built on a lakebed, 15–16, 297 Lynett, Patrick, 289–90, 291–93 (see also Cocos plate, 19 Titov, Vasily; wave tank experiment) compared with Juan de Fuca plate, 22 compared with Chilean earthquake of M 1960, 22 Mad River, 63, 68, 73, 75, 137 damage caused by, xvii, 16, 17 magnetic anomalies, 236, 237 damage to tall buildings, 6, 7, 10–11, magnitudes, earthquake, 22, 38–39, 204 15–17, 139 (see also seismographs; seismometers) Devall, Ron, 15–17 (see under specifi c events) epicenter, 181 moment magnitude scale, 39 felt zone, 9 Richter scale, 4, 22, 38–39, 250 ground displacement, 11 main shocks, 71, 149, 256 implications of Seattle study of tall Major Risks Committee (Italy), 309 buildings, 296–99 Makah people, 194–95, 201 Lo, Robert, 16 Maldives, 271, 292 Manzanillo, 11 mantle, earth’s, 55, 63, 261 Michoacán fault, 6, 8, 9, 10 Manzanillo, 11 recent history of earthquakes here, 7 Marianas Trench, 56, 58, 123 Rogers, Garry, 13, 19 Mazama ash, 89–90, 100, 105, 222, 223 tsunami, 11 Mazzotti, Stéphane, 262 Weichert, Dieter, 14–15, 17–18 McCaff rey, Robert, 191 what Canadian scientists learned from McEvilly, Tom, 249 this quake, 13–21, 130 McKinleyville, 63, 73, 162 Zihuatanejo, 11
342 Index Michoacán fault, 6, 8, 9, 10 N Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 57, 58 Nankai Subduction Zone, 155 military, 43, 44, 56, 212 (see also police; Nankai Trough, 85, 86, 122, 208 sheriff ; U.S. Coast Guard; U.S. Navy) NASA satellites, 184, 273 national guard, xxi, 305 National Academy of Sciences Minor, Rick, 193 Earthquake Prediction and Public Mitchell, Clifton, 155 Policy, 235 moderate earthquakes, defi nition, 22 Press, Frank, 50 Mogi, Kiyoo, 254–55 National Geodetic Survey moment magnitude scale, 39 Balazs, Emery, 72, 84–87, 109–10, momentum fl ux, 292 126, 130–32 Montague Island, 45 national guard, xxi, 305 Moore, Chris, 173–75 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- Mount Adams, 80 ministration (NOAA), xx, xxi, 167, mountain-tilting paper 168–71, 173, 184–87, 269, 274 Adams, John, 20, 109, 111, 113, 118, Bernard, Eddie, xxi, 168–71, 184–88, 120, 127, 135, 136 270–74, 285, 317–18 Reilinger, Robert, 109, 111 Moore, Chris, 173–75 Mount Baker, 80 Titov, Vasily, 169–76, 188, 269–73, Mount Everest, 178 275–76, 278, 290, 292 Mount Garibaldi, 80 National Science Foundation (NSF), Mount Grey, 117 221, 225, 258, 260 Mount Landalt (aka Mount Landale), 116 National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Mount Logan, 113–15, 213 Program (U.S.), 285 Mount Mazama, 89–91, 226, 228 (see Nature, 194, 204, 205 also Crater Lake) NAVSTAR Global Positioning System compared with Mount St. Helens, 90 (GPS), 213 Mazama ash, 89–90, 100, 105, 222, 223 Neah Bay, 130–31, 137, 152, 155, Mount Rainier, 80 156–57, 194–95 Mount Shasta, 80 Nelson, Alan, 137, 192, 200 Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980, Nelson, Hans, 108, 135, 221, 225, 226, 78–81, 87–88, 89, 90, 108, 129, 140 227, 228, 230 compared with Mazama blast, 90 Netarts Bay, 137 tree-ring dating, 140 Newport, xviii, 155 Mount Whymper, 116 newspaper coverage Mr. Earthquake (Cao Xianqing), 235 Israel, Bill, 143–46 Mulargia, Francesco, 251 Munroe, Linda, 136 Munroe, Linda, 136 Sullivan, Walter, 51–52, 80, 81, 88, 89, 90, 104, 138–39
Index 343 New York Times, Th e 4–5, 51–52, 80, 81, Ogle, Bud, 73, 74 88, 89, 90, 104, 138–39 oilfi eld geology techniques, 96, 100, 226, New Zealand (see also Adams, John) 227, 229 Alpine fault, 19, 107–8 Okushiri Island tsunami of 1993, 172, Southern Alps mountain chain, 107 173–76, 269 Nihon University, 254 Olympic Mountains, 82, 102, 128, Mogi, Kiyoo, 254–55 298 Nimitz Freeway, 159 Olympic Peninsula, 82, 130, 178, 180 Nishiki Tower, 286 Oregon (see Astoria; Coos Bay; Corval- NOAA (see National Oceanic and At- lis; Netarts Bay; Newport; Portland; mospheric Administration) Seaside; Westport) Nookmis, Chief Louis, 197–98 Oregon Academy of Sciences, 135 Northridge earthquake of 1994 Oregonian (Th e), 136 aftershocks, 252 Oregon State University (OSU) building code revised, 298 Applegate, Bruce, 190 prediction debate, 251, 252 Corcoran, Patrick, 280–84, 288, 291, Novosibirsk Institute of Electrical Engi- 314, 317 neering, 170 Cox, Dan, 288–91 Noyo channel, 228 Goldfi nger, Chris, 96–98, 100–101, nuclear power plants, 313 (see also 105–6, 108, 190–91, 221–32, 234, Atomic Energy Commission; 261–64, 276–77, 290, 293 Nuclear Regulatory Commission) Griggs, Gary, 103, 105, 106, 108, 120, Bodega Head, 65 133, 135, 139, 221, 222, 223 Ferndale earthquake of 1975, eff ect Kulm, LaVerne (Vern), 100–101, 103, on, 74 105, 106, 108, 120, 133, 135, 139, Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR), 221–23 120 McCaff rey, Robert, 191 Humboldt Bay, 64–66, 68, 69, 73–76, Nelson, Hans, 108, 135, 221, 225, 226, 77, 80–81, 87, 119, 143 227, 228, 230 risk of building on faults, 313 Yeats, Robert (Bob), 134–36, 146, Washington Public Power Supply 190, 221 System (WPPSS), 118–24 Yeh, Harry, 285–86, 288 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Origin of Continents and Oceans, Th e (NRC), 74, 75, 76, 120, 121, 143 (Wegener), 54 orphan tsunamis, 202–4, 207, 208, 209, 211 O Oakland, xii, xx, 159 P Obara, Kazushige, 218–19 Pachena Bay, 196–98, 201 obducting plate, 107 Pacifi c County
344 Index Benning, Jerry, 182–83, 186, 275 fi rst offi cial prediction experiment in evacuation debate, 153, 182–83, U.S., 22 185–86, 275 fi rst offi cial USGS seismic predic- Fritts, Stephanie, 147–48, 150–53, tion, 23 182–83, 185, 186, 275 Lichtie, Rich, 24–26 Pacifi c County Emergency Manage- Lindh, Allan, 23–24, 26–27, 249–50, 259 ment Council, 183 McEvilly, Tom, 249 Pacifi c Gas and Electric Company prediction debate, 23, 256–58 (PG&E), 64–66, 73–77, 143 segment of San Andreas fault, 23, 27 Pacifi c Geoscience Centre (PGC) (see Parsons, Barry, 310 Geological Survey of Canada) Paso Robles, 24 Pacifi c Marine Environmental Labora- Peterson, Curt, 137 tory (PMEL) (see National Oceanic Petrolia, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, and Atmospheric Administration- 170, 171, 285 NOAA) Philippine Islands, xvii, xx Pacifi c Northwest Seismograph Net- Phuket, xvi, 96, 208, 294, 313 work, 83 Plafker, George Pacifi c plate, ix, xii, 8, 26, 59, 62, 63, 81, Alaskan earthquake of 1964, fi eld 82, 83, 107, 114, 149, 232, 259 investigation of, 43–47, 48, 53–54, Pacifi c tsunami warning centers, 59, 63, 127, 165 184–87 angle of fault debate, 44–54, 66–67, paleoseismology, 97, 119, 227 70–72 Palmer, 149, 150, 182, 184 Chilean earthquake of 1960, fi eld in- Pangaea, 54 vestigation of, 70, 71–72, 127, 165 Park, Stephen, 252 comparison of CSZ to Alaska quake Parker, Bill, 36 zone, 72 Parkfi eld, 23–24 plate tectonics debate, 48, 49, 59 Parkfi eld earthquake of 1966 Plate Boundary Observatory project, epicenter, 27 259, 260 foreshocks, 256 Dragert, Herb, 261 possible precursors, 27 EarthScope, 259–60 Parkfi eld earthquake of 2004 SAFOD project, 258–59 aftershocks, 256 USArray, 259 prediction debate, 22–23, 256 van der Vink, Greg, 260 seismic history, 23–24 plate convergence, 69, 72, 115, 127, 129 Parkfi eld earthquake prediction experi- plate tectonics debate, 8, 12, 48, 58, 59, ment (see also prediction debate) 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 100, 102, asperities, 27 115, 157, 236, 249 (see also continen- Bakun, William, 26–27, 249–50, 259 tal drift debate)
Index 345 police, 37, 68, 152, 253, 264, 315 (see also crustal compression, 83, 109, 110, military; sheriff ; U.S. Coast Guard; 111, 114, 120, 127, 128, 156, U.S. Navy) 213 Port Alberni, 30–31, 35, 36–37, 40, 45, episodic tremor and slip (ETS), 216 195, 196, 279 Juan de Fuca plate rotating, 128 Harper, Bob, 279 mountain tilting, 111, 113, 120 inundation maps, 279 Portland, xviii, 78, 80, 102, 136, 138, Q 139, 178, 181, 295, 298 Quake Hunters (documentary), 196 prediction debate Queen Charlotte fault, 83, 231 Aceves, Richard, 252 quiescence, 6, 149 Bakun, William, 23 Geller, Robert J., 244, 250–52 R Goldfi nger, Chris, 230, 234, 263–64 radioactive, 48, 55, 76 Italy, 309 Rangemaster III, 116–17 Jackson, David, 251 reactors (see nuclear power plants) Japan, 253–55 Reagan, Ronald, 212 Kagan, Yan, 251 recurrence interval for CSZ earthquakes, Kikuchi, Masayuki, 253 xviii, 228 Lindh, Allan, 256–58 Redwood Alliance, 74 McEvilly, Tom, 249 Reid, Harry F., 249 Mulargia, Francesco, 251 Reilinger, Robert, 109, 111 Park, Stephen, 252 rhombohedral fracture patterns, 68–69, Parsons, Barry, 309 73–74, 143 University of Colorado earthquake Richter, Charles, 48, 250 forecast, 149 Richter scale, 4, 22, 38–39, 250 (see also Wang, Kelin, 264–65 moment magnitude scale; seismo- Wyss, Max, 252 graphs; seismometers) prediction research programs, 234–42, Riddihough, Robin, 84 253–55 Ring of Fire, ix, 59, 80, 123, 171, 187, Prescott, Bill, 110 229, 231–32 Press, Frank, 50, 51, 66, 67, 70, 71, 77 Benioff , Hugo, 48 Prince William Sound, 38, 42, 45, 46, necklace of volcanoes, 80 50 River Road, 31, 35 Prince William Sound earthquake of Roger Revelle, 95–96, 98–101, 105, 221, 1964 (see Alaskan earthquake and 223–26, 230, 276 tsunami of 1964) Rogers, Garry Puget Sound, 83, 110, 111, 128, 152, aseismic debate, 19–20, 21, 128–29, 156, 297 156, 157–58, 178, 181
346 Index earthquake history of CSZ, 19–20, 21, interconnection of faults, 231 129, 156, 178, 196, 258, 277 Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, 158, episodic tremor and slip (ETS), 160 219–20, 258, 260, 261, 262–63 openly accessible at ground level, 97 Mexico City earthquake of 1985, 13, 19 Parkfi eld prediction study, 23, 25, 27, Plate Boundary Observatory, 261 28, 249–50, 256, 258 prediction debate, 20, 21, 158, 262–63 part of Mendocino Triple Junction, raising public awareness, 157–58, 262, 63, 67 277 plate behavior on, 8 Sumatra is Cascadia, 277 prediction debate, 263–64 Rogue River Canyon, 226 public awareness after 1906 earth- Rowland, Mary, 35 quake, 64 Royal Canadian Geographical Society, SAFOD project, 258–59 114–15 site of PG&E nuclear power plant, 65–66 S Sylmar earthquake of 1971, 68 Sacramento, xviii, 163–64, 181 turbidite-landslide evidence, 228 Sacramento Bee (Th e), 144 uncertainly about fault direction SAFOD (Saint Andreas Fault Observa- off shore, 62, 65, 66–67 tory at Depth) project, 258–59 visible in aerial pictures, 27, 62 EarthScope, 259–60 San Andreas Fault Observatory at Plate Boundary Observatory project, Depth (see SAFOD project) 259–60, 261 San Francisco, xviii, xix, 24, 118–18, van der Vink, Greg, 260 131, 158–59, 163, 257 San Andreas Fault San Francisco earthquake of 1906 1906 rupture and damage, 63 compared with a Cascadia earth- boundary between plates, 83 quake, 276 Cascadia fault seen as comparable compared with Alaskan earthquake of threat, 138 1964, 39 compared with Alaskan fault, 47, 50, elastic rebound hypothesis, 249 63, 66 San Andreas fault, xii, 62, 64, 74, 138, compared with Alpine fault, 107 160, 249 compared with Cascadia fault, xvii, Santa Cruz, 159, 160 xix Satake, Kenji compared with Chilean fault, 71 date and time of last CSZ quake, 205 constant movement of, 42 earthquake history of CSZ, 200–209, due to rupture, xii 211 earthquake triggering, xx, 231–32 orphan tsunami research, 201–9, 211 geometric discontinuity, 27 Satsop, 119, 120
Index 347 Savage, Jim, 109, 110, 111, 113, 118, sheriff , 182–83, 186, 275 (see also military; 123, 127, 128, 129, 156, 213 police; U.S. Coast Guard; U.S. Navy) Schmidt, Mike Shimazaki, Kunihiko, 202 crustal compression, measuring, Shipengyu Earthquake Observatory, 113–17, 213, 311 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246 Mount Logan expedition, 113–15, ShockWave (documentary), 61, 116, 231, 213 289, 313 Schwartz, David, 119–121 silent slip, 215, 217, 218, 219 Science, 23, 51, 132, 137–38, 191, 218, Silver, Eli, 67 250, 251, 260 Simeulue Island, 313–14 seafl oor spreading, 59, 60, 63, 67, 73, 82, Simpson Timber Company, 68 83, 104, 122 Singley Flat, 63 Sea of Japan, 171, 212 Smith, Stewart, 129 Seaside Smith, Tilly, 315 evacuation route, 280–81, 284 Snavely, Parke, 194–95 fi re department, 294 Sokolowski, Th omas, 150 models of, 278, 284, 288–95 Somass River, 31, 35 Seattle, xviii, xxi, 78, 80, 83, 109, 114, South Africa, 39 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, Southern Alps (New Zealand) mountain 135, 138, 139, 156, 168, 178, 181, chain, 107 183, 184, 211, 216, 295 Sri Lanka, 271, 292 quake eff ects on tall buildings, study, St. Elias Range, 114 296–99 Stein, Ross, 231 seismic gaps, 9, 107, 108, 123, 155, 157 Stephens, Tom, 68–69, 73, 75 seismic regulations (see building codes) stick-slip scenario, 107 seismogenic zones, 177–78, 179, 181 (see strain, measurement of, 26, 256, 257, also locked zone debate) 260–61 seismographs, 14, 38, 75, 185, 186, 219, Strait of Juan de Fuca, 60, 130, 152, 236, 256, 258 (see also magnitudes, 226 earthquake; seismometers) stratigraphic evidence, 90, 226, 227 Richter scale, 4, 22, 38–39, 250 strike-slip faults, 71, 191 Seismological Research Letters, 256 subducting plate, 107 Seismological Society of America, subduction zones (see also Cascadia 297 Subduction Zone) seismometers, 44, 188, 255, 259, 261 Benioff , Hugo, 49–50 (see also magnitudes, earthquake; Benioff zone, 83 seismographs) Nankai, 155 Richter scale, 4, 22, 38–39, 250 Sullivan, Walter, 51–52, 80, 81, 88, 89, Shelter Cove, 61–62 90, 104, 138–39
348 Index Sumatran earthquake of 2004 (see also Titov, Vasily (see also Lynett, Patrick; Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004) wave tank experiment) epicenter, 315 Chilean tsunami of 1960, 175 fault size, xvi computer models of tsunamis, 169– public awareness pre-Sumatra, 169 76, 188, 269, 270–73, 275–76, quake data used to test eff ects on tall 278, 290 buildings, 297 Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, 169, Sumatra is Cascadia, xvii, xviii, xix, 269–73, 292 xxii, 276, 277, 282 model of Indian Ocean tsunami of turbidite core-sampling, 96–97, 190, 2004, 270–73 221, 276 model of Okushiri Island tsunami of Sunda Trench, xvi, 99 1993, 172, 173–76, 269 supercontinent, 54 models, signifi cance of, 169, 172, Swan, Judge James, 194, 195 275–76 Sylmar earthquake of 1971, 68, 76 raising public awareness, 169–70 Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Tofi no, xix, 192, 279 Zoning Act, 68, 76 Tohoku earthquake of 2011 damage, 312 T fault compared with Cascadia fault, Tacoma, 83, 135, 181 ix–x Tanabe, 208 magnitude, 311 Tangshan earthquake of 1976, 247–49 Tokachi-Oki earthquake of 2003, 255, (see also Haicheng earthquake of 297 1975) magnitude, 255 damage, 247, 248 Tokai Gap, 251, 253–54, 286 foreshocks, 248–49 Tokyo University (see University of ground displacement, 247 Tokyo) prediction debate, 248–49 tree-ring dating, 140–42, 154, 198–99, Wang, Kelin, 248–49 200, 209–10 tectonic warping, 71 trenches temblors (see earthquakes) Aleutian, 46, 51 Texas A&M University Marianas, 56, 57, 123 Lynett, Patrick, 289–90, 291–93 Sunda, xvi, 99 Th ailand, 221, 285 Trent, Doug, 25, 61–62 Phuket, xvi, 96, 208, 294, 313 triggering earthquakes (see earthquake Th ree Mile Island, 76 triggering) tidal friction, 54 Truman, Harry, 78 tidal waves (see tsunamis) Tsuji, Yoshinobu, 202 tiltmeters, 258 tsunameters, 186–87, 188
Index 349 tsunamis (see under specifi c events) U Alaskan (earthquake and) tsunami of UCLA 1964 Jackson, David, 251 Cascadia (earthquake and) tsunami Kagan, Yan, 251 of 1700 Ucluelet, xix, 192, 216, 278, 279, 294 Crescent City tsunami of 1992 Ueda, Kazue, 202 Crescent City tsunami of 2006 University of Alaska Hilo tsunami of 1946 Wyss, Max, 252 Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 University of Bologna Okushiri Island tsunami of 1993 Mulargia, Francesco, 251 tsunami shelters, 284–87 University of British Columbia tsunami warning centers Lence, Barbara, 294–95 Alaska, 149, 182 University of California at Berkeley Pacifi c, 184–87 Bolt, Bruce, 67 Sokolowski, Th omas, 150 McEvilly, Tom, 249 tsunami warning systems, 149, 150, 168, University of California Riverside 169, 176, 182–88, 270, 274–75, 282, Aceves, Richard, 252 283, 285 Park, Stephen, 252 evacuation debate, 153, 182–83, University of Colorado, 149 185–86, 275 University of Oregon Sokolowski, Th omas, 150 Mitchell, Clifton, 155 turbidite, 98 Weldon, Ray, 155 turbidite-landslide debate University of Oxford Adams, John, 108, 111, 120, 135, 136, Parsons, Barry, 310 139, 191, 221, 223–25, 226, 227 University of Tokyo Goldfi nger, Chris, 96, 97–98, Earthquake Research Institute, 253 100–101, 105–6, 108, 221–31 Geller, Robert J., 244, 250–52 Griggs, Gary, 103, 105, 106, 108, Kikuchi, Masayuki, 253 120, 133, 135, 139, 221, 222, University of Toronto 223 Wilson, J. Tuzo, 58, 59, 65, 67, 115, Kulm, LaVerne, 100–101, 103, 105, 118, 157 106, 108, 120, 133, 135, 139, University of Washington 221–223 Crosson, Robert, 83, 109, 128–29 Mazama ash, 89–90, 100, 105, 222, Yamaguchi, David, 126, 140–42, 223 198–200, 209–11 Nelson, Hans, 108, 135, 221, 225, 226, U.S. Coast Guard, 151–53 227, 228, 230 U.S. Forest Service turbidity currents, 105–6, 222, 224 Collins, Tom, 73–74, 143 Turnagain Heights, 41, 44 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
350 Index Ando, Masataka, 72, 84–87, 109–10, van der Vink, Greg, 260 119–20, 126, 128, 130–32 vertical evacuation shelters, 284–87 Atwater, Brian, 126–37, 139–43, Victoria, xviii, 13, 130, 178, 181, 214, 148, 154–55, 177, 191–92, 194, 215, 216, 278, 295, 298, 311 198–201, 205–7, 209–11, 229 volcanoes Bakun, William, 22–23, 26–27, Cascade Arc, 80 249–50, 259 Mount Mazama, 89–91, 226, 228 Grant, Wendy, 193 Mount St. Helens, 78–81, 87–88, 89, Hartzell, Stephen, 137–39, 143, 145, 201 90, 108, 129, 140 Lichtie, Rich, 24–26 Lindh, Allan, 22–24, 26–27, 249–50, W 256–59 Wang, Kelin Lisowski, Mike, 110, 156 Chilean earthquakes of 1960 and Menlo Park, 21, 22, 24, 26, 43, 67, 231 2010, 311 Nelson, Alan, 137, 192, 200 computer models, 311 Plafker, George, 43–54, 59, 63, 66–67, defi ning the locked zone (CSZ), 156, 70–72, 127, 165 178–79, 180–81, 295 Prescott, Bill, 110 distance of major urban areas from Savage, Jim, 109–11, 113, 118, 123, locked zone (CSZ), 180–81, 295 127–29, 156, 213 eff ect of sediment on CSZ, 179–80 Silver, Eli, 67 Haicheng earthquake of 1975, 234, Snavely, Parke, 194–95 238, 241, 244, 245, 246–47, Stein, Ross, 231 248–49 Weaver, Craig, 129 prediction debate, 264–65 U.S. Navy raising public awareness, 311 military research, 56 silent slip, 217–18 Naval Air Station on Adak Island, Tangshan earthquake of 1976, 248–49 148 Washington (state) (see Cape Flattery; Offi ce of Naval Research, 57 Grays Harbor; Ilwaco; Mount St. USArray, 259 Helens; Neah Bay; Pacifi c County; USGS (see U.S. Geological Survey) Puget Sound; Satsop; Seattle; Ta- coma; Willapa Bay) V Washington Public Power Supply Sys- Valdez, 41, 151 tem (WPPSS) Vancouver, xviii, 80, 82, 130, 139, 178, Adams, John, 118–19, 120 181, 295, 298, 313 Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR), Vancouver Island 120 Campbell River, 157 Heaton, Tom, 121–23 Cape Scott, 152 Schwartz, David, 119–21
Index 351 wave tank experiment (see also computer Working Group on California Earth- models of tsunamis) quake Probabilities, 257 Cox, Dan, 288–91 World Series earthquake (see Loma Lynett, Patrick, 289–90, 291–93 Prieta earthquake of 1989) Weaver, Craig, 129 World War II, 56, 155 Webb, Allan, 31–32, 34 Wyss, Max, 252 Webb, Jill, 31–32, 34 Wecoma, 190 Y Wecoma fault, 190 Yamaguchi, David, 126, 140–42, 198–99, Wegener, Alfred, 53–55, 56, 58 200, 209–11 continental displacement, 53 Yeats, Robert (Bob), 221 Origin of Continents and Oceans, Th e, earthquake history of CSZ, 134–36, 54 190 supercontinent (Pangaea), 54 Living with Earthquakes in the Pacifi c tidal friction, 54 Northwest, 134, 190 Weichert, Dieter, 14–15, 17–18, 21, 130 raising public awareness, 146 fi rst offi cial announcement of CSZ Yeh, Harry, 285–286, 288 quake threat, 18, 21 Yingkou County, 234–35, 236, 237, 239, Weldon, Ray, 155 240, 241, 243, 245, 246 Westport, 152 Yomiuri Shimbun, 253 wiggle-matching, 226 Young, Richard, 275 Willapa Bay, 132, 140, 141, 142, 148, Yurok people, 194–95, 201 150, 193, 197 Willapa Canyon, 104 Z Wilson, J. Tuzo, 58, 59, 65, 67, 115, 118, Zhu Fengming, 240–41 157 Zihuatanejo, 11 Winchester, Simon, 90 Woodward-Clyde Consultants Schwartz, David, 119–21
352 Index