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BRAZILIAN JOURNAL of AFRICAN STUDIES Revista Brasileira De Estudos Africanos ISSN 2448-3915 | e-ISSN 2448-3923 BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AFRICAN STUDIES Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos Porto Alegre, v.1, n.1 Jan./Jun. 2016 Brazilian Jan./Jun. Journal of Porto Alegre v.1, n.1 p. 1-260 2016 African Studies ABOUT THE JOURNAL The Brazilian Journal of African Studies is a biannual publication, in digital and printed format, dedicated to the research, reflection and propagation of original scientific articles with emphasis on the analysis of International Relations, Organizations and Integration, Security and Defense, Political Systems, History, Geography, Economic Development, Social Structures and their Transformations and Schools of Thought. RBEA is essentially academic, linked to the Brazilian Centre for African Studies (CEBRAFRICA) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The RBEA has as target audience researches, professors and students interested in the specificities of the African continent and its international insertion. Alongside such perspective, the Journal intends to expand the debate about the Brazilian projection world widely, the Brazilian cooperation efforts (including in the Defense field) with the African countries in the South Atlantic perimeter and the construction of a regional identity in face of a scenario of geopolitical transformations. EDITORIAL TEAM / EQUIPE EDITORIAL CHIEF EDITOR /EDITOR CHEFE Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) DEPUTY EDITOR /EDITOR ADJUNTO Paulo Visentini (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) EDITORIAL BOARD /CONSELHO EDITORIAL Ajay Dubey (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) Ángel Dalmau Fernández (CIPI, Cuba) Antônio Joaquim Calundungo (Universidade Agostinho Neto, Angola) Beatriz Bissio (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Chris Landsberg (University of Johannesburg, South Africa) Cyril Obi (Social Science Research Council, United States of America) Fábio Morosini (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Hilário Cau (Instituto Superior de Relações Internacionais, Mozambique) Ian Taylor (University of St Andrews, Scotland) Kamilla Raquel Rizzi (Universidade Federal do Pampa, Brazil) Karl Gerhard Seibert (UNILAB, Brazil) 2 Li Anshan (Peking University, China) Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Vladimir Shubin (Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) EDITION ASSISTANTS /ASSISTENTES DE EDIÇÃO Anselmo Otavio (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Isadora Caminha Coutinho (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Nilton Fernandes Cardoso (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) CONSULTATIVE BOARD /CONSELHO CONSULTIVO Alfa Oumar Diallo (Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil) Aparajita Biswas (University of Mumbai, India) Diego Pautasso (Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing – Sul, Brazil) Eduardo Migon (Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército, Brazil) Fantu Cheru (American University, United States of America) Gladys Lechini (Universidad Nacional de Rosário, Argentina) Henry Kam Kah (University of Buea, Cameroon) Igor Castellano da Silva (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil) John Akokpari (University of Cape Town, South Africa) José Carlos dos Anjos (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Leila Hernandez (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil) Lito Nunes Fernandes (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas, Guinea-Bissau) Lotfi Kaabi (Institut Tunisien des Études Stratégiques, Tunisia) Mamadou Alpha Diallo (UNILA, Brazil) Mamoudou Gazibo (Université de Montréal, Canada) Marina de Mello Souza (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil) Nathaly Silva Xavier Schütz (Universidade Federal do Pampa, Brazil) Paris Yeros (Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil) Tim Murithi (Free State University, South Africa) Renu Modi (University of Mumbai, India) Wolfgang Adolf Karl Döpcke (Universidade de Brasília, Brazil) 3 BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AFRICAN STUDIES Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos © Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Africanos - UFRGS Cover and Layout: Tiago Oliveira Baldasso The Brazilian Journal of African Studies is available online both in English and Portuguese at www.seer.ufrgs.br/rbea CONTACT INFO Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas Av. João Pessoa, 52, sala 18C - 1° andar CEP 90040-000 - Centro - Porto Alegre/RS - Brazil Phone: +55 51 3308.3272 / 3308.3348 E-mail: [email protected] seer.ufrgs.br/rbea ufrgs.br/cebrafrica CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION (CIP) Responsible: Biblioteca Gládis W. do Amaral, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas, Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Africanos. – Ano 1, n. 1 (jan./ jun. 2016). – Porto Alegre : UFRGS/FCE/CEBRAFRICA, 2016 - Semestral. ISSN 2448-3915. e-ISSN 2448-3923 1. África. 2. Relações internacionais. 3. Integração regional. 4. Segurança internacional. 5. Política de defesa. CDU 327 4 Volume 1, Number 1 (Jan./Jun. 2016) CONTENTS Editor’s Note 7 Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira, Paulo Visentini “Meet the New Boss - Same as the Old Boss”: South Africa’s 11 transition as embourgeoisement Ian Taylor The Séléka insurgency and insecurity in the Central African 40 Republic, 2012 - 2014 Henry Kam Kah Boko Haram as agent provocateur of destabilization and destruction 67 in Nigeria: the media’s check Osakue Stevenson Omoera, Clement A. Ogah Gulf of Guinea: a future African Persian Gulf? 85 Yoslán González Revolutions and international relations: the African case 106 Paulo Fagundes Visentini The end of the last great colonial empire: memories of an historical 124 story Beatriz Bissio Brazil-PALOP relations: 40 years of cooperation for development in 137 the South Atlantic (1974/5-2015) Kamilla Raquel Rizzi NGO’s social and political practice in Angola. Methodology and 162 power relations. The Adra case and the global view Joaquim Assis Namibia’s regional foreign policy: the agency of a secondary power 181 Igor Castellano da Silva Security integration in Southern Africa: SADC and the OPDS 215 Nathaly Xavier Schutz Regional integration in West Africa (1960-2015): balance and 234 perspectives Mamadou Alpha Diallo 5 BOOK REVIEW 255 “Relação Brasil-África: prestígio, cooperação ou negócios?” by Paulo Visentini Nathaly Xavier Schutz Partners 258 Submission Standards 260 The responsibility for the content of the articles is of their respective authors. A responsabilidade do conteúdo dos artigos é de seus respectivos autores. Brazilian Jounal of African Studies e-ISSN 2448-3923 | ISSN 2448-3915| v.1, n.1, Jan./Jun. 2016 6 Brazilian Journal of African Studies e-ISSN 2448-3923 | ISSN 2448-3915 | v.1, n.1, Jan./Jun. 2016 | p.7-10 EDITOR’S NOTE Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira Paulo Visentini May/2016 A great part of the Brazilian history and population is directly attached to Africa. The two shores of the South Atlantic Ocean were, for centuries, integral parts of the Portuguese Maritime Empire, besides existing great environmental, human and cultural similarity between both of them. In this period, paradoxically, the Portuguese colonization Africanized Brazil with the intense flow of slaves. Nonetheless, during one century of European colonial domination in Africa (1860-1960), Brazil was prevented of keeping relations with the continent, and the country’s knowledge about it diminished. It was necessary from African countries the achievement of their emancipation, and, from Brazil, living its industrialization, the beginning of the Independent Foreign Policy, in 1961, in order to foster a new rapprochement. The reestablishment of relations happened through progresses and setbacks, with changes in 1964, 1970 and 1990, until it started to consolidate itself from 2003. However, the economic and diplomatic actions, besides the technical cooperation, were not followed by the necessary pace of advance in academic knowledge about the continent. The establishment of the Centre of Studies Afro-Asians in Rio de Janeiro, in the early 1960’s, as well as its Journal, were both initiatives created by governmental encouragement and by Brazilian political movements. But the focus were centered in cultural and anthropologic aspects, especially when referring to Afro-Brazilians, and received support (and influence) from North-American foundations. In São Paulo, Bahia, Brasília, and other states, great universities created their own centers of African studies, and academics converged their research projects about the theme. The Black Movement (in Portuguese “Movimento Negro”) also gave its support to the process. 7 Editor’s Note Thus, the Brazilian Journal of African Studies (BJAS) arises with the proposal of making itself part of the efforts of the other Africanist academic institutions, and to complement them. The focus is, especially (but not exclusively), the Post-Colonial Africa. The Brazilian Centre for African Studies (CEBRAFRICA), which edits the journal and is an integrant of the Brazilian Centre for Strategy and International Relations (NERINT), has its institutional origin in the Brazil-South Africa Studies Centre (CESUL). The later was a program established in 2005 through an association between the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (FUNAG), a public foundation linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It is important to highlight that CEBRAFRICA (as well as BJAS) is a strictly academic and independent institution, part of a public Brazilian
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