NORMAN F. BARKA, Newsletter Editor, Department of Anthropology, The College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795,Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795
VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
INDEX Archaeology President Bill Lipe, Government Affair Chair Judy Bense, Executive Director Ralph Johnson and Government PAGE Affairs Manager Donald Craib, advocating appropriate funding for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the National PRESIDENT'S CORNER ...... 1 Trust for Historic Preservation, National Endowment for the SHA '96 CONFERENCE ...... 3 Humanities, National Science Foundation, and cultural resourc SHA MEETING MINUTES ...... 3 es programs of the Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service, SHA GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE.... 6 and National Park Service. With the assistance of CEHP, we SHA PUBLIC EDUCATION COMMITTEE ...... 6 followed committee schedules, and as Congressional commit AMENDMENTS TO THE SHA CONSTITUTION tees prepared to act on bills affecting archaeology, we contacted AND BYLAWS ...... 7 committee members' constituents and provided information on SPECIAL REPORT: ROP A ...... 10 the issues. I know many of you called and wrote when the ANNOUNCEMENTS ...... 15 need was urgent. On behalf of SHA, I signed several letters EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ...... 16 prepared by the National Preservation Coordinating Committee FUTURE CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS...... 17 and delivered them to members of Congress. We made a TEACHING HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY ...... 17 number of visits to Congressional offices to provide information CURRENT PUBLICATIONS ...... 18 on cultural resources and historic preservation programs. We CURRENT RESEARCH found a friend of archaeology in Representative Philip English Northeast...... 20 (R-P A), with whom SAA arranged a meeting three days before Mid-Atlantic ...... 22 the House voted on the appropriation for the Advisory Council. Southeast ...... 25 When Donald Craib, Ralph Johnson, and I met with Represen Gulf States ...... 29 tative English, we presented our concerns about the survival of Midwest ...... 29 the Advisory Council and its role in federal preservation. Northern Plains & Mountain States ...... 30 When the bill went to the House floor, Representative English Pacific Northwest ...... 30 spoke in support of the Advisory Council, specifically citing Pacific West ...... 31 archaeological sites as cultural treasures worthy of protection. Southwest ...... 33 Although our visits to the Hill are important, the most Canada-Atlantic...... 34 influential contacts are from constituents. As we struggled to Canada-Quebec ...... 36 identify SHA members who are constituents of particular Mexico, Central and South America ...... 36 members of Congress, it became clear that we needed to sort Australasia...... 37 our membership list by congressional district. I asked Kathleen Europe: Ireland...... 38 Schamel of CEHP for help and she located Jim Burton and the Underwater ...... 38 Data Center in Falls Church, Virginia. Mr. Burton generously GUIDE TO GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN HISTORICAL offered to sort our list and provided the SHA business office AND UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGy...... 42 with the list of SHA members by district. Because many members use office addresses instead of home addresses, some PRESIDENT'S CORNER members are matched with the wrong district. Nevertheless, we now can quickly find constituents, thanks to Mr. Burton's Many thanks to all the SHA members who have contacted assistance. If you don't want to wait for us to call you, join members of Congress to ask for support for archaeology. As SHA's new Government Affairs Caucus. (We borrowed the the appropriations bills made their way through Congress, the idea from SAA.) It's your opportunity to identify yourself as Society's Governmental Affairs Committee Chair Bonnie an activist for archaeology. Look for the form with the McEwan and I worked closely with Society for American Governmental Affairs report in this issue of the newsletter.
1 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
This issue also includes detailed information on the proposed level of income to support operations. Over the past several Register of Professional Archaeologists (ROPA). At the mid years, the conferences have been financially successful, contrib year meeting of the SHA Board of Directors in Minneapolis, the uting more funds than expected to the Society's assents. board agreed to continue discussing the proposal with SA A, the However, bad weather that affected travel and conference Society of Professional Archaeologists, and the Archaeological attendance could be costly to the Society. Institute of America. Please review the report and communi The Society maintains assets to ensure the Society's ability to cate your thoughts to me or other members of the Board. provide entitlements to members in good standing for the I have heard from a few members who have questions about remainder of the year in the event of dissolving the society or the Society's assets, expenditures, and financial policies. The to cover expenses in the event of insufficient income. The directors and officers are responsible for the Society's financial assets are invested to produce income at a level specified by the health, and we want the membership to understand the Board annually in the operating budget. Because interest rates information on which we base our decisions. Therefore, I'd like have declined over the last few years, income from investments to take this opportunity to provide information about the is also declining and new investments will produce less income. financial status of the Society. Throughout my experience as a director and officer, the To understand the Society's budget, it is necessary to Board has consistently agreed to maintain moderate member understand the Society's annual cycle. In January, at the time ship dues and meeting costs to encourage participation by of the annual meeting, the Society has already received most of students, young profeSSionals, and other historical archaeolo its annual income (through membership renewals, many of gists with limited means. However, as our Society has grown which are paid before the beginning of the calendar year) but and become more involved in public education and advocacy has had few expenditures. Therefore, the Society's assets in and added publications, the demands on our resources have January are impressive. Over the course of the year, the grown as well. Because our last dues increase in 1990 cost the Society receives some additional memberships and income from Society a loss of about 10% of our membership, the Board has investments. Publication costs constitute the largest expendi carefully managed the Society's income to avoid the need for tures in the operating budget. The major routine operating another dues increase for at least five years. When our actual expenditures cover business office services and quarterly expenditures exceed income, we must consider increasing dues payments for information services provided by CEHP. Officer, or reducing our expenditures on some Society activities. We director, and committee expenditures are generally submitted expected this situation by 1994, according to our predictions at around the time of the mid-year Board meeting and during the the time of the last dues increase. However, income from last quarter of the year, when little income is received. investments, several financially successful meetings, and under Conference organizers and the Board agree that keeping the budget committee spending allowed us to end 1994 without a conference affordable is important to the Society's members as deficit. well, so we rely on the conference to provide only a modest
Published Quarterly in March, June, October and Decem ber Subscription Rate: Individual ($50), Student, Full·Time ($30), Adjunct ($10), Sustaining ($100), Life ($1,000), Patron ($150), Institutional ($65). AU U.S. Funds.
Newsletter Editor: Norman F. Barka Desktop Publi.hlng: Jean Belvin
Special News Editors: Overseas Chinese: Paul Chace Archaeological Conservation Forum: Curt Moyer Urban Archaeology Forum: Pam Cressey Employment Opportunities: Sara Mascia Current Publications: PrisciUa Wegars Military Archaeology Forum: Daniel Crouch Public Education and Archaeology Forum: James G. Gibb Teaching Historical Archaeology Forum: Teresita Majewski
Current Research Editors: Northeast: David Starbuck Northern Plains & Mountain States: Canada-Atlantic: Rob Ferguson Mid-Atlantic: Douglas W. Sanford Steven G. Baker Canada-Quebec: Reginald Auger Southeast: Maurice Williams Pacific Northwest: Caroline Carley Canada-Ontario: Jon Jouppien Gulf States: Kathleen H. Cande Alaska: Karlene Leeper Canada-Prairie: Peter Priess Midwest: Dean Anderson Pacific West: Judy D. Tordoff Canada-Western: Rod J. Heitzmann Central Plains: Vergil E. Noble Southwest: James E. Ayres Caribbean/Bermuda: David Watters Europe, Asia: Norman F. Barka Mexico, Central & South America: Australasia: Susan Lawrence Janine Gasco Underwater: Toni CarreU
Editorial Addre.s: The Society for Historical Archaec,logy Newsletter, Department of Anthropology, CoUege of William and Mary, Williamsburg. VA 23187
Business Address: The Society for Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751 (New Subscriptions, Changes of Address, Subscription Fulfillment Matters).
1995 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the The Society for Historical Archaeology American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for 3rd Class Postage Paid at Ann Arbor, Michigan Printed Ubrary Materials, ANSIZ39.4S-1984.
2 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
We all want to work toward the goals of the Society, by assistance, and answering questions. Participants were maintaining affordable conferences, high-quality publications, generally anxious to know how to get assistance and to develop and advocacy activities for historical archaeology. Alas, it all a better understanding of archaeological resources and their costs more than it did five years ago. Paper costs, in particular, relationship to historic buildings and landscapes. have increased significantly during the last year. Over the next Thanks to all of you who have helped the Society meet its year, the Board will examine the Society's income (produced by goals, by attending meetings, working with committees, and dues, meetings, and invested assets) and expenditures for writing your members of Congress. We will continue to need Society activities. The Board will certainly have to consider the your participation, so keep up the good work. scheduled dues increase to maintain the financial health of the Society and to continue our present level of activity on behalf Donna J. Seifert of historical archaeologists. Both Secretary-Treasurer Tef Rodeffer and I welcome your questions and comments on the financial status of the Society, so do not hesitate to contact us. The Board has completed its review of the Society's long SHA '96 CONFERENCE range plan and procedures manuals and has proposed appro CINCINNATI, OHIO priate changes to the constitution and bylaws, which are published in this issue. Please review the changes and contact The SHA Annual Conference on Historical and Underwater Past President Elizabeth Reitz or me if you have questions Archaeology will be held at the Omni Netherland Plaza Hotel, before the January 1996 board meeting. The amendments will a National Historic Landmark, in Cincinnati, Ohio, on January be presented to the membership for discussion at the annual 2-7, 1996. Over 320 paper proposals have been received. The business meeting in January. plenary session will be entitled: "Bridging Distances: Among our recent publications is the second in our series of Multidisciplinary Approaches to Immigration, Migration, and Guides to the Archaeological Literature of the Immigrant Experience Ethnic Identity." The Thursday evening reception will be held in America, established to commemorate the Columbian at The Museum Center (formerly Cincinnati's famed Union quincentenary. The first guide, The Archaeology of Spanish Terminal), another National Historic Landmark. Preregistration Colonialism in the Southeastern United States and the Caribbean was packets will be mailed to the SHA membership around published in 1990. This addition to the series, The Archaeology September 15, 1995; if you have not received these materials by of the African Diaspora in the Americas, by Theresa A Singleton October 15, please contact Marlesa Gray, SHA '96 Conference and Mark D. Bograd, includes an introduction, overview, and Chair, Gray & Pape, Inc., 1318 Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio critical analYSis of the literature as well as the bibliography of 45210, 513/665-6707. Email address: 76554.3313@Compuserve. over 1,000 entries. The third guide, addressing the archaeology com. of the Spanish Southwest, is scheduled for release in September 1995. These are important contributions to every scholar's collection, and I hope they will be added to library shelves SHA MINUTES across the country. The quincentenary series is self supporting BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING (and therefore is not an membership entitlement). Check the THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY this issue of the newsletter for an order form. Request that May 6, 1995 your university, agency, or institution order guides for its research collection as well. President Donna Seifert called the meeting to order at 8:00 a.m. on May 6, 1995 The Society has begun its work with the National Task Force at the Hilton Hotel, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Present: Douglas Armstrong, Norman Barka, Toni Carrell, Charles Cleland, Glenn Farris, Bill Lees, Teresita on Emergency Response. SHA is a member of the On-Site Majewski, Bonnie McEwan, Ronald Michael, Vergil Noble, Elizabeth Reitz, Assistance group, along with the National Trust and the Getty Michael Rodeffer, Stephanie Rodeffer, Lester Ross, and Theresa Singleton. Conservation Institute. At my request, SHA member Kay McCarron of Fairfax County Heritage Resources Branch (Fairfax OLD BUSINESS County, Virginia) and SAA's Ralph Johnson attended the • President's Report (Seifert): She and SOCiety for American Archaeology (SA A) working group meeting. Kay shared her recent experience President Bill Lipe met with Peter Brink and Dick Moe of the National Trust dealing with the aftermath of summer floods in Virginia's about increasing the visibility of archaeology in Trust publications and providing Shenandoah Valley, helping group members understand how some training for regional office staff concerning archaeological issues. Moe archaeological resources are affected by flood and the difficulty expressed his pleasure that the two societies are becoming more active in governmental advocacy and stated that professional archaeologists should be of assessing damage when the landscape is significantly altered. represented at the AdviSOry Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP) table. Archaeologists also had an opportunity to provide informa Since the task force working on revisions to the ACHP regulations was drawn tion on our resources to regional office staff members of the from the ACHP, there was no real way to involve archaeologists directly. Moe National Trust at their annual training session in Washington, indicated that the Trust's legal counsel will address our interests. Seifert and Lipe D.C. in May. At the request of Michael Matts of the Midwest also met with the Trust's legal counsel and staff to discuss archaeological concerns. office, Veletta Canouts, Archaeological Assistance Division, Cathy Spude will attend a user group meeting as an observer on our behalf to National Park Service, and SAA's Ralph Johnson and I spent hear what industry groups are saying to the ACHP. The SAA will send a two hours in the garden of the Decatur House providing representative to the Federal Preservation Officers meeting in May. Seifert also information about our respective organizations, offering participated in a visit of the Bureau of Land Management Director to Alexandria
3 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Archaeology. Pam Cressey stressed that when adequate resource information • Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology (ACUA) Report (Carrell): All exists, their management is not too problematic. ACUA Board members receive requests from foreign governments about regulations, evaluating permit applications, and other issues. Carrell is • Secretary-Treasurer's Report (S. Rodeffer): She briefed Board members on the developing preassembled response packets for the ACUA and will make copies status of all Society funds and the requirements set forth by the Board on how the available to SHA Board members who need them. Ross suggested announcing funds are managed. Rodeffer solicited Board recommendations on how to best their availability in the Newsletter. communicate budget and fund status information to the membership. A budget narrative will be included in the March Newsletter, and Reitz will specifically • Government Affairs Committee (McEwan): McEwan suggested exploring a address the topic at the next Past Presidents' Luncheon, as a number of questions number of other options for acquiring information, including some kind of joint have arisen from this group. Also considered were the justification, timing, and relationship with SAA to secure the services of Donald Craib. Problems with potential ramifications of a dues increase. CEHP meeting contract requirements and the good working relationship with Craib also were discussed. Reitz moved that the Government Affairs Committee • Budget Committee Report (S. Rodeffer): The Budget Committee proposes consider other lobbying options (seconded Michael; carried unanimously). The amending the budget in the following areas: increase Journal/Newsletter printing Board agreed that an information-gathering service was essential. A proposal will by $8,000 to accommodate rising paper costs; commit $4,000 to Convention be included in the December Board packet. Ross moved that the President have Cancellation Insurance and other conference expenses; allocate $2,000 for travel the option for nonrenewal of the contract with CEHP on the advice of the for two SHA participants in the Public Benefits of Archaeology Conference; assign Government Affairs Committee (seconded Reitz; carried unanimously). $350 to the Gender and Minority Affairs Committee and $2,000 for Internet expenses; raise the Presidential Discretionary Fund by $5,000; and include $1,500 • Nominations and Elections Committee (Reitz): Reitz presented the 1995 for attorney fees. The Committee also recommends asking the 1996 conference slate: President-elect: Bill Lees and Henry Miller; Board of Directors: Sue Henry, to fund the continental breakfast and lunch requested by the ACUA. Reitz Pat Martin, Charles Orser, and Russ Skowronek; ACUA Board: John Broadwater, moved acceptance of the Budget Committee recommendations (seconded Kevin Crisman, Anne Giesecke, Steve James, Pilar Luna Erreguerena, and Mark Michael). Ross expressed concern about legal fees for SOPA issues and believes Wilde-Ramsing. Barka expressed concern about Bill Lees' potential conflict of it is inappropriate to deal with this issue at this time. Carrell moved to table the interest and availability of time for SHA, as he has just been selected SOPA Budget Committee recommendations until the discussion of issues is completed President-elect. This term would overlap his term as SHA President should he (seconded McEwan; carried). be elected. Considerable discussion about procedures and implications ensued. Further action on the slate was tabled until more information was available. • Editor's Report (Michael): Historical Arclweology 29:1 is out, 29:2 is in press, Reitz stated that any proposed By-laws changes must be published in the and 29:3 is in preparation. The Guide 3, The Archaeology of Spanish and Mexican Newsletter, so they cannot be completed this year. The Business Office and Colonialism in the American Southwest, is being printed, and authors of the Conference manuals require few changes, the Long Range Plan needs a few English Guide have expressed some concerns about the completion date. Paper modifications, but the Procedures Manual requires major revisions. Procedures costs have increased 46% and may rise as high as 100% above estimated costs; the for appointing the Editor and Newsletter Editor for three-year terms will be budget must be amended to include these costs. The Editorial Advisory included. The most substantive change involves Standing Committees. Reitz Committee will host a "Meet the Editors" workshop in Cincinnati to address one recommended that Standing Committees include only those constitutionally goal of the Long Range Plan. mandated committees: Budget, Nominations and Elections, Conference, Editorial Melissa Connor has agreed in principle to be the Electronic Resources Advisory, Newsletter Editorial Advisory, and ACUA. The President will establish Associate Editor. Cost estimates for a commercial server through the University other presidential committees as needed. The Board generally approved this of Nebraska have been obtained, and discussions about services initiated with the approach. Center for Preservation Technology. Technical questions about access and Barka suggested that a uniform approach to the SHA logo be developed. availability and their associated costs are current concerns. Michael asked what Michael said that the Society paid some years ago for the logo for Historical should be put on the worldwide web page and suggestions were offered. Board ATclweology. Reitz and M. Rodeffer will work toward establishing a standardized members expressed interest in continuing to address these issues through the logo [later incorporated as part of the SHA image definition). Editorial Advisory Committee and receiving reports about costs related to all electronic resources activities. Michael stated that the Editorial Expenses line item • Business Office Report (M. Rodeffer): Work is progressing well and on is not sufficient to cover any electronic resource costs. Several Board members schedule. The standard monthly summary was provided to the President and were concerned that the Society not be overwhelmed by the costs to implement Chair, Business Office Oversight Committee. these activities. McEwan stated that any SHA effort concerning the National Archeological • Conference Committee (M. Rodeffer): Site visits to San Juan, Puerto Rico and Database (NADB) should fall under this Associate Editor and not Government Salt Lake City, Utah, were completed. The visit to Puerto Rico was designed to Affairs. The Board approved reassigning these activities to the Editorial Advisory determine the cost and feasibility of organizing a meeting there. Kent Schneider, Committee. The National Park Service (NPS) NADB coordinator is anxious to US Forest Service (Atlanta), and Jeff Walker provided the basic framework; include Historical Arclweology in NADB. Schneider particularly wants to work with the Society on an international The Board discussed a request to place abstracts 011 Internet at the last meeting. meeting. Hotel costs are not encouraging; the current offer only guaranteed the The Editorial Advisory Committee recommends that we copyright abstracts; the government rate for the year 2000 (currently $130/night). The Board reaffirmed copyright attorney will need to be consulted to determine if individual authors their desire for a Caribbean or Latin American location. Quebec City again must agree in writing. Reitz moved to copyright abstracts (seconded FarriS; expressed interest. carried). The current hotel offer in Salt Lake City is for $89 flat rate. Mike Polk has Majewski asked about the need to reduce composition costs since paper costs developed a solid proposal for 1999 involving people from contract firms, are rising. Michael said that if SHA pays Sarah Turnbaugh to do the composition universities, and the Federal and State governments. A decision will made in rather than the printer, then no savings will be realized. Because the editorial June about the site of the Olympics; if Salt Lake City is successful, hotel costs may work of the SHA is completed primarily by volunteer editors, we do not have the increase. The hotel contract can be Signed. same flexibility as organizations with paid editorial staff. Ross suggested considering options that will enable the Society to distribute electronic copies of • Official Venue Resolution (Noble): Noble moved to amend language of the journal, rather than 100% paper copies. He also urged the SHA to move resolution to include "and all other official society activities" (seconded Michael). toward electronic composition to save money in the long run. The Board discussed whether the amendment would cover only Board meetings, or be extended to events like tours and receptions, and the extent of policing that • Newsletter Editor's Report (Barka): The March issue was mailed the third would be feasible and practical. The motion was tabled and referred to the week of March; the new schedule began with June issue, which should be mailed Gender and Minority Affairs Committee for a recommendation. by June 5. Barka will firmly adhere to the new deadlines and insist that submitters provide news on disk or e-mail.
4 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
• Membership Committee (Noble): Current membership statistics were be freed to devote their efforts to ethical concerns rather than managing business presented and the effect of the large Washington meeting discussed. Conference operations. Increased coordination among societies is recognized as a goal. As material will be sent to lapsed members to entice renewals. Some international ROP A takes form, their Board will need to address membership criteria and growth has occurred, but the Society could improve in this area. Carrell implementation. suggested a membership brochure in Spanish; Board members discussed various Michael expressed concern that the ROP A tie will be closest to SAA, outreach techniques. particularly if the business operations are managed by SAA, and the other Michael stated that we are experiencing problems with publishing Latin organizations will not have equal influence. Cleland encouraged SHA to make American authored papers. Few US members work there and often manuscripts recommendations to ROP A concerning business operations. The ROP A Board received from local individuals are not suitable. Associate Editors would need would include two SHA members charged with representing SHA's interest, to make a significant effort to secure quality manuscripts. representatives of the other organizations, and elected members at large. Cleland envisions that the formal relationship between the Societies and ROPA would be • Academic and Professional Training Committee (Majewski): Newsletter contained in an annual Memorandum of Understanding. columns about teaching issues have produced responses. Two University of Several Board members were concerned about the cost and other liabilities to Nevada-Reno continuing education courses, Curation and Section 106, were set SHA. Cleland suggested that the Societies should share legal costs related to up for Cincinnati. The joint SAA/SHA career forum held at the SAA meeting, liability, income tax issues, and by-law changes. Identifying any fatal flaws early with participants Seifert, Majewski, and Lees, generated many questions. will be very important to the assessment process. SOP A attorneys already have McEwan and Majewski provided clarification of committee duties for the Long reviewed Society By-laws and articles of incorporation with respect to local laws. Range Plan and Procedures Manual. Majewski has asked Lees and Sara Mascia Cleland estimated that $2,500 for 1995 would be appropriate. to develop a function related to employment for the Cincinnati meeting. M. Rodeffer asked if the task force report is adopted, how will questions raised Majewski circulated a draft brochure for review by May 22. She presented the here be resolved? The next major step is a specific ROPA proposal. McGimsey difficulties in locating photographs. A general discussion about content, and Lipe will continue to chair the committee. They would ensure that the approach, and layout ensued. Reitz will update the list of academic institutions operating task force includes at least SOP A, SHA, SAA, and probably AlA to reflect information in the Guide to Departments. representatives, pending Board responses, who would develop the specific Organizer Elizabeth Keller was disappointed with only 30-40 attendees at the proposal. Disseminating information about ROP A to the SHA membership was student reception last January. These students want a committee of their own, a discussed. The Board approved publishing Seifert's statement in the Newsletter. column in the Newsletter, an e-mail address, and a mechanism for formal Reitz amended the motion to read: That we accept the Report of the communication with the SOciety. They seek to become more involved with the SAA/SOPA Task Force in principle and allocate up to $2,500 toward further Society. Following discussion, the Board supported students forming a study in 1995 (seconded Ross; carried). Seifert will name a committee to oversee subcommittee under the Academic and Professional Training Committee and participation in this process. Issues to be addressed include: tax liability; legal invited them to submit a proposal. A line item for $300 for a 1996 student liability of officers and directors; cost of liability insurance to the Society; reception will be included in the budget. administrative autonomy of any participating group; and overall cost projections Hester Davis has proposed a joint SHA/SAA effort to prepare curriculum at least for 1996. Ross requested a range of financial formulas for support and a reform at the Council of Chairs meeting at the American Anthropological variety of administrative scenarios. The Board believes equal representation of Association this fall. Seifert and Armstrong will attend. Carrell asked that organizations on the task force is essential. underwater archaeology and ethics be considered. Board members should send comments to Majewski before the end of the summer. • 1995 Slate: The Board went into executive session to discuss the 1995 slate. This committee wants to identify other ways to work with students. Charles S. Rodeffer moved to approve the slate (seconded Barka; carried). Cleland proposed that the Society establish a $10,000 annual travel stipend to help students attend the annual meeting. Reitz moved that we tell Cleland the Society • Long Range Plan (Seifert): The question that the Board has not considered cannot afford this at this time, but is committed to finding other ways to directly is whether the SOciety should begin moving into a different league. encourage and faciliate student participation (seconded Ross). Board members Restructuring might be necessary. Seifert requested that Lees consider these should forward suggestions to Majewski. issues and provide some input to the Board.
• Public Benefits of Archaeology Conference (Seifert): This Santa Fe • 1995 Budget: The motion to approve the Budget Committee recommendations conference will be held in early November. Two individuals committed to these was approved unanimously. activities will be selected to attend. NEW BUSINESS • SHNSAA Task Force (Reitz): The SAA was slow in appointing a committee. Jim Brown will serve as SAA Chair. Reitz said the issues to be addressed • SHA Identity: S. Rodeffer stated that the Society does not currently have an involved lobbying, public education, publications, and curricula. Input is image. An image is essential for future growth and marketing. The appearance welcome. of our booth and our publications were discussed. Some Board members expressed conoern that the cost of image enhancement would not be worth the • Newsletter Editor AppOintment: Reitz moved to reappoint Barka for another benefits. McEwan will chair an ad-hoc committee composed of Barka, Carrell, three-year term (seconded Farris; carried unanimously). Farris, Michael, and M. and S. Rodeffer to develop some alternatives.
• SANSOPA Task Force: Seifert represented the interests of historical • Soliciting Reviews for Publications (Michael): He recommended that the archaeology on the task force, composed of SAA and SOP A representatives. She Business Office assume responsibility for distributing review copies and try to requested the perspective of the Board on how to proceed. Reitz moved that we secure some exchange ads for the Guides. Reitz moved that the Business Office accept the task force proposal (seconded Ross). Cleland and Lees provided be authorized to market the Guides (seconded Armstrong; carried). perspectives on the proposal. Of primary concern were the benefits of this proposal to historical and • Second Class Mailing (Michael): Auditing and fees would require that we underwater archaeology. Cleland believes the benefits include: 1) the new ROPA generate several thousands of dollars in advertising to break even. He believes organization will provide ethical standards and a grievance procedure that are the market is not that lucrative at this time. vitally needed; 2) common interests in the resource base will be protected; 3) historical archaeology will benefit from actions that are good for the profession • Booth at SAA Meeting: SHA receives the booth on an exchange basis. Next as a whole. He stated that SHA must take a leadership role in defining and year we need to request more table space inside the book room. supporting archaeolOgical ethics. Concerns were raised about how the historical archaeology standards could be maintained. • Archaeological Conservancy: Ross suggested that representatives be asked to Ross asked what ROPA can accomplish that cannot be done by SOPA? Lees speak with the Board in Cincinnati concerning opportunities for cooperation. stated that the concentration of resources currently is not possible. Officers will
5 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
The meeting adjourned at 5:20 p.m. Respectfully submitted, Stephanie H. If you're willing to help, please fill out a copy of the form Rodeffer, Secretary-Treasurer. below and mail or fax it to: Bonnie G. McEwan, Society for Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 14775, Tallahassee, FL 32317- SHA GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE 4775; Fax (904)488-6186.
Reported by Bonnie G. McEwan SHA PUBLIC EDUCATION COMMITTEE WE NEED YOUR HELP Reported by As many of you know, the 104th Congress has been re James G. Gibb evaluating both the legislative framework and many specific programs that archaeology and historic preservation have long taken for granted. Many of the proposed changes could have Some of our colleagues are rediscovering the relationship a profound impact on archaeological research and cultural between culture and environment and, particularly, between resources in this country. In May, President Donna J. Seifert local history and environmental change. The culture-environ and I joined with SAA to meet with members of Congress and ment dialectic is more than a potentially rewarding theoretical their staff about issues ranging from continued funding for approach: it is a paradigm that justifies the preservation of agencies such as the National Science Foundation and the archaeological sites as evidence of past ecosystems, and the National Endowment for the Humanities, to the importance of effects of human actions on those systems. In this issue's guest the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the National column, Kathryn Bequette introduces us to a program that Historic Preservation Act, particularly Section 106 regulations. integrates archaeology into established outdoor environmental To this end, our coalition met with close to two dozen members education programs. This is an important marriage, one that and staffers of the House and Senate Appropriations Commit will further our education and preservation efforts by associat tees, House Science Committee, Senator Labor and Relations ing them with established, broad-based interests in environ Committee, House Economic and Educational Opportunities mental conservation. Before getting to Kathryn's brief program Committee, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, synopsis, there are a few news items and project updates. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, and the The Council for Maryland Archeology passed a resolution appropriate subcommittees thereof. establishing a non-cash recognition award for public education While SHA's Governmental Affairs Committee will continue efforts by Maryland archeologists, the criteria and standards to to track legislation and act on behalf of the membership, we be established by its Public Education Committee. I encourage can enhance our effectiveness through constituents. We are in other state councils and regional organizations offering such the process of developing a membership database that can be awards to outline your program in this column. Please send sorted by congressional districts within states. This will enable your submissions to: J. Gibb, 2554 Carrollton Rd., Annapolis, us to contact constituents of particular members of Congress MD 21403. who are seated on committees effecting archaeology and who potentially wield greater influence over their representatives than our committee or professional lobbyists.
SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS CAUCUS
Name:
Organization:
Address:
City: ______State _____ Zip Code ______
Phone: ______Fax: ______Email: ______
Congressional District (if known):
Upon request, all members of the Caucus will receive basic information about their members of Congress. You will algo be notified as to how and when your representative should be contacted. Thank you for your assistance.
6 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Project Updates, Reported by Martha Williams, SHA Public there are approximately 10,000 such programs in the United Education Committee chair. Members of SHA's Public Educa States and Canada, and they have been established throughout tion Committee currently are working on several projects the rest of the world as well. designed to support the overall objectives of the Society. The objective of the Windy Peak Outdoor Environmental Committee members will be supporting the publication of a School and similar programs throughout the world is to expose joint AlA I SAA I SHA bibliography on archaeological education. pre collegiate students to the natural and historical environment. We will contribute materials or listings that focus on historical Through hands-on experimentation and learning, the students and underwater archeology, and review annotations of materi gain a better understanding of the environment and the need als prior to publication in October. In another inter society for its protection. project, committee members will contribute an educational Outdoor education facilities develop science programs that strategy insert for SAA's widely circulated educational newslet challenge students' thinking about the natural environment. ter, Archaeology and Public Education. Some of those programs are beginning to include instruction in Work also is proceeding on the design and production of a the historical environment as well. They stress knowledge of videotape about historical archaeology. Aimed at secondary local history and people's relationship with their natural school to adult-level audiences, the tape will use key historic environment. Outdoor environmental education promotes team sites to illustrate general points about historical archaeology work and encourages problem solving and critical thinking and preservation. The 1996 Annual Meeting in Cincinnati also about our future and what it will be like if we don't protect our will focus on archaeological education with: a Teacher Educa natural and cultural resources. tion session; an "Open to the Public" Saturday afternoon session The primary objectives of archaeology outreach programs on Historical Archaeology, followed by a reception for atten and Windy Peak's Outdoor Environmental Education Programs dees; and a formal conference session on Public Education, are identical: to expose students to local history; to promote "Romancing the Public: Lessons from Indiana Jones." Partici team work; to present a learning experience that is unique and pants in this session will discuss methods of reaching beyond challenging; to encourage problem solving and critical thinking; the classroom to other "publics" to interpret archeological sites and, most of all, to promote protection of past cultural resourc and stress site stewardship. If you are interested in any of es. these initiatives, please get in touch with the various task force Windy Peak's Outdoor Environmental Education Program chairs: promotes the study of local history and archaeology in an environmental school setting. Recently, we are finding that James Gibb [NewsletterlSAA publication] (410) 263-1102 many of our archaeological sites are being plundered, much as Louise Akerson [intersociety bibliography] (410) 396-3156 our natural resources. We must train our children to be LuAnn DeCunzo [Videotape] (302) 831-1854 knowledgeable and caring students of history so that they can be strong advocates as adults. This will protect many of our Archaeology in Outdoor Education, Kathryn E. Bequette, sites. What better way can our archaeological message be Director of Archaeology, Windy Peak Outdoor Environmental spread than in the Outdoor Education field. Education School, Jefferson County Public Schools, Bailey, Colorado. Until very recently, the idea of archaeology was left to AMENDMENTS TO THE SHA professionals. The general public's knowledge of archaeology CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS was limited to information gathered on television or from local museums. Many people viewed archaeologists as "treasure" Over the past two years, the Board of Directors of SHA has reviewed all of the hunters, and it is that perception that has led people to destroy documents establishing the procedures followed in the Society's operation. This review found several areas in which the Society could be more efficient and some archaeological sites in supposed imitation of professional where there were inconsistencies in what was required by the constitution and archaeologists. what was actually being done. The amendments proposed below correct these Over the last several years, various educational organizations oversights and inconsistencies. have developed archaeology programs as part of their educa One of the primary changes is in Article V, Section 1 of the constitution, where tional curricula. The main purpose is to promote archaeolOgical membership categories are reduced to two, allowing the board flexibility to establish types within these categories as the need arises without the delay awareness and protection of sites through education at the entailed for a constitutional amendment. This does not mean that the current precollegiate level. The efforts of these organizations have types of membership as listed in this section would be abandoned, only that taken many forms: from lectures, traveling exhibits, and future changes could be more easily made. Those of you who originally publications, to teacher workshops and hands-on learning proposed the adjunct and life membership types will recall how long it took it get this accomplished. activities for students. The goal is to establish a network of The other major change is in Article V, Section 1, of the bylaws. The SHA material for people to enhance their knowledge of archaeology Board of Directors for a number of years has acknowledged that there needs to and assist educators in bringing archaeology into the classroom. be a clear distinction between standing committees, which are constitutionally Teaching archaeology does not have to be limited to the required for the operation of the society, and other committees. The standing classroom or to educational programs at museums. Another committees are those which conduct the primary, basic functions of the society and the amendment would specify which those are. excellent venue for the teaching of archaeology is the environ Other committees would be of two types: presidential and ad hoc. Presidential mental education field. Outdoor environmental education committees would be long-standing ones whose duties are important to the programs have been in existence since the early 1960s. Today Society, but whose functions are expected to change as historical archaeology
7 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995 changes. Presidential committees would conduct multiple charges. Activities ARTICLE VI - MEETINGS such as public education, gender and minority affairs, professional standards, government affairs are important activities which have been conducted by The Society shall hold an Annual Meeting and an Annual Business Meeting as committees of various names over the years. Other functions have been the provided in the Bylaws. The members of The Society present at an Annual perview of ad hoc committees because there was no constitutional way to Business Meeting shall constitute a quorum, but in no event shall a quorum accomodate them under the specified standing committees of the present consist of less than twenty-five (25) members whose dues are current and who constitution. If these proposed amendments are ,lccepted, ad hoc committees otherwise are in good standing. would resume their proper function as short-term committees with a single charge whose life-expectancy might be less than a year. ARTICLE VII - OFFICERS The amendments also recognize two long-standing procedures. One of these is that the society has both a journal editor and a newsletter editor, which has Section 1. The officers of The Society shall be the President, President-elect, been the case for a number of years. Also it has long been the case that the Immediate Past-President, Secretary-Treasurer, six (6) Directors, [Journal) Editor, membership year is the calendar year so that Article I, Section 3 is no longer Newsletter Editor, and the ChairmaR of the [Advisory) Council on Underwater appropriate. Archaeology, By "iflye sf Ris pssitisR. These officers shall constitute the Board The proposed amendments will be discussed atthe Board of Director's meeting of Directors. on January 3, 1996, and brought to the membership for discussion and a vote at the Annual Business Meeting on January 5, 1996. Members should communicate Section 2. The President shall serve for a term of one (1) year and shall be the their comments to the Board of Directors throughout this process. A copy of the person elected the previous year as President-elect. The President-elect shall serve current Constitution and Bylaws was published in Volume 25, Number 2 of the for a term of one (1) year before assuming the office of President. A previous Newsletter (1992). President may be nominated for the office of President-elect. The Secretary Treasurer and Directors shall serve for terms of three (3) years and shall be SHA CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS eligible for re-election. The President, President-elect, Secretary-Treasurer, and Directors shall be elected by the members in good standing through official CONSTITUTION OF ballots distributed and tabulated as provided in the Bylaws. THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Section 3. The [Journal) Editor and the Newsletter Editor shall be appointed by ARTICLE I - NAME the Board of Directors. TRe ~eitsf sRall sef"e fef tRree fa) years aRe tile Newsletter ~eitsf sRall seA'e fsr a perise ts Be eetermiRee By tRe Bsare sf The name of this organization shall be The Society for Historical Archaeology. ~ [for three (3) year terms and may be reappointed.)
ARTICLE II - PURPOSE Section 4. The new officers shall assume [their positions) at the close of the Annual Business Meeting and shall hold office until their successors are installed. The Society for Historical Archaeology shall be an educational organization to promote scholarly research ffi and the dissemination of knowledge concerning ARTICLE VIII - AMENDMENTS historical archaeology; to exchange information in this field; to hold periodic conferences to discuss problems of mutual interest relating to the study of Section 1. The Board of Directors or ten per cent of the members of The Society historical archaeology; and to obtain the cooperation of the concerned disciplines in good standing may propose that the Constitution and Bylaws be amended, for projects of research. The focus shall be the era since the beginning of repealed, or altered in whole or in part. The change may be effected by a vote explorations of the non-European parts of the world by Europeans, with prime of a majority of the members present at the Annual Business Meeting of The concern in the Western Hemisphere. The Society may additionally concern itself Society or by a majority of votes of members by mail ballot to be returned within with European, Oceanic, African, and Asian archaeology having definite bearing thirty (30) days of notification. Notification of the proposed changes in the upon scholarly problems in the Western Hemisphere. Constitution and/ or Bylaws must be distributed to the membership at least thirty (30) days in advance of any meeting where such changes will be voted upon. ARTICLE III - POWERS Section 2. The Board of Directors may adopt additional standing rules in The Society shall have the power to receive, administer, and disburse dues and harmony herewith, but shall not alter the Constitution or any Bylaws adopted by other grants to further its ends; to acquire, to hold absolutely or in trust for the the members of The Society. purposes of #te [The) Society, and to convey property, real and personal; to publish reports, newsletters, bulletins, journals, and monographs; to affiliate with ARTICLE IX - DISSOLUTION other organizations in the pursuit of common aims, and to appoint delegates or representatives to such organizations; and to engage in such other activities as are In the event of dissolution of this Society, either voluntarily or involuntarily, the in keeping with the purpose of The Society. members of The Society shall not be entitled to any of the assets, but the same shall be delivered ever-te or paid to a non-profit educational organization with ARTICLE IV - PUBLICATIONS objectives similar to those of The Society for Historical Archaeology. The recipients shall be determined by the membership of The Society if such The Society shall issue an official publication, entitled Historical Archaeology, and dissolution is approved at a meeting of The Society; or by the Board of Directors such other publications for which the Bylaws shall provide. if circumstances make a meeting of the membership impossible. Any provision herein notwithstanding, distribution of such assets shall be subject to the control ARTICLE V - MEMBERSHIP and approval of the appropriate court of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Section 1. TRefe sRall Be se"eR €lasses sf fRemBefsRip: IReiuieYal, Life, StYeeRt BYLAWS (fYII time), • ejYRet, SYstaiRiRg, PatfsR, aRe IRstitYtiaRal. [There shall be three categories of membership, Individual, Institutional, and Adjunct, within which ARTICLE I - MEMBERSHIP there may be one or more types. The types of membership and the privileges of each shall be determined by the Board of Directors.) Section 1. Each Individual, Life, StyeeRt, SYstaiRiRg aRe PatrsR member shall be entitled to vote, hold office, receive publications and in all other ways enjoy the Section 2. Membership in The Society is open to alll'ersons or institutions in any privileges of full membership. Adjunct members shall be entitled to the same way concerned with historical archaeology research upon payment of such dues privileges [as Individual memberships) except publications. An Adjunct member as may be assessed tRfSygR tRe Byla<"s. is defined as a spouse of any Individual, Life, StyeeRt, SYstaiRiRg sr PatfsR member who has elected to pay dues, as established by the Board of Directors,
8 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
for membership privileges. Institutional members are entitled to all mailings and by a certified public accountant. The Secretary-Treasurer shall turn over official publications of ~ [The) Society, but may not cast a ballot in any election or papers of The Society to the Smithsonian Institution's Department eE AntilFepele meeting. gy [National Anthropological Archives) three (3) years after the date of such documents. Section 2. The annual dues for membership shall be determined by the Board of Directors. Section 6. The officers shall perform such other duties not inconsistent herewith as required by the Board of Directors. Section 3. A member ",Ile Ilas net paid Ilis/Iler annual dues by !!eptember 1 ef a ealendar year sllall be eensidered te Ila'ie terminated Ilis/Iler membersllip in tile Section 7. Resignation by any officer shall be accomplished through notifying the Seeiety fer tllat year, e~,eept wilen unusual eireumstanees make payment ef dues Board of Directors. No action by the Board of Directors is required. by tllat date impessible in tile judgment ef tile Jleard ef Direeters [Membership shall be for the calendar year.) Section 8. Impeachment and removal from office shaall be accompanied through the Board of Directors. Any member of The Board of Directors may begin ARTICLE II - MEETINGS impeachment proceedings. If at least three-fourths (75%) of the Board of Directors concur, that officer shall be removed from office and the vacancy filled Section 1. The Annual BUSiness Meeting shall coincide with the Annual Meeting as provided in the Bylaws. Grounds for impeachment shall be malfeasance or of the members which shall be held at a time and place to be fixed by the Board nonfeasance of office, or violation of The Society's code of ethics (Article VII). of Directors. Written notice of the time and place of such meeting shall be sent to each member of The Society at least thirty (30) days in advance of the date ARTICLE IV - BOARD OF DIRECTORS fixed for such meeting. Section 1. The management and control of the property and affairs of The Section 2. All meetings of The Society shall be conducted according to Robert's Society shall be entrusted to the Board of Directors. Rules of Order, except where the Bylaws of The Society supercede them. Section 2. Two (2) regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held, one Section 3. Presentations at the Annual Meeting shall be consistent with ~ [The) at the time of the Annual Meeting of The Society and another at mid-year Society's purpose of promoting scholarly research and with its professional and between the annual meeting[s) of the membership. ethical standards. Tile Jleard ef Direeters, after eensultatien ",itll tile erganizers ef tile Ann.. al Meetin~ sllall appeint a peer panel. Tile panel sllall apply tile Section 3. A Special meeting of the Board of Directors may be called at any time uniferm minimum standards set by tile Jleard te all meeting presentatiens by the President or upon written request of any three (3) Directors. The Secretary-Treasurer shall give at least T[t)hirty (30) days' written notice of the ARTICLE III - OFFICERS time, place, and purpose of such meeting.
Section 1. The President shall be the chief executive officer of The Society and Section 4. When a majority of the Board of Directors shall consent in writing to as such preside over all meetings of the Board of Directors or members. The any action submitted to all Directors by the PreSident, such action shall be valid President shall make certain that all orders and resolutions of the Board of corporate action. Directors are implemented and shall appoint the chair and members of each standing and speeial committee from the membership of The Society. The Section 5. Two (2) Directors shall be elected annually by a mail ballot to serve President shall have all other such powers not inconsistent herewith as shall from terms of three (3) years or until their respective successors shall be elected. If a time to time by conferred by the Board of Directors. Director is elected as an officers or if a vacancy occurs for any other reason, the candidate on the most recent annual ballot receiving the next highest number of Section 2. The President-elect, as Acting President, shall perform the duties of the votes shall fill the unexpired term of that vacancy. President in the event of the President's temporary inability to perform that office through absence or incapacity. The President shall notify the President-elect and ARTICLE V - COMMITI'EES Secretary-Treasurer of the reason for[,) and duration ofL) this appointment as Acting President. Should the President be unable to provide such notification, the Section 1. The standing committees of The Society shall be a [the) Budget President-elect will become Acting President upon notification by the Secretary Committee, Nomination and Elections Committee, liite Destruaien and Treasurer \!peR [following) agreement by the Board of Directors. In the event of Prefessienal !!tandards Cemmittee, Uoumal) Editorial Advisory Committee, death, reSignation, or impeachment of the President, the President-elect shall [Newsletter Editorial AdVisory Committee,) iffiEI the [Advisory) Council on become President, filling the remainder of that term and the usual elected term. Underwater ArchaeologyL and Conference Committee). The committees and their chairmtffi[s) shall be appointed by the President except that committee Section 3. The Board of Directors shall have the authority to make interim selection may be delegated by the President to the chairmtffi[s) of the committee; appointments to any office other than that of President in the event of a vacancy and except that the Chairmafl of the [Advisory) Council on Underwater and shall perform other duties as specified in the Bylaws. Archaeology shall be selected by members of the [Advisory) Council. [The President may establish other Presidential and ad hoc committees as needed.) Section 4. The Editors[s) shall be responsible for carrying out the publications program of The Society, in accordance with the publication policy established by Section 2. The Budget Committee shall annually recommend a budget for The the Board of Directors. [There shall be a Journal Editor, whose responsibilities Society. shall be to compile Historical Archaeology and other such publications of The Society.) There shall also be a Newsletter Editor, whose responsibility shall be Section 3. The Nomination and Elections Committee shall offer a slate for each to compile the Newsletter of The SOCiety, and an Ilditerial Ad"isery Cemmittee, elective office. The two annual Directors' vacancies shall be filled by the two (2) eensisting ef net less tllan tRree (~) members. [The Editors shall have advisory candidates receiving the highest number of votes. All members in good standing committees consisting of not less than three (3) members.) of The Society shall be notified of this slate by mail on or before September 15, and shall be offered an opportunity to make additional nominations. Such Section 5. The Secretary-Treasurer shall maintain complete records of The Society additional nominations shall be supported by five (5) voting members. Thirty (30) and shall have the custody of all money and securities of The Society. The days after the initial notice of nominations has been mailed to all members, Secretary-Treasurer shall be bonded for the faithful performance of such duties ballots shall be mailed to all members in good standing with indication of the in such sum as the Board of Directors may direct. The Secretary-Treasurer shall date by which these ballots must be returned to be valid. This date shall be no attend to the ordinary correspondence of The Society; keep regular books of more than thirty (30) days nor less than fifteen (15) days after the mailing of the accounts; submit a report of the financial condition of The SOCiety at its Annual ballots. All nominees shall be notified of the results of the election by December Business Meeting; and arrange for an annual aYGit [review) of The Society's books 1.
9 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
ARTICLE VII - ETHICAL POSITIONS "eaiBR 4. TRe SUe DestnietiaR aRd PraiessiaRal StaRdards Cammittee sRall e)'plare meaRS ai preveRtiRg site destraetiaR aRB apgradiRg tRe praiessiaRal Section 1. The Society supports the conservation, preservation and research of
10 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995 was discussed at a joint meeting of these boards at the recent SAA meetings in A Basis for Further Discussion Minneapolis. Several officers of the AlA also attended, and the AlA Governing Board has expressed interest in that society being a co-sponsor of the Register, Below is a summary of some of the main proposals contained in the report of and being represented on the Register Task Force. the SAA-SOPA Task Force that met in St. Louis in February, 1995, as well as The objective of the Register Task Force will be to explore and develop a pOints that were brought out in the joint informational meeting of the SAA, formal proposal for a Register of Professional Archaeologists, which will be SOPA, SHA, and AlA officers in Minneapolis in May, 1995. The authors believe presented to the boards and members of the four societies for discussion and an that these proposals can serve as the initial basis for discussion by the Register eventual vote. The Task Force will consider ways in which the Register could Task Force when it meets. Along with the boards of the several societies, they enable all four societies to work together to further the best interests of believe that the proposed Register will be only a partial solution to the problems archaeology and the archaeological resource base, with particular emphasis on of ethics and standards now engaging the attention of archaeologists and the professional qualifications, ethics and standards. At the time of this writing, the general public, but that the concepts reviewed below are likely to make members of the Register Task Force have not yet been appointed. substantial contributions to resolving some of the problems we face. The discussion which follows is designed to dispel misinformation and inform Under the proposed transformation, SOPA would cease to be a professional the members of all four societies about the recommendations developed to date SOCiety but remain an independent not-for-profit organization under the name by the previous SAA-SOPA Task Force and the boards of the involved societies. "Register of Professional Archaeologists" (ROPA). The Register would continue No firm decisions have been made and no commitments will be undertaken to provide the same services to the profession as SOP A does at present, including without full opportunity for input by the memberships. There will be a vote by maintaining a Register of Professional Archaeologists, a code of ethics, standards the membership of each society on the final proposal. Each member is of research performance, grievance procedures, and requirements for registration. encouraged to give the following discussion thoughtful consideration. The In the transition, all SOP A-certified archaeologists in good standing would existing SOP A Code of Ethics, Standards of Research Performance, and Grievance become Registered Professional Archaeologists and all elected SOP A officers Procedures are published below. Members with additional questions are would continue to serve out their terms of office. The administrative relationship encouraged to submit them to the SAA Office, 900 Second St., NE, Suite 12, between the sponsoring organizations (SAA, SHA, and AlA) and ROPA would Washington, D.C. 20002. be set forth in memoranda of agreement, jointly approved by the participating societies (including SOP A) prior to their taking effect. The sponsoring organizations would gain a unified code of ethics, a set of Why is a Register of Professional standards of research performance, a grievance procedure, and some form of Archaeologists Needed? representation on the Rap A Board of Directors. Rap A would gain the financial support of the sponsoring organizations, as well as the pledge from these Over the past forty years, archaeologists belonging to a number of organiza organizations to encourage their professional members to become registered. tions have devoted considerable attention to developing a higher degree of Sponsorship would also make possible a permanent central office for Rap A, professionalism through promulgating generalized statements of ethical standards. something that SOPA does not now have. The entire diScipline of archaeology The Ethics Committee of the Society for American Archaeology has recently would benefit from having a greatly increased number of archaeologists who published a volume (edited by Mark Lynott and Alison Wylie) in which a number have agreed to adhere to professional ethics and performance standards, and to of ethical issues are discussed at length. In December, 1994, the AlA adopted a be held accountable to these principles through participating in a grievance Code of Professional Standards. However, the leading archaeological organiza process. tions have not developed ways to enforce basic standards of professionalism. The Rap A would be administered by a Board of Directors. Each sponsoring society most successful steps in this direction have been taken since 1976 by the Society would be represented on the board, and additional at-large directors would be of Professional Archeologists (SOP A), with its codified ethics, standards of elected from the ranks of the RP As. All board members, whether selected to performance, and proven grievance procedures. SOPA's effectiveness has been represent the sponsoring societies or elected at-large, would be RP As. The limited, however, by the lack of direct support by the major archaeological registered archaeologists would also elect officers, including a grievance officer organizations, and more importantly, by the failure of larger numbers of and a registrar. Rap A would contract with an independent agency or with one professional archaeologists to subscribe to its more rigorous ethics and standards; of the sponsoring organizations to provide administrative services and a central its current membership is approximately 750. office. Necessary changes in the bylaws of SOP A would be made as part of its In the past 25 years, archaeology has grown from a relatively small academic transformation into the Register; the sponsoring societies might wish to make discipline to one which is having a major daily impact on the public. As economic by-laws changes to accommodate the new relationship, but it could also be set up development programs of all types bring about increased land disturbance, on the basis of memoranda of agreement. archaeologists have increasingly become involved in public efforts to avoid or ROPA would be financed by (a) an annual allocation from each sponsoring mitigate the adverse effects of this development on the archaeological resource organization; (b) application fees paid by archaeologists seeking to become base. With this greater public involvement has come an increasing need for a registered; and (c) annual renewal fees from the RPAs. The bulk of SOPA's widely accepted code of archaeological ethics and standards of performance, as current financial reserves would be transferred to a Rap A grievance fund, with well as an effective method of sanctions when the code or the standards are a minimal amount to be used for transition costs. The grievance fund would be transgressed. We all recognize that substandard archaeological work exists and maintained by Rap A at an appropriate level. that it causes problems for the archaeological profession and for the public which An individual archaeologist would not have to be a member of any of the we serve. One essential remedy is for professional archaeologists to agree to be sponsoring organizations to become registered. An RP A who was not affiliated held accountable to basic professional ethics and standards. with any of the sponsoring organizations would not be required to become a Greater coordination among the primary archaeological organizations is member of one of these organizations. However, application and annual renewal imperative if we are to achieve a higher level of acceptance of adequate standards fees would be substantially discounted for archaeologists who belonged to one of professional performance within the archaeological community, gain greater of the sponsoring organizations. This reflects the financial and organizational acceptance of archaeologists as professionals by the public at large, and improve support that was being provided by the sponsoring organization in which the the overall quality of archaeological work. Only if this is achieved will the RP A is a member. archaeological profession become properly accountable to itself and to the public. If this approach is adopted, the archaeological profession will gain greater professional credibility and be better able to maximize its efforts in research, resource conservation, and public education.
11 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Some Questions and Answers Q: Would SOPA's standards be reduced or compromised? A: No. The ROPA board of directors would continue to have responsibility for the code, standards and grievance procedures. While it is anticipated that Q: Why the name change from Society of Professional Archeologists (SOP A) there would be future changes to reflect the concerns of a broader constituency to Register of Professional Archaeologists (ROPA)? (e.g., archaeologists working outside the U.S., archaeolOgists whose primary data A: On a general level it is to indicate that the organization will not provide a source is collections rather than fieldwork) there is no reason to doubt that the full range of services to the discipline as a whole and to amateur as well as integrity of the code, standards, and grievance procedures would be protected professional members (as do SAA, SHA, and AlA) but rather that it will serve a and retained. narrowly defined group of professionals and the profession of archaeology. It also is to clarify that the function of the organization is not to test (i.e., certify) its Q: Would there be substantial risk to the sponsoring societies of financial members but rather to list (i.e., register) those individuals who have obtained full liability resulting from Rap A-related lawsuits? professional status and who have agreed to be held publicly accountable to a A: SOP A' s legal counsel has expressed the opinion that there is very little Code of Ethics and to Standards of Performance with regard to their professional chance that any lawsuit against a sponsoring organization would succeed, even activities. Finally, registering rather than certifying its members insures that they though total immunity can never be guaranteed. Low-cost liability insurance, like become Registered Professional Archaeologists (RPAs) rather than Certified that now carried by SOP A, is available to cover any claims that might be assessed Professional Archaeologists. Perhaps the world already has enough CPAs! against a sponsoring organization. SOP A' s nearly twenty years of experience without any such suit being brought attests to the fairness and the viability of its Q: Would an RPA be required to join the SAA, AlA, and/or SHA? grievance procedures. A: No, but application fees and annual registration fees would be higher for RP As who were not members of any of the sponsoring organizations. It can be Q: Is there any guarantee that an RP A would always perform to the full expected that the great majority of RP As would be members of one or more of satisfaction of employers, granting agencies, and professional colleagues? the sponsoring societies. A: Of course not -- no more than that a fully qualified, experienced physician Q: Would a member of the SAA, AlA, or SHA with professional qualifications will always make an accurate diagnosis or that a licensed barber will always give be reqUired to join ROPA? her /his clients a satisfactory haircut. However, should any member's perfor A: No. But she/he would be strongly encouraged to do so. mance violate the Code and/ or Standards, a grievance may be filed against that individual by anyone, member or non-member alike, and the RP A charged will Q: How would this plan benefit archaeology as a discipline? voluntarily submit to the grievance process. A: It would enhance archaeology'S image as a true profession to the extent that Rap A's unified Code and Standards is accepted by a majority of professional Q: What is to prevent the Rap A grievance process from being used to pursue practitioners. Professional credibility would also be enhanced because RP As wiII trivial complaints or personal vendettas? have pledged to be held publicly accountable for any failure to comply with the A: The grievance process would be a multi-stage one, which would start with Code or Standards. inquiries and fact-finding by the Grievance Officer. The process would be modeled on the one successfully developed and implemented by SOP A over a Q: Why should an academic or a government archaeologist with institutional period of nearly 20 years. SOP A's experience has been that only the most serious job security want to become an RPA? and well-founded complaints move beyond these initial stages of the process. A: They are equal partners with all other archaeologists in their responsibility to act as stewards of the resource base, conduct archaeolOgical research in an Q: Will ROPA actively seek out cases of possible misbehavior to investigate? ethical manner, and behave responsibly toward archaeology'S several publics. If A: No. The grievance process is triggered only by a complaint, and as noted a majority of archaeological practitioners accept and become accountable to above, there would have to be clear evidence that a serious issue was involved principles of professional ethics and standards, it will be much easier for the before the challenged RP A would be asked to appear before a hearings board. profession of archaeology to act against unacceptable behavior within its own ranks and to make the case to the public against destruction of the archaeological Q: How would this plan benefit individual archaeologists? record and trafficking in looted antiquities. A: By public identification of the individual as qualified to belong to an organization open only to professionals, the individual gains increased self-esteem Q: Would SOPA cease to exist? and profeSSional visibility. Such identification may also assist in employment and A: SOP A would no longer exist as a professional society , but would be career advancement. For those in secure positions, there are both practical and transformed into a different not-for-profit organization after bylaw changes philosophical benefits in identifying with a major effort to protect the archaeologi entailing a new name (RapA) and a somewhat different make-up of the board of cal resource base and to ensure professionalism in its use. As archaeolOgists, each directors. As Rap A, the new organization would continue offering the same of us is often both the first and the final "steward of the past." If each of us does basic services to the profession that SOPA does now. not accept full public accountability for our actions with respect to the archaeolog ical record, how can we expect others to act in a responsible manner? Q: Would the sponsoring organizations (SAA, SHA, and AlA) control ROPA? A: No. Rap A would have its own board, and none of the sponsoring societies Q: Have existing SOPA standards been effective outside that organization? would have a controlling voice in it. Because each sponsoring society would A: A number of public agencies have modeled their reqUirements for provide financial and moral support to Rap A, however, each would be archaeological training and experience on SOPA's standards, and SOP A's code of represented on the ROPA board. Additional board members would be elected ethics and standards of research performance have been widely cited as examples directly by the of basic principles for archaeological professionalism. With sponsorship by the RP As; the total size of the board and the means by which the sponsoring major archaeolOgical organizations and a greatly increased membership, it can be organizations would be represented remains to be discussed. All board members, expected that ROPA will be even more effective in promoting a general whether elected at-large by the RP As, or representing the sponsoring societies, understanding and acceptance of what it means to be a professional archaeologiSt. would themselves have to be RP As.
12 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Q: I know a certain archaeologist who is a member of SOP A, and in my (c) Engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresen opinion, this person is not a very good archaeologist. If that is the case, tation about archaeological matters; why should I believe that the transformation of SOP A into Rap A will do (d) Undertake any research that affects the archaeological resource base anything to increase the level of professionalism in American archaeology? for which she/he is not qualified. A: Both SOP A and its proposed successor, Rap A, are designed to establish and enforce minimal basic requirements of archaeological qualifications, ethics, and II. The Archaeologist's Responsibility to Colleagues, Employees, and Students performance. The process is not primarily designed to identify and reward 2.1 An archaeologist shall: excellence, as desirable as that might be; it is designed to define what is (a) Give appropriate credit for work done by others; minimally required for someone to be called a professional archaeologist. A core (b) Stay informed and knowledgeable about developments in her/his concept is that individuals who become registered have publicly declared that field or fields of specialization; they will be held accountable through the grievance process should their (c) Accurately, and without undue delay, prepare and properly dissemi qualifications, ethics, or research performance be challenged. This is what will nate a description of research done and its results; give the Register its moral force for defining professionalism both within (d) Communicate and cooperate with colleagues having common archaeology and to the general public. professional interests; (e) Give due respect to colleagues' interests in, and rights to, information Q: What schedule is anticipated for developing the Register of Professional about sites, areas, collections, or data where there is a mutual active Archaeologists? or potentially active research concern; A: May 1995: All four boards "support in principle" the proposal (f) Know and comply with all federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, and Summer/fall 1995: Information and Question and Answer articles are regulations applicable to her/his archaeolOgical research and activities; published by all four societies (g) Report knowledge of violations of the Code to the proper authorities; Nov. 1995: Register Task Force drafts a detailed proposal (h) Honor and comply with the spirit and letter of SOPA's DiSciplinary Dec. 1995: AlA board and members discuss Task Force proposal Procedures. at their annual meeting Jan. 1996: SHA board and members discuss Task Force proposal 2.2. An archaeolOgist shall not: at their annual meeting (a) Falsely or maliciously attempt to injure the reputation of another April 1996: SOPA and SAA boards and members discuss Task archaeologist; Force proposal at their annual meeting (b) Commit plagiarism in oral or written communication; May 1996: SOP A members vote on proposal (c) Undertake research that affects the archaeological resource base June 1996: If proposal approved by SOP A, the members of AlA, unless reasonably prompt, appropriate analysis and reporting can be SHA, SAA vote on proposal expected; July 1996: If proposal approved, legal aspects of SOPA-ROPA (d) Refuse a reasonable request from a qualified colleague for research changes are completed data; Aug.-Dec. 1996: Funds transferred, Rap A central office set up, mar (e) Submit a false or misleading application for accreditation by or keting campaign for new members initiated, billing Membership in the Society of Professional Archeologists. mechanisms established, etc. Jan. 1997: Rap A officially begins operating III. The Archaeologist's Responsibility to Employers and Clients 3.1 An Archaeologist shall: Current SOPA Principles and Requirements (a) Respect the interests of her/his employer or client, so far as is consistent with the public welfare and this Code and Standards; Code of Ethics (b) Refuse to comply with any request or demand of an employer or client which conflicts with the Code and Standards; Archaeology is a profession, and the privilege of professional practice requires (c) Recommend to employers or clients the employment of other professional morality and professional responsibility, as well as professional archaeologists or expert consultants upon encountering archaeological competence, on the part of each practitioner. problems beyond her/his own competence; (d) Exercise reasonable care to prevent her/his employees, colleagues, I. The Archaeologist's Responsibility to the Public associates and others whose services are utilized by her/him from 1.1 An archaeologist shall: revealing or using confidential information. Confidential information (a) Recognize a commitment to represent archaeology and its research means information of a non-archaeolOgical nature gained in the results to the public in a responsible manner; course of employment which the employer or client has requested be (b) Actively support conservation of the archaeological resource base; held inviolate, or the disclosure of which would be embarrassing or (c) Be sensitive to, and respect the legitimate concerns of, groups whose would be likely to be detrimental to the employer or client. Informa culture histories are the subjects of archaeological investigations; tion ceases to be confidential when the employer or client so indicates (d) Avoid and discourage exaggerated, misleading, or unwarranted or when such information becomes publicly known. statements about archaeological matters that might induce others to engage in unethical or illegal actiVity; 3.2 An archaeologist shall not: (e) Support and comply with the terms of the UNESCO Convention on (a) Reveal confidential information, unless required by law; the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export, and (b) Use confidential information to the disadvantage of the client or transfer of ownership of cultural property, as adopted by the General employer; Conference, 14 November 1970, Paris. (c) Use confidential information for the advantage of herself/himself or 1.2 An archaeologist shall not: a third person, unless the client consents after full disclosure; ., (a) Engage in any illegal or unethical conduct involving archaeological (d) Accept compensation or anything of value for recommending the matters or knowingly permit the use of his/her name in support of employment of another archaeolOgist or other person, unless such any illegal or unethical activity involving archaeological matters; compensation or thing of value is fully disclosed to the potential (b) Give a professional opinion, make a public report, or give legal employer or client; testimony involving archaeological matters without being as thor (e) Recommend or participate in any research which does not comply oughly informed as might reasonably be expected; with the requirements of the Standards of Research Performance.
13 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Standards of Research Performance VI. The archaeologist has responsibility for appropriate dissemination of the results of her Ihis research to the appropriate constituencies with reasonable The research archaeologist has a responsibility to attempt to design and dispatch. conduct projects that will add to our understanding of past cultures and/or that 6.1 Results reviewed as significant contributions to substantive knowledge will develop better theories, methods, or techniques for interpreting the of the past or to advancements in theory, method or technique should archaeological record, while causing minimal attrition of the archaeological be disseminated to colleagues and other interested persons by appropri resource base. In the conduct of a research project, the following minimum ate means such as publications, reports at professional meetings, or standards should be followed: letters to colleagues. 6.2. Requests from qualified colleagues for information on research results I. The archaeologist has a responsibility to prepare adequately for any research directly should be honored, if consistent with the researcher's prior project, whether or not in the field. The archaeologist must: rights to publication and with her Ihis other professional responsibilities. 1.1 Assess the adequacy of her I his qualificatiDns fDr the demands of the 6.3 Failure to complete a full scholarly report within 10 years after comple project, and minimize inadequacies by acquiring additiDnal expertise, by tion of a field project shall be considered as a waiver of an archaeolo bringing in assDciates with the needed qualifications, Dr by mDdifying gist's right of primacy with respect to analysis and publication of data. the sCDpe Df the project; Upon expiration of such lO-year period, or at such earlier time as the 1.2 InfDrm herself/himself Df relevant previDus research; archaeolOgist shall determine not to publish the results, such data should 1.3 Develop a scientific plan of research which specifies the Dbjectives Df the be made fully accessible to other archaeolOgists for analysis and project, takes intD account previous relevant research, emplDYs a suitable publication. methodDIDgy, and provides fDr economical use Df the reSDurce base 6.4 While contractual obligations in reporting must be respected, archaeolo (whether such base consists of an excavation site or of specimens) gists should not enter into a contract which prohibits the archaeologist cDnsistent with the Dbjectives Df the prDject; from including her or his own interpretations or conclusions in the 1.4 Ensure the availability Df adequate and competent staff and support contractual reports, or from a continuing right to use the data after facilities to carry the project tD completion.. and Df adequate curatorial completion of the project. facilities for specimens and records; 6.5 Archaeologists have an obligation to accede to reasonable requests from 1.5 Comply with all legal requirements, including, without limitation, information from the news media. obtaining all necessary governmental permits and necessary permissiDn frDm landDwners or Dther persDns; Outline of Grievance Procedures 1.6 Determine whether the prDject is likely tD interfere with the prDgram Dr projects of Dther scholars and, if there is such a IikelihDod, initiate The guidelines for all SOP A grievance investigations and hearings are to be negDtiatiDns to minimize such interference. found in the document entitled Disciplinary Procedures of the Society of Professional Archeologists. A copy of the procedures may be found in the Guide to the Society II. In cDnducting research, the archaeDlogist must follDw her Ihis scientific plan of Professional Archeologists or obtained by writing to the Grievance Coordinator. of research, except tD the extent that unforeseen circumstances warrant its The following is an abbreviated outline of the usual course of investigations: mDdificatiDn. 1. Allegations of professional misconduct against SOP A-accredited archaeologists III. PrDcedures for field survey Dr excavatiDn must meet the fDllowing minimal may be filed in writing with the Grievance Coordinator. standards: 2. The Grievance Coordinator will consider allegations of professional misconduct 3.1 If specimens are collected, a system for identifying and recDrding their against certified archaeologists which have occurred after the archaeolOgist proveniences must be maintained. applied for SOP A certification and if the archaeologist is listed in the current 3.2 UncDllected entities such as environmental Dr cultural features, depDsi Directory of Certified Professional Archeologists. tiDnal strata, and the like, must be fully ilnd accurately recDrded by 3. Upon receipt of an allegation, the Grievance Coordinator makes a preliminary appropriate means, and their IDcation recorded. inquiry in order to determine if there is a reasonable cause to believe that the 3.3 The methods emplDyed in data cDllectiDn must be fully and accurately accused archaeologist has violated a provision of the SOP A Code of Ethics or described. Significant stratigraphic andlor associatiDnal relatiDnships Standards of Research Performance, which are published in the Directory. If among artifacts, other specimens, and cultural and envirDnmental it appears that a violation may have occurred, the Grievance Coordinator features must also be fully and accurately I'ecorded. appOints two SOP A members who, along with the Grievance Coordinator, 3.4 All records should be intelligible to other archaeologists. If terms form a grievance investigating committee. The accused archaeologist is then lacking commonly held referents are uSE,d, they should be clearly informed of the impending investigation. This committee investigates possible defined. violations of the Code and Standards and prepares a report which is a finding 3.5 Insofar as possible, the interests of other researchers should be consid of fact as well as a recommendation to the Grievance Coordinator. ered. For example, upper levels of a site should be scientifically 4. Upon recommendation of the committee, the Grievance Coordinator may ask excavated and recorded whenever feasible, even if the focus of the the accused archaeologist to accept admonishment or censure. Up to this pOint project is on underlying levels. in the process there is no public disclosure. 5. If the accused archaeolOgist refuses to accept admonishment or censure, or if IV. During accessioning, analysis, and storage of specimens and records in the the committee finds substantial violations of provisions of the Code or laboratory, the archaeologist must take precautions to ensure that correla Standards, the committee will direct the Grievance Coordinator to prepare and tions between the specimens and the field records are maintained, so that to file a complaint of misconduct with the Standards Board; this complaint provenience, contextual relationships and the like are not confused or constitutes the formal grievance. The Standards Board will hear the complaint obscured. and opposing arguments, make a ruling and, where appropriate, institute penalties conforming with those set forth in the Disciplinary Procedures. V. Specimens and research records resulting from a project must be deposited at an institution with permanent curatorial facilities, unless otherwise reqUired by law.
14 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Education and Experience Requirements' of Cape Breton, Box 5300, Sydney, Nova Scotia BIP 6L2, Canada. Phone 902/539-5300; Fax 902/562-0119; E-mail Advanced Degree(s): [email protected] The applicant must have designed and executed an archaeological study as evidenced by a thesis or dissertation, and have been awarded an advanced • Winterthur Fellowships: Winterthur Museum is accepting degree, such as an M.A., M.S., PhD., or D.Sc., from an accredited institution in applications for its 1996-7 research fellowship program. archaeology, anthropology, history, classics, or other germane discipline with a specialization in archaeology. If the thesis or dissertation is not primarily based Scholars who are pursuing research in American material on field research in archaeology, the applicant must have designed and executed culture and history are encouraged to apply by December 1, an archaeological study or report(s) based on field research equivalent in scope 1995. Contact: Dr. Gary Kulik, Winterthur Research Fellowship and quality to an M.A. or M.S. thesis or PhD. dissertation. In some cases, an Program, Advanced Studies, Winterthur, Delaware 19735. individual may have prepared several smaller reports that cumulatively are Phone 302/888-4649 comparable to a thesis or dissertation. In such cases, abstracts and tables of contents with pagination or the reports themselves must be submitted. The report(s) must indicate substantive analysis by the applicant based on an explicit • Scholars in Residence Program: The Pennsylvania Historical theoretical orientation. A purely descriptive report, however long, is not and Museum Commission invites applications for its 1996-7 considered equivalent. program, which provides support for full-time research and study at any Commission facility, including the State Archives, Fieldwork Requirements: The State Museum, and 26 historical sites. Residences are The applicant must document a minimum of one year of field experience. available for 4 to 12 consecutive weeks between May 1, 1996, Experience, both supervised and supervisory, must be acquired in time blocks of and April 30, 1997, at the rate of $1200 per month. Contact: at least four weeks' duration. "Field experience" in this context includes survey, Division of History, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum excavation, and laboratory processing/ analysis. The applicant must specify a total of 24 weeks of excavation and survey Commission, Box 1026, Harrisburg, PA 17108. Phone 717/787- experience under the supervision of a profeSSional archaeologist (defined as an 3034. The deadline is January 12, 1996. individual who is certified or meets the requirements for certification by SOP A), of which no more than 12 weeks can be survey. • Two One-Day Workshops to be held just prior to SHA '96 Supervised laboratory experience: Eight weeks of laboratory experience must in Cincinnati: Two one-day workshops presented by the be documented, under the supervision of a professional archaeologist. Experience must be accumulated in 4-week time blocks. Heritage Resources Management Program (note new name) of Supervisory experience: Twenty weeks of "in the field" work must be in a the Division of Continuing Education at the University of supervisory capacity. Please indicate if the work is excavation, survey, or lab Nevada, Reno (UNR), are being offered on January 3, 1996, just work. Also, indicate the institution and location of the supervisory experience. prior to the 1996 SHA/ ACUA Meeting in Cincinnati. One of the workshops will focus on the timely topic of Report: Please identify a report written by the applicant based on the excavation, "Archaeological Collections Management and Curation" (to be survey, and/or laboratory work being cited under "Fieldwork Requirements" taught by Pamela Cressey and Barbara Magid), and the other above. If the report is different from the thesis/ dissertation cited under is "Assessing the Archaeological Significance of Historical Sites" "Advanced Degrees", please include the title page, table of contents, and abstract. (to be taught by Donald Hardesty). Both of these workshops If it is a co-authored report, the applicant must indicate the portions written by him/her. provide the opportunity to learn at the feet of the "masters." The cost for each is $125, and you will receive information on signing up for the workshops in your meeting announcement 'This section on Education and Experience Requirements is adapted from SOPA's material, to be mailed this fall. The deadline for registration is current instructions to applicants who are seeking to become SOP A-certified. Because of SOP A's concern for conservation and proper treatment of the December 6. If you have any questions about the workshops, archaeological record, these requirements are designed to ensure that all contact Leanne Stone at UNR, at 703/784-4046. Note that tax SOPA-certified professional archaeolOgists have the requisite training and deductions are permitted for these workshops. experience to capably direct a field project that affects the archaeological record. These workshops have been arranged by the SHA Academic With the prospect of co-sponsorship of the Register by several archaeological and Professional Training Committee in conjunction with the societies, the Register Task Force will undoubtedly be asked to consider ways that the Register could represent a greater diverSity of professional interests, e.g., UNR Heritage Resources Management Program, as part of the training and experiential reqUirements for archaeologists who direct only SHA's commitment to continuing education for historical collections-based research projects. archaeologists.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
• Certificate in Historical Conservation and Presentation: a new post-baccalaureate program offered by the University College of Cape Breton in co-operation with the Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Park, May 13-August 30, 1996. Contact: Extension and Community Affairs, University College
15 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES emphasis on field recording, planning, and implementation; international project management experience, and 5 to 7 years Reported by field and management experience at the highest level of Sara F. Mascia competence. Reading, speaking, and writing skills in at least one foreign language required. Excellent verbal, administrative, • Reminder: Please send all correspondence for the Clearing interpersonal, and English writing skills are required to work house for Employment Opportunities to: Sara F. Mascia, and negotiate effectively with diverse staff outside institutions, Society for Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 442, Tarrytown, and external professional colleagues. Must be free to travel NY 10591. Telephone/Fax: 914/762-0773. DO NOT SEND frequently to meetings, conferences and cultural sites through Clearinghouse mail to SHA offices. out the world. Salary is commensurate with experience and qualifications. Excellent benefits. Position is available immedi • Employers: Please send a description of the position ately. Please send cover letter and resume to (or contact for available noting any relevant requirements (e.g., regional more information) Yvonne Bradshaw, Human Resources experience, specialized skills). Copies of the description will be [DDD], J. Paul Getty Trust, 401 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 900, sent to qualified candidates. An application deadline or Santa Monica, CA 90401, 310/395-0388. notification once a job has been filled would be appreciated. If for any reason you do not want your position advertised in the • Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc.: Historical Newsletter please note that at the top of your announcement. If Archaeologist a position must be filled immediately, call and qualified Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc. is seeking appli prospects can be notified without delay. cants for the position of Historical Archaeological at their Columbus office. • Employment Seekers: Please send one copy of your resume Qualifications: M.A. or PhD. in anthropology or related field, along with a cover letter including a daytime phone number, must be able to serve as a Principal Investigator, possess good and any preferences such as the region, duration of job, and report writing and managerial skills, and have a minimum of type of position you are seeking to the above address. Once three years of supervisory experience. Field work is required. received, your resume is placed on file and as jobs are open This is a full-time position. The salary will be commensurate that fit your qualifications, notice of these will be sent to you. with experience. The company offers medical benefits and a lt is up to you to respond to the notice, following normal or 401(k) retirement plan. Please submit vitae by October 31, 1995, specified application procedures. with a cover letter, list of references, salary requirements, and writing sample to: Michele Haller, Human Resources, 4620 Indianola Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43214. EOE/ AAE. JOB OPPORTUNITIES • City of Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi Museum of Science • The Getty Conservation Institute: Deputy Director and History: Archeologist The Documentation Program of The Getty Conservation Duties: Directly responSible for the operation of archaeology Institute seeks one highly qualified individual to manage the programs, exhibits, and archival holdings as they relate to the Research and Application Section and to act as Deputy Director Museum's archaeological collections. Responsible for catalogu of all three sections of the Program (the Institutes comprehen ing, curating and conserving the "1554 Shipwreck Collection", sive Library, Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts, and the and marine and terrestrial archeological collections. Conducts Research and Applications Section). and oversees research on marine and terrestrial archeological Duties: The successful candidate will work under the general collections. Publishes and disseminates information pertaining supervision of the Program Director, and with other senior to the collections through scholarly venues, academic presenta staff; will supervise two Program Coordinators, two Research tions and public programs including school groups. Responsi Coordinators, occasional Fellows, and support staff to set ble for dividing duties on a part time basis as an instructor at policies and priorities for the Research and Applications Section Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi. May need to partici of the Program, will develop, design and implement documen pate in underwater archaeolOgical projects. tation activities related to cultural heritage conservation and Qualifications: Doctor of Philosophy degree in Anthropology, will work with the Program Director on budgeting, manage or other directly related fields, and a minimum of five years ment, and advocacy for the Program overall. Responsibilities professional experience in a museum or comparable facility may also include research, teaching, writing for publication, and/ or five years teaching experience at the college or universi organization of conferences, and oversight of international ty level; or any equivalent combination of training, education conservation activity. and experience. Some marine archeology experience preferred Qualifications: A graduate degree in conservation, archaeology, but not required. Must be able to pass underwater scuba or architecture, training in documentation with particular training certification. Send vitae to: Human Resources
16 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Department, City of Corpus Christi, 1201 Leopard, Corpus "on the shelves" by the time this issue of the Newsletter reaches Christi, TX 78401. EOE you. Barber assembled Doing Historical Archaeology to provide students with a "cross-section of the diverse sorts of things FUTURE CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS historical archaeologists do," and notes that he made a con scious effort to "include exercises that illustrate the different • The Public Benefits of Archaeology Conference, to be held paradigms current in historical archaeology today" (p. 3). The in Santa Fe, New Mexico on November 5-8, 1995. Reflecting a manual is divided into five parts: written and oral sources, wide variety of interests and agendas, the structure of this spatial analysis and stratigraphy, food ways, the analysis of conference is designed to support active discussion among the portable artifacts, and cemetery studies. Twenty-one exercises participants, who will represent a variety of disciplines and are presented within these five topical areas. A sampling viewpoints. The eventual product of this meeting will be a includes source analYSiS, oral history, probate inventories and publication which discuses the value of recognizing, studying, acculturation, analysis of community patterning, social analysis preserving, and interpreting archaeological sites. Contact: of architecture, inferring alcohol usage from artifacts, artifact Barbara Little, National Register of Historic Places, at 202/343- identification, mean ceramic dating, frequency seriation with 9513. grave marker data, and inferring ideology from grave markers. Four appendixes include information on "planning your • Pan-American Course on the Conservation and Manage research," "sampling," "basic descriptive statistics and other ment of Earthen Architectural and Archaeological Heritage, relevant arithmetic," and "writing your reports." A fifth Chan Chan, Trujillo, Peru, November 10-December 13, 1996. appendix is a glossary of terms used to describe cemeteries and The course [in Spanish] is geared towards professionals and grave markers. technicians in anthropology, archaeology, architecture, engi This is not intended to be an in-depth review of Barber's neering, conservation and other disciplines involved with the book. I would invite you to obtain a copy and select exercises conservation and management of cultural heritage, and/or that you may find useful. To obtain a student viewpoint, I personnel with at least 3 years experience in the conservation asked two of my graduate students to review exercises on and/ or management of earthen historic/ archaeological sites. topics they are particularly familiar with or interested in. Their Contact: Training Program, The Getty Conservation Institute, overall impression of the exercises they considered is that 4503 Glencoe Ave., Marina del Rey, CA 90292. Phone 310/822- expanded bibliographies are needed and that some of the 2299; fax 310/821-9409. The deadline for application is exercises needed to be related more closely to the theme of the December 15, 1995. book--doing historical archaeology. The book would perhaps be most useful in a lab class setting, with careful selection of • 22nd ANNUAL WORKSHOP AND CONFERENCE OF exercises by the instructor, who would supplement the material THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CONSERVATION presented with additional readings and background lectures. OF HISTORIC AND ARTISTIC WORKS - CANADIAN Finally, the manuscript would have benefitted from a careful GROUP, in Montreal on May 21-26, 1996. Contact: Johanne reading by an editor familiar with archaeological terminology Perron or Estelle Richard, IIC-GC Congres '96, MBAM, c.P. and concepts. 3000, succ. H, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 2T9. Paper Orser and Fagan wrote Historical Archaeology for use as an deadline December 15,1995. Phone 514/285-1600. Fax 514/285- overview text in undergraduate historical archaeology classes. 4019. They present a survey of the field, portraying the many viewpoints coexisting in contemporary historical archaeology. Although I have not actually seen the manuscript, Chuck Orser kindly provided me with the table of contents. This, of course, TEACHING HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY can't substitute for a careful reading of the book itself, but will give you an idea of what to expect. Reported by The book is divided into 12 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces Teresita Majewski historical archaeology and juxtaposes past definitions of the field with a contemporary definition fOCUSing on multidiScipli An internet message this past spring announced two books nary inquiry and the global nature of modern ("post-prehistor of interest for those teaching undergraduate courses in histori ic") life. In Chapter 2, the authors present a brief history of the cal archaeology. One is the recently published Doing Historical field, introducing the student to "all the players." Chapter 3 Archaeology: Exercises Using Documentary, Oral, and Material tackles historical archaeology's connections with anthropology, Evidence, by Russell J. Barber (Prentice Hall, 1994, $23.80). The history, and the concept of culture and cultural systems. Goals other is Historical Archaeology, by Charles E. Orser, Jr., and Brian of the field are outlined, and the various kinds of historical M. Fagan (Harper Collins, price not available), which should be archaeological sites are introduced (including underwater sites).
17 ,
SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Historical-period artifacts are the focus of Chapter 4, and the ordering information, and, if pOSSible, a disk in Word Perfect authors discuss artifacts as historical do(:uments, as commodi 5.1,5.2, or ASCII. ties, and as ideas. Temporal and spatial concepts are intro duced in Chapter 5, with coverage of familiar topics such as Fort Guijarros Journal relative dating, formula dating, and settlement patterns. A 1995? Review by Robert L. Hoover. variety of techniques for conducting historical-period site survey are discussed in Chapter 6, including documentary, The period immediately before and after the Columbian archaeological, and remote-sensing methods. Quincentennary of 1992 has become a virtual renaissance for Chapter 7 looks very useful, as it presents information on the historical archaeology of the Spanish colonial period. Not what you actually do before archaeological fieldwork begins. only is there now a greater interest in borderlands studies from Topics covered include historical fieldwork and documents, Florida to California, but these studies are examining the oral interviewing, and architectural fieldwork. In Chapter 8, widest variety of sites - military, religious, civil, and native - the student in introduced to field and laboratory procedures. from a multicultural perspective. This year sees the inaugura Chapter 9 concerns the interplay of science and humanism in tion of an exciting new series, the Fort Guijarros Journal, an the theoretical constructs we use to structure our explanations annual publication devoted to the history and archaeology of of the past. Other important concepts and topics (e.g., gender, Ballast Point, Point Loma, San Diego County. The articles in ethnicity, class) are introduced in Chapter 10, which concen this initial issue cover the entire period from Spanish (1792), the trates on the archaeology of groups. The global approach to Anglo whaling (1850s), to the early 20th Century. The journal historical archaeology is introduced in Chapter 11, which is a good example of the advantages of detailed "holistic" includes examples from both the Old and New worlds. I am studies of the archaeology and history of a single area over especially looking forward to reading Chapter 12, which covers time. such important issues as politics and historical archaeology, The first article by Ron May describes the available evidence looting and ownership of the past, the future of historical for the phYSical appearance of 18th Century Spanish cannon archaeology, training and job opportunities in the field, getting batteries in California. Two architectural plans exist for the bat involved with your local historical society, useful addresses, tery of San Joaquin at San Francisco. There are no known plans and a guide to further reading. for these at Monterey or San Diego. Using analogy and On another note, I recently received a letter from a colleague archaeology, May presents a convincing reconstruction of Ft. complaining about circumstances in a department of anthropol Guijarros with massive walls enclosing interior buildings. The ogy in the state in which he resides. In this department, article draws on the classic work on Spanish fortification by historical archaeology is being taught by a person lacking the Quijano in 1953 and contains illustrative historic plans and qualifications to do so. When this fact was brought to the archaeological photographs and sections. The article reflects attention of departmental "powers that be," the concerned some ten years of work in cooperation with the U.s Navy with colleague was told to "mind his own business." I applaud this a dedicated group of volunteers and scholars. person's initiative; these are difficult letters to write. His efforts Susan Floyd describes the little-known Spanish settlement at might not have fallen upon such deaf ears if the SHA had in Nootka on Vancouver Island (1788-1795). At one point, some place standards for academic programs in historical archaeolo 2,000 hispanos secured the area from Russian and British gy. Development of such standards is a high-priority item in expansion. The expense of the fort at Nootka and the better the SHA's Long Range Plan under tasks assigned to the climate of San Francisco caused Spain to abandon the post, Academic and Professional Training Committee, and I invite which was immediately dismantled by the local natives. As an comment from all members on this topic. The committee will interesting footnote to this interlude, a native warrior had soon begin the task of drafting these standards. stolen two silver spoons from pilot Estaban Jose Martinez in 1774. In 1778, Captain James Cook recovered them through barter. Michael Buxton and Carol Fuller describe the acquisition and CURRENT PUBLICATIONS conservation of a large Blue Whale vertebra found near the whaling station of Ballast Point. With the application of Reported by acetone, parts of the bone began to turn green from the Priscilla Wegars chlorophyll from algae collected in the bone marrow. The application of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution returned the To obtain a listing in this section, send information on your specimen to its natural color. Six cuts appeared on the bone. publication (typed, double-spaced, follOWing the format in the Several of these were recognized as butchering marks. Blue June 1995 issue) to Priscilla We gars, Current Publications whales were not commonly hunted because of their large size Editor, SHA Newsletter, Laboratory of Anthropology, University until the development of larger harpoon guns and steam of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1111. Please include price and powered whaling ships in the 1890s. The vertebra can now be
18 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
curated in state-of-the-art facilities at Point Loma with tempera Foster, John M. and others ture and humidity controls. 1995 - Archaeological and Historical Investigations of Seven Sites in Following a memorial article on Abraham Nasatir by Dr. the Prado Basin. Statistical Research Technical Series, No. 54. Eugene Chamberlin, Alton B. Sweet presents a delightful oral Los Angeles: US Army Corps of Engineers. 183 pages; price history of his father as keeper of the Ballast Point Lighthouse not proVided (pb). (1906-1910). Life was rigorous but exciting for the family. The keeper supplemented his income by building boats. The trials, Friel, Ian rewards, and tribulations of life as a lighthouse keeper are 1995 - The Good Ship: Ships, Shipbuilding and Technology in described with warmth and humor. England 1200-1520. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University The Fort Guijarros Journal is a journal that the historical Press. 208 pages; $35.95 (hb). archaeologist, research library, and anyone interested in local history should read. It is available as part of membership to Hindes, V. Kay and others the Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation, P.O. Box 23130, San 1995 - The Rediscovery of Santa Cruz de San Saba, a Mission for Diego, CA 92193, (619)229-9743. Individuals' or Institutions the Apache in Spanish Texas. N.p: Texas Historical Foun $12.00; Family #16.00; Student, Military, or Senior $8.00 dation and Texas Tech University. 94 pages; price not annually. provided (pb).
Briefly Noted: Authors who wish to obtain an additional, Hodder, Ian and others longer listing are invited to submit one following the instruc 1995 - Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past. tions at the head of this section. Please contact your bookseller London: Routledge. 275 pages; $65.00 (hb). where price and/ or ordering information are not provided. Kellogg, Douglas C. and Jay F. Custer, editors Arkush, Brooke S. 1994 - Paleoenvironmental Studies of the State Route 1 Corridor: 1995 - The Archaeology of CA-Mno-2122: A Study of Pre-Contact Contexts for Prehistoric Settlement, New Castle and Kent Coun and Post-Contact Lifeways Among the Mono Basin Paiute. ties, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation University of California Publications, Anthropological Archaeology Series, No. 114. Dover, DE: Delaware Depart Records, Vol. 31. Berkeley: University of California Press. ment of Transportation. 153 pages; (pb). Available free from 199 pages; $40.00 (pb). Kevin Cunningham, State of Delaware, Department of Transportation, P. O. Box 773, Dover, DE 19903. Chapman, Jefferson 1994 - Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American McChristian, Douglas C. History. Revised edition. Department of Anthropology, 1995 - The U.S. Army in the West, 1870-1880: Uniforms, Weapons, University of Tennessee, Report of Investigations, No. 43; and Equipment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 315 Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, pages; $34.95 (hb). Occasional Paper, No.5; Tennessee Valley Authority, Publications in Anthropology, No. 41. Published by the National Park Service Tennessee Valley Authority and distributed by the University 1994 - Federal Archeological Programs and Activities: The Secretary of Tennessee Press. 149 pages; price not provided (pb). of the Interior's Report to Congress. 112 pages; available free from National Park Service, Archeological Assistance Clark, Donald W. Division, P. O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127, 1995 - Fort Reliance, Yukon: An Archaeological Assessment. phone (202) 343-4101; fax (202) 523-1547. Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Paper 150. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization. 247 pages; Scholl, Michael D., Angela Hoseth, and David J. Grettler $24.95 (pb). 1994 - Transportation and Agricultural Changes in Blackbird Hundred: Final Archaeological Investigations at the Buchan Cromley, Elizabeth Collins and Carter L. Hudgins, editors an-Savin Farmstead, State Route 1 Corridor, Green Spring, 1995 - Gender, Class, and Shelter: Perspectives in Vernacular New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Architecture, V. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Transportation Archaeology Series, No. 106. Dover, DE: 272 pages; $25.00 (pb). Delaware Department of Transportation. 221 pages; (pb). Available free from Kevin Cunningham, State of Delaware, Deagan, Kathleen, editor Department of Transportation, P. O. Box 773, Dover, DE 1995 - Puerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish 19903. Town in Hispaniola. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 533 pages; price not provided (hb).
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Schrire, Carmel offers a wonderful potential for understanding the treatment of 1995 - Digging through Darkness: Chronicles of an Archaeologist. Char smallpox victims during the late 18th century. lottesville: University Press of Virginia. 276 pages; $29.95 (hb). Huntington House, Scotland: The Connecticut College Department Tummon, Jeanie and W. Barry Gray of Anthropology has initiated a multi-year project focusing on the 1995 - Before and Beyond Sainte-Marie: 1987-1990 Excavations at the Sainte archaeology, history, architecture, restoration, and interpretation of an Marie among the Hurons Site Complex (circa 1200-1990). Dundas, 18th-century house, its grounds and original 30-acre farmstead. The Ontario: Copetown Press. 213 pages; price not provided (pb). Huntington House is a National Historic Landmark located in Scotland. Governor Samuel Huntington (1731-1796) was a signer of the Declara Watson, David R. tion of Independence, and his center-chimney, saltbox colonial home is 1995 - 1010'S First Book of Crossbows. Austin: Gwasg Caseg Wen Press. unrestored and virtually pristine. Managed by a Trust, the goal is to 50 pages; $10.00, including postage and handling (pb). Order from restore the house as a museum and working farm, interpreting colonial the author at 201 West Crestland Drive, Austin, TX 78752. Connecticut lifeways. During 1995 the field work will concentrate on site mapping, surface, and sub-surface archaeological testing, and Wiseman, Robert F. artifact analysis to assess the nature of the surviving deposits. For 1973 - The Complete Horseshoeing Guide. Second edition. First paperback more information contact Professor Harold Juli, Box 5492, Connecticut printing, 1995. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 286 pages; College, New London, CT 06320 or call (203) 439-2228. $16.95 (pb). October House, New Fairfield: Archaeologists Faline Schneider man-Fox and Dr. Nicholas Bellantoni, Connecticut State Archaeologist, are currently conducting archaeological investigations at the October CURRENT RESEARCH House site, New Fairfield. The October House was built in 1771 and was occupied by generations of the renowned Barnum family for over NORTHEAST 150 years. In 1925 world famous cartographer and book designer, Bruce Rogers, purchased the house. After his death in the 1950s, the Reported by house was abandoned and subsequently razed. Efforts are now being David Starbuck made to develop the site, which prompted residents to address its cultural sensitivity. Through the volunteer efforts of local residents, Western Connecticut State University students, and students from CONNECTICUT Housatonic Valley Regional High School, investigations have focused on the house perimeter and surrounding farmstead in the hopes of Durham Pest House, 1760-90: On April 9, 1760, the voters identifying historic features. Limited prehistoric material has also been attending a town meeting passed a resolution to build a hospital for encountered. townspeople with infectious diseases. A committee was organized and money allotted for the hospital. Land was purchased on Parke's Eli Whitney Armory Site: The New Haven Colony Historical Ledges in May of 1760. A structure was built 20 feet wide and 30 feet Society and the Historic American Engineering Record sponsored long, of wood-frame covered with clapboards. The fireplace and partial several excavations at the Eli Whitney Armory site in Hamden during cellar were made of fieldstone. About 30 feet away from the house a the 1970s, under the direction of David Starbuck (then at Yale Universi well was dug. ty). More recently, students in the Archaeological Studies program at The committee announced on December 4,1760, that the hospital was Yale carried out excavations in 1980, 1993, and 1994 as part of their competed, and Dr. Amos Hubbard was in charge of its operation. Dr. course work in field and laboratory methods. They will dig at the site Jesse Cole assumed the responsibility for the hospital upon Dr. again in the fall of 1995. Hubbard's death in 1767. Dr. Cole maintained an herb garden near the Eli Whitney built his armory in 1798, when he took a contract to hospital for medicinal purposes; he used a nearby cave as his dressing make 10,000 muskets for the Federal government with power-driven room, so that his clothes would not be a source of infection after a visit machinery and inexperienced artisans. He achieved national promi to the infected patients. nence through his efforts to develop methods for manufacturing with According to Durham records, the building was sold in 1790, interchangeable parts, and for establishing Whitneyville, one of the first although the town retained the land. However, in 1798, after Dr. industrial villages in the U.S. Excavations have focussed on the site of Jenner of England announced his discovery (If vaccination to prevent the original armory building and its water power system, the forge contraction of smallpox, the Town discussed the idea of vaccination but shop, remains of foundry locations, and the grounds of the 1826 single voted it down in the belief that it was improper to deliberately infect men's boarding house located across Whitney Avenue from the armory. a healthy body to try to prevent a disease. The excavators have located building foundations and waste dumps, During the operation of the Pest House, more than 31 people were and have recovered artifacts from successive stages of manufacturing buried on site. At one time there were five gravestones at the site, but at the armory and from domestic life at the boarding houses. today there is only the one belonging to Timothy Hall, who died July An exhibit of artifacts and maps is open to the public in the Eli 17,1775, at the age of 50. The site was reviewed by Robert Gradie, III, Whitney Museum, and the Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation and Nick Bellantoni. Foundation remains were noted, the well is intact, now occupies the boarding house. For further information call Bill and it is presumed that additional, unmarked fieldstone slabs indicate Brown at the museum, (203) 777-1833. a relatively intact burial ground. While no immediate excavations are planned, the site appears to have great integrity and the Office of State Ogden House, Fairfield: The Ogden House Archaeological Project Archaeology is working with the Town of Durham and the property is an ongoing land use survey of the property owned and sponsored by owner to ensure its preservation for future researchers. Few intact the Fairfield Historical Society. The property now includes a ca. 1750 archaeological remnants of "pest houses" exist in Connecticut. The site saltbox farmhouse and a small amount of the original farmland that had been given to David Ogden on the event of his marriage to Jane
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Sturges. The house came into the possession of the Fairfield Historical under the direction of Dr. Warren Barbour of the State University of Society from Lillian Wadsworth in 1974 and has been maintained as an New York at Buffalo. example of an 18th-century dwelling. Title searches and documentary research were completed as part of the National Register nomination Lake George Sunken Warship: The Land Tortoise, a 52-foot process. gunship built in 1758 and located 107 feet below the surface of Lake The project, directed by Shirley Paustian, has included lecture George, is the newest state Submerged Heritage Preserve. Certified programs and workshops on archaeological techniques and methodolo divers are allowed to visit the historic site as of June 1995. However, gy, research on various topics, excavations and cataloging. Participants color photos of the ship have been taken so as to show others a have included approximately 25 adult volunteers from the Historical seamless, color-and-light adjusted photo of the vessel. It is hoped that Society membership and residents of the surrounding communities. the enlargements of this photo can be transformed into a wooden Fairfield University students have participated for credit on different model that will show the public exactly what the ship looks like. Maps phases of the investigation, particularly in cataloging. An exhibit on of the Submerged Heritage Preserve and several others in Lake George the Ogden House was held at the Fairfield University Nacelles Library. are available at locations in Lake George Village. For more informa Local high school students have participated under the sponsorship of tion, contact the New York State Department for Environmental the Archaeology Club of Fairfield High and Ed Coffey, a history teacher Conservation. at the high school. Entering the third field season, plans are underway to mount an Rochester Museum & Science Center Projects: The Cultural exhibit at the Historical Society. A research design for subsequent Resource Survey Program of the Rochester Museum & Science Center's investigations is being established. Research Division has been undertaking Phase 1 and 2 work in connection with the preparation of an dEIS for Akzo Novel Salt Inc.'s NEW YORK new 120-acre mining facility in Livingston County. To date, 17 sites have been tested and evaluated. The historic sites range from the late New State Program: Heritage Corridor: New York State has 18th to mid-20th centuries. Most appear to be contemporaneous with designated its first heritage area, the Mohawk Valley. This action joins the Williamsburg site, a village inhabited from 1793 to 1815. Phase 3 a national movement toward natural and cultural resource planning as work at Williamsburg and an as-yet undetermined number of other a basis for economic development. Hundreds of other locations sites within the project area is being undertaken this summer. throughout the United States are actively pursuing heritage tourism as a viable method to create sustainable economic growth. New York State Museum Presentations: Physical anthropologist The Mohawk Valley Heritage Corridor provides a concerted approach Brenda Baker of the New York State Museum, along with Maria Liston to improving the economic climate of the region. It strengthens the of Adirondack Community College, presented posters at the annual historical link between the eastern part of the state and its western meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in areas. Heritage Corridors are not parks in the traditional sense. They Oakland, California. The posters were entitled "Infection in Eighteenth go beyond a focus on particular historic and natural features to the Century Military Remains at Ft. William Henry" and "Trauma in entire setting. The goal is to protect, package, and promote the Eighteenth Century Military Remains at Ft. William Henry." They also significant resources of a corridor. A seventeen-member planning won the SAA award for best poster at the annual Society for American commission has been appointed which will oversee the preparation of Archaeology meetings in Minneapolis. This poster was entitled "War a regional management plan. The commission will examine themes, is Hell: Eighteenth Century Military Remains at Ft. William Henry." boundaries, and improvements required to promote tourism. They also All of these posters were based on analYSis being carried out by Baker will oversee early action grants which will be used to support pilot and Liston on burials recently removed from the fort grounds. projects. The program is under the overall supervision of the Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. VERMONT
New York State Budget Cutbacks: Cutbacks in New York State Strong Mansion in Addison: The Vermont Archaeological Society government have had a direct effect on archaeological programs. At and the Daughters of the American Revolution are sponsoring the Peebles Island, headquarters of the Bureau of Historic Sites, two key second year of an archaeological excavation at the DAR-owned 1796 positions on the historical archaeology staff were lost. The three John Strong Mansion. The mansion, built by Strong in the years after remaining staff persons will carryon a limited program. At the New he returned from service in the American Revolution, overlooks Lake York State Museum, hours have been curtailed for visitors, and hours Champlain. The 1994 excavation concentrated on the rear yard looking have also been curtailed for use of the State Archives and the State for outbuildings shown on an 1815 map. Several foundations were Library. No archaeology positions have been lost in the State Museum, uncovered. One, from the many artifacts recovered, was a bam, but but the future remains uncertain. Due to professors accepting jobs two others could not be identified from the artifactual material. elsewhere, State University teaching positions both at Albany and at The September 1995 excavation will concentrate on those two Buffalo have been frozen or lost. The future of positions elsewhere foundations, one of which was double-walled with earth and stone remains uncertain. packed between the walls, and the other an 80 cm.-deep, open-ended, well-constructed wall that yielded hundreds of artifacts. Buffalo's Crossroads Area Excavations: Hundreds of artifacts dating from the early 1800s have been unearthed in test excavations for a new hockey arena in Buffalo, New York. Artifacts have been found as deeply as 8 feet, just above the area's underlying clay layer. Many leather shoes and boots have been found in the lowest level; above that, household debris forms a fill used to raise the level of the flood-prone lowlands located here along Buffalo Creek. Analysis of this material relating to the early history of Buffalo will provide clues to the city's past and the lives of its early inhabitants. The work is being done
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MID-ATIANTIC believed to be the earliest example of formal architecture erected in the Maryland colony. Timothy Riordan, Silas Hurry and Henry Miller are Reported by studying the excavated architectural evidence and assembling data Doug Sanford concerning historical analogies. In conjunction with this effort, architectural research has been conducted in England by Carl Louns MARYLAND, St. Mary's City bury of Colonial Williamsburg and in Europe by Thomas Lucas of the Society of Jesus. The key problem in interpreting the archaeology is The Governor's Field: With support provided by the Federal weighing the influences on the building's design of cultural tradition, ISTEA program and Maryland Department of Transportation, the the frontier setting, social and political conditions, the educational Historic St. Mary's City (HSMC) Research Department conducted an backgrounds of the participants and the policies and practices of the intensive survey and testing project on two 17th-century tracts in the Jesuit religious order. Evidence such as specially made fenestral brick, core of Maryland's first city during 1994. Known as the Governor's imported building stone, massive foundations, and the use of brick in Field and the Chapel Land, these properties were settled by the an other wise impermanent architectural milieu suggest that this was Maryland colonists in 1634. Historical evidence also indicates that a a special bUilding. Examination of other structures, contemporary Native American village stood on this location during the early 1630s. building contracts and specifications is creating a strong impression of The primary goal of the survey was to determine the nature and Continental influences on the major public buildings in 17th-century development of the street network in the colonial city, a road system Maryland. The result of this effort will be a defensible plan for the which began as an Indian trail called Mattapany Path. Identification of exhibitry and possible reconstruction of this unique building as a all cultural resources within the study area was also an objective of the centerpiece exhibit for the HSMC museum. survey to aid in management and the planning of subsequent museum development and highway improvements. Directed by Henry M. The Printing House: Excavations in the vicinity of an 1840s Slave Miller and supervised by James Embrey and Patricia Dance, this survey Quarter at St. Mary's City during 1992 and 1993 uncovered evidence involved the controlled surface collection of a 30 acre tract. Five that a 17th-century site lay under the 19th-century building. These additional acres not suitable for plowing were investigated with shovel excavations were directed by Henry Miller and supervised by Ruth test pits placed at 20 foot intervals. Data from previous surveys of Mitchell. Among the most Significant artifacts found were quantities adjoining tracts were also reanalyzed and computerized. These efforts of lead printing type, a number of which were recovered in undis have resulted in the discovery of a minimum of 40 sites or site turbed 17th-century contexts. Analysis of the associated artifacts by components. Eighteen of these are of 17th-century date. Surprisingly, Silas Hurry indicates that the site dates to the late 1600s. It is almost a number of 18th century sites were also located, indicating more certainly associated with the printing operation of William Nuthead, intensive occupation during that period than suggested by the who arrived at St. Mary'S City in 1684 and died there in 1695. Nuthead documentary record. Of particular note are three probable slave was one of the earliest printers in the English colonies and this site may quarter sites dating to the c.1750-1830 period. A draft report on the represent the oldest print shop yet found in America. Further survey has been completed. Phase 2 testing of the sites was conducted investigation on the site is planned. during the summer and autumn of 1994 under the direction of Timothy Riordan and James Embrey and the resulting data are currently under NEW JERSEY analysis. Sheffield Archeological Consultants: In June 1994, data recovery The 1676 Brick Prison: Rescue archaeology on the campus of St. excavations were conducted at the Sheffield Farm House Site in Mary's College of Maryland was conducted by the HSMC staff during Mahwah, Bergen County, in advance of the planned demolition of this the summer of 1994 and resulted in the location of the site of the Brick structure which was built around 1825. The basic objective of this Prison built by the colonial government at st. Mary's City in 1676. archaeological investigation was to search for evidence of an earlier Quantities of colonial brick and imported Dutch pantile from the 18th-century structure, the Arie Laroe House, which, reportedly, once structure were recovered but there were few other artifacts in associa stood somewhere in the vicinity of this newer structure. This project tion. Evidence regarding major topographic changes since the colonial was directed by Edward J. Lenik, with funding provided by the period and the likely location of 17th-century North Street were also Mahwah Historic Preservation Commission, the Mahwah Historical obtained during this project. A report on the rescue excavations has Society and Temple Beth Haverim and private donors. been completed and is on file at Historic St. Mary's City. Eight days of excavation were devoted to this project with a professional field crew of three persons and numerous volunteers from Greene's Freehold: An archaeological survey and testing project the Mahwah Historic Preservation Commission, the Mahwah Historical was also conducted by the HSMC staff on a property patented in 1638 Society and the Archaeological Society of New Jersey. A brief by Maryland's second governor, Thomas Greene. Located along the St. archaeological orientation and training session was conducted for the Mary's River just south of the colonial city, controlled surface collection volunteers by the Principal Investigator prior to the start of the of this tract produced both prehistoric and colonial artifacts. Analysis excavations. and distributional mapping has permitted the location of the plantation The archaeological excavations at the site resulted in the discovery of site of Greene, which was occupied from 1638 to c. 1655. Artifacts a buried stone foundation located immediately to the northeast of the include glass beads, Rhenish stoneware and white clay pipes. Study of then-standing Sheffield Farm House. This buried foundation was the prehistoric materials by Silas Hurry has resulted in the identifica thirty-five feet in length, two feet wide, and sixteen inches high. It tion of a contact period Native American site in the same location. consisted of cut stone blocks with cobblestone infilling and large, flat Phase 2 testing directed by Timothy Riordan detected both prehistoric capstones at the two exposed corners. The full extent of this structure and 17th-century features. A report on the project is in preparation. could not be determined as it extended to or under the standing house. The presence of brick, mortar, glazed brick fragments, burned soil, ash The Brick Chapel: The HSMC Research Department is continuing and charcoal near the center of the exposed foundation suggested that work on creating the corpus of knowledge ne(:essary for the interpreta a hearth or chimney was once present in this location. tion and exhibitry of the c.1667 Roman Catholic Chapel site. It is
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Analysis of the architectural data, stratigraphy and artifacts led to the Mary Washington College (MWC): Staff from the Center for conclusion that the buried foundation was that of the Arie Laroe House Historic Preservation (CHP) at MWC are currently engaged in three which was built in the late 18th century and was occupied through the projects in locations in and around Fredericksburg. Participants include early 19th century. The data indicated that the stone foundation was Douglas W. Sanford (Director of Archaeological Programs), Dr. Michael modest both in scale and in its ability to support much weight. We J. Klein (Project Director), Anita Dodd (Crew Chief), Roberta Kerr infer that the building on this site was of frame construction and (Architectural Historian), and field technicians Michele Brumfield, John modest in size, not exceeding one and a half stories in height. The Cooke, Sarah Garner, Stephanie Hayes, and Alison Ringwall. MWC artifactual and stratigraphie data indicate that the buried stone student volunteers include Heather Keister, Molly Kerr, and Aaron foundation dated to the late eighteenth century, while analysis of the Smith. large number of domestic and household class of artifacts recovered Dahlgren Naval Surface Warfare Center, King George County: As supports the conclusion that the dwelling was occupied until the early part of its consolidation with another military installation, Dahlgren 19th century. The Sheffield Farm House was demolished at the NSWC has sponsored a series of road and building-related construction conclusion of the archaeological excavations. projects that may affect archaeological resources. Under contract with Artifacts of Native American origin were also recovered from the site. Dahlgren, the CHP has initiated a number of Phase I surveys covering Analysis of these items indicates that the site was occupied by nearly 500 acres to date. Test units placed along parallel transects have prehistoric Indians intermittently from the Late Archaic period to the discovered seven sites so far, including a number of small prehistoric late Woodland time frame, or ca. 3000 B.C. to 1600 AD. The site was sites and three late 18th- to early 19th-century occupations. At present, a short term, limited function site utilized by small groups of hunters most sites occur along Gambo Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River. as a campsite for the purpose of procuring a variety of resources The aforementioned historic sites likely represent subsidiary elements readily available nearby. The artifacts recovered indicate that small of the former Hooe family plantation. The Hooes, who operated a ferry scale procurement and processing of subsistence resources took place across the Potomac River to Maryland, are particularly known through along with toolmaking and repair. Civil War era maps and documents. The Phase I and II testing of the base area known as "Quarters 501" VIRGINIA (the commandant's house) has discovered remains of prehistoric and historic land use that preceded the 1914+ Colonial Revival house and Alexandria Archaeology: From January through June 1994, grounds that currently dominate the northern side of Machodoc Creek's Alexandria Archaeology conducted excavations at the Quaker Burying confluence with the Potomac River. Phase II units revealed artifact Ground in Old Town Alexandria. Steven Shephard and Francine scatters, a backfilled well, postholes, and a large depreSSion (possibly Bromberg directed the work, which involved identification and removal a storage cellar) associated with the 19th-century occupation of the area of graves located in areas to be impacted by the construction of a public by the Quesenberry family. In April 1865, the Quesenberry household library addition. The cemetery had been utilized from 1784 to about assisted John Wilkes Booth during his escape efforts stemming from the 1896. The number and locations of burials were unknown. assassination of President Lincoln in Washington D.C. The owners, the Alexandria Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society The archaeological data recovered from Dahlgren will be used for of Friends, wishing to honor the original 1937 agreement with the city, both research and land use management purposes. Besides assisting gave permission for the construction work as long as appropriate the Navy base in its future planning endeavors, the information will preservation measures were instituted. All burials that would be help construct a predictive model of site types and locations for the destroyed by the construction had to be removed. Graves that were Dahlgren area and King George County. This data base will be added below the foundations, and thus not disturbed by construction, could to that already generated for Richmond County as part of the CHP's be left in place. long-term research and CRM goals for the Northern Neck peninsula, The Quakers were very concerned with minimizing disturbance to the the body of land bounded by the Potomac River to the north and the burials and with maintaining respect and privacy for the remains. Rappahannock River to the south. They instructed us to limit examination of all human remains to that Brompton, Fredericksburg: Brompton, a brick plantation house dated which is standard under field conditions; no laboratory analysis of the to the second quarter of the 19th century and located on the campus of remains could be conducted. All human remains and associated MWC, is a Virginia Landmark and National Register property noted for artifacts had to be reburied on the library grounds. its Civil War associations. Once the home of the Marye family, this Only the foundation, basement and elevator shaft areas were structure marked a key landmark during the battles of Fredericksburg excavated. A total of 156 burial features were located and 66 graves (1862) and Salem Church (1863). Period documents refer to Union and were removed. All burials, except one, were contained in hexagonal Confederate troop movements there, and photographs record its use as wooden coffins. The exception was a cast iron casket dating to ca. a temporary hospital. 1868. Most coffins were plain; 32 percent had some form of decorative Machine trenching on the property for the installation of multimedia hardware. The coffins and human remains were very poorly preserved. cable led to a program of archaeological monitoring. CHP staff Only two full skeletons were found, one in the iron coffin and the other recorded variable series of landscape fills, including some mid-to-late within a brick vault. A few artifacts were found within the coffins. 19th-century deposits that contain domestic and architectural artifacts. These included buttons, a large key, tortoise shell hair combs, two These materials appear to be associated with post-bellum landscaping dental plates, and a wedding band. One burial, identified as an adult and building activities, likely repair work associated with the plantation female by the presence of a hair comb, had a broken ironstone plate manor's return to domestic and agricultural activities after the Civil over the abdomen. War. Only a few military artifacts (ordnance) were recovered. For further information, write to Alexandria Archaeology (Torpedo Beyond illustrating under-studied aspects of Brompton's history, the Factory Act Center, 105 N. Union Street, #327, Alexandria, VA 22314) recovered materials will also serve to document the long-suspected, but for "The Quaker Burying Ground in Alexandria: Archaeological unrecorded archaeological component of this National Register Evidence of Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Burial Practices", by landmark. Establishing the presence and nature of Brompton's Steven Shephard and Francine Bromberg (Number 74); or "Conserva archaeological resources should help to protect the property if further tion and Differential Preservation in a Nineteenth-Century Cemetery in land alterations are implemented. Alexandria, Virginia" by Barbara Magid and Lisa Young (Number 75).
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Glenora, Spotsylvania County: In cooperation with the Virginia Mount Vernon focusing on agriculture. Current plans call for restoring Department of Historic Resources and Lake Anna State Park, the Center this important and unique farm building in time for the 200th anniver for Historic Preservation at MWC is conducting a preliminary archaeo sary of George Washington's death in 1799. logical study of the former plantation estate known as Glenora. The Perimeter Drain: Testing began last fall in preparation for installa project's purpose is to assist the Park with their cultural resource tion around the Washington home. The drain will stop water from management of this historic property. Constructed in 1832, the Glenora seeping into the mansion basement. Two 20 x 5 foot test units were plantation complex currently contains the standing remains of the opened on the north and west sides of the house. In the northern unit, mansion house and various 19th and 20th-century outbuildings, most a brick drain ran adjacent to the foundation to a point directly below of which have either collapsed or are marked by foundation remnants. the original location of the downspout leading from the roof. It then CHP staff and Department students are documenting the structures descended and turned, entering the basement just east of the bulkhead with architectural draWings and photographs. Each structure will entrance. receive an architectural assessment with regard to materials (types, This indicates that the downspout originally led into a subterranean dates), structural stability, and the potential for further study if the system of drains, diverting the roof water into interior, sub-floor drains. structures are either dismantled or stabilized. In addition, limited Portions of those drains have been found during archaeological archaeological testing has served to examine the local landscape with excavations carried out in the basement over the last five years. This respect to soil conditions and the presence of features and artifacts. is an unusual condition and sheds considerable light on the operation To date, the grid work of shovel test pits has revealed artifacts to be of the entire mansion drainage system. confined largely to the area of the structure suspected as the kitchen, The western unit is located adjacent to the stone stoop at the and two large ice pits. Beyond establishing the archaeological potential building'S northwest corner. This unit identified structural differences of this area, the test units will provide planning information for the in the brick footings for the stoop. Documentary evidence indicates Park if the Glenora area is used for public interpretation (signs, roads, that the stoop was built in two phases, ca. 1776 and in 1781. Distinct hiking trails) and requires maintenance (clearing of vegetation around differences in the brick and mortar comprising the foundation reflect the structures). Cultural resource recommendations will consider the two building episodes. The footings for the steps at the south end possible means for protecting and maintaining the project area's above of the stoop also were found to overlie a layer of brick that extends ground resources, namely the potential for improving the structures' beyond the unit to the south. This suggests the existence of a skirt of stability, for minimizing further deterioration, and for long-term brick paving associated with all three doorways to the mansion, and maintenance. that it is an original 18th-century feature. South Grove Trash Midden: Processing of the artifacts from the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association: The Mount Vernon Archaeolo multi-year excavation of this ca. 1760-1775 feature located south of the gy Department was upgraded to the Departmlmt of Restoration in July mansion house was completed this winter. The collection is highlight 1994, with Dennis Pogue as the Director, responsible for archaeology, ed by 920 sherds of colonoware comprising 26 vessels. The vessels are architectural conservation, and restoration. Esther C. White directs the all bowls with rim diameters ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 inches. In archaeology component. Assistance for this past year's work was addition, the assemblage contains large numbers of Chinese export provided by the L. J. and Mary Skaggs Foundation-sponsored field porcelain, white saltglazed stoneware, and tinglazed earthenware. school, the Archeological Society of Virginia's annual field school, and The artifacts from this site will be the focus of a new exhibit about numerous volunteers. The excavations were supervised by Todd archaeology opening in May. Located in the Museum Annex, the new Bonshire, Curt Breckenridge, Elizabeth Alexander, and Lisa Plumley. archaeological and restoration exhibit will examine 18th-century life at Dung Repository (or stercorary): This was the major excavation in Mount Vernon through comparison of assemblages from the South 1994, with more of the building's footprint revealed during this second Grove and the House for Families slave quarter. A secondary focus of season of work. Constructed in 1787 and standing until the mid-19th the exhibit will be the study of trash and what archaeologists can learn century, the outbuilding was the receptacle for manure and other from excavating in a dump. organic matter. The resulting fertilizer was then spread on the gardens, orchard, and fields. WEST VIRGINIA The structure consisted of a recessed, cobble-paved pit covered by a wooden structure supported by hole-set posts with brick walls at the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park: Staff members from the gable ends. This summer's work uncovered all of the building'S Division of Archeology, under the direction of Mia Parsons, conducted cobblestone floor and its western brick wall. The repository adjoined excavations along the Shenandoah Street sidewalk (46JF213) from a ha-ha wall that included an adjacent ditch on its east end; the west December 19, 1994 to January 26, 1995. The project was designed to end abuts a lane. It is hypothesized that the brickwork along both recover information about the location, dimensions, and components of these gable ends provided a barrier between the recessed floor and a 19th-century sidewalk in an area between the bus pavilion at Bridge these two features - without the brickwork, the usefulness of the Street and Park Building 33 at Market Street, in Block C, Lots 1-6. subterranean pit to mix and cure manure would be compromised. Information recovered during the excavations was used to assist Documentary research about composting is ongoing. A depiction of cultural landscape architects in planning for the construction of a new a similar structure appears in an 1808 publication "Remarks on the Plan walkway through this area. Staff members included Gary Butera, Erika of a Stercorary", in Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Martin, and Kelly Passo, as well as park volunteer Jason Beard. AgricultUl·e, by Richard Peters, a friend and correspondent of George Technical assistance was provided by John Ravenhorst. Washington. The published plan is quite similar to the excavated Archeological excavations on the Harper Terraces, directed by Mia repository at Mount Vernon. As described by Peters, the structure had Parsons, began during the first week of April 1995. The Harper a shingle roof supported by posts, and was open on all sides. Peters' Terraces is an area located adjacent and immediately west of Marmion plan called for posts set on a brick foundation, while the Mount Vernon Way and Public Walk, at the top of the "Stone Steps", just to the north example appears to have ground-set posts along at least one side. of St. Peters Catholic Church. The earliest documents to reference the Archaeological and documentary research about the building confirm area describe the construction of a house by Robert Harper between its existence in 1799-the year Mount Vernon interprets. The practice of 1781 and 1803. composting and fertilizing mesh well with a new research impetus at
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By the 1850s, several structures were added creating a complex past, Documented sites include military fortifications, agricultural eventually referred to as "Marmion Row". The terrace area was utilized enterprises, mission communities, roads and bridges, and various for garden space and the construction and use of a variety of outbuild components to residential properties including house foundations, out ings. The archeological research is being coordinated with staff buildings, wells, trash pits, and fence lines. A few examples of some members in historical and cultural landscape divisions at the park. of the sites that have been examined are discussed below. Since 1992, thirteen City projects have been conducted around the Fountain of Youth Park due to the construction of new homes. Located SOUTHEAST 5/8 mi north of Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, the park is a tourist destination known to contain the initial settlement of St. Reported by Augustine (1565-1571), the 16th- and 17th-century mission community Maurice Williams of Nombre de Dios, and prehistoric sites. City investigations have uncovered additional evidence of aboriginal structures and agricultural ALABAMA furrows that associate with the mission community. Botanical and faunal specimens recovered from these contexts include com, hickory Old Girard (Phenix City): Archeologists with Southern Research nuts, palm seeds, deer, raccoon, snake, and various fish and mollusc recently completed data recovery excavations on an urban site located remains. In addition, portions of a defense-like barrier entrenchment on the west bank of the Chattahoochee River in Phenix City across were found to the west of the park that may have been associated from Columbus, Georgia. The work was sponsored by Phenix City, either with the initial settlement of St. Augustine or an enclosure that which plans to construct an amphitheater at the site. The project area surrounded the mission community. Ceramics from the barrier include was the site of a settlement that grew in tandem with Columbus and St. Johns Check Stamped and Sevilla Blue-on-Blue. Evidence of burning at times had a somewhat sordid reputation; during the 1830s it was was found along a section of the barrier. known as Sodom. The first bridge to span the Chattahoochee River In addition to documenting aspects of the historic mission community had its western landing adjacent to the project area, which became of Nombre de Dios, the City's Archaeology Program has uncovered known as Girard during the mid-nineteenth century. Archival and portions of Lieutenant-General James Grant's farm, just north of the archeological investigations indicate that the project area was the park. Grant was the first governor of British East Florida, from 1764 to location of domestic housing from the second quarter of the nineteenth 1774. Initially, the farm was a provisional enterprise, where crops were century until the 1980s. A house and dependent structure stood on the raised for purchase by the residents of St. Augustine. Later it became site until sometime in the 1880s when row houses (shotgun style) were an experimental station used in the cultivation of indigo, a cash crop. built; the last of the row houses were razed in the 1980s when the City City investigations have uncovered portions of three structures, a built a park at the location. stockade, miscellaneous pits, a ditch, and a series of perpendicular A large block unit and several discontinuous units were excavated by trenches that may correspond to agricultural activities. According to hand. A total of 120 square meters of soil was removed to reveal a historical documents, the trenches may be associated with a group of deeply buried site, which was underneath as much as a meter of teen-aged African slaves who worked Grant's farm in the 1760s. twentieth century alluvial and bulldozed deposits. The architectural Numerous projects have been conducted in the historic downtown features of six structures, including four shotgun houses and two district, in response to construction activities that include new homes nineteenth century domestic buildings, were identified. Extensive and businesses, parking lots, and swimming pools as well as the stratified nineteenth and twentieth century midden zones accompanied installation of utility lines. A plethora of archaeological features has the architectural features. Excavations and analysis focused on the mid been uncovered from downtown sites that date from the late 1500s to nineteenth century occupation of the site. A final report is in prepara the early 1900s. tion by Rita F. Elliott, the Field Director. Kya G. Wood and W. Dean Investigations in the downtown area help to fill lacunae in an Wood are the co-principal investigators for the project. incomplete data base. In particular, recent investigations at two adjoining properties near the Gonzales-Alvarez House (also known as FLORIDA "The Oldest House") have uncovered a considerable quantity of material that dates to the 17th century. Included in the inventory of Mt. Royal: Calvin Jones recently completed site assessment and 17th-century features examined are 6 wells, 3 house foundations, and minor archaeological mitigation fieldwork on the British and Spanish 4 primary refuse pits. We also recovered evidence of an extensive components of the Mt. Royal site (PU35) on the St. Johns River near corpus of intrusive 18th- and 19th-century features. An extraordinary Palatka. Jones has begun analysis of the recovered cultural material. fragment of San Marcos Complicated Stamped pottery was recovered The Archaeological Conservancy is acquiring a significant portion of from one of the 17th century well shafts. What makes this sherd the privately-owned Mt. Royal site village area. The owner had unique is that the inside of the vessel was inscribed with the letters previously donated the mound to the State of Florida. "_oncales". This 17th-century material augments data from a poorly examined period in St. Augustine's history. St. Augustine: The City of St. Augustine established an archaeolog The City of St. Augustine Archaeology Program is currently under ical preservation ordinance in 1987 as a means of mitigating the effects the direction of City Archaeologist Carl D. Halbirt. Assistance is of ground-penetrating construction on private and municipal properties. provided by trained volunteers from the St. Augustine Archaeological Since the adoption of the ordinance, more than 125 archaeological Association (a chapter of the Florida Anthropological Society) and the projects have been undertaken. These projects have occurred through community. Volunteers have donated more than 8,000 hours to out the city limits, according to recognized archaeological zones. fieldwork and lab analyses since 1990. Funding for these projects Most projects deal with historical deposits that date from the late 16th comes from the City of St. Augustine and the collection of fees from century to the recent past, although some prehistoric deposits that date owners on whose property archaeological efforts are reqUired. For back 4,000 years also have been recorded. Projects generally are small additional information, interested researchers are encouraged to contact scale, involving a post hole survey of the impact area, test pits, and Halbirt at p.o. Drawer 210, St. Augustine, Florida, 32085; telephone monitoring construction activities. Although limited in scope, these (904) 825-1088/1060, or fax (904)825-1051. projects provide a wealth of information relevant to the City's colonial
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NORTH CAROLINA covered with debris and a modern garage which precluded more than merely determining the original grade. However. these modern Edenton Bay: In February and March 1995, Coastal Carolina "improvements" are easily removed and should not have greatly Research, Inc. conducted an archaeological survey of the proposed impacted the remains of former outbuildings and/ or trashpits. A large Phase 11 development of Edenton Bay in Edenton, Chowan County. Civil War period trashpit had been uncovered previously during the The survey area consisted of approximately 470 acres on the Hayes removal of a subterranean oil tank. The excavation of this backlot is Plantation, a National Historic Landmark south of Edenton. Project being considered as a site for a future archaeological field school. director was Loretta Lautzenheiser. The project was conducted for Edenton Bay Development. Thomas Day HouselUnion Tavern: In September 1994, Coastal The project area is one of the earliest settled areas in the state and is Carolina Research, Inc. conducted a limited archaeological testing rich in history. The property surveyed was first granted to an English program at the Thomas Day House/Union Tavern, in Milton, Caswell settler in 1660. By 1765, when it was bought by Samuel Johnston, County. Project director was Loretta Lautzenheiser. The work was nephew of the Royal Governor and later governor of North Carolina, conducted for the Thomas Day House/Union Tavern Restoration the property was known as Hayes Plantation. By 1860, James C. Association and was partially funded by a grant from the National Park Johnston owned 1,374 acres of land at Hayes, along with 103 slaves. Service. The Hayes cemetery contains the graves of Governor Samuel Johnston, Milton, a town incorporated in 1796, is located on the uplands above James Iredell, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United the Dan River in northern North Carolina. The town flourished during States, and James Johnston, Jr., United States Senator and Governor of the first half of the nineteenth century and contained numerous stores, North Carolina from 1827 to 1828. schools, hotels, and taverns. Although the Thomas Day House/Union During the survey, 32 prehistoric and historic archaeological sites Tavern (constructed ca. 1810) is architecturally important as one of the were recorded. The investigations indicate that a number of significant finest of the few known taverns surviving in North Carolina, it derives and potentially significant archaeological deposits survive on the tract. its primary Significance from its association with free-black cabinetmak One previously recorded site, 31C022, yielded a number of late er Thomas Day. Day trained the slaves of wealthy whites, employed seventeenth- to early eighteenth-century artifacts and structural a few white apprentices, and eventually became a slaveholder himself materials and appears to be significant. A soil resistivity study in order to maintain a permanent staff. Day's customers were among conducted at another large site (3 1 CO 1 12) dating to the same time the wealthiest and most important families in the state. Day became period indicated the presence of several anomalies representing intact nationally famous for his furniture design and construction and was features. Coupled with the large number of surface artifacts and accepted by the white society. concentrations of brick, these features indicate that this site retains The Thomas Day House/Union Tavern is currently undergoing significant deposits. Intact remains were also located at site (31C0112) restoration and the limited testing was conducted to provide informa dating to the mid-eighteenth century. A series of mid-eighteenth tion about structural elements of the building. During excavations, a century sites appear to represent quarters. Several small sites that possible foundation trench from the original cabinet shop was located. appear to represent a series of small, mid-eighteenth-century farmsteads A basement fireplace original to the building contained an unusual were located along the swamp fringe at the southern boundary of the arrangement of bricks in the firebox that may have served as baffles to tract. concentrate heat for purposes of casting metals. A circular construction of brick, dating to the third quarter of the nineteenth century, also Hay House, Greenville: The Hay House, which is situated at 227 appears to be associated with the Day workshop. Excavations indicate Eden street across from Tryon Palace, was built soon after 1804 by that other significant features dating to the early occupancy of the Benjamin Good. It was later acquired by Robert Hay in 1816. A two structure survive in the rear yard, and the Association plans additional story addition to the rear was added around this time or slightly before. excavation to guide the interpretation of the Thomas Day Manufactory. The present structure was modified in the early 20th century to include full front porches for both stories, a rear kitchen and dining wing, and SOUTH CAROLINA a second floor bath. The Tryon Palace Council of Friends, Inc. and Tryon Palace Historic Broom Hall Plantation: Several years ago Chicora Foundation Inc. Sites & Gardens, is presently involved with restoring the structure to performed salvage excavations at Broom Hall Plantation. The field its original 19th century configuration. Restoration efforts include the work was performed under the direction of Dr. Michael Trinkley of removal of all later additions (including central heat & air) and Chicora Foundation and was funded by Chicora, the South Carolina furnishing the house with replica pieces of the period. Historic Department of Archives and History, and the South Carolina Institute architects, paint analysts and other preservation specialists have been of Archaeology and Anthropology. In addition, a number of local engaged for the project, but were unable to answer some of the archaeologists and private individuals volunteered their time to assist questions concerning the house and lot use. To this end it was in the field work. After a number of unsuccessful attempts at getting necessary for archaeological research to be conducted in support of the funds for the analysis and write up, Chicora was finally awarded a restoration efforts. State grant through the South Carolina Department of Archives and During a two week investigation, Charles Ewen (East Carolina History which provided matching funds. University) was called upon to: a) excavate a portion of the basement Artifacts from Broom Hall provided mean ceramic dates ranging from floor. which was the site of the original kitchen, to determine original the 1730s through about 1820 and included an unusually high quantity floor level and whether it was brick-paved (it was); b) investigate the of expensive ceramics and personal items. Excavations investigated an area around the presumed location of the original front poortico to 18th and 19th century slave row, a greenhouse, a stable, a large cellar determine the exact location of the brick support piers (we did, as well feature and other plantation support buildings. as uncovering a brick landing at the foot of the stairs); c) investigate the Located in Berkeley County, approximately five miles from Crawl backyard to determine the original grade and the feasibility for locating Plantation, Broom Hall, unlike Crawl, was an exceptional plantation outbuildings. with elaborate gardens, ornate buildings, and artifacts which reflected The project was able to fulfill all of these objectives and the results considerable wealth. In this issue, we will provide information on our are being incorporated into the restoration plan. The backyard was detailed analysis of the colonowares and the porcelain from the site.
26 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
The analysis of the colonoware not only included traditional methods, known as Crawl Plantation. It began being called Oakley after the but also chemical analysis and petrographic thin sectioning of a small property was sold to Dr. H. M. Haig. By 1858 the property was sample. The goal was to determine if there was a viable method of acqUired by Nathan Guyton, who maintained the plantation through consistently separating the slave made pottery known as Yaughan from the Civil War. the pottery, known as River Burnished, believed to have been made by Excavations at the eighteenth century main house uncovered most of upstate South Carolina Indians. In the past, researchers have noticed a small hall-and-parlor house with a large gabled end chimney. The a great deal of overlap in the two varieties of colonoware which causes overall measurements of the house were approximately 22 by 38 feet, problems with consistent sorting. Another goal was to determine if the with the central hall measuring about seven feet wide and each Indians were making their pottery in their villages and bringing it to flanking room measuring 15.5 by 22 feet. The end brick chimney the lowcountry some 150 miles away or if they were making the measured about six by ten feet, which is large enough to have been pottery on the banks of lowcountry rivers. used for cooking, pOSSibly negating the need for a kitchen. The house The samples were analyzed by Dr. Michael Smith of the University contained a continuous sill brick foundation and, based on the relative of North Carolina at Wilmington. He found that the chemical data sparsity of brick, probably had a wooden superstructure. The central suggests that magnesium concentrations can be used to distinctly hallway was evidenced by a series of paired posts with remnants of separate the two types with magnesium being much greater in the wood still in them. A series of posts further west of the main house River Burnished wares than in the Yaughan pottery. He also found may suggest the presence of a covered walkway to a second structure. that while the presence of visible muscovite mica has been found to be This second structure was found approximately 40 feet to the west of a useful sorting criteria, the petrographic analysis indicated that fine the main house and contained remnants of a continuous sill brick grains of muscovite are found in both types and at about the same foundation, divided by a wall separating the structure into north and concentration range. Therefore, since the two pottery types have about south rooms. The northern-most room contained an internal gabled the same quantities of mica, method of manufacture is pOSSibly the end brick chimney centered in the northern wall. This chimney reason for the perceived higher quantity of mica in River Burnished measured approximately seven by four feet. The southern room also wares. appears to have a chimney, although the foundation in this area was in Petrologically, the two sherd types have broadly similar temper poor shape. The entire structure measured approximately 38 by 20 feet mineralogy but are textually different. The different styles of argilla with the northern room measuring 23 by 20 feet and the southern room ceous (ACF) clots and the grain size difference of the temper materials measuring 15 by 20 feet. Interestingly, the house has the same size and (e.g., quartz) could be used to separate the two types. But, the floor plan as the Newbold-White house near Hertford, North Carolina proportions of temper and paste overlap and do not provide a discrete which is believed to have been built circa 1700. Based on the presence separation index. of the chimneys, the size and configuration of the structure, and the Chinese porcelains made up a significant percentage of the ceramics types of artifacts retrieved, this building is interpreted to represent at the Broom Hall main house and, in fact, contained the largest possible house slaves' quarters which may have functioned as the percentage of porcelains we have encountered on any site. The wares original main plantation house. exhibited a variety of designs including opaque overglazed enamels, Artifacts at both the main house and house slave' quarters/early Imari decoration, underglazed blue patterns, and Batavia ware main house appear to represent a middling status occupation. It is suggesting that the collection dates between about 1750 to 1770. The likely that Crawl Plantation, which was developed under the ownership armorial pattern (especially those with eagles) dates to after 1780, and of John Gibbes, was a small holding, with Gibbes' major holding this decoration was completely absent from the collection. elsewhere. Curiously, none of the pieces in the Broom Hall collection are Excavations at the slave row yielded a large number of yard features, English. Since English porcelains satisfactory for tea and coffee were but complete houses were not found. Yard features consisted of pit unavailable prior to the late 1750s and early 1760s, they would have features, hearths, a dog burial, and a cob pit. The heavy smoke been found only toward the end of the assemblage's period of produced by burning com cobs would have helped to drive away accumulation. In addition, these early English porcelains were very mosquitos, flies, and gnats, and this type of feature has been found expensive. elsewhere in Berkeley County. Given the quantity of mosquito The Broom Hall report provides detailed descriptions of the different breeding wetlands and swamps in the county, the presence of these cob decorative styles used by the Chinese and also provides a rough pits is not surprising. estimate of the eighteenth century value of the porcelains recovered A portion of one house was identified during excavation. A trench from a large cellar feature at the main house. feature (about 11 feet long) was located that had a number of post holes This report is available through Chicora Foundation and requests can evident at the base of the trench. No matching walls could be found be sent to Chicora Foundation, Inc., P.O. Box 8664, Columbia, South but they may have been obliterated by plowing. This type of founda Carolina 29202. Please contact Debi Hacker (803) 787-6910 for pricing tion has been noted at Yaughan and Curriboo Plantation, also in and availability. Berkeley County, as well as Stanyarne Plantation on Kiawah Island in Charleston County. Crawl Plantation: Members of Chicora Foundation's archaeological team has completed a data recovery excavation at a plantation main Freeport Plantation: Chicora Foundation, Inc. is currently house and slave row known as Crawl Plantation which appears to date excavating portions of the Freeport Plantation tract on Daufuskie from the early eighteenth through the early nineteenth centuries. Island, Beaufort County. The work is focussing on two archaeological Previous historical research revealed few documents relating to this components conSisting of a Savannah/Irene phase occupation and a eighteenth century plantation with no detailed plats to show the late 18th through mid 19th century main house complex. location of buildings, roads, fences, and other features. Work at the plantation complex has identified a kitchen with a large Originally part of Sir Peter Colleton's 4423 acre Mulberry Plantation, (approximately 9 feet by 6 feet) firebox constructed of a conglomeration the property was likely not intensively used at least until Thomas of tabby mortar, brick fragments, and some sort of ferrous slag. A Broughton's ownership beginning in 1708. In 1723 the tract was sold large quantity of animal bone has been recovered in this vicinity to John Gibbes and it stayed under Gibbes or Middleton ownership including large amonts of turtle, some cow, deer, drum fish, gar, etc. until 1814, a period of 91 years. During this period the property was Based on field impressions, the diet was dominated by wild mammals
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and fish. The domestic animal remains, such as cow, showed no TENNESSEE evidence of butcher marks. Excavations have also determined that the main plantation house is Ramsey House: On September 2, 1994, the Department of probably underneath the 15th fairway of an existing golf course. Work Anthropology, University of Tennessee, began archaeological testing to in an area determined to have a high density of artifacts adjacent to the locate former outbuildings at the late 18th century Ramsey House in golf cart path yielded a large quantity of window glass and some high East Knox County. The Ramsey House was built by Francis Alexander status ceramics. Ramsey in 1797 and occupied by the Ramsey family and others until Excavations have also identified a utility building with a paved brick 1952 when it was purchased by the Association for the Preservation of floor, a small domestic structure (perhaps associated with an overseer Tennessee Antiquities. This project was a continuation of an archaeo or house slaves), and a third structure whose function has yet to be logical testing program that was initiated at this historic house in 1985. determined. In addition to the historic component on this site, prehistoric Native The results of excavations at Freeport Plantation will be compared to American artifacts are also present. other Daufuskie Island plantations, Hilton Head plantations, and The project that began in September of 1994 continued intermittently mainland plantations to better understand the effects of living on an until June, 1995. Principal Investigator was Dr. Charles H. Faulkner; iso 1a ted Sea Island. graduate students Amy Young, Phil Carr, and Dean Owens were field supervisors on this project. Heritage Resources Management Plan for Greenville County: Three areas of the Ramsey property were tested. The east and west This study was written to provide a preservation plan for the county house side yards were tested with posthole diggers on the permanent of Greenville in South Carolina. It incorporated an examination of the site grid on three foot centers. These two areas were targeted because current archaeological understanding of Greenville County, exploration archival and informant data suggested that early outbuildings were of current archaeological research questions relevant to the project area, located there, especially in the east side yard. A total of 686 posthole an exploration of many of the historic documents available for the tests was dug in the east and west side yards under the direction of county, public outreach, examination of a variety of different preserva Young and Carr. tion approaches, and recordation of a broad range of resources on Eighteen features were recorded in the east side yard. Earlier historic consolidated maps. The goal of the study was two-fold: first, to features include a cistern, ten concentrations of limestone or marble that develop a baseline study and inventory of Greenville's heritage could be buried foundations, a buried brick walk, a fence post, and a resources and second, to offer recommendations concerning how these possible pit. Twelve features were found in the west side yard. There heritage resources could be managed for the long-term benefit of the was no documentation of outbuildings on this side of the house. This community. absence of early structures appeared to be confirmed by the identifica The baseline study would accomplish several objectives. First, it tion of only one fence posthole in this yard. would provide an immediate planning tool. Second, it would begin to The distribution and density of gravel, coal and cinders, hammer help the county understand the extent of heritage resource losses. dressed flakes, and artifacts was determined by either entering their Third, it would help focus attention on those "gaps" in the survey area weights and/or frequency into the AXUM computer program which which need additional investigation and exploration. And fourth, it generated density maps for these categories of materials. Intensive would help focus archaeological research maximinzing its potential to domestic activity in the east side yard was indicated by heavy address significant research questions. concentrations of fuel remains and construction debris, and former The recommendations which accompany this study help accomplish driveways and lanes were plotted by the distribution of various kinds several other objectives as well. First, the recommendations are of gravel and cinders. A total of 3,400 artifacts was recovered in the intended to force us to consider the importance of archaeological sites east side yard; 225 prehistoric, 285 faunal, and 2,973 historic. The (which are often overlooked) to the total "preservation" process. location of former buildings was indicated by the distribution of nails Second, the recommendations explore and digest several different and window glass. Late 18th - early 19th century creamware and perspectives of "preservation," focusing in on the one approach which pearlware was concentrated in one area of this yard. we believe is not only fair to all the parties with an interest, but which Less intense historic domestic activity in the west side yard was is also likely to succeed and be enacted. indicated by the recovery of only 591 historic artifacts. The infrequency of nails and window glass confirmed the conclusions drawn from the John Whitesides Plantation: Chicora Foundation, Inc. recently rarity of architectural features and debris that no early outbuildings excavated the remains of a mid to late 18th century main house stood on this side of the house. complex occupied by John Whitesides probably from the 1760s to about Intermittent testing of the 20th century farmyard to the rear of the 1800. The plantation is located near the town of Mount Pleasant, in Ramsey House had been conducted in 1989 and 1994 to search for Charleston County. No clear architectural features were identified remains of the earlier Ramsey barn. Unfortunately, this area has been except for the damaged remains of a possible chimney base set above adversely impacted by the construction of a parking lot associated with subsoil. Artifacts included primarily kitchen related artifacts with only the visitor's center. The posthole testing of six foot centers directed by a few architectural items such as nails and window glass. In addition, Dean Owens in early June, 1995, confirmed the results of the earlier the artifactual assemblage appears to be relatively low status. This work in this area; only 20th century architectural artifacts are present indicates not only that Thomas Whitesides' house was very simple, but although the recent grading and construction in some areas could have also that he had few expensive possessions. Additional historical destroyed the evidence of earlier farm buildings. research is currently underway to determine whether or not he may These data from the 1994-95 testing project have been used to have had his major plantation seat elsewhere. Given the few architec develop a research design for the extensive excavation of the Ramsey tural items, the relatively low status ceramics, and the sparsity of House yard with the 1995 summer UT Department of Anthropology artifacts at the site, it seems very plausible that he spent little time field school taught by Charles H. Faulkner. The project will continue there. after the field school with a grant from the Tennessee Historical Commission.
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GULF STATES students. Individuals ranging from their teenage to retired years are members of this organization. OKLAHOMA The Chippewa Nature Center has a long tradition of involvement with archaeological investigation and cultural resource management. Honey Springs Battlefield: The Oklahoma Historical SOciety Even though it is not required by law, they hire a professional (OHS), with assistance from the Midwest Archeological Center archaeologist to perform CRM investigations prior to conducting any (MWAC), National Park Service, have conducted the first phase of projects which disturb significant amounts of sediments. The Oxbow archaeological research at the Honey Springs Civil War Battlefield. The Archaeologists are currently working under the direction of James H. BaHle of Honey Springs was fought along the Texas Road on July 17, Payne, an Adjunct Professor at Saginaw Valley State University and a 1863. It represented a successful attempt by U.S. Maj. Gen. James G. Ph.D. candidate at the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropolo Blunt to subvert C. S. Brig. Gen. Douglas H. Cooper's plan to capture gy. Payne taught minicourses on historical artifacts and field methods Fort Blunt (Fort Gibson) and drive the U.S. troops from the Indian to members of the group prior to their field work. Group members Territory. Blunt's forces numbered some 3000 and included the 1st also conducted historical research in an attempt to determine who lived Kansas Colored Infantry, the 1st and 2nd Indian Home Guard, the 2nd at the site, and they began a detailed analysis of the previously Colorado Infantry, the 3rd Wisconsin Cavalry, the 6th Kansas Cavalry, recovered artifacts prior to the field season. the 2nd Kansas Battery, and Hopkins Kansas Battery. Cooper's 6000 This site, one of two dozen on Nature Center property, was docu troops included the Choctaw and Chickasaw Regiment and the 20th mented by the survey efforts of Lois Wang in 1968 and it was excavat and 29th Texas. The 1st Kansas Colored Infantry and the Texas ed by Fel Brunett and Timothy C. Klinger from 1974-76. The occur regiments saw the brunt of the fighting, which lasted for several hours rence of trade goods suggests a Native American presence at this site, and resulted in a decisive U.S. victory. The project was funded by a the nature of which is still unknown. Under the current leadership of grant from the NPS's American Battlefield Protection Program. David J. Frurip and Jeff Graham, the Oxbow Archaeologists decided to Approximately 350 acres of the battlefield were systematically surveyed reinvestigate the Cater site to resolve unanswered issues relating to this by a crew of volunteer metal detectors under the direction of William occupation. This project is attempting to determine the cultural Lees of the OHS and Douglas D. Scott of MW AC. Some 650 battle affiliation and economic base of the 19th century inhabitants. The related artifacts were found and mapped with an electronic transit. The artifact assemblage includes a wide assortment of ceramics, ball clay general patterns revealed by this study have defined the core area of pipes, glass vessels, trade silver, beads, and architectural remains. The the battlefield as well as certain key areas relating to the early stages of notes and artifacts generated by this project will be curated at the the battle along the Texas Road. Chippewa Nature Center. Computer generated artifact distributions were used to suggest the Doaksville: The Oklahoma Historical Society (OHS) is conducting most likely location of a structure and a trash deposit at the Cater site. the first of three seasons of investigations at the townsite of Doaksville During the 1994 field season, a portion of what seems to be a root cellar in Choctaw County. The 1995 investigations will involve the spring dig was uncovered. Fortunately, features at the site are not plow-disturbed of the Oklahoma Anthropological Association followed immediately by because 6-10" of fluvial sediments were deposited over the site prior to a joint OHS-University of Oklahoma field school, both directed by OHS modem, mechanized plowing activities. It is hoped that remnants of Historic Sites Director William Lees. First established in the 1830s, a foundation trench still exist so that the dimensions of the structure Doaksville flourished until the Civil War and for a time served as the can be determined. In the 1970s, a small smudge pit which contained Choctaw National Capitol. The town was adjacent to Fort Towson cobs of Northern Flint maize was found, along with several other (1824-1854) and served as an important commercial center in the features of undetermined function. It is worthy of note that Northern Choctaw Nation. This summer's investigations will focus on survey Flint maize was the only variety of maize that would grow in this and testing to better define the site, and block excavation at one region until modern hybrids were introduced around 1870. The building location. The project is funded by a grant from the Oklahoma investigation of the root cellar feature and the search for the foundation Department of Transportation through the ISTEA program, and is trench will be the focus of the 1995 season. Comparisons will be made intended to result in the development of the site as an archaeological between this site and the Native American habitation sites at Bethany park. The interpreted ruins of the site and the proposed visitor center Mission (20GR187 and 20GR199), and several early-to-mid-19th century will interpret the role of transportation on the development of the Euroamerican domestic sites as well. Choctaw Nation and in particular Doaksville. Millecoquins Shipwreck Site (20MK265): In early October 1994, East Carolina University's Program in Maritime History and Nautical MIDWEST Archaeology completed a second field season on the Millecoquins shipwreck site in western Machinac County. Bradley A. Rodgers and Reported by Frank Cantelas directed the project with the help of local volunteers Dean L. Anderson and ECU graduate students Wendy Coble, Annalies Corbin Kjorness and Ann Merriman. The Association for Great Lakes Maritime History MICHIGAN and the property owners, Hiawatha Sportsman Club, provided funding. Discovered in 1990, the wreck is an early nineteenth-century coasting Cater Site (20MD36): In 1994, the Oxbow Archaeologists began a schooner buried in the bank of the Millecoquins River on the north reinvestigation, including archaeological and historical research, on a shore of Lake Michigan. Research has focused on the vessel's involve circa 1830-45 domestic residence on the property of the Chippewa ment as a supply ship in the Great Lakes fishing industry. Small Nature Center in Midland County. The site is located on a terrace of sailing craft, such as the Millecoquins vessel, traded with numerous the Chippewa River, a tributary of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw camps in the Upper Great Lakes region to supply fish to towns in the Rivers. The Oxbow Archaeologists are an avocational group of 30 Lower Great Lakes area and to eastern markets. individuals associated with the Chippewa Nature Center. The group Initial investigations in 1990 and 1991 found the hull intact with only exhibits a diverse and talented membership consisting of scientists, the weather deck missing. Charred top timbers suggest the upper engineers, technicians, educators, health care professionals and works were burned to salvage iron fasteners. The vessel lies below the
29 OCTOBER 1995 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 groundwater table in a cold, low oxygen environment which provides west of Klamath Falls in southwest Oregon and operated during the excellent conditions for preservation. Much of the interior cabin and early Depression era, 1929-1934. The project was funded by Pacific cargo arrangements remain intact along with a wide range of organic Gas Transmission Company of San Francisco as part of its proposed and inorganic artifacts. To date, the vessel has not been identified. A Medford Extension natural gas pipeline. John L. Fagan and Douglas C. federal surveyor found the beached hull in 1849 but wreck-specific Wilson were principal investigators. Judith S. Chapman analyzed the documentation has not been located. A box of tea found in the cargo artifacts and Timothy J. Hills conducted the archival research. hold in 1991 suggests the wreck occurred in the 1830s. The tea arrived Testing and evaluation of Camp 2 revealed a pattern of gender and in New York City from Canton on the ship Philip 1st, which stopped socioeconomic stratification which appears to correspond strictly with trading with China in 1839. the site's spatial layout. Four distinct living areas were identified Field investigations in 1994 concentrated on the starboard side of the within the camp's compound through archival research and informant cargo hold. The excavation uncovered twenty-four wooden barrels interviews: a men's camp, a family camp, housing for managers and carefully packed in straw dunnage. Stenciling on the barrel heads staff, and "shack town." Because of the camp's temporary nature, all indicates most of the cargo was salt shipped from Syracuse, New York. buildings were designed for easy mobilization and they were relocated The salt was probably transported via the Erie Canal and used to after the camp's closure in 1934. However, above-ground features, such preserve fish for shipment to market. A number of barrels also as large refuse concentrations, extensive can dumps, railroad grades, contained the remains of salted fish which were part of the last cargo privy pits, and evidence of possible structure localities, helped redefine loaded onboard the vessel. the original plan of the camp including the four living areas. Artifact The working life of the Millecoquins shipwreck coincides with the assemblages from distinct living areas characterized the varied social opening years of the Erie Canal, a waterway vitally important to and economic conditions within the camp. regional development in the Great Lakes and westward expansion in The men's camp was comprised of one-room, four-bunk houses North America. The vessel fits a vernacular style prevalent during the lacking cooking facilities. Men's camp residents ate meals at the period, but until now, not found in the archaeological record. Given company dining car, and therefore, very few food-related artifacts were the quality and quantity of artifacts found on the site, many sociological noted in this area. The most prevalent article in this camp were and economic aspects of shipboard life are currently being examined as tobacco tins. In stark contrast, the family camp area, originally well as trade routes and trade patterns. composed of three room cabins with kitchen and dining facilities, yielded artifacts related to food, dining, and recreation, including children's toys. The role of women at Camp 2 was best revealed in this area: cooking, cleaning, laundry, shopping, and child-rearing all appear NORTHERN PLAINS &: MOUNTAIN STATES to have been responsibilities of women in the family camp. While the housing area for managers and staff was similar in most Reported by respects to the family camp area, there was one distinct difference here Steven G. Baker which was evidence of higher economic and social status. Housing in the manager and staff area was the most spacious and the "elite" MONTANA enjoyed closer proximity to the camp office, company store, and cook house. Dining wares were generally of more expensive varieties and Bannack: In 1995, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks some were monogrammed. The fourth area, "shack town," apparently stabilized 10 buildings at Bannack, an early gold mining town and the housed the lowest socioeconomic ranks including transient laborers and territorial capital of Montana. As part of the effort, Renewable perhaps immigrants. This area, comprised of a cluster of tents and Technologies, Inc., conducted limited excavation and monitoring crudely built shanties, was situated far from the camp's facilities and around building foundations. While no evidence of the earliest, mid- the housing area for the managers and staff. Materials in "shack town" 1860s occupation of the town was uncovered, material from the 1880s, included remains of tent platforms and foreign-related food artifacts 1900-1910, and the 1930s is well-preserved. A Significant sheet trash including Norwegian kippered herring tins. Scandinavian railroad deposit, pOSSibly associated with the Metlin Butcher Shop, is preserved workers, which were known to have been among the population at beneath an 1890(?) rear addition on the adjacent Gem Saloon. And, a Camp 2, may have grouped together, either voluntarily or involuntari turn-of-the-century deposit behind the City Drugstore and Assay Office ly, in this last area. AINW intends to further explore the issues of lay relatively undamaged below sand deposited by a flash flood. Depression era gender and socioeconomic stratification as part of the Artifacts at this location included many crucible and cupel fragments, additional artifact analyses and archival research planned for Camp 2. some domestic items, and three pulled human teeth with large cavities. AINW archaeologists also conducted data recovery excavations at the Evidence of Chinese occupation of other buildings at Bannack included Multnomah County Courthouse site (OR-MU-57) in Portland in 1993- fragments of Celadon bowls and brown stoneware jars, opium tins, and 1994 for the General Services Administration in advance of construction a single Chinese medicine vial. of a new courthouse. John L. Fagan served as principal investigator while Bill Roulette and David V. Ellis co-directed the project. Excavations focused primarily on a Chinese laundry (Operation 1) PACIFIC NORTHWEST that operated between 1884 and 1914. During this interval the lot was shared with two other shops (operations 2 and 3) that were operated Reported by by Euroamericans or European immigrants. These included a black Caroline D. Carley smith shop and a commercial building that served several occupants over time. Household related deposits in Operation 1 were contained OREGON in refuse pits, in ash and trash heaps, and in sheet middens that had accumulated beneath the laundry building. Because the lot had been Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. (AINW), of Portland, occupied by non-Chinese households prior to the laundry, special Oregon, completed the testing and evaluation phase of the site of caution was exercised in linking individual deposits to the laundry. Weyerhaeuser Company's premiere Oregon railroad logging camp Research design consisted of questions intended to elicit information (OR-LK-46) in 1994. Called Camp 2, the facility was located 15 miles in the maintenance of traditional Chinese consumer patterns, sojourner
30 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995 socioeconomic status, and differences in consumer behavior at urban a well-to-do farming family, ranked among the wealthiest 4% of Linn versus rural Chinese sites. One focus of the research was an examina County residents. tion of the Operation 1 assemblage to determine the degree to which AnalysiS of the artifact assemblage, especially the ceramic artifacts, non-Chinese artifacts were represented. This analysis was intended to suggests that improvements to the domestic sphere may have been explore the issue of material acculturation by the Chinese launderers. initiated quite early in the Earls' homesteading process. The ceramic Operation 1 artifacts were compared to assemblages from a variety of assemblage was organized based on the level of decorative treatment. rural and overseas Chinese sites to determine if there were significant Analyses included determination of the minimum number of vessels for differences in terms of acculturative change. table, tea, and kitchen wares, analysis of vessel form, and identification Non-traditional Chinese consumer products were well represented in of transfer patterns and other decorative motifs. Based on these Operation 1. The proportion of household-related ceramics, nationally attributes -- decorative level, function (form), and minimum number - marketed, American and non-Chinese imported proprietary medicines patterns were identified in ceramic purchasing behavior through time and toiletry products, and American and non-Chinese imported that appear to reflect Louisa Earl's efforts to create a "woman's sphere." alcoholic beverages was as high or higher than their traditional No temporally discrete cultural deposits were encountered. In order counterparts. A full third of the ceramic artifacts from the Chinese to examine ceramic purchasing behavior over time, manufacturing date deposits in Operation 1 were Euroamerican wares, a higher percentage ranges, ranges of ware type popularity, manufacturing ranges for than reported at any other overseas Chinese site. Non-traditional specific transfer patterns, and registry and trademark data were used medicinal and alcoholic products far outnumbered traditional products. to divide the ceramic assemblage into two subassemblages. The The frequency of these artifacts indicates the ability and desire to subassemblages represent a period of early ceramic purchases, between purchase products that were both non-traditional and part of the mass 1846 and ca. 1854, and a period of later ceramic purchases made produced consumer market. The proportion of non-traditional products between 1855 and 1865. in Operation 1 represents a high degree of material acculturation and In so far as the early period subassemblage reflects ceramic purchases serves to distinguish the laundry at OR-MU-57 from other overseas during the first several years of establishing the homestead, it was seen Chinese sites in western North America. that over half the minimum number of vessels included in the In its high proportion of non-traditional products, the Operation 1 subassemblage consisted of the most expensive decorative types. assemblage stands in marked contrast to temporary Chinese-occupied Examining ceramic functional categories showed that kitchenwares rural work camps. In terms of behavior, the Chinese launderers at purchased were of the least expensive decorative types but that equal Operation 1 stand out as active consumers of a wide variety of non amounts of lesser and more expensive tablewares were purchased Chinese products. Their consumer behavior resulted in a diminishment during the period of initial settlement. Teaware purchases were of the archaeological pattern that served to identify the launderers as dominated by the most expensive decorative types. In every functional Chinese. category, the late period ceramic subassemblage was dominated by the AINW archaeologists also conducted data recovery investigations of most expensive decorative types. There is also evidence in the later the William Earl Homestead (OR-LN-14), in Linn County, Oregon, subassemblage that Louisa Earl was purchaSing coordinated ceramic which represents the first excavation of a homestead of an Oregon Trail items and a more diverse set of wares. pioneer in the Willamette Valley. Excavations were undertaken in 1992 Analysis of the early period ceramic subassemblage did not fully prior to the construction of a natural gas pipeline by Northwest support the expectation that purchases of goods entering the domestic Pipeline Corporation, Inc., and artifact analYSiS, historical research, and sphere would be fully subsidiary to purchases related to the farmstead. report writing continued through 1994. John L. Fagan served as the Not only did ceramic vessels appear to replace tinware trail gear early principal investigator while Bill Roulette directed fieldwork, historical in the homesteading process but the value of the ceramics brought into research, and analysis of the artifact assemblage. Judith Chapman was the home were much higher than expected. During the early years of instrumental in conducting historical research and artifact analysis. homesteading the physical development of the homestead, position in The site, located in an agricultural field, was the homestead of the family cycle (the Earls had three children between 1849 and 1855), William and Louisa Earl from 1846 until it was abandoned in 1865. and market conditions were expected to have constrained purchases of Investigations included an intensive surface collection, hand excava expensive decorative types. That this is not the case suggests that even tions, and mechanical excavations resulting in the recovery of nearly from the earliest period of their homesteading, Louisa Earl sought to 10,000 artifacts, including about 6,700 ceramic sherds. Only one feature create a domestic environment. The fact that early period sub was uncovered, a section of a quarried-stone foundation that marked assemblage tablewares, mainly dinner plates, were as often from the one corner of the house the Earls constructed in 1848 to replace the most expensive decorative types as from the least expensive types original log cabin. Computer mapping of artifact distributions showed suggests that the Earls had a high standard of living with considerable that the highest density cultural deposits were located immediately flexibility in discretionary spending and that Louisa Earl directed some south and east of this feature. In general, the cultural materials of the family capital toward the development of a "woman's sphere." appeared to represent a sheet midden that developed around the 1848 For further information concerning any of these projects contact Tim house. Hills or John Fagan at Archaeological Investigations Northwest, 2632 Research questions formulated for the investigations included S.E. 162nd Avenue, Portland, OR 97236 [(503) 761-6605]. examination of the ways mid-nineteenth century ideas of female culture may have been transformed and transfigured by the overland immigra tion experience and subsequently found expression in the Willamette Valley. Historians of the overland migration have noted that during PACIFIC WEST the initial years of a homestead, all available resources went into improvements to the farmstead and not to the re-establishment of the Reported by domestic environment. Territorial tax assessment and federal agricul Judy D. Tordoff tural schedules indicate that for the first few years after arriving in Oregon Country, the Earls made concentrated capital improvements to Please note new address/phone number of Judy Tordoff: Caltrans, the farmstead and acquired livestock, including some comparatively 1120 N St., P.O. Box 942874, Sacramento, CA 94274; 916/653-1303, Fax expensive animals. Within a few years of their marriage the Earls were 916/653-7757.
31 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
CALIFORNIA Sugar Pine Railroad, Tuolumne County: Davis-King & Associates (KA), along with Golden State Surveying Engineering (GSSE), recently La Purisima Mission State Historic Park, Santa Barbara County: conducted a 14 mile linear survey of the Sugar Pine Railroad in A California Department of Parks and Recreation field crew led by Tuolumne County, California, as mitigation for loss of an important Glenn Farris undertook an archaeological site evaluation of two major portion of the 1903 grade. The research was conducted for the building sites which had not been reconstructed by the CCC in the Tuolumne County Planning Department to assist them in future 1930s. These were the Neophyte Family Housing and Infirmary and planning decisions. the Granary sites. Both of these sites had been previously excavated in While the archaeological survey itself involved the routine documen whole or in part, most notably by Jim Deetz in 1962 and 1964. Since tation of Sidings, trestles, camps, and more, the methods employed the site of the Neophyte Housing had been so thoroughly dealt with in were unusual. Using a differential Global POSitioning System (GPS), an past research, the main focus of this project was Simply to relocate the archaeological surveyor and a licensed land surveyor documented structures and put in place brass-capped markers to aid in future curves, points of intersection, through-cuts, turnpikes, and features to interpretation and activities that might endanger the buried building the sub-meter accuracy level and, when warranted, to the millimeter foundations. The two structures were 202.5 feet long by 25 feet wide, level. Such precision in resource mapping will not be unusual as and 330 feet long by 25 feet wide. Building on Deetz's archaeological archaeologists become more familiar with advanced electronics. findings, Julia Costello was able to refine interpretations of the The particular importance of this study, however, is that the GPS data structures as part of her doctoral dissertation and determine the have been converted into Tuolumne County's Geographic Information probability that one of the residents there was an Hispanic nurse System (GIS). Thus, precise on-the-ground survey data have been (enfermera) named Senora Guadalupe Briones, hired by the mission in translated into electronic media that can be directly related to the 1817 to care for the sick who were housed in the adjoining infirmary. county assessor's parcel maps contained within the GIS system. This Additional research in the current project pointed out the fact that information will allow County Planners to know at a glance where Senora Briones's stepmother was a Churnash Indian woman from the portions of the railroad grade are in reference to applications it area of Mission San Luis Obispo, casting her position and living processes. While a brief report is being produced for the county, the arrangements in an even more understandable light. principal product will be a computer disk containing the GPS data The building to which most current attention was paid was the translated into ARC-CAD / ARC-INFO GIS systems. Additional surveys Granary (troje), the northern end of which had been partially excavated and site mapping are planned by DKA and GSSE for other counties by Deetz in 1964. Unfortunately, only a brief report on the work using this system. For further information on this project, contact ensued and the field notes are said to be lost. The exposed foundation Shelly Davis-King at Davis-King & Associates, P.O. Box 10, Standard, walls left from the Deetz project showed adobe walls 4 feet 8 inches CA 95373; 209/533-0305; email: [email protected]. thick! This same dimension appeared in a central, longitudinal wall dividing the structure into two great rooms about 22 feet (8 varas) wide. Mariposa County: Davis-King & Associates, under contract to the In the interim, the state park had acquired the area where the southern USDI, National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, is conducting an end of the building was believed to be, based on dimensions of 200 feet ongoing study to identify indigenous people who lived in or used the long by 571/2 feet wide given in a mid-19th century land-grant survey. Wawona area of the park prior to and at the period of non-native Several test pits revealed that the building foundations actually contact. Historic archival research methods and tools have played a extended 206 feet (75 varas) in length and had even wider foundations pivotal role in determining which people used the Wawona area at the southern end, including a two foot wide outer flange of flat rock historically. Materials from late prehistoric and early contact sites in and lime-plastered surface with a 3" wide channel set into it parallel to the vicinity will be compared with those found in surrounding regions the building. to assist in this study. Another find was the presence of an adobe block floor in the Such sites contain largely historic-era artifacts used by Native southwest room with bricks still identifiable measuring 23 3/4 inches Americans. Store ledgers, early explorers accounts, county and Indian long by 12 inches wide (Deetz had also reported an adobe block floor affairs, census takings and newspaper reports have been used to assist in the north end). Although no adobe block floor was identified in the Yosemite managers in creating lists of likely claimants under the terms southeast room, two complete (though displaced) fired clay floor tiles of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (ladrillos) were found, suggesting that it may have been once floored (NAGPRA). with these, but had lost them due to removal in the post-mission These studies have additionally provided lists of Native Americans period. who lived in the Sierra Nevada from the Chowchilla River in the south, The site was notable for its total lack of ceramics and period glass, to the Stanislaus River in the north, and include far western Great Basin although this helped support the idea that it was a granary. Amazingly people as well. This list should be helpful to other managers in need enough, it is not described in mission records, reinforCing the need for of contacts and affiliates for potential repatriation. For further an intensive historical archaeological study. Fragments of wall plaster information contact: Shelly Davis-King, Davis-King & Associates, P.O. and roof tiles made up the bulk of the artifactual assemblage. Box 10, Standard, CA 95373; 209/533-0305; email: David [email protected] Historical reminiscences indicated the presence of a threshing floor (era) om. in the vicinity of the granary. Although the project site of this rock surfaced floor lay beyond the park boundary in an area that has been Lancaster: Since April, 1994, Bruce Love and his consulting firm heavily plowed over the last century or so diminishing the likelihood CRM TECH, have been engaged in an on-going cultural resource study of its being found, a discussion of threshing floors was included in the on the site of a proposed sheriff s station in Lancaster, California. The study. study is funded by the City of Lancaster, lead agency in the project. A draft report has been prepared on the project entitled "Archeologi Situated in the Antelope Valley, a part of Southern California's high cal Evaluation of the Neophyte Family Housing (plus Infirmary), the desert country, Lancaster did not become a significant Euroamerican Granary, and the Threshing Floor at La Purisima Mission SHP," by settlement until the early 1880s. The study area, at the heart of Glenn Farris. Copies are available by writing to the author at: Lancaster's historical downtown, has since been the scene of extensive Archeology Lab, 2505 Port Street, West Sacramento, CA 95691. development, both residential and commercial. Historical features discovered during the study include building remains, cellars, wells,
32 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
cesspools and trash dumps, some of which date to the earliest period trenches, postholes from a porch and loading dock,a 1950s outhouse, of settlement. Artifacts recovered from these features range from a small trash dump from the 194Os, and Naco's original water main. various types of bottles and cans to a Chinese coin. Through this study, The most surprising find was a series of small wooden stakes and stake Bruce and his staff are probing into the material culture of an important holes associated with two tents erected by the U.S. Army around 1916. period in California history: the era of land booms and the era of A large ditch was also discovered, probably used by the soldiers when urbanization. Since the development of the study area is documented intense fighting was taking place in Naco, Sonora. Spent bullets found in considerable detail in local history as well as in archival sources, the at the site indicate that period accounts of "bullets falling thickly" across Lancaster study offers an extraordinary opportunity for researchers to the border were accurate. A report in Archaeological Testing of the Naco, combine and compare information from literary and archaeological Arizona Port of Entry Expansion Property is available from DAI. sources for an in-depth survey of the social history of Lancaster Mule Mountain: In October 1993, DAI employees examined a small between the 1880s and 1930s. The final report of the study, to be campsite located in the Mule Mountains near Bisbee. A rock founda submitted to the lead agency, is currently underway. A collection of tion, possibly associated with a tent or lean-to, was recorded, and the recovered artifacts will be turned over the Lancaster Museum Art surrounding area was surface collected. A test unit was also placed Gallery for curation, display, and use by future researchers. inside the foundation. The site dates from 1880 to 1890 and represents a short term occupation, probably associated with individuals involved NEVADA with mining or ranching activities in the area. Recovered artifacts suggest both a man and a woman were probably living at the site. Carson City: Archaeological and archival data recovery pertaining Rock Art: DAI project director Homer Thiel has prepared a context to 260r201 and 260r202 were conducted in 1994 by Intermountain study on Arizona's rock art resources for the Arizona State Parks, State Research under the direction of Dr. Peter Mires. 260r201 was a historic Historic Preservation Office. While primarily discussing Arizona's farmstead occupied by a member of an early Nevada pioneer family, prehistoric rock art, the report documents that a number of types of Robert Fulstone, between 1862 and 1871. It is situated adjacent to the rock art were created by historic Native Americans and Euro-Ameri historic McDonald's Toll Road and consists of a cellar, stone-lined well, cans. These include Navajo planetaria, where cave roofs were probable outbuilding features, and other activity area features. 260r202 decorated with images of stars; Navajo, Apache, and Yavapai horse is a later nineteenth century Chinese habitation site. It is situated and-riders; Pueblo kachina masks; and Euro-American inscriptions. adjacent to a historic irrigation ditch system and consists of a domestic Rapid development and vandalism are threatening many rock art sites feature and associated artifact scatter. in the state. Data recovery at 260r201 excavated more than 30 cubic meters of Downtown Tucson: DAI has completed a volume describing several soil, recovering more than 15,000 historic artifacts and 17,000 faunal archaeological projects in Tucson. Beneath the Streets: Prehistoric, remains. At 260r202, roughly five cubic meters of soil yielded more Spanish, and American Period Archaeology in Downtown Tucson summariz than 2,500 historic artifacts and 3,000 faunal remains. Discussion of the es excavations within the Tucson Presidio and discusses features and archaeological and historical records of 260r201 is placed within the artifacts associated with all three periods. An edited version of the wider research contexts of agricultural location theory, farmstead report, directed toward the general public, is planned for publication proxemics, and technical order. The contexts of 260r201 are Chinese in 1995. immigration, ethnicity, and acculturation. This work, submitted to the Nevada Department of Transportation in a report entitled The Farmer Desert Museum Exhibit: Statistical Research, Inc. (SRI) recently and the Gatekeeper: Historical Archaeology and Agriculture in Early Carson completed its submission to the Arizona Sonora Desert Museum's City, Nevada, contributes to an understanding of pioneer farming and exhibit on archaeology in Tucson. The temporary exhibit, scheduled to of Chinese sojourners in nineteenth century Carson City. open in March 1995, focuses on subsistence and economic changes through time from Paleoindians through the historical period. Each contracting firm in Tucson submitted a portion of the exhibit that exemplified their work on a specific time period. SRI prepared SOUTHWEST materials on the City of Tucson Block 180 Project conducted for Pima County Facilities Management Department. The theme was well Reported by represented by the substantial material remains from one of the original James E. Ayres downtown city blocks dating form the late 19th century to the early 20th century. ARIZONA A timeline guides visitors through the decades, from the unfamiliar objects of long ago to the more easily recognizable remains of recent Desert Archaeology, Inc. (DAI); Several historic projects have been generations. The continuity of change through time as environmental completed within the last year. factors and circumstances impact the lives of residents forms a Naco: In March of 1994, archaeological testing took place at the continuum from the prehistoric through the historical period. Naco, Arizona Port of Entry, supervised by Homer Thiel. Funded by The SRI display demonstrates through artifacts and photographs the the General Services Administration, testing sought to locate features change in frontier lifestyle due to the advent of the railroad. The in the area around the Copper Queen Store, built in 1900. Archival assemblage presents this dramatic shift in economy subsistence through research had established that the property was potentially eligible for a decrease in use of local available Native and Mexican wares and an listing on the National Register of Historic Places due to the important increase in the availability of imported goods. Photographs support the economic and military activities that had taken place there. Testing shift in lifestyle through noticeable changes in architecture, as builders sought to investigate the ruins of the Copper Queen Store, which was shifted away from adobe and began to incorporate imported building one of Naco's original structures, and to search for evidence of the materials. The ethnic diversity of frontier Tucson, as established military presence in the area. Soldiers had been sent to the border to through material and food remains, is also highlighted in the exhibit. guard American interests during the Mexican Revolution. A period photograph indicates that they camped out next to the store. Backhoe Statistical Research: Statistical Research, Inc. (SRI), is pleased to scraping resulted in the discovery of 46 features, including utility announce the appointment of Matthew Sterner to its Historic Division.
33 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Matthew previously worked for SRI from 1988 to 1991 as a crew chief 84th Regiment of Royal Highland Fusiliers, when this area was part of and project director on various historical-period sites. He recently Nova Scotia. The grant was renewed under New Brunswick title in returned to Tucson from Tallahassee, Florida, where he was completing 1786. Documentation and excavated material suggest that Samuel Bliss his course work for a Master's degree in Anthropology at Florida State set up a small estate on the islands, including a masonry house, a small University. Matt immediately became involved in two on-going SRI farm on which sheep, cattle and probably other animals were raised, projects with Terry Majewski, director of the Historic Division-one in lime kilns located on an adjacent mainland peninsula, and pOSSibly a Tucson and the other in Claremont, California. small commercial fishing operation. Bliss' activities apparently SRI is currently analyzing and writing up materials found during included transporting his domestic produce and commercial goods to monitoring and data recovery on two parcels near the University of markets aboard his schooner, the Hazard. Arizona, where an office building and parking structure have been built Approximately 15,000 artifacts and ecofacts were recovered during (Main Gate Center). These parcels, originally the site of numerous the excavations along the perimeter of the remains of Bliss' house. structures included within the West University Historic District, These include a wide variety of metal objects such as keys, fish hooks, contained numerous subsurface features relating to the American eating utensils, a cannon ball, and a number of as yet unidentified period history of Tucson. James E. Ayres is analyzing the historic objects, as well as a well preserved and diverse faunal assemblage, a artifacts recovered from this project, and Leslie Raymer of New South variety of container glass, flat glass and more than 4,000 ceramic Associates is conducting the macrobotanical analysis of samples from sherds. the site. The Loyalist site is somewhat unique among early Loyalist sites in The work in Claremont focuses on three parcels of land being this region. Bliss died in 1803, and based on the ceramic assemblage, developed by the Claremont Graduate School for use as parking areas it appears that the site was abandoned soon after that date, although or building sites. Claremont was founded in 1887 by the Santa Fe the property was not sold until 1843. Thus Bliss' estate was occupied Railroad, along the route being laid between Chicago and Los Angeles. for a brief span of about 20 years. In addition, the stratification of the The town soon became home to a group of transplanted New England site and articulated fish and mammal bones show that the house has ers, who from the outset were involved in the development of Pomona remained virtually undisturbed until the 1992 excavations. College. Pomona College formed the core of what is now The Mr. Blair's thesis will present an account of the lives of Samuel Bliss, Claremont Colleges, a group of institutions fashioned after the Oxford his wife Mary, and their daughters May and Martha, and describe the modeL The citrus industry was also a factor in the town's develop circumstances of their lives on the Bliss Islands, based on documentary ment. Claremont growers established one of the earliest cooperatives, sources and an analysis of the refined earthenwares which make up a model that spread nationwide and led to companies such as Sunkist. 85% of the ceramics assemblage. SRI's work in Claremont has the potential to shed light on the nature of the ethnic diversity that has contributed to the character of the The Rocks Provincial Park: In the fall of 1994 the Rocks Provincial modem community. Park at Hopewell Cape, Shepody Bay, was surveyed for heritage Phase 1 included documentary research on 12 neighborhood lots resources. This work was conducted in combination with a park re initially settled in the late 19th century and early 20th century by development plan that called for major changes in the existing Park families associated with the colleges. Based on this research, the landscape. In a cooperative arrangement with the provincial Depart potential for subsurface archaeological remains to exist in the area was ment of Natural Resources and Energy, Archaeological Services New deemed to be high. Phase 2 work, currently in progress, involves Brunswick undertook an archaeological and archival search of the testing of the area with remote-sensing methods and hand excavation proposed re-development area. Pat Allen, Michael Nicholas and to delineate features associated with the standing structures, which in Shianne MacDonald conducted the field work which resulted in the most cases will be moved to other locations. Phase 3, if necessary, will discovery and testing of three Significant 19th-century archaeological involve data recovery on selected features. sites. Fidele Theriault was responsible for the archival research. When Finally, monitoring and data recovery for the Superblock Project, the archaeological findings were meshed with the results of the conducted for the City of San Bernardino in the downtown portion of document search, site occupants, their occupations and affiliation with that city, is nearly complete. Analysis of the materials recovered will earlier settlers were identified. The archival research pOints to strong be conducted through summer 1995 by personnel from SRI and possibilities of earlier pre-Loyalist Planter sites and pre-expulsion Greenwood and Associates. Acadian sites just outside the present Park Boundaries.
NOVA SCOTIA
CANADA-ATLANTIC Rockingham Inn: In October 1994 a small scale archaeolOgical investigation was carried out on a 19th-century inn site, located 10krn Reported by north of Halifax on the western shores of the Bedford Basin. The Rob Ferguson building, known as the Rockingham Inn, originally formed part of a barracks complex erected in 1795 by Prince Edward, the Duke of Kent, NEW BRUNSWICK to house two companies of his regiment, the 7th Foot, or Royal Fusiliers. The barracks stood on the edge of an estate belonging to the Bliss Islands: Christopher Blair, a graduate student in the History governor of the province, Sir John Wentworth, which had been ceded Department at the University of New Brunswick, is completing an MA to Prince Edward in 1794 for his use during his stay in Halifax, 1794- thesis on a late 18th-century Loyalist habitation site on the Bliss Islands, 1800. Quoddy Region, Charlotte County. The site, referred to as the Loyalist In 1800 the property was restored to Wentworth. Short of money, he site (BgDr66), was excavated during the summer of 1992 by a UNB converted one of the barracks into an inn and a guardhouse into Archaeological Field School under the supervision of Mr. Blair and Dr. stables. For the next decade or so, the inn became home to the David Black of the Department of Anthropology, UNB. Rockingham Club, a men's dining club whose members included many Documentary research shows that the island group and some adjacent of Halifax's most influential military, civilian and church leaders of the properties were granted in 1784 to Samuel Bliss, a Lieutenant in the day. Little is known about its activities, with the exception of the
34 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
archaeological resource and a number of portraits by Henry Field Paul B. Williams, Archaeological Director, The Rockingham Inn Project, believed to have been hung on the walls of the inn. After the demise 1-5745 Inglis St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 1K3. of the Rockingham Club in 1814 (although there was a brief revival in 1818) the inn continued to serve the local community until its destruc PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND tion by fire in 1833. Little is known about the physical form of the Rockingham Inn or of Fort AmherstIPort La Joye National Historic Site: A small survey the barracks which preceded it. No plans or drawings of the building project was undertaken on private property adjacent to the Park in the have been located although records show that Prince Edward's practice late autumn of 1994 to provide preliminary indications of the 18th for barracks construction included the use of colonnades or piazzas. century chapel and cemetery locations. The survey was conducted by Moreover, there are no suggestions of how the barracks were converted J. S. Buchanan, Epekwitk Heritage Consulting, for Parks Canada. The nor of what alterations may have been made before its destruction in chapel of St. Jean I'Evangeliste was the first chapel on Isle St. Jean 1833. (Prince Edward Island). The founding ancestors of many island The objectives of the project were: 1) to establish what remained of Acadian families are buried in the parish cemetery. The project was the principal structure; 2) to gain an idea of its dimensions, layout, undertaken in conjunction with the development of the Fort Amherst/ - orientation and construction; 3) to recover artifactual evidence of its Port La Joye N.H.S. Management Plan. use, both military and domestic; and 4) to recover evidence of its final From the initial settlement of Port La Joye in 1720, provision had destruction. been made for the spiritual needs of the colonists. The parish of St. The main excavation focussed on a depression approximately 7.5 x Jean I'Evangeliste originally encompassed both Port La Joye and the 12.5 metres. Nineteenth-century sources showed this to be the most outlying settlements of Isle St. Jean. A small log chapel was construct likely location of the main bUilding. Part of an unmortared stone wall ed along the shoreline north of the garrison in the early 172Os. By 1734 was exposed on the eastern side of the site, running along the top of the chapel was listed in poor repair as one of the last standing the bank. No other structural remains were visible. An assessment of buildings constructed by the founder, Comte de St. Pierre. Plans were the 19th-century maps of the area also showed that there has been drafted that year for a new chapel to be constructed as an adjunct to a significant erosion of the shoreline in the past 200 years. Moreover, the storehouse within the garrison. The second chapel remained in use proximity of the CN rail line has also accounted for the loss of part of until the abandonment of the colony following the fall of Louisbourg the site. in 1745. The settlement was re-established in 1749, albeit on a more Six test pits were opened in 1994. Explorations along the line of the reduced scale of operation, following the Treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle. east wall revealed that it was likely a foundation wall of a colonnade Records do not indicate the reconstruction of the chapel. The religious or piazza. Further excavations to the west exposed another foundation affairs of the colony appear to have been conducted in a secular setting wall which is probably that of the building itself. A section of the until the surrender of Port La Joye to British forces in 1758. north wall was also uncovered. Some brick was recovered, as well as The chapel was served by Sepulcian priests until 1725 and a a large number of nails of varying sizes, building hardware, charred succession of Recollet cures for the remainder of both occupation timber fragments, and plaster samples. periods (1720-45, 1749-58). Over this 25-year period, over 140 settlers Artifactual material was consistent with the occupation dates of both were interred in the parish cemetery. Included among the deceased the barracks and the inn, in particular with the years just prior to the were infants, children, officers and civilian residents of Port La Joye. destruction of the building in 1833. Amongst the material associated The location of the cemetery is not clearly indicated in period documen with the inn are three merchant's tokens (dating to 1813, 1815 and tation. Several harbour plans suggest relationships with two prominent 1823), tobacco pipe fragments (some with maker's marks), bottle glass, cross emplacements within the harbour. Both of these locations are a shell gaming disc, table glass, and several copper alloy buttons. beyond the 1994 survey corridor. Midden material, including copper alloy buttons, creamware, pearl Several below-grade features were recorded in the vicinity of the ware, bottle glass, tobacco pipe fragments, etc., was also recovered from original chapel and associated buildings as depicted on plans from the bank below the site. 1730-1734. Limited testing produced small quantities of 18th-century The largest portion of the artifactual assemblage from this occupation cultural material in association with two features close to the expected consisted of ceramics. From one pit alone in excess of a thousand chapel location. One of these is within 3 m of the actively eroding sherds of fine earthenware, coarse stoneware and coarse earthenware harbour shoreline and will be completely lost to erosion within the next (representing at least twenty separate vessels, including jugs, pitchers, five to ten years. Several features of the 19th-century Ringwood Estate crocks, a large regency fine earthenware teapot, miscellaneous bowls, were also recorded. plates, etc.), as well as much of a stone mortar and pestle, seems to An unexpected source of information was the documentation of point to the discovery of a pantry or kitchen area. A concentration of French and Mi'kmaq interaction at Port La joye contained in adminis finer wares (porcelain, creamware, peariware, tin-glazed earthen ware) trative correspondence and records. Port La Joye was one of two from another pit might suggest a sitting or dinning room. regional centres for assembling Mi'kmaq chiefs of Acadia for annual From a military point of view, four regimental buttons, two of which feasts and celebrations of political allegiance against the British. This bear the insignia of the Royal Fusiliers, and a large shoe buckle, with event was the precursor to the present-day St. Anne's Day Feasts, the number 7 stamped on the underside, point to the presence of the celebrated in First Nations communities throughout the Maritime Royal Fusiliers of the site. Furthermore, it helps to corroborate the provinces. suggestion that the inn was converted from one of the barracks. The project was entirely a volunteer venture supported and financed by the Nova Scotia Archaeology Society. Assistance, in terms of personnel, equipment and facilities, was supplied by Halifax West High School, the Rockingham Heritage Society and Parks Canada, Atlantic Region. The work was carried out on weekends in October by volunteers from the NSAS, and in the third week a short field course was conducted for Grade 11 students from Halifax West High School. Further work is planned for 1995. For additional information contact
35 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
CANADA-QUEBEC and give us an insight into a construction method hitherto poorly documented in New France. Reported by The discovery of artifacts associated with this occupation has likewise Reginald Auger given us an understanding, though hardly complete of what farm life was like in the early days of the colony. These data fill a yawning gap, Archaeological Excavations at Petite Ferme, Cap Tourmente: as historical evidence of everyday life in the early 17th century is as Petite Ferme at Cap Tourmente is located some 50 kilometres from good as non-existent, especially with respect to the day-to-day life of Quebec City on the Beaupre shore, a little to the north of the municipal the tiny French community outside the Quebec Abitation. Among the ity of St. Joachim. Currently designed as the Cap Tourmente National artifacts found are a number of plain glazed earthenware articles whose Wildlife Area, operated by the Canadian Wildlife Service, the site is origin has not been determined with any certainty, raising the problem popular today with nature lovers, but before becoming a national of whence the colony was supplied in the early years of the French wildlife area dedicated to protection of the Greater Snow Goose, the site regime. had been used for farming for close to 350 years (the Champlain farm The Quebec Seminary Farm under the French Regime: The and the Quebec Seminary Farm, known as "Petite Ferme"). Seminary farm too provided its share of data, especially with regard to Background: In 1992, the Canadian Wildlife Service started major its occupation during the French regime, and in particular during the consolidation and drainage work at the Petite Ferme house, where the 17th century. While the architectural data allow us to trace the National Wildlife Area has its administrative centre. This was a unique development of the house through the second half of the 17th century opportunity to conduct archaeological surveys and excavation around (repairs, extension, construction of a household chapel), they still fail to the old farm house. These investigations were carried out and give us a clear picture of the functions of the nearby outbuildings, supervised by Parks Canada in co-operation with Public Works especially for the years 1664 to 1692. On the other hand, the very rich Canada, which was in charge of planning the consolidation work. Only collection of artifacts from the site has filled in the details of daily life the immediate perimeter of the house was investigated, however, the on the farm during the period, with farming, household, subsistence outbuildings remaining untouched. and leisure activities all well represented. As with the Champlain farm, Periods of Occupation: The investigations brought to light many the source of certain kinds of contemporary pottery (plain glazed architectural remains and thousands of artifacts attesting to farm earthenware) has not been determined with certainty, though some may operations from the earliest to the most recent times. The site has have come from England, specifically from north Devon. This pottery undergone five major phases of occupation: palaeohistorical (prior to will have to be subjected to thorough study over the next few years. 1534), and Champlain farm (1626 to 1628), a period of abandonment In view of the importance of the Petite Ferme site, we are now (1628 to 1664), the Quebec Seminary farm (1664 to 1969), and the seeking to persuade the Canadian Wildlife .Service to continue the Canadian Wildlife Service (1969 to the present). The results outlined excavations started in 1992 (submitted by Jacques Guimont, Archaeolo herein, though, concern only the first three phases, i.e. the palaeo gist). historical period, the Champlain farm and the Quebec Seminary farm at the time of the French regime. Palaeohistorical Occupation: Remains of palaeohistorical occupation, whether architecture or artifact, are relatively sparse, yet highly MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA eloquent. From the data gathered, at least two periods of occupation 14 can be distinguished. Radiocarbon (C ) dating of com kernels has Reported by pushed back the earliest period of occupation to the mid 13th century, Janine Gasco i.e. practically to the time when horticulture began among the Iroquoi ans of the St. Lawrence Valley. According to specialists, com cultiva Please note new address of Janine Gasco: 3722 E. 6th St., Long Beach, tion goes back no earlier than the 9th century, probably around the CA 90814. E-mail: [email protected]. year 1000, at least in the Montreal area. The discovery of seed com, in this case non-carbonized, is a "first" in eastern Canada and possibly in EL SALVADOR the entire northeastern quadrant of North America. This is a quite exceptional find. From October 1994 to May 1995 Inez L. Verhagen (graduate student, The second occupation, attested by at least one potsherd, is more Vanderbilt University) directed excavations in the town of Caluco. recent and is tentatively situated between the 14th and 16th centuries. Caluco was one of four cacao producing towns in the Izalco region of We have also unearthed several architectural traces apparently western El Salvador in the late postclassic period. Soon after the representing longhouses built during this period. According to Claude conquest the Spaniards assumed control of the cacao trade, although Chapelaine of the University of Montreal, these traces may be evidence the indigenous Pipil population retained control over cacao orchards. of construction methods unique to the Cap Tourmente lowlands. The cacao trade flourished during the mid-to-Iate 16th century, but by The Champlain Farm: In 1626, Samuel de Champlain and Guillaume the end of the 16th century the cacao trade had gone from boom to de Caen had two dwellings and a bam built at Cap Tourmente. We bust, the Izalco region declined in economic importance, and Caluco have uncovered architectural traces that may belong to two of the main became a small forgotten village. structures, likely the dwellings. This find is quite remarkable. The In Pre-Columbian days, the Pipil Indians lived in disperse barrios, but farm was actually the larder for the Quebec Abitation, the abode of the in the mid-16th century the Spanish Crown resettled the population of small French community. This establishment, together with those of Caluco and other Izalco towns, and the population of Caluco was Louis Hebert and Guillaume Couillard at Quebec, was among the first gathered into a small town built in an area that was not densely agricultural enterprises in the St. Lawrence Valley and was devoted occupied previously. A brick church was constructed, whose ruins still exclusively to husbandry. The post and clay (actually clay-filled half stand on the edge of the modem village. Mid-to-Iate 16th century timbering) construction method had come down directly from the Caluco covered an area of about 800 by 1000 meters. The modem town Middle Ages. What we have here is an attempt to transpose to Canada covers less than a quarter of that area, and most of the Colonial period the traditional rural architecture of medieval Normandy. These traces remains lay untouched on the periphery of the town. are the oldest of their kind found in the St. Lawrence Valley to date
36 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
The 1994-95 research was a continuation of the investigation begun NEW SOUTH WALES in 1994 (see SHA Newsletter, Dec. 1994). In the 1994-95 season, supported by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Fieldwork on one of the last of the major archaeological initiatives to Research, Verhagen completed maps of all visible architecture on the be undertaken by the Sydney Cove Authority, the Cumberland Street periphery of the town and conducted testpitting in all residential areas. Dig, has been completed after a six month field season involVing Several house compounds were excavated in their entirety. One public professional archaeologists, volunteers, and school groups. Research structure also was excavated. The size of this structure (12 x 26 m), its was directed towards illuminating five principle themes developed by location (perched on the side of a hill), and the complete absence of consultants Godden and Mackay together with project historian Grace domestic refuse suggest a public function for the structure. Karskens. These included the transition from pre-industrial to All areas where dispersed architectural remains were found, as well industrial SOciety, gender, of particular relevance in an area where most as featureless surrounding areas, were investigated through auger of the households were headed by women, slum conditions in the late survey, with a spacing of 4 meters between auger holes. The auger nineteenth century, the development of a distinct community identity survey revealed features such as middens, house floors, and other amongst residents of the Rocks (Sydney's oldest neighbourhood, which deposits that did not leave clear surface evidence, and it enabled incorporated the Cumberland Street sites) and the influence of Verhagen to identify the town boundaries. government on the lives of the Rocks residents, both convict and Ceramics, figurines, metal, and other artifacts recovered at Caluco all non-convict. The project is now in the post-field phase with a final point to an early colonial occupation. No Postclassic material was report expected by Christmas. found, and an independent survey of the region conducted by Kathryn Two major conferences have been held in Sydney recently; one, the Sampeck and Howard Earnest have found that Postclassic occupation third Australian Women in Archaeology Association (A WinAA) around Caluco is limited to sites near water sources. conference in February and the other 'Sites: Nailing the Debate' hosted Colonial period ceramics are primarily unglazed, and except for by the Museum of Sydney. The A WinAA conference attracted papers Spanish imports such as olive jars, made without the use of a potting from aboriginal, classical and near eastern, and historical archaeologists wheel. Spanish shapes such as plates and candle holders complement from many parts of the world, including Suzanne Spencer-Wood and the Pipil inventory of bowls, water jars, and griddles. Majolica is Janet Spector from the United States. Papers in historical archaeology relatively rare in most occupations, and in the richest deposits counts emphasized the need for greater attention to the detail of women's lives for no more than 1% of the ceramics by weight. Chinese porcelain is in the past and particularly the ways in which women in domestic roles present in small quantities in most deposits, and has been analyzed by have contributed to the archaeological record. The 'Sites' conference Earnest to provide preliminary dates of occupation. Obisidian analysis drew together archaeologists and museum curators and interpreters in indicates a gradual loss of knowledge of blade manufacture, with order to discuss historical archaeology and interpretation in the prismatic blades forming an increasingly smaller percentage of the lithic museum context. assemblage. Figurines often show Spanish clothing or hairstyles, and metal artifacts suggest the presence of horses in early colonial Caluco. SOUTH AUSTRALIA Verhagen also continued excavations in the brick church of San Pedro and San Pablo, built in the late 16th century. Previous excavations Two ongOing archaeological investigations in the City of Adelaide directed by Fowler in 1994 uncovered floors, columns, and other have been brought to an end in the last three months. The East End architectural information below the meter-thick rubble in the nave of Market project was concluded when the last phase of fieldwork was the church. The 1995 investigations focused on the front plaza and carried out by Back-Tracks Heritage Consultants in December 1994. foundations of the church, and uncovered stairs leading to the artificial This marked the end of archaeological assessment originally begun by platform of the front plaza, walls with colored stucco, sherds in sealed Austral Archaeology in 1990 and 1992. Excavation on the site revealed deposits, and pOSSible evidence of bell towers. the remains of the 'Rookery', a row of nine timber cottages. These small dwellings, each of one room with a rear lean-to, were built in 1857 and may have originally housed workers at the adjacent tannery. While it was hoped that the remains could be incorporated in the AUSTRALASIA redevelopment project on the site that was not the case and they have now been destroyed. The second project, that on the site of the Reported by Queen's Theatre, has concluded with the backfilling and hence Susan Lawrence preservation of the site.
This year the Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology (ASHA) VICTORIA and the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AlMA) will be having their annual conferences jointly. Papers will be on a wide range As a result of the dissolution of the Victoria ArchaeolOgical Survey of themes with relevance to both areas of archaeology, including the the Historical Archaeology and Maritime Archaeology units have joined following themes: cultural landscapes, maritime industries, databases Heritage Victoria and Leah McKenzie has been appointed as Senior and registers, comparative artefact studies, material culture and Historical ArchaeolOgiSt. The Historic Mining Sites Survey is continu institutions of control, and ethnicity in the archaeological record. The ing and the survey and assessment of goldmining sites in central conference is to be held in Hobart, Tasmania, from October 22-25,1995, Victoria is near completion, with work set to begin on the Beechworth with associated field excursions. Further information can be obtained Mining District. Small consulting projects have been conducted on sites from Paris Kostoglou or Mike Nash, Cultural Heritage Section, Parks not well represented on the Historical Archaeological Site Register, and Wildlife Service, PO Box 44A, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia, fax including a eucalyptus distillery, trestle bridges, and railway Sidings. (02) 24 0884. Much of the following information concerning current research is based on that reported in the ASHA Newsletter 24(4) December 1994, with thanks to all contributors.
37 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
TASMANIA collected and field investigations of a few key shipwreck sites will be conducted in the near future. Parks and Wildlife Tasmania has made available two new archaeolog Florida's five underwater archaeological preserves are featured on the ical survey reports, one on the Wild Rivers National Park and one on World Wide Web at: 199.44.58.12/dostate/dhr/bar. the historic structures of the state's Central Plateau region. Two additional projects are nearing completion at Forestry Tasmania. One NEW YORK is on sites associated with the historic timber industry and the other is on the remains of tin mining on the Blue Tier. Bateaux Below, Inc (BBI): In July 1995, the 1758 Land Tortoise radeau shipwreck in Lake George was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The 52-foot British and provincial floating gun battery was found in 1990 and from 1991-1994 was surveyed by BBI, a EUROPE: IRELAND not-for-profit educational corporation. In 1994 the site was opened as one of the New York State Submerged Heritage Preserves, administered In July, 1995, Charles E. Orser, Jr. of Illinois State University by the state's Department of Environmental Conservation with site conducted the second season of investigations in County Poscommon, monitoring by BBI. In order to visit the site, divers must register and Ireland. The focus this season was again on Gorttoose, a village of obtain a time slot. Controlled public access to the site has not only peasants who were evicted from the Strokestown Estate in 1847 at the proved successful in protecting the site but has promoted safe diving height of the Great Famine. The on-going research project is performed at the deep-water shipwreck. in close conjunction with the National Famine Museum, directed by In May 1995, BBI began a shipwreck survey of the South Basin of Luke Dodd. This season's research, supported by a grant from Illinois Lake George. The survey zone covers a 4.5 mile long section of the 32- State University, was completed with the collaboration of the Applied mile long lake. The project is partially funded by the Rural New York Geophysics Unit of University College Galway. Kevin Barton, assisted Historic Preservation Grant Program administered by the Preservation by Joe Fenwich and Finn Delaney, conducted a magnetic susceptibility League of New York State with the support of the J.M. Kaplan Fund. survey of the village. The results were extremely gratifying because To date, over 30 shipwreck sites have been discovered. Several of they precisely reinforced the findings of the 1994 soil phosphate testing. these sites include multiple shipwrecks and some sites are 18th-century Having now completed extensive historical background research and military. One of the more unusual wrecks discovered during the two seasons of remote sensing, the plans are now to begin excavation inventory is a 1960-built IS-foot long experimental research submarine. in 1996. In addition, David Ryder, of Illinois State University, has just The submarine was to have been used to photograph 18th-century finished a master's thesis on the results of the 1994 research. British warships in the lake. However, the yellow submarine was stolen from its dock in August 1960, probably by pranksters, and was sunk in deep water, becoming one of the lake's more recent mysteries. Today, the submarine could become the fourth member of Lake George's Submerged Heritage Preserve. UNDERWATER NEWS
Reported by NORTH CAROLINA Toni 1. Carrell North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Underwater FLORIDA Archaeology Unit (UAU): The UAU staff was involved in a variety of projects and activities taking place during the summer season, the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research: The first phase of majority of which were a cooperative venture with East Carolina excavations at the Emanual Point Ship has concluded with the University (ECU) staff and students. In Maya week-long expedition discovery of a late medieval coin in the stem of the vessel The headed for Ocracoke, on the Outer Banks, to study the nearly inundat Pensacola site is now closed pending receipt of additional funding to ed island known as Shell Castle. Located on the inside of the inlet and begin the next phase. Analysis and conservation of recovered artifacts adjacent to the deep water channel, this small isle, complete with continues and a report is being prepared for publication. Excavations wharfs, warehouses, houses and a lighthouse served as a vital trans of the shipwreck began in 1992 in the mainmast step area and shipment point from 1790 until the early 1800s. It was reportedly one concluded at the sternpost and rudder in 1995. However, to date only of the most valuable pieces of property in the country at that time. 20% of the site has been investigated. The project has included a ECU graduate student Phil McGuinn is combining field data with university field school, three graduate seminars, the employment of six extensive historical research to reconstruct life on Shell Castle for his graduate student interns, and the preparation of two master's theses. master's thesis. The coin was identified as a blanca of Henry IV, minted in Spain In June, a field school under the direction of Dr. Larry Babits (ECU) between 1471 and 1474. Other recoveries from the well-preserved site conducted a thorough examination of two shipwrecks near Washington, include a breast plate, found near the rudder; stone, lead, and iron North Carolina. One site, which is being reported by graduate student ammunition; over 3,000 grams of mercury; painted Aztec pottery; a Ed Combs, was a 151-foot Porter gunboat built in Washington in 1862. variety of botanical and faunal specimens, and the remains of stow As the threat of Federal occupation neared, the vessel was taken up a away rats and insects. The shipwreck is believed to be associated with small creek above town and scuttled. Excavation entailed approximate the forgotten expedition of Tristan de Luna, who attempted to colonize ly 60 percent of the port side where an effort was made to record key Florida in 1559. The settlement of Pensacola failed, largely due to a features not previously documented on the wreck of another Confeder hurricane that sank most of the anchored ships in the bay shortly after ate gunboat, the CSS Chattahoochee. Nearby in Chocowinity Bay the their arrival. wreck of a centerboard schooner was also examined. The shipwreck The Bureau is also working with the US Naval Historical Center, turned out to be a previously undocumented ship type exhibiting a Washington, D.C. on a project to inventory American naval vessels that square transom and identical square bow. This scow-like sailing vessel sank in Florida's waters. Records on more than 250 vessels have been was most likely built in the Albemarle region of the state shortly after
38 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995 the Civil War and used for transporting bulk cargoes such as bricks in In June and July the THC conducted a major magnetometer survey the local sounds and rivers. and underwater site testing project under the direction of Barto Arnold, Ann Merriman, an ECU graduate student who served as project State Marine Archeologist. The most interesting find was a shipwreck director for the Chocowinity Bay shipwreck study then came to Fort site, 41MG86, thought to be the remains of the French explorer La Fisher as a summer intern, reorganized the UAU research files that Salle's ship, La Belle, lost in 1686. A variety of artifacts were recovered consist of records on historic shipwrecks (4,000 entries), archaeological during test excavations and are now being conserved at the Corpus sites (719 entries), and an extensive array of materials on historic water Christi Museum of Science and History by Ships of Discovery. Because related activities, artifact analysis and maritime subjects. Ann also of the excellent preservation and presence of hull remains, the THC revised and updated the UA U bibliography for underwater archaeologi plans several seasons of excavation at the site. The work was funded cal site and survey reports conducted in North Carolina. by the Kathryn O'Connor Foundation, the Trull Foundation, and the Another ECU graduate student, Nathan Henry, also interned this ISTEA program under the Texas Department of Transportation. summer at Fort Fisher. His primary responsibilities involved working Important in-kind contributions came from Compaq Computers, Inc.; in the conservation lab where he prepared the large collection of USS Trimble Navigation, Inc.; Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept.; GTE Undenvriter artifacts for transfer to the Caswell-Neuse historic site, and MobiInet; U.S. Divers, Inc.; Tom's Dive and Ski of Austin; Dept. of painstakingly preserved a late 19th century galley stove. However, as Anthropology and the Scientific Diving Program of Florida State is often the case at Fort Fisher, Nathan was pulled to more pressing University; Marty Wilcox of Marine Sonics Corporation; Pelican Case, activities which included salvaging a 30-by-50-foot covered shed to be Inc.; and Espey, Huston and Associates. reconstructed and used as an artifact conservation and storage area, as More information about the on-going research and activities on the well as helping construct the Beauregard Shipwreck Overlook Gazebo La Salle shipwreck investigation can be found on the World Wide Web at Carolina Beach. at: http://129.109.57.188/index.htm or search the web under La Salle. In addition to Nathan's many duties he also participated in an David R. Watson, master crossbow maker, has published an underwater archaeological study of Fort Fisher Civil War shipwrecks interesting and entertaining book on his craft entitled 1010'S First Book as part of the National Park Service's American Battlefield Protection of Crossbows. Much information is provided on the medieval-style Program. Working with UAU staff members and ECU students under crossbows used during the early European expansion into the New the direction of Billy Ray Morris and Marianne Franklin, detailed World. The 54 page book includes 45 figures and a bibliography. It is examinations were made of six shipwrecks. These included the available from the author for $10.00 including shipping (David Watson, blockade runners Arabian, Condor, and Stormy Petrel, the Union blockade 201 W. Crestland, Austin, TX 78752). vessel USS Aster, the former Army transport steamer Flambeau, lost after the war, and a shipwreck thought to be the USS Louisiana, but now WASHINGTON, D.C. suspected to be the Twilight, which sunk in November 1865. The Fort Fisher project will provide research for several ECU theses and may Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center (NHC): After eventually result in the formation of a North Carolina historic ship more than a year of negotiation, the NHC has signed an official wreck preserve. agreement with Association CSS Alabama (Association) authorizing their continued archaeological investigation of the remains of CSS TEXAS Alabama. The Association CSS Alabama, a non-profit organization, founded in 1988 for the purpose of conducting the scientific exploration Texas Historical Commission: The THC/Southwest Underwater of the shipwreck, has to date conducted seven annual underwater Archeological Society volunteer diver program renewed its fieldwork archaeological surveys and excavations on the site. program in the spring of 1995. Two field trips were staged, one in April Even as a shipwreck, CSS Alabama, has continued to give rise to to the Caney Creek wreck (41MG32) and a second in May to the new unusual and often difficult issues for the United States. Although the Port Aransas project on the wreck of the 1920 ocean going steam tug wreck resides within French territorial waters, the United States BaddacocklNU282}. At Caney Creek we finished detailed measurements on Government, as the successor State to the former Confederate States of the starboard engine determining that the "zig-zag" and the "hooks" are still America, is the owner of the wreck. On October 3, 1989, the United in place. The engine may have been "hooked up" in fonvard when the wreck States and the Republic of France signed an agreement recognizing the sank. The "zig-zag" seems to be of an unusual configuration. wreck of CSS Alabama as an important heritage resource of both nations This being the first undenvater work on the Baddacock by archaeologists, and establishing a Joint French-American Scientific Committee to we had to first pinpoint the site and then confirm the site with divers. consider issues of protection and the conditions for archaeological The joint THC/SUAS crew used a Global Positioning System (GPS) to exploration. navigate during the search. The GPS was loaned to the project by The signing of the agreement between the Association CSS Alabama Trimble Navigation, Inc. The instrument used to pinpoint the site was and the US Navy/Naval Historical Center establishes a precedent for a magnetometer loaned by Espey, Huston and Associates. Once the site international cooperation in archaeological research and provides for location was isolated, scuba divers only briefly examined the wreck due the protection of a unique historic shipwreck. Association CSS to the deteriorating wind and sea conditions. Substantial remains of the Alabama, which is funded solely from private donations, is continuing wreck stand as much as 10 to 12 feet above the sand of the Gulf of to make this an international project through its fund raising efforts in Mexico's 17-foot deep bottom just south of the south jetty. A few local France and in the United States, thanks to its sister organization the divers have visited the site, but this is the first scientific archeological "CSS Alabama Association", incorporated in the State of Delaware. confirmation of the wreck. Upon returning from the trip, we obtained Artifacts from Alabama are being treated in both the United States the site number for the wreck. The location makes this an ideal dive and in France. At the Maryland Historical Trust, conservators Betty destination in good weather conditions. The purpose of the joint Seifert and Alexandra Elliott, are conserving Alabama artifacts found THC/SUAS project is to record the site, map the exposed remains, and in the environs of the officer's quarters, located in the stem of ship. Of research the site's history. A brochure is planned to provide location particular interest is a large fragment of the ship'S double-wheeled and historic background to make this dive site a heritage experience for helm, from which Alabama was steered. The conservators recently visiting divers as well as a nature experience. Bob Murry of Rockport obtained x-rays of the helm and other artifacts with the assistance of is the field archeologist for the Port Aransas project. the Naval Academy Medical Clinic's Radiology Department, U.S. Naval
39 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
Academy, Annapolis in order to determine its inner construction and used this as evidence of possession with which to file an admiralty the exact location of its metal fittings. Conservation of this complex salvage claim for title to the aircraft in the U.S. District Court of Miami. artifact is expected to take as long as three years. What the salvor's attorney failed to inform the court when he filed the Alabama artifacts are also being conserved in France. Foremost case, was that the Navy not only was asserting its title to the aircraft, among these is the recently recovered Blakely cannon. Dr. Ulane but that his client was attempting to sell the aircraft to the Navy. Bonnet, President, of Association CSS Alabama, reported that the gun Working jointly, the Justice Department and Navy's Office of the Judge was found to be loaded. On March 10,1995, the shell was defused by Advocate General demanded that this claim be dropped or civil French explosives experts delegated by the Ministry of the Interior's sanctions would be sought against the salvers. Not only was the "Protection Civile". The operation took place on the grounds of removal of the canopy unauthorized, a potential theft of federal "Electricite de France" (EDF) in Cannes (France) where the cannon is property, but the video recording made by the salvor's own ROV unit undergOing conservation treatment in the EDF laboratories of "Archeo showed that the ROV may have collided with and damaged the aircraft. lyse International". City, regional and national authorities were present, This aircraft is important to the history of the Navy and to the nation as well as Dr. Bonnel and the Association's archaeologist, Captain Max for two reasons. First, it is the only known example of a TBD-1 and Guerout, French Navy (retired). Strict safety measures were taken in second, it is a surviving combat veteran of the battle of the Coral Sea, case the shell, after 130 years in sea water, should still be live. The having flown missions against the Japanese ship Kiyokawa Maru, and percussion-type fuse was in fact unscrewed and removed without aircraft carriers Slwlw, and Slwkaku. On May 4,1942, piloted by Captain difficulty, thanks to a tool made by the explosives experts for that John W. Weaver, it was credited with a hit on the Slwlw, a ship that purpose. Perfectly dry black powder was recovered from inside and was sunk as a result of this attack. It was also aboard the USS Saratoga was retained for analysis. In two or three months an attempt will be during the Midway Relief Operation. It was transferred to Naval Air made to extract the shell itself, hopefully intact." Station, Miami on September 10, 1942 and was lost over the Atlantic in The victim of Alabama's first naval engagement and the above 1943. After careful consideration and planning, the National Museum mentioned Blakely cannon, USS Hatteras is of renewed interest to the of Naval Aviation will make a deep-water recovery of the aircraft and u.S. Navy. The Center, the Navy's Office of the Judge Advocate it will be transported to Pensacola, Florida for conservation and General-Admiralty Division, Damon Miller of the Justice Department, eventual display. and J. Barto Arnold, III, State Marine Archaeologist with the Texas During the spring and summer of 1995, several surveys and Historical Commission worked together to obtain the release of Hatteras archaeological investigations will take place. Lake Champlain Maritime artifacts held by the U.S. Marshal's office in Galveston, Texas. These Museum, under the direction of Dr. Kevin Crisman, will survey and have languished in the custody of the court since a precedent-setting record the wreck of the War of 1812 gunboat USS Allen. In the waters legal decision in the case of Hatteras, Inc. Plaintiff v. The USS Hatteras, of Maine, Dr. Warren Reiss will lead a team of investigators from the her engines, armament, apparel, cargo, appurtenances, etc. in rem, and United University of Maine in another season of survey for the Revolutionary States of America, in personam Defendants. This case, which determined War vessels lost in Penobscot Bay. Dr Reiss and his students will also that title to Hatteras remained with the US Government, is the most begin to record some of the hull remains of the wreck believed to be frequently cited legal precedent in the government's defense of its the Continental Navy frigate Warren. In Louisiana the Army Corps of historic shipwrecks. Eight artifacts were taken by Hatteras Inc. to Engineers-Vicksburg District and Coastal Environments, an archaeologi confirm the identity of wreck and to establish their claim. These consist cal consulting firm, will begin in April to dive on what is believed to of the builder's plate (with legend "Harlan and Hollingsworth and Co., be the wreckage of the Civil War gunboat, USS Eastport, lost during the Iron Ship and Steam Engine Builders, no. 327, Wilmington, Delaware, Red River campaign of 1864. Off the coast of New York, the Center in 1861 ") two small bronze oil cups with covers, a brass steam valve, two coordination with the Navy's Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit Two will bronze priming cups, an oiling pipe stem, and a 45-pound iron ball conduct an underwater reconnaissance on the shipwreck USS San Diego with an attached eye. in order to assess its state of preservation and if there exists any The artifacts were released to Mr. Arnold, who delivered them to the potential danger to recreational divers from unexploded ordinance in Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History, where they will be on the wreckage. San Diego, an armored cruiser, sank in 1918 after being loan from the U.S. Navy. In further efforts to preserve Hatteras, the sunk by a mine laid by the German U-156, and is the only the major Naval Historical Center, National Park Service's Maritime Initiative, United States warship lost during World War 1. and Texas Historical Commission are using DoD Legacy funding to During 1995, the Center's preservation efforts and archaeological nominate the USS Hatteras site as a National Historic Landmark. In investigations of Navy shipwrecks will increase our knowledge of the describing the importance of the site, Mr. Arnold states that, "The Navy's history, elevate the public's awareness of the United States wreck of the USS Hatteras is an integral part of the story of the Civil naval heritage, and insure the preservation of such physical remains of War on the Texas coast. The remains of a fully eqUipped naval vessel, this history for future generations. never salvaged, are confidently expected to be found at this site making this one of the most important underwater archaeological sites in the National Trust for Historic Preservation: Individuals interested in country." preserving historic ships, lighthouses and other maritime artifacts have The principle established in the Hatteras case recently was applied a new source of funding thanks to a bill signed into law by President to a rare Navy aircraft that was threatened by salvers. Navy-JAG and Clinton in December, 1994. The National Maritime Heritage Act of Justice Department, at the request of the Naval Historical Center and 1994 (Public Law 103451) will use a percentage of proceeds derived National Museum of Naval Aviation, interceded in the case of a VT-5 from the scrapping of obsolete vessels of the Naval Defense Reserve Torpedo Bomber Devastator (TBD-1) Bureau Number 0353 that was Fleet to establish a competitive grants program for maritime preserva discovered in over 500 feet of water resting on the bottom of the ocean tion and education projects. off of Miami. Champlin Fighter Museum, the salvor, had purchased A special advisory committee comprising representatives from the coordinates of the site location and made two unauthorized various sectors of the maritime community will review grant proposals expeditions to the site first with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and and make funding recommendations to the Secretary of the Interior, another with a manned submarine leased from a research institution. who will administer the program. One half of the funding, to be Also, unknown to Navy the claimant recovered the aircraft canopy and disbursed by the National Park Service's Maritime Initiative, is
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available for sub grants for the preservation of historic maritime document the rest of the vessel and provide more answers to the origin resources through the State Historic Preservation Offices. The remaining and date of the wreck. funds will be administered by the National for Trust for educational Portions of the field school also included conservation and archival programs and other efforts. research training. Students cycled through the Bermuda Maritime The National Trust will work closely with the National Maritime Museum's state of the art conservation laboratory to work with Dr. Alliance to help develop the maritime heritage grant program. Details Lesley Dean on artifact conservation and preservation. In addition, of the program in terms of funding availability and administrative students worked in the Hamilton Library and Bermuda Archives process will be announced at a later date; the first grant applications reviewing the Bermuda Gazette and other documents for references to are expected to be available in late Fall 1995. shipwrecks for inclusion in the Museum's data base. The Field school For more information, or to include your name on the National team consisted of nine Program in Maritime History and Nautical Maritime Alliance's mailing list, please contact the National Maritime Archaeology students: Ed Combs, Mike Coogan, Rick Jones, Chris Alliance, 99 Commercial Street, Bath, Maine 04530, (207) 443-4550. Kirby, Eleftheria Mantzouka, Tim Marshall, Phil McGuinn, Jinky Smalley, and Paul Steinberg, in addition to Jim Sibthorp, Diving Safety BERMUDA Officer--allied by Gordon P. Watts, Jr. The school also benefited from the local expertise of Phil Williams and Brian Furness who provided East Carolina University, Program in Maritime History and technical assistance. Nautical Archaeology (ECU): The Fall field school program in Bermuda entered its second decade in September with the arrival of DOMINICAN REPUBLIC students from ECU for the eleventh season of shipwreck research. Sponsored jOintly by the Bermuda Maritime Museum and the ECU Pan-American Institute of Maritime Archaeology (PIOA): The program in Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology, the 1994 field 1994 season yielded impressive examples of the four basic ceramic school focused on systematic shipwreck survey activities along the reef types represented on the wreck: blue-and-white tin-glazed faience, complex. A second objective included the relocation and documentation white tin-glazed faience, orange and green-glazed ware, and Rhenish of the remains of a site referred to as the "'Stonewall" wreck. The stoneware. All four types of ceramic compare favorably with types survey included both magnetic remote sensing and towed-diver excavated from the Dutch settlement at Fort Orange, near Albany, New searches along the north and western areas of the Bermuda reef system. York. The southwest spill area has produced a significant portion of the A differential global positioning system (DGPS) was used to control the blue-and-white tin-glazed faience excavated from the site, including survey search patterns. Coordinates were recorded for each contact that some that display diagnostic artistic patterns and others that represent was confirmed to be a vessel. The data will be used to create an large sections of the original vessels. One sherd clearly shows an electronic database site file inventory maintained by the Bermuda oriental pagoda-roofed building, an example of the 17th-century trend Maritime Museum. in which Dutch potters imitated Chinese porcelain deSigns. More As part of the 1994 effort, the team revisited the site of the 1992 & examples of white tin-glazed faience were also recovered, including 1993 field schools, an eighteenth-century British collier, to check on fragments of one or more large, lobed dishes. Divers also excavated material deposited on the wreck for protection and to look for more of the rare orange and green-glazed earthenware. Based upon the additional disturbance by divers. The baseline was restrung along the infrequent occurrence of this ceramic type, we feel it represents wares datum from the previous season and a photo-mosaiC was taken to from the ship's galley rather than cargo. document the state of preservation. During the survey process, tow A significant number of salt-glazed Rhenish stoneware, or Bartrnann, boarders saw a ballast pile resembling a stonewall. Subsequent jug fragments were discovered, many with sprig-molded deSigns. Three investigation confirmed the wreck to be the same "Stonewall" site large upper section fragments of individual jugs bore complete or preViously reported. The vessel lay buried in sand at a depth of four to near-complete examples of a stylized bearded face on their necks. This five meters. The Bermuda Maritime Museum then applied for and design is distinctive of Bartmann jugs, as are elaborate medallion received a government permit to record the preserved data. The site insignia containing armorial devices. Some of the sprig-molded designs was previously documented by a team from Franklin Pierce College in are splashed with blue glaze, and one jug fragment bears an interesting, 1975. small, round face located below and to one side of a larger one. The Under the auspices of the 1994 permit, the ll-member team cleaned larger face is of the type common on the Monte Cristi wreck. and documented the site clearing an 11 by 6 meter section of the ballast This season a metal-detector survey conducted over the southwest stones and sand. Investigation of the wreck confirmed that much of the excavation area allowed us to identify and pursue several promising lower hull, studied in 1975, remained intact. The exposed structure anomalies. A number of three-legged cooking pots of different sizes consisted of the keel, keelson, exterior planking, floors, futtocks, and were discovered as well as sizable unidentified iron concretions, one of fillet pieces. Using a grid system, the exposed hull was mapped in situ which resembles a fireplace andiron. and three representative sectional profiles recorded. The exposed In addition to the primary work area southwest of the keel, the team remains were photographed with the reference grid in position to also initiated excavation in a 12 by 12 meter area on the southeast side. permit subsequent creation of a photo-mosaic. After the exposed While we determined that the depth of artifact deposition in this area sections were documented, the vessel was recovered with sand and is not as extreme as on the southwest side, the southeast area neverthe ballast stones in compliance with the permit. Several artifacts, including less yielded a quantity of diagnostic artifacts, among them lead musket ceramics, musket and pistol balls, a silver spoon, and a piece of shoe balls, fUl;on-de- Venice crystal sherds, ceramics, pipes, organic material, leather, were recovered to facilitate dating the wreck. Significant among and loose vessel planking. This area also contained perhaps the most the artifacts were a ceramic vessel(perhaps an inkwell) and a miniature interesting find of the 1994 field season, a single clay pipe believed to ceramic pitcher. have originated in England. Of the approximately 30,000 clay smoking Preliminary artifact analYSis indicates that the. Stonewall wreck can pipe fragments recovered during the last four seasons, this is the first be dated to the 1680s versus the estimated date of 1650, suggested by to be firmly associated with England and not with Amsterdam or with the Franklin Pierce College study. Nevertheless, a more definitive an unknown origin. We are tentatively classifying it as the possession analysis and conclusion must await additional survey and study. of a crew member or perhaps as an item lost or discarded somewhere During the 1995 field season, efforts will be exerted to uncover and within the vessel on a previous voyage.
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Selecting a graduate school is an important step toward becoming a professional archaeologist. This is also a difficult step, and students who wish to pursue graduate studies in historical and underwater archaeology are at a particular disadvantage because there are few graduate programs in these areas. Faculty find it difficult to advise students inquiring about graduate opportunities, particularly if the student's interests are in areas quite different from their own. This "Guide" is designed to help students in their search for graduate training in historical and underwater archaeology. Students are urged to use the "Guide" only as a starting point. Once they have identified programs that appear to meet their needs, students should write to speCific faculty members whose research most closely matches their own interests, inquiring about current and future research and educational opportunities. Contacting faculty directly is the single most important step students can take as they develop plans for graduate studies. Students should also discuss their choices with faculty advisors, instructors, and students who are currently in graduate school. The "Guide" will be updated periodically. If you would like to have your program listed, please contact The Society for Historical Archaeology at P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751 USA; Ph: 520/886-8006; FAX 520/886-0182; E-MAIL: [email protected].
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS
1. Institution Name: University of Arkansas 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Mitchem, Jeffrey M. (PhD U Florida 1988; Asst Prof) Contact Period, Eastern United States Sabo III, George (PhD Michigan S 1981; Assoc Prof) Ethnohistory, Eastern United States, Arctic Stewart-Abernathy, Leslie C. (phD Brown 1981; Assoc Prof) Urban archaeology, material culture studies 4. General Statement: The faculty in the Department of Anthropology have interests that encompass the historic period of Arkansas (contact through 19th century). Current research includes a DeSoto contact site, Arkansas Post (a 16th-19th century settlement), 19th-century urban farmsteads, and the ethnohistory of native peoples in the state. The Anthropology Department has recently moved to a renovated building with excellent facilities. There are also facilities and employment opportunities at the University Museum and with the Arkansas Archaeological Survey. 5. For More Information Contact: Alan McCartney, Graduate Coordinator, Department of Anthropology, 330 Old Main, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701 USA; Ph: 501/575-2508.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
1. Institution Name: University of Arizona 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Fish, Paul R. (PhD U Arizona S 1976; Curator, Arizona S Mus) Protohistoric and early historic periods, southern Arizona and northern Mexico, cultural resource manage ment Majewski, Teresita (PhD U Missouri 1987; Asst Res Prof) Historical archaeology, material culture, settlement of the frontier Trans-Mississippi West, cultural resource management, ethnohistory, development of technology, US Midwest, Greater Southwest, Mesoamerica Mills, Barbara J. (PhD U New Mexico 1989; Asst Prof) Contact period and historic Pueblos, ceramic analysis, cultural resource management, ethnoarchaeology Rathje, William L. (PhD Harvard 1971; Prof Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology) Modern material culture studies, garbology Reid, J. Jefferson (PhD U Arizona 1973; Prof) Prehistory and historical archaeology of the Greater Southwest Schiffer, Michael B. (PhD U Arizona 1973; Prof) Modern material culture, history of technology, ceramics, experimental archaeology Olsen, Stanley J. (Curator, Ariz S Mus; Prof) Historical archaeology, zooarchaeology, Greater Southwest Olsen, John W. (PhD UCB 1980; Assoc Prof) Asian-American ceramics and material culture 4. General Statement: The graduate program offers students interested in historical archaeology a wide range of opportunities for field research in Native American, Spanish colonial, Mexican-American, and western American subjects. Extensive laboratory, library, and documentary resources include: the Arizona State Museum's library, extensive collections and Documentary Relations of the Southwest section (an extensive microfilm collection of Spanish Colonial documents); Laboratory of Traditional Technology; Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology; and on-site computer center. Also available near the university are the library, collections, and staff expertise of the Western Archeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service. Local archaeological societies and private cultural resource management firms participate actively in historical archaeological research, providing opportunities for student involvement. 5. For More Information Contact: J. Jefferson Reid, Department of Anthropology, Building 30, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721 USA; Ph: 6021621-8546.
BOSTON UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Boston University 2. Department Title: Department of Archaeology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Beaudry, Mary C. (PhD Brown 1980; Assoc Prof, Archaeology and Anthropology) Historical and industrial archaeology of the Americas, comparative colonialism, material culture studies, anthropology of food and foodways, archaeological theory, documentary analysiS, historical anthropology Elia, Ricardo J. (PhD Boston U 1982; Adj Assoc Prof; Director Office of Public Archaeology) New England historical and prehistorical archaeology, cultural resources management, Aegean prehistory 4. General Statement: The Department stresses global comparative archaeology, with its greatest strength lying in the area of complex societies. Historical archaeology is presented in a broadly comparative format. Research in soils, pollen, ethnobotany, and petrology, plus computer facilities, including GIS, are available. The Stone Science Library houses the library of the Archaeological Institute of America, extensive holdings in Anthropology, Archaeology, Geology, and Geography, and an extensive map collection. Relevant courses include Archaeology of Colonial America, Archaeology of Post-Colonial America,Industrial Archaeology, Oral History and Written Records in Archaeology, statistical and spatial analysis, conservation, survey and graphics, remote sensing, and ethnobotany. There is also an MA program in Archaeological
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Heritage Management. Related departments and programs include American and New England Studies, Preservation Studies, Art History, and the Center for Remote Sensing. Ongoing projects in historical archaeology include work at the Spencer-Pierce Farm in Newbury, Massachusetts, and graduate student projects at sites in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New Jersey, Belize, and the Caribbean. Topics are as varied as rural and urban domestic sites, logwood cutters' camps, religious sites (e.g., synagogues and meeting houses), working class material culture, ceramic analysis, farm tenancy, ethnicity, and gender studies. Degrees offered are BA, MA, and PhD. 5. For More Information Contact: Creighton Gabel, Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Archaeology, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston MA 02215 USA; Ph: 617/353-3415 or 617/353-3517. For specifics on Historical Archaeology, contact Mary C. Beaudry, Department of Archaeology, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston MA 02215 USA; Ph: 617/353-3415 or 617/353-3417; FAX: 617/353-6800.
BROWN UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Brown University 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Gould, Richard A. (PhD UCB 1965; Prof) Ethnoarchaeology, general theory in archaeology, nautical and underwater archaeology, ecological anthropology, paleoecology, museum and material culture studies Rubertone, Patricia (PhD SUNY Binghamton 1979; Assoc Prof) Historical archaeology, contact studies, eastern North America, material culture and landscape analysis, comparative colonialism, development of complex societies, archaeological interpretation 4. General Statement: Brown awards MA and PhD degrees in anthropology, with maritime archaeology as a speciality. We often take students who already are well trained in underwater archaeolOgical skills and techniques and offer them the opportunity to apply those skills to anthropological research. This gives scope to their research results and helps them on the job market, where an advanced degree in Anthropology may be more useful than a more specialized degree in Nautical Archaeology or Archaeology. We also run long-term field projects in underwater archaeology in Bermuda and in the Dry Tortugas, Florida. 5. For More Information Contact: Richard A. Gould, Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Box 1921, Providence RI 02912 USA; Ph: 401/863-3251.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-LOS ANGELES
1. Institution Name: University of California, Los Angeles 2. Department Title: Departments of Anthropology and History, Archaeology Program 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Posnansky, Merrick (PhD Archaeology, Nottingham (UK) 1956; Prof, Anthropology and History) Archaeology of the African Diaspora, African historical archaeology, California historical archaeology 4. General Statement: The program was established in 1982. Research has been conducted by graduate students in the archaeology of Black Diaspora in Jamaica, Panama, and Louisiana; African Historical Archaeology in Ghana, Benin, and Togo; and in California Mission and mining archaeology. The University has excellent library holdings for Africa and California as well as a small historical teaching collection in the University Museum. There is a laboratory in the Institute of Archaeology for African and Caribbean archaeology. Students are awarded MA and PhD degrees in anthropology, history, or archaeology. 5. For More Information Contact: Merrick Posnansky, Department of History, UniverSity of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90024-1473 USA; Ph: 310/825-6160.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Columbia University 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: D'Altroy, Terence N. (PhD UCLA 1981; Assoc Prof) Complex politics and economics, Andean South America de Montmollin, Olivier (PhD U Michigan 1985; Asst Prof) Complex societies, Mesoamerica Rothschild, Nan A. (PhD NYU 1975; Assoc Prof) Urban archaeology, Colonial and Contact periods in North America, especially northeastern and southwestern United States Stone, Glenn D. (PhD U Arizona 1988; Asst Prof) Archaeology settlement patterns, North America, West Africa 4. General Statement: The Columbia graduate archaeology program, while not specifically focused on historical archaeology, is quite appropriate for this subdiscipline. All of the archaeolOgists on the faculty work with documentary sources and complex societies. Archaeology is seen as an interdisciplinary field, draWing on fields such as art history, history, classics, the physical and biological sciences, as well as anthropology faculty and a range of specialized institutes. Students also have the opportunity to take courses, through the Consortium, in other anthropology departments in New York City. They also have access to three excellent history departments at Columbia, NYU, and CUNY. Library resources are particularly outstanding, including the New York Historical Society and the research branch of the New York Public Library. The William Duncan Strong Museum at Columbia contains the archaeological collections from the Stadt Huys and Hanover Square Block sites. Students have the opportunity to conduct research or do internships at the National Museum of the American Indian, the New York Historical Society, the American Museum of Natural History, the South St. Seaport Museum, and many others. Both MA and PhDs are awarded. PhD study is fully funded for many graduate students by the Mellon Foundation; there is also a department fund to help archaeology students with field work. 5. For More Information Contact: Nan Rothschild, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York NY 10027 USA; Ph: 2121854-4315.
EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: East Carolina University 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Ewen, Charles R. (PhD U Florida 1987; Assoc Prof) Contact period, cultural resource management, southeastern United States Phelps, David S. (PhD Tulane 1964; Prof) Archaeology, archaeological method and theory, North America, southeastern and Middle Atlantic regions 4. General Statement: The MA program in Anthropology includes field and thesis opportunities in historical archaeology, beginning in Fall, 1995. 5. For More Information Contact: Charles Ewen, Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville NC 27858-4353 USA; Ph:919/757-6883.
43 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: East Carolina University 2. Department Title: Program in Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Babits, Lawrence E. (PhD Brown 1981; Assoc Prof) Material culture, underwater archaeology, American history Palmer, Michael A. (phD Temple 1981; Asst Prof) Naval and military history, American diplomatic history Rodgers, Bradley A. (PhD Union Institute 1993; Asst Prof) Conservation, underwater archaeology Swanson, Carl E. (PhD U Western Ontario 1979; Assoc Prof) Colonial history, American history 4. General Statement: The Program in Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology at East Carolina currently provides an MA in Maritime History and Archaeology. Research opportunities include western hemisphere, conservation, and museology. Joyner Library contains one of the largest resources for United States Naval Studies in the country. Ongoing projects include survey of USS Maple Leaf ijacksonville, FL), survey of Mobile Bay (Civil War Battle Site), excavation of Millicoquins wreck in Michigan, and continuing research in Bermuda. Local North Carolina projects include river surveys, fishing history, and Civil War blockade runners. 5. For More Information Contact: Lawrence Babits, Department of History, East Carolina University, Greenville NC 27858-4353 USA; Ph: 919/328-6678.
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
1. Institution Name: University of Florida 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Deagan, Kathleen (phD U Florida 1974; Prof, Florida Museum of Natural History) Spanish colonial archaeology, ethnohistory, eastern United States, Circum-Caribbean basin Milanich, Jerald T. (PhD U Florida 1971; Prof, Florida Museum of Natural History) North American archaeology, ethnohistory, southeastern United States, mission archaeology Schmidt, Peter (PhD Northwestern 1974; Assoc Prof, Center for African Studies) Ethnoarchaeology, ethnohistory, historical archaeology, complex societies in Africa, Iron Age Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Gabon 4. General Statement: The program is based on individual faculty research programs in Spanish colonial archaeology, African historical archaeology, and Mission archaeology. Also available are interdiSciplinary programs in Historical Archaeology or Historic Preservation with the Departments of History and Architecture. Facilities include the Florida Museum of Natural History's Historical Archaeology Lab and Environmental Archaeology Labs; PK Yonge Library of Florida History archival collections; Caribbean Preservation Institute in the College of Architecture; Center for Latin American studies faculty, plus training and research opportunities in various languages. Both the MA and PhD are offered. 5. For More Information Contact: Gerald Murray, Graduate Coordinator, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611 USA; Ph: 904/392-2031.
GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Armstrong State College 2. Department Title: Department of History 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Fertig, Barbara C. (PhD George Washington 1993; Asst Prof; Armstrong State College) Museum studies, folklife, Mexican-American ethnohistory, American art history Hale, Stephen (PhD U Florida 1989; Asst Prof; Georgia Southern University) Historical archaeology, zooarchaeology Hendricks, Christopher (PhD William and Mary 1991; Asst Prof; Armstrong State College) Historic preservation, vernacular architecture, colonial and early national U.S. and southern history Moore, Sue Mullins (PhD U Florida 1981; Assoc Prof; Georgia Southern University) Historical archaeology, plantation archeology Yentsch, Anne (PhD Brown 1980; Assoc Prof; Armstrong State College) Historical archaeology and anthropological history, American material culture 4. General Statement: The faculty in the Department of History have interests that encompass landscape studies, African-American, colonial, and southern studies. Work is integrated with studies in American folklore and public history. Masters degrees are awarded through either Armstrong State College (Savannah) or Georgia Southern University (Statesboro). Faculty from either institution may chair committees. 5. For More Information Contact: Dr. Christopher Hendricks or Dr. Anne Yentsch, History Department, Armstrong State College, 11935 Abercorn St., Savannah GA 31419-1997 USA; Ph: 912/927-5283; FAX: 912/921-5581.
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
1. Institution Name: University of Georgia 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Garrison, Ervan (PhD U Missouri 1979; Assoc Prof) Archaeometry, geophysical prospection, preindustrial and industrial North America, underwater archaeology Reitz, Elizabeth J. (PhD U Florida 1979; Assoc Prof) Zooarchaeology, late prehistoriC and historic periods, southeastern North America, Latin America 4. General Statement: The department offers concentrated study in ecological anthropology. Students have access to Zooarchaeology and Geochronology Laboratories, HRAF microfiles, and a close association with the Institute of Ecology. Departmental strengths in historical/underwater archaeology are zooarchaeology from any time period in North or South America as well as geoarchaeology and archaeometry from any time period in North America or Europe. The PhD degree is awarded. 5. For More Information Contact: Ervan Garrison, Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602-1619 USA; Ph: 706/542-1470.
UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA
1. Institution Name: University of Haifa 2. Department Title: Department of Maritime Civilizations 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Artzy, Michal (Brandeis 1972; Senior Lec) Coastal archaeology Linder, Elisha (PhD Brandeis 1970; Senior Lec) Maritime history Mart, Yossi (PhD Texas A&M 1984; Prof) Marine geology, coastal geomorphology Raban, Avner (PhD Hebrew U Jerusalem 1981; Prof) Underwater archaeology
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Spanier, Ehud (PhD U Miami 1975; Senior Lec) Oceanography, marine biology 4. General Statement: The Department of Maritime Civilizations offers an MA degree combining coastal and underwater archaeology, maritime history, oceanography, and coastal and underwater geomorphology. It is fundamental to the orientation of the Department that spedalized work in any field of maritime studies relate to work in the other fields. Students are expected to supplement class work through participation in archaeological excavation, geological surveys, and zodiac trips along the coast of Israel. Students should earn scuba diving licenses before their registration or during the first year of study. Courses in small boat handling are also available. Individuals from abroad who do not know Hebrew may apply for admission; however, during their first year they will be expected to enroll in the University's accelerated Hebrew course and take directed reading courses with members of the faculty in order to join the regular program during their second year. The MA degree may be earned with or without a thesis; in the latter case, students must register for a minor in another department as well as in the Department of Maritime Civilizations. Related departments in the University include Archaeology, Land ofisrael Studies, History, Geography (including a special program in shipping), Biblical History, and Art History. The Department has a research arm, the Haifa University Center for Maritime Studies, through which excavations are currently being conducted in the andent port of Caesarea, Phoenician ship remains on the coast of Kibbutz Ma' agan Michael, on Tel Nami, and at Tel Akko; the center also supports oceanographic research on artificial reefs in Haifa Bay. In addition to the Center, the Department of Maritime Civilizations maintains ties with the National Maritime Museum and the National Center for Oceanographic and Limnological Research. 5. For More Information Contact: University of Haifa, Degree in Maritime Civilizations, Mount Carmel Haifa 31905 Israel; Ph: 04-240941; FAX 04-240493.
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO
1. Institution Name: University of Idaho 2. Department Title: Department of SOciology and Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Sappington, Robert (PhD Washington S 1994; Asst Prof) Protohistoric, Lewis and Clark, 18th-19th century, Plateau Sprague, Roderick (PhD U Arizona 1967; Prof; Director Laboratory of Anthropology) Artifact function, glass beads, funerary artifacts, 19th-20th century, Pacific Northwest Staff in Other Units: Ehrenreich, Dixie (PhD U Idaho 1977; Research Scientist Laboratory of Anthropology) Immigration, western farming, women in cultural resources, 19th-20th century, Pacific Northwest Wegars, Priscilla (PhD U Idaho 1991; Research Associate Laboratory of Anthropology) Overseas Asian culture, 19th-20th century, American West, New Zealand 4. General Statement: The Department offers an MA in anthropology with a firm foundation in all four areas of anthropology expected. Over half of the degrees in the past 25 years have been in historical archaeology. The Laboratory of Anthropology is a separate administrative unit within the College of Letters and Science but works in close cooperation with the department in providing collection, laboratory space, equipment, and personnel to augment the graduate program in historical archaeology. Special facilities include a large comparative collection of 19th and 20th-century artifacts; a major collection of Overseas Asian comparative artifacts, archival material, and photographs; a series of libraries strong in historical archaeology in faculty offices, in the Laboratory of Athropology, in the campus library, and at Washington State University only 9 miles away; a large metal artifact cleaning facility; and the Northern Repository of the Idaho Archaeological Survey. The Department of History offers a PhD in history with a minor in historical archaeology. Courses are exchanged with Washington State University, animal osteology and ethnoarchaeology being taught there. 5. For More Information Contact: Roderick Sprague, Director, Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Idaho, Moscow ID 83844-1111 USA; Ph: 208/885-6123 (pacific Time Zone).
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Louisiana State University 2. Department Title: Department of Geography and Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Davidson, William V. (PhD Wisconsin Milwaukee 1972; Assoc Prof, Geography) Historical, cultural geography, Central America, 15th century to present Earle, Carville (PhD Chicago 1973; Prof & Chair, Geography) Regional economic development, historical geography, southern United States, 17th-20th centuries Edwards, Jay D. (PhD Tulane 1970; Assoc Prof, Anthropology) Vernacular architecture, material culture, Creole culture, U.S. South and Caribbean 17th-20th centuries Farnsworth, Paul (PhD UCLA 1987; Asst Prof, Anthropology) Historical archaeology, African-American studies, plantation, culture change, ethnicity, economic systems, British, Spanish, and French colonial and Federal, Caribbean, U.S. South & Southwest, 18th-20th centuries McKillop, Heather (phD UCSB 1987; Asst Prof, Anthropology) Underwater archaeology, survey, excavations and cores, Classic and Post-Classic Maya, 19th-century Eura-American/Canadian cemetaries Mosher, Anne (PhD Penn S 1989; Asst Prof, Geography) Urban and social historical geography, North America, 19th-20th centuries Saunders, Rebecca (phD Florida 1992; Adj Asst Prof, Anthropology) Contact and Spanish colonial archaeology, missions, U.S. South, 16th-18th centuries 4. General Statement: The Department awards an MA in Anthropology and both the MA and PhD in Geography. Students in historical archaeology can follow a degree program on either side of the Department. Major foci are the American South, the Caribbean, and Central America, with strong topical interests in African-American, Hispanic-American, and Native American cultures. Laboratory/research facilities include an up-ta-date archaeology laboratory, the largest univerSity map library in the country and biogeography, palynology, forensics, physical anthropology, computer mapping, GIS, remote senSing, and geomorphology laboratories, as well as the Fred B. Kniffen Cultural Resources Laboratory. LSU's Hill Memorial Library contains over 7 million archival and manuscript items focused on the lower MiSSissippi valley, the South, the American Civil War and Reconstruction. The United States Civil War Center deals with all aspects of the Civil War while the History Department is well known for Southern History. The T. Harry Williams Center for Oral History provides training and support for oral history research and the Museum of Natural Science holds archaeological collections from over 1800 sites in the South and the Caribbean. 5. For More Information Contact: Paul Farnsworth, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA; Ph: 504/388-6102.
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
1. Institution Name: UniverSity of Manitoba 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Greenfield, Haskel J. (PhD CUNY 1985; Assoc Prof) Urban archaeology, faunal analysis, northeastern United States Monks, Gregory G. (PhD U British Columbia 1977; Assoc Prof) Fur trade, faunal analysis, western Canada 4. General Statement: G. Monks is completing a research program focusing on the evolution of the Red River Settlement as a critical node in the northern fur trade during the 19th century. H. Greenfield has recently completed a manuscript on excavations in New York City. Laboratory projects and thesis materials are available on other topiCS within the program. The Hudson Bay Company's archives, along with the Provincial Archives of Manitoba and The Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature are
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SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
significant research facilities. A field school, sometimes involving historical archaeology, is offered. The Department offers the MA and PhD degrees. 5. For More Information Contact: Gregory Monks, Department of Anthropology, University of Manitoba, 28 Trueman Walk, Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 5V5 Canada; Ph: 204/474-6329; Bitnet: [email protected]; FAX: 204/275-0846.
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND-COLLEGE PARK
1. Institution Name: University of Maryland at College Park 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Leone, Mark P. (phD U Arizona 1968; Prof) Archaeological theory, historical archaeology, outdoor history museums Seidel, John (PhD U Pennsylvania 1987; Asst Prof) Historical archaeology, maritime archaeology, military sites, CAD, GIS, historic preservation and cultural resource management 4. General Statement: The department currently offers a Master of Applied Anthropology degree. This two-year, 42-credit degree balances a practical internship experience with a solid academic foundation. Students specializing in Public Archaeology can pursue interests in historical, urban, and maritime archaeology, public interpretation in museums, archaeology and tourism, oral histories, cultural resource management, and archaeology of the Chesapeake/Mid-Atlantic region. Research projects have been conducted in cooperation with the Historic Annapolis Foundation, the National Park Service, the Maryland Historical Trust, and Carroll Park Foundation. Research opportunities include Archaeology in Annapolis, which offers a field school in urban archaeology each summer and maintains two labs oriented to MAA-PhD research. These facilities provide training in excavation, laboratory analysis, project management and public interpretation, as well as access to a wide range of original historical materials. The department also maintains a lab devoted to AutoCAD, ArcCAd, graphics packages, and photogrammetry software. The department participates in a graduate Certificate Program in Historic Preservation at College Park and in an interdisciplinary Masters Program in Underwater Archaeology offered at the University of Maryland-Baltimore County. The Department mains a cooperative agreement with the National Capital Region of the National Park Service, which supports archaeological research in the area. 5. For More Information Contact: Graduate Director, Department of Anthropology, 1111 Woods Hall, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park MD 20742 USA; Ph: 301/405-1423; FAX: 301/314-8305; E-MAIL: [email protected].
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, AMHERST
1. Instituion Name: University of Massachusetts, Amherst 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Dincauze, Dena F. (PhD Harvard U 1967; Prof) New England prehistory and ethnohistory, cultural resource management Keene, Arthur S. (PhD U Michigan 1979; Prof) Contact period, New England prehistory, egalitarian societies Paynter, Robert (PhD U Massachusetts 1980; Assoc Prof) Race, class, and gender issues of global capitalism, cultural landscape studies, spatial analYSiS, New England 4. General Statement: The program situates studies of historical and contact period societies within the framework of four-field, historical anthropology. Though our areal specialties concentrate on New England, we encourage people to work in other parts of the world, as well as New England, in a manner informed by political, economic, and cultural-ecological theories. On-going field and laboratory projects concern the archaeology of various sites throughout western Massachusetts, including studies of Deerfield Village and its environs, and analyses of the W. E. B. DuBois site in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. The department's European Studies Program financially supports student research conducted in Europe. Citizens of third world countries and Native American students may apply for financial support from the Sylvia Forman Third World Scholarship Fund. The MA and PhD are offered. 5. For More Information Contact: Director of Graduate Admissions, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003 USA; Ph:413/545-221.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Michigan State University 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Cleland, Charles E. (PhD U Michigan 1966; Prof; Curator of Great Lakes Archaeology and Ethnology, MSU Museum) Archaeology and ethnohistory of Indian/Euro-American contact; 18th-19th century military Sites; Great Lakes Region Lewis, Kenneth (PhD U Oklahoma 1975; Assoc Prof) Methodology in historical archaeology, archaeology of frontiers and colonization, southeastern Michigan Voss, Jerome (PhD U Michigan; Assoc Prof) Archaeology of utopian communities, method and theory in archaeology, North America 4. General Statement: The Department of Anthropology offers an MA and PhD. in anthropology. Graduate students may concentrate on archaeology and through a flexible guidance committee system develop a course of study which specializes in historic archaeology. It is expected that students who specialize in archaeology will leave the program well-rounded anthropological archaeolOgists. Graduate students are reqUired to take several foundation courses in anthropology as well as to meet theory and method requirements. Those who specialize in historical archaeology are expected to develop skills in documentary research and in the analysis of historical material culture. Ongoing field programs provide experience in conducting all phases of research including training in contract research. Michigan State University has a long commitment to graduate work and field research in historical archaeology. University laboratory collections, computer access, and library facilities appropriate to training in historical archaeology are available. The department offers a cooperative program in the history of technology with Michigan Technological University. Student support is available from time to time in the form of research and teaching assistantships. 5. For More Information Contact: Charles E. Cleland, MSU Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing Ml 48824 USA; Ph: 517/353-7861 or Lawrence Robbins, Chairperson, Department of Anthropology, Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East LanSing Ml 48824 USA; Ph: 517/353-2950.
MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Michigan Technological University 2. Department Title: Department of Social Sciences 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Heyman, Josiah (PhD CUNY 1988; Asst Prof of Anthropology) Anthropology of work Landon, David (PhD Boston U 1991; Asst Prof of Archaeology) Historical archaeology, zooarchaeology Lankton, Larry (PhD U Pennsylvania 1977; Prof of History) History of technology MacLennan, Carol (PhD UCB 1979; Assoc Prof of Anthropology) Anthropology of industry Martin, Patrick (PhD Michigan S 1984; Assoc Prof of Archaeology) Historicallindustrial archaeology, archaeological science
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Martin, Susan (PhD Michigan S 1985; Asst Prof of Archaeology) Prehistoric archaeology Reynolds, Terry (PhD U Kansas 1973; Prof of History) History of technology Seely, Bruce (PhD U Delaware 1982; Assoc Prof of History) History of science and technology 4. General Staternent: In 1992 the Dept. of Social Sciences at MTU initiated a MS degree prograrn in Industrial Archaeology (IA). MTU's unique prograrn ernphasizes a truly interdisciplinary approach to lA, and fuses the acadernic perspectives of archaeology, history of technology, and anthropology. Students take courses in the history of technology, historical and industrial archaeology, cultural resource rnanagernent, and other areas in the social sciences or approved electives frorn other departments, such as geophysics, rnetallurgy, or forestry. The university is surrounded by industrial sites, creating a man-rnade laboratory for the study of IA. Two National Parks _ Isle Royale and the new Keweenaw National Historical Park - contain industrial sites to be studied and interpreted for the public. The university library, in addition to its extensive holdings related to industrial history, rnaintains the Copper Country Archives, an irnportant collection of original rnaterials concerning regional history and the records of rnany copper rnining cornpanies. The Departrnent of Social Sciences rnaintains an Archaeology Laboratory which is actively involved in local and regional archaeolOgical projects. Financial support is available through project funding and assistantships. Internship options are also available. The program has close ties with the Michigan Bureau of History and with the US Forest Service. 5. For More Inforrnation Contact: Patrick E. Martin, Director of Graduate Studies, Dept. of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton MI 49931-1295 USA; Ph: 906/487-2113; FAX: 906/487-2468; E-MAIL: [email protected].
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN
1. Institution Narne: University of Nebraska-Lincoln 2. Departrnent Title: Departrnent of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Bleed, Peter (phD U Wisconsin 1973; Prof) Archaeology, historic archaeology, technology, rnaterial culture, rnuseum studies, Great Plains, Japan 4. General Staternent: Training in historical Archaeology is offered within the context of general anthropological and archaeological research. Excavation and collection managernent experience is offered through contract research projects. The Department has close contacts with the National Park Service Midwest Archaeological Center and the Nebraska Historical SOciety. We offer an MA in Anthropology and have a close affiliation with the MA prograrn in Museum Studies. 5. For More Inforrnation Contact: Peter Bleed, Departrnent of Anthropology, 126 Bessey Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln NE 68588 USA; Ph: 402/472-2411.
UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA-RENO
1. Institution Narne: University of Nevada, Reno 2. Departrnent Title: Departrnent of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Boutte, Marie (PhD ues 1987; Assoc Prof) Medical anthropology, European anthropology Douglass, Williarn (PhD U Chicago 1967; Dir, Basque Studies Prograrn) Ernigrant populations, European anthropology, Basque studies Fliess, Kenneth (PhD U Texas 1986; Assoc Prof) Historical dernography Fowler, Don (PhD U Pittsburg 1965; Prof) Historic preservation, Great Basin archaeology Fowler, Catherine (PhD U Pittsburg 1972; Prof) Great Basin anthropology Hardesty, Donald L. (PhD U Oregon 1972; Prof) Historical archaeology, ecological anthropology Hattori, Eugene (PhD Washington S 1982; Adjunct Assoc Prof) Historical archaeology, paleoecology 4. General Staternent: The University of Nevada, Reno, offers both MA and PhD prograrns with a specialization in historical archaeology. Geographical and temporal focus is on the 19th-century and early 20th-century Arnerican West. Ongoing research prograrns focus on industrial archaeology and 19th-century western Arnerican ernigration and settlement. SpeCial resources include extensive library holdings on rnining and the history of the American West; the Basque Studies Center; and paleoenvironmental laboratory facilities at the Desert Research Institute. Faculty in the Desert Research Institute have specialties in zooarchaeology, archaeobotany, palynology, and geoarchaeology. 5. For More Inforrnation Contact: Donald L. Hardesty, Departrnent of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno NV 89557-0006 USA; Ph: 7021784-6049; FAX: 702/784-6765; Bitnet: [email protected].
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK-BINGHAMTON
1. Institution Narne: State UniverSity of New York at Bingharnton 2. Departrnent Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Cobb, Charles R. (PhD S Illinois 1988; Asst Prof) Political economy, Contact period, eastern United States, quantitative rnethods Dekin, Jr., Albert A. (PhD Michigan S 1975; Assoc Prof) Cultural resource rnanagernent, Arctic McGuire, Randall H. (PhD U Arizona 1982; Assoc Prof) Political econorny, ideology, southwest and northeast United States, northern Mexico, 19th-20th century, Contact period, landscapes Stahl, Ann B. (PhD UCB 1985; Assoc Prof) Ethnohistory, political econorny, West Africa, diet and food processing 4. General Staternent: The Departrnent awards MA and PhD degrees. Faculty and Students have on-going research projects with historical foci in upstate New York, Ghana, Alaska, and northwest Mexico. The departrnent rnaintains seven archaeology laboratories for instruction and for faculty and student research. The Public Archaeology Facility is the non-profit contract archaeology arrn of the departrnent directed by Nina Versaggi (PhD SUNY Bingharnton 1988). It provides ernployrnent and field experience, as well as thesis and dissertation projects for students in historical archaeology. The ArchaeolOgical Analytical Research Facility provides infrastructure and analytical support for faculty and student research. It includes a zooarchaeology laboratory directed by Peter Stahl (PhD Illinois 1984). The departrnent provides a computer pod for graduate student use with IBM cornpatible cornputers and a laser printer. For the 1993-1994 year the departrnent awarded a total of 23 aSSistantships, four of which were awarded to incorning students. Assistantships constitute a tuition waver and a stipend. University resources include the Fernand Braudel Center directed by Irnrnanuel Wallerstein, The Institute for Global Cultural Studies directed by Ali A. Mazrui, and the Sojourner Center for Wornen's Studies directed by Arni Bar On. 5. For More Inforrnation Contact: Randall McGuire, Departrnent of Anthropology, State University of New York, Bingharnton NY 13902-6000 USA; Ph: 607/777-2906; Bitnet: BG 1847@BINGVMB.
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STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK-BUFFALO
1. Institution Name: State University of New York at Buffalo 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Scott, Stuart D. (phD U Arizona 1963, Assoc Prof) Historical archaeology, environmental studies, Mesoamerica, Polynesia 4. General Statement: There is no program as such for historical or underwater archaeology at SUNY Buffalo, although there is a comprehensive undergraduate class. On an individual basis, graduate students can elect to incorporate research at Old Fort Niagara into their degree work. To date five MA's have been awarded though research at this site. The fort has contact, French, British, and early American archaeological contexts, and there is the potential for some underwater research. 5. For More Information Contact: Stuart D. Scott, State University at Buffalo, Department of Anthropology, 380 MF AC, Elliot Complex, Box 610005, Buffalo NY 14261-0005 USA; Ph: 716/636-2261.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
1. Institution Name: University of Pennsylvania 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Schuyler, Robert L. (PhD UCSB 1974, Assoc Prof! Assoc Curator) Historical archaeology, history and theory of archaeology and anthropology, North America 4. General Statement: Historical Archaeology has been taught at the University of Pennsylvania since 1960. In 1980 a formal Program in Historical Archaeology was established. Historical Archaeology draws upon its own Graduate Group but also upon a strong combination of faculty and resources in several other departments (American Civilization, Folk1or~-Folk1ife, History, History and Sociol?gy of Science, Historic Preservation, a~d th~ Univ~rsity Muse~~). Stu~ents in I:Iist~rical Archaeol~gy may specialize in any time period (16th-20th centuries) or geographiC area. Students have done or are domg dissertations on various tOpICS and sites m North America, Latin America, Africa, and Europe. Students wishing to specialize in Historical archaeology must apply for the PhD program.
5. For More Information Contact: Robert L. Schuyler, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 33rd and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia P A 19104 USA; Ph: 215/898-6965.
UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS
1. Institution Name: University of St. Andrews 2. Department Title: Scottish Institute of Maritime Studies 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Dean, Martin L. (B.Sc London; Director, Archaeological Diving Unit) Development of ships and boats from prehistoriC periods to AD. 1600, submerged cultural resource management, early diving history Martin, Colin J. M. (PhD St. Andrews; Director, Field Research Unit) Shipwreck archaeology, underwater archaeological techniques, historic landscape studies, aerial photography Oxley, Ian (B.Sc London, Deputy Director, Archaeological Diving Unit) Application of techniques of archaeological science to marine sites, submerged cultural resource management Prescott, R G. W. (PhD Cantabria, Institute Director) Vernacular boat studies, ship and boat construction and restoration, maritime communities, museum studies, 17th-century maritime affairs 4. General Statement: The Institute is part of the University of St. Andrews (founded in 1413), and is set in a medieval Scottish town with strong maritime associations. Its aim is to further interdisciplinary research and teaching into the archaeology, ethnology, and history of humankind's relationship with the sea. It is active in the fields of resource management and museum studies, and has been the home base, since its formation in 1986, of the ArchaeolOgical Diving Unit which provides support for the UK Government's legislation on historic shipwrecks. Fieldwork conducted by the Institute includes replica-building, restoration and recording work, compilation of maritime heritage data-bases, and underwater archaeolOgical investigation. A long-term project on a 17th-century shipwreck off the west coast of Scotland is backed up by a well-eqUipped field base. A two-track Diploma/M. Litt program is offered. Each track has a common multidisiplinary core module, after which students speCialize either in maritime heritage resource management and associated skills, or in underwater archaeological techniques and approaches. The integration of academic rigor with soundly-based practical skills is emphasized on both tracks. Depending upon the availability of appropriate supervision, research-based degrees may be pursued up to the PhD level. 5. For More Information Contact: Colin Martin, Scottish Institute of Maritime Studies, University of st. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ Scotland UK; Ph: 0334-62884 or 0334-62916.
SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Simon Fraser University 2. Department Title: Department of Archaeology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology Burley, David V. (PhD Simon Fraser 1979; Assoc Prof) Ethnicity, oral traditions, northwestern North America, 18th-20th centuries D' Andrea, Catherine (PhD U Toronto 1992; Asst Prof) Archaeobotany, New and Old World domesticates Driver, Jonathan c. (PhD U Calgary 1978; Assoc Prof) Zooarchaeology, domesticated faunas Hayden, Brian D. (PhD U Toronto 1976; Prof) European/Native contact, ethnoarchaeology, theory, northwestern North America Hobler, Phillip M. (MA U Arizona 1964; Assoc Prof) European/Native contact, Overseas Chinese, material culture, northwestern North America, 18th-20th centuries Nance, Jack D. (PhD U Toronto 1976; Prof) Statistical and computer applications, theory Nelson, Eric (PhD McMaster 1972; Prof) Applied archaeometry, stable isotope analysis Skinner, Mark M. (PhD Cambridge 1978; Assoc Prof) Osteology, forensics, historic cemeteries 4. General Statement: The Department of Archaeology offers MA and PhD degrees in archaeology with the potential to specialize in historical archaeology through thesis study. The full department has 11 faculty appOintments holding a range of theoretical and methodological interests. Many of these cross cut historical archaeology and those listed above are willing to supervise or sit as committee members for historical archaeology students. Students entering the PhD program must have completed the MA degree with a written thesis. The Department maintains a small museum of Ethnology and Archaeology and has a close working relationship with other museums and historic sites in British Columbia. Graduate student support is limited to seven semester fellowships as well as teaching aSSistantships. University-wide entrance scholorships may also be applied for. 5. For More Information Contact: Graduate Secretary, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser UniverSity, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada. Faculty contact for historical archaeology is David V. Burley.
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SONOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Sonoma State University 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Praetzellis, Adrian (phD UCB; Asst Prof) Historical archaeology, cultural resource management, local history, urban archaeology Purser, Margaret (PhD UCB 1987; Asst Prof) Historical archaeology, gender and archaeology, vernacular studies, 19th-century West 4. General Statement: The Department offers an MA in Cultural Resources Management. However, courses are offered in historical archaeology and students may specialize in this area. The Anthropological Studies Center, an adjunct organization, regularly carries out research in historical archaeology and local history, so students may get practical experience in these areas. 5. For More Information Contact: Margaret Purser or Adrian PraetzelIis, Department of Anthropology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park CA 94928 USA; Ph: 707/604-2312.
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
1. Institution Name: University of South Carolina 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Ferguson, Leland (PhD U N Carolina, Chapel Hill 1971; Assoc Prof) Historical archaeology, African and Native Americans, complex societies 4. General Statement: Students have recently completed theses on African American archaeology, Native American archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, and underwater archaeology. The MA degree is available. 5. For More Information Contact: Leland Ferguson, Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208 USA; Ph: 803/777-6500.
UNIVERSITY OF STOCKHOLM
1. Institution Name: University of Stockholm 2. Department Title: Department of Archaeology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Cederlund, Carl Olof (PhD U Stockholm 1984; Assoc Prof.) Marine archaeology 4. General Statement: Since 1975 education in marine archaeology has been offered by the Department of Archaeology at the University of Stockholm. The theoretical aspects of the subject are taught at the Department of Archaeology at the University of Stockholm, which specializes in marine archaeology, Nordic archaeology, osteology, and Medieval archaeology. The Department of Archaeology of the University of Stockholm is responsible for the educational syllabus, and the Swedish National Maritime Museums in Stockholm are responsible for a program of the care and preservation of submerged cultural resources. Diving experience is seen as a valuable asset for the studies, but is not obligatory. The Sports Diving Organization is responsible for diver training and safety. The program is recognized by the Nautical Archaeology Society International Training Scheme. MA and PhD degrees are offered. In 1991 a Marine Archaeological Education Centre was established in the town of Nynashamn, just south of Stockholm. Courses at the Centre are offered in underwater archaeological documentation technique, the care of submerged cultural resources, and also other subjects of marine archaeology, either independently or in cooperation with the Department of Archaeology. 5. For More Information Contact: Gertrud Nordbert, University of Stockholm, 10691 Stockholm Sweden; Ph: 00946-8-163418; FAX: 00946-8-6128375.
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Syracuse University 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Armstrong, Douglas V. (phD UCLA 1983; Assoc Prof and Chair) Historical archaeology, ethnohistory, African Caribbean transformations, culture contact, plantation communities, free black settlement, public policy, collections management, material analysis, GIS/GIA/GPS; Caribbean, North America (Northeast, California) Curry, George (MLA Illinois, Prof SUNY /ESF Landscape Architecture) Historic preservation, cultural resources assessment DeCorse, Christopher (PhD UCLA 1989; Asst Prof) Historical archaeology, African prehistory and historical archaeology, culture change, material culture, West Africa, North America (Northeast) Singleton, Theresa (PhD Florida 1980; Assoc Prof; Syracuse/Smithsonian) Historical archaeology, African-American archaeology, the African Diaspora, ethnohistory, muse um studies and collections management, North America (southeast) and West Africa Webb, Stephen (PhD Wisconsin 1965; Prof History) Colonial American history, the Iroquois Wurst, LouAnn (PhD SUNY Binghamton; Research Asst Prof) Historical archaeology, industry and urbanization, class and identity, gender studies, material culture studies, public policy, GIS/GIA, North America (Northeast, New York) 4. General Statement: Historical archaeology at Syracuse combines a unique set of scholarly resources which utilize the University's multidisciplinary strengths. Our focus is on ethnohistory, culture change and transformation, and the impact of historical contact and interaction between cultures. Anthropology is administered through the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, ranked by U.S. News and World Report in 1995 as the top program in public administration. This facilitates interdisciplinary studies in environmental issues, historic preservation, and policy planning. Historical archaeology draws upon strengths in Anthropology as well History and Geography. Facilities include a laboratory complex, Syracuse University Archaeological Research Center, GIS and GPS eqUipment, analytical equipment, and access to instruments for material analysis housed in the Earth Science Department. Students take courses in the Maxwell School, Women's Studies, Museum Studies, SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry, and SUNY-Upstate Medical Center. Funding is competitive; currently 95% of enrolled students are funded. Opportunities include University Fellowships, Teaching Assistantships, and funded projects. Students are encouraged to participate in the Future Professoriate Project funded by the PEW Charitable Trusts and the U. S. Department of Education. Completion of this program leads to a Certificate in University Teaching awarded upon completion of the doctoral degree. Both MA and PhD degrees are awarded. 5. For More Information Contact: Douglas V. Armstrong, Chair, Anthropology Department, Maxwe1l209-Box A, Syracuse UniverSity, Syracuse NY 13244-1200 USA; Ph: 315/443-2200.
49 SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
TEXAS A &: M UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Texas A &: M University 2. Department Title: The Nautical Archaeology Program, Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Bass, George F. (phD U Pennsylvania 1964; Distinguished Prof) Nautical archaeology, pre-classical and classical archaeology, Mediterranean Crisman, Kevin J. (PhD U Pennsylvania 1989; Asst Prof) Nautical archaeology, historical archaeology, ship construction, Western Hemisphere Hamilton, Donny (PhD U Texas 1975; Assoc Prof and Program Head) Historical archaeology, nautical archaeology, artifact conservation, North America, Caribbean Hocker, Frederick M. (PhD Texas A &: M 1991; Asst Prof) Nautical archaeology, medieval and post-medieval archaeology, ship construction, Europe and Mediterranean van Doorninck, Jr., Frederick H. (PhD U Pennsylvania 1967; Prof) Nautical archaeology, classical and medieval and archaeology, Mediterranean Wachsmann, Shelley (phD Hebrew U 1990; Asst Prof) Nautical archaeology, Biblical archaeology, pre-classical archaeology, Near East, Mediterranean 4. General Statement: Nautical Archaeology is a program within the Department of Anthropology which offers both MA and PhD degrees. The Program's emphasis is academic rather than technical. Candidates for admission are evaluated on their research and communication abilities rather than their diving records. A BA degree in a relevant field is required for admission to the MA program; a thesis-option MA degree is required for admission to the PhD program. Students can choose from a wide range of speCializations, from the pre-classical Mediterranean to medieval northern Europe to the colonial New World, among others. Students also have the opportunity to study the history of ship construction and conservation. The Nautical Archaeology Program benefits from its affiliation with the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), which provides field and research opportunities in the Mediterranean (where INA has headquarters in Turkey and Egypt), Europe (where the Program is affiliated with the Center for Ship Archaeology in the Netherlands), and the Americas. 5. For More Information Contact: The Graduate Advisor, Nautical Archaeology, Texas A &: M University, College Station TX 77843 USA; Ph: 409/845-6398.
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Washington University 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Browman, David L. (PhD Harvard 1970; Prof) Andean and Central Mississippi Valley history Marshall, Fiona (PhD UCB 1986; Asst Prof) Historic zooarchaeology Watson, Patty Jo (PhD Chicago 1959; Prof) Cave related historic archaeology 4. General Statement: Current research includes rural settlers in Missouri (1800-1860), midwestern historic zooarchaeology, and relations between historic Native American tribes and early Western colonists. Interested students must utilize the other strengths of the faculty (such as paleoethnobotany, zooarchaeology, ceramic analysiS, and agricultural productivity). This is a small program with only an occasional graduate student at the MA level. 5. For More Information Contact: David L. Browman, Department of Anthropology, Campus Box 1114, Washington University, SI. Louis MO 63130 USA; Ph: 314/935-5252; FAX: 314/935-8535.
UNIVERSITY OF WEST FLORIDA
1. Institution Name: University of West Florida 2. Department Title: Department of History and Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Bense, Judith A. (PhD Washington S 1972; Prof, Anthropology) Terrestrial archaeology of all periods, especially Spanish Colonial, British Colonial, Victorian, and Industrial, cultural resource management Dysart, Jane E. (PhD Texas Christian 1972; Prof, History) History of the South, public history, especially of the colonial period, Indian history Smith, Roger C. (PhD Texas A &: M 1991; Adj Prof, Anthropology) Underwater archaeology, nautical archaeology, especially colonial shipwrecks 4. General Statement: Research opportunities include ongoing terrestrial and underwater research in the Pensacola area, especially in the Colonial and Early American Periods. The terrestrial program is currently focusing on late Colonial Period (1750-1821) military and residential sites within the Pensacola colonial community. The underwater program focuses on shipwrecks and includes survey of the Pensacola Bay area, excavations of colonial shipwrecks, and establishment of underwater public parks. The Institute has a large, fully eqUipped archaeological research and curation facility. The University library has extensive special holdings of colonial documents for historical research. The program is designed for students with a background in history, anthropology, or archaeology who want to pursue a professional career in archaeology or history or to go on to a doctorate program in either discipline. The Degree awarded is an MA in History. 5. For More Information Contact: Jane Dysart, Chair, Department of History, University of West Florida, 11,000 University Parkway, Pensacola FL 32514 USA, or Judy Bense, Anthropology Program Coordinator, University of West Florida, 11,000 University Parkway, Pensacola FL 32514 USA; Ph: 904/474-2797.
WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY
1. Institution Name: Western Michigan University 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Borish, Linda (phD U Maryland 1990; Asst Prof, History) Early American studies, women's history, material culture Nassaney, Michael S. (PhD U Massachusetts 1992; Asst Prof) Power, ciass, and ethnicity, spatial analysiS, mortuary analYSis, culture contact, industrial archaeology, modern material culture, eastern North America Perry, Warren (ABD CUNY 1994; Asst Prof) Power and ethnicity, African-American archaeology, eastern North America, Africa 4. General Statement: Students are encouraged to pursue the MA degree in Historical Archaeology. Faculty are willing to direct graduate research that contributes to anthropological theory, method, and data by combining documentary and material analyses. Areas of emphasis include critical approaches to power as exemplified by the study of class, ethnicity, gender, and race in North America and Africa. The Department of Anthropology supports two archaeology laboratories and a wide range of computer hardware and software for student use. Other University resources of potential interest include a GIS laboratory for spatial analyses (Geography), a particle-induced x-ray emission facility for characterization studies (Physics), and Archives and Regional History Collections with extensive holdings for southwest Michigan. Faculty research in Arkansas, Massachusetts, New York, and Africa provides further opportunites for student involvement. 5. For More Information Contact: Michael S. Nassaney, Graduate Advisor, Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo MI 49008-5032 USA; E-MAIL [email protected].
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SHA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 28 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1995
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY
1. Institution Name: College of William and Mary 2. Department Title: Department of Anthropology 3. Faculty in Historical/Underwater Archaeology: Barka, Norman F. (PhD Harvard 1965; Prof) Historical archaeology, North America, West Indies/Bermuda, Europe Blanton, Dennis B. (MA Brown 1980; Inst) CRM, North America Bowen, Joanne (PhD Brown 1990; Adj Asst Prof) Zooarchaeology, North America Bragdon, Kathleen J. (phD Brown 1981; Asst Prof) Ethnohistory, North America Brown III, Marley R. (phD Brown 1987; Adj Asst Prof) Historical archaeology, North America, Bermuda Linebaugh, Donald W. (ABD William and Mary 1993; Inst) CRM, Historical archaeology, North America Reinhart, Theodore R. (PhD U New Mexico 1968; Prof) Archaeology, New World Voigt, Mary (phD U Pennsylvania 1976; Assoc Prof) Archaeology, Middle East 4. General Statement: William and Mary offers a comprehensive program in Historical Archaeology with emphasis on theory and method, the interpretation of documents and artifacts, and management of archaeological resources. Field schools are offered and research is conducted in the Dutch West Indies and Bermuda, as well as in the historic district of Colonial Williamsburg and the surrounding region. The Department operates the Center for Archaeological Research, which conducts archaeological survey and excavations for a variety of government and private organizations, and the Archaeological Conservation Center, with complete facilities for the treatment of metals, glass, ceramics, wood and other materials. The program has strong ties through teaching and research with the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, which operates the largest permanent research unit in Historical Archaeology in the United States. An MA degree has been offered since 1979. Financial aid is available. 5. For More Information Contact: Norman F. Barka, Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg VA 23187 USA; Ph: 804/221-1059; FAX: 804/221-1066; E-MAIL NFBARI<®MAIL.WM.EDU.
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