Hawaiian Materia Medica for Asthma*

; ;

if if

of of

as as or or

~ ~

the the

[W. [W.

and and

tra

and and

) )

The The

was was

been been

1993 1993

were were

been been

laxa

well

herbs herbs

scien

of of

et et

search search

select

Handy Handy

la-lc). la-lc).

a a

unpub

62 62

chryso

case case

Results Results

; ;

illustra

oral oral

these"'. these"'.

I I

prepara

such such

Take Take

which, which,

if if

not not

by by

scientific scientific

Methods Methods

is is

the the

Hawaiian Hawaiian

Liholiho, Liholiho,

taxonomy taxonomy

and and

hano. hano.

for for

respiratory respiratory

on on

names names

for for

bad bad

Abbott Abbott

having having

all all

traditional traditional

the the

or or

indigenous indigenous

page page

and and

a a

bark bark

6-JUNE 6-JUNE

americana americana

herbal herbal (Tables (Tables Degener Degener

have have

as as

by by

literature literature

mortality mortality

about about

Sophora Sophora

from from

; ;

on on

selected selected

asthma asthma

constituents constituents

based based

called called

the the

follows: follows:

for for Kaaiakamanu Kaaiakamanu

has has

No. No.

Gutmanis

determine determine

examined examined

asthma'. asthma'.

as as

; ;

to to

for for

as as scientific scientific

• •

The The

literature literature native, native,

asthma asthma

Alexander Alexander

verified verified

recorded recorded

was was

to to

52, 52,

of of

a a

Hawaiian Hawaiian

plants plants

reviewed reviewed

combination combination

Hawaii Hawaii

from from

mouth. mouth.

asthma asthma

which which

Materials Materials

provided provided

Waltheria Waltheria

for for

well well

the the

is is

in in

provided provided

Shimazu

back back

chemical chemical

of of

4 4 further further

died died

frequently frequently

1863, 1863,

others. others.

effective effective

cures cures

as as

with with

questioned questioned

medica medica

(Continued (Continued

Nagata

have have

documented documented

lauhulu

......

tilia tilia

healers. healers.

trigynum], trigynum],

whether whether

written written

of of

be be

prepared prepared

'; ';

is is

and and

in in

and and

IV, IV,

was was

expertise expertise

Certain Certain

and and

we we

used used

word word

not not

and and

was was

' '

be be

the the

Mehrhoffl' Mehrhoffl'

well well

asthma asthma

many many

bark bark

example example

19 19

increasing increasing

et et

her her

AD. AD.

18 18

names names

names names suffered suffered

references references by by

plants plants

do do

Hawaiians Hawaiians

materia materia

consulted: consulted:

of of

should should

and and

et et

Abbott Abbott

the the

may may

are are

were were

JOURNAL-VOL. JOURNAL-VOL.

of of

Argyreia Argyreia

spared; spared;

Hawaiian Hawaiian

800 800

were were

and and

by by

said said

the the

16 16

tradition tradition

Hawaii, Hawaii,

have have

remedies, remedies,

they they

healer

typical typical

medication. medication.

to to

medication medication

aP; aP;

techniques, techniques,

Polynesia Polynesia

were were

and and

all all

in in

treatment. treatment.

Wagner Wagner

a a

especially especially

to to

and and

roots, roots,

ancient ancient

literature literature

there there

oral oral

of of

et et

Kamehameha Kamehameha

used used

scientific scientific

herbs herbs

[Cheirodendron [Cheirodendron

kalaipahoa

anecdotal anecdotal

Wagner Wagner

scientific scientific

remedy remedy

on on

severe severe

Abbott

such such

not not

treatment treatment

royalty royalty

back back

other other

the the

into into

the the

MEDICAL MEDICAL the the

the the

• •

is is

by by

eg, eg,

1990s 1990s

seem seem

medications medications

practicing practicing

and and

, ,

King King

it it because because

olapa olapa

in in

the the

in in

since since

cairica cairica

of of

tree, tree,

the the

herbs herbs

one one

asthma asthma

sources sources

This This

was was

medica, medica,

Hawaiian Hawaiian

end end

4 4

Classification Classification

with with

based based

medications medications

as as

• •

is is

ie, ie,

and and

dating dating

Bushnell Bushnell

preparation preparation

for for

asthma* asthma*

for for of of

to to

procedures, procedures,

Porter

trials. trials.

HAWAII HAWAII

"This "This

Although Although

Much Much

Herbs Herbs

Preparation Preparation Fifty-eight Fifty-eight

One One

Herbs Herbs

asthma asthma

Matching Matching

Given Given

Two Two

aP; aP;

mixed mixed asthma. asthma.

bark bark

lished lished

C. C.

tion tion

Some Some

used used equivalent equivalent

included included B. B. tive tive

1980s 1980s

A. A.

used used

dition dition

names. names. introduced introduced

Shimazu Ipomoea Ipomoea

Akind

and and

mainly mainly

specified. specified. et et

Hawaiian Hawaiian phylla phylla

tions, tions,

revealed revealed materia materia

respected, respected, tific tific

Neither Neither known known

ed ed

ailments ailments Hawaiians Hawaiians

for for

A A

to to

by by

the the

for for

and and

sci

oral oral

loss loss and and

'. '.

Hae Hae

psy

other other

the the

"The "The

Piper Piper

a a

of of

scien

'· '· of of

highest highest

moluc

and and

through through

Medical Medical

materia materia • •

to to

Ka Ka

this this

through through

asthma, asthma,

and and

by by

have have

autopsies autopsies

regarding regarding

Hawaiian Hawaiian

Return Return

skills skills

commonly commonly

were were

the the

of of

used used

determined determined

effects, effects,

traditional traditional

Society Society

of of

notes notes

of of

Medicine Medicine

chrysophylla. chrysophylla. Introduction Introduction

translated translated

potential potential

medica

because because

Kuakini Kuakini

Center, Center,

of of

effects

knowledge knowledge

note note

were were

activities activities

sought sought

Medicine Medicine

caused caused

the the

side side

ceremonies, ceremonies,

lapa'au, lapa'au,

Some Some

Aleurites Aleurites

of of

having having

Hawaiian Hawaiian

Sophora, Sophora,

generation generation

compared compared

Hawaii Hawaii

kahuna kahuna

the the

Thoracic Thoracic

their their

96817. 96817.

side side

of of

PhD**** PhD****

the the

by by

newspaper newspaper

(balance). (balance).

was was

Krauss Krauss

aspects aspects

was was

School School

meticulous meticulous

performing performing

as as

to to

Medical Medical

and and

Services, Services,

knowledge, knowledge,

of of

'i 'i

Sophora Sophora

the the

problem problem

materia materia

names names

the the

for for

recently recently

days. days.

la'au la'au

to to

School School

all all

Hawaii Hawaii

of of

• •

ma ma

Hawaii Hawaii

Center Center

Bums Bums 1778, 1778,

particular particular

religious religious

pono pono

out out

were were

practitioners. practitioners. fact, fact,

MD, MD,

pono pono

investigation investigation

and and

that that

Honolulu, Honolulu,

Francis Francis

A A

was was

the the

or or

minimal minimal

Of Of

especially especially

Bums Bums

in in

of of

In In

were were

reported reported

of of

St. St.

it it

Kahuna Kahuna

mortality, mortality, A A

remains remains Hawaiian Hawaiian

Pulmonary Pulmonary

• •

John John

generation generation

scientific scientific

from from

specific specific

traditional traditional narration

Kahuna Kahuna

prescribed prescribed

Medical Medical

as as

extended extended

and and

MD*** MD***

Honolulu, Honolulu,

account account

and and

death. death.

further further

observation observation

available

the the

singling singling

John John

illness illness

included included

been been

Medicine, Medicine,

americanum, americanum,

little little

St, St,

Center, Center, medica medica materia

evidence evidence

agents, agents,

1992 1992

at at

the the

grant grant

contact contact

and and

is is

100,000 100,000

asthma. asthma.

the the

of of

massage, massage,

with with

BA** BA**

of of

from from

in in

Massey, Massey,

Massey Massey

a a

student, student,

certain certain with

and and

is is

were were

asthma asthma

Kuakini Kuakini

Practitioners Practitioners

Hawaii

which which

to to

by by

for for

mana mana

power) power)

per per

compliance, compliance,

pre-Captain-Cook pre-Captain-Cook

D D G

'. '.

which which

in in

August August

warrant warrant

always always

Kuakini Kuakini

cause cause

Medical Medical

in in

Hawaii, Hawaii,

School School

mid-1800s; mid-1800s;

herbs herbs

commoners. commoners.

part part

review review

of of

tradition tradition

search search

Medicine Medicine

Massey Massey

published published

N N

passed passed

medical medical

solanum solanum

the the

There There

suppressed, suppressed,

western western

persist persist

Hope Hope

in in

printed printed

now now

seances, seances,

relatively relatively

the the

of of

58 58

dosages dosages

and and

the the

Chun

G G

of of

request: request:

have have

therapeutic therapeutic

347 347

E E

Bums Bums

physician, physician,

Researcher, Researcher,

oral oral

Kuakini Kuakini products products

(energy, (energy,

A A

received: received:

were were

does does

Fournier-

in in

was was

and and

by by

were were

levels levels

mortality mortality

methods, methods,

groups groups

Hawaiians Hawaiians

oldest oldest

cost. cost.

increase increase

least least

merit merit

four four

traditional traditional

with with

literature literature

Professor Professor

Date Date

Sophomore Sophomore

Senior Senior

Supported Supported Center, Center,

Reprint Reprint

by by

John John

From From

methodologt methodologt

tradition. tradition.

at at

low low

Turning Turning

Following Following

The The

Plant Plant

In In

mana mana

A A

determine determine

160 160

* *

asthma asthma Hawaiians Hawaiians

Hawaii Hawaii

ethnic ethnic tradition tradition

*** ***

to to

attitudes attitudes

** **

preparation, preparation, medica medica experience experience tific tific

kahuna kahuna culture, culture,

normal normal **** **** English English

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comprehensive comprehensive in in

holistic holistic

chospiritual chospiritual Hawaiian Hawaiian the the

patient patient improved recent recent

These These

entific entific

used used

that that methysticum, methysticum, cana cana

Hawaiian Hawaiian

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Hl-7918-8-349310 ~ 1993, Ell LILLY AND COMPANY

, ,

is is

or or

)o-

by by

and and

1993 1993

kava kava

26 26

struc

dihy

bever

and and

exhib major major

expec

reaches reaches

provid

164) 164)

tetrahy

cinnamic cinnamic

is is

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and and

lactones lactones

nightshade nightshade

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system

is is

and and

F F

page page

6-JUNE 6-JUNE

to to

known. known.

on on

, ,

and and

lwva lwva

chemical chemical

dihydrokawain

on on

dihydrokawain, dihydrokawain,

plant plant

genus genus

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are are

No. No.

glossy glossy

minor minor

N N

on on intoxicating intoxicating

a a

tea tea

meters meters

hau hau

Utea, Utea,

4b 4b

acid acid

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8 8

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nervous nervous

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nut nut

properties properties

R., R.,

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3 3

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. .

tuber tuber

meters meters

moke moke

milk milk

Bd, Bd,

P, P,

Bd Bd

L,R,S L,R,S

T T R., R.,

B, B,

kawain, kawain,

to to

and and

s s

introduced introduced

Jbres, Jbres,

h.Fr h.Fr

yangonin

mildly mildly

benzoic benzoic

popolo, popolo,

grass grass

Bb, Bb,

L. L.

Fr Fr

Fr. Fr.

B,R B,R B, B, L, L,

F F

L L

L L B B

F. F.

St, St, L L

EQRMAT EQRMAT

a a

methysticum methysticum

research research

500 500

central central

are are

(Continued (Continued

'; ';

popolo popolo

1.5 1.5

. .

benzoic benzoic

yangonin

pantropical pantropical

as as

and and skin

was was

of of

methysticin, methysticin,

to to

a a

major major

the the

It It

, ,

are are

and and

is is

7 7

Piper Piper

Dihydromethysticin Dihydromethysticin

eyes eyes

used used

50 50

shrub shrub

former former

Commission

Kaho'olawe, Kaho'olawe,

of of

a a

• •

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of of

ASTHMA ASTHMA

relaxants

JOURNAL-VOL. JOURNAL-VOL.

was was

the the

Piper Piper

Indigenous Indigenous

927

found found

as as

6 6

Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory

) )

species. species.

ceremonies

depresses depresses

B B

contains contains

americanum americanum

also also

FOR FOR except except

2.)'

Pacific Pacific

1, 1, p p

X X

B B

p p E E

p p

E E

p p

p p B B

X X

E E

SQURCE SQURCE

E E

It It

also also

methysticin, methysticin,

detailed detailed

muscle muscle

yangonin. yangonin.

dihydromethysticin, dihydromethysticin,

Among Among

Piper Piper

2,000 2,000

altitude altitude

grows grows

Asthma

, ,

(Fig (Fig

MEDICAL MEDICAL

Awa Awa

. .

(Fig (Fig

, ,

160) 160)

: :

religious religious

are are

stry: stry:

inflammation inflammation

South South

an an

e e

islands islands

USED USED

and and

more more

Solanum Solanum

than than

dihydromethysticin

for for

kawain, kawain,

at at

A A

the the

pag

'. '.

of of

HAWAII HAWAII

by by

cause cause

Pharmacology: Pharmacology:

Chemi

Botany: Botany: Toxicity: Toxicity:

History: History:

Botany

'A, 'A,

Therapy: Therapy:

and and

by by

• •

wormwood wormwood

• •

more more

poppy poppy

from from

age age torant25b. torant25b.

tures tures acid

may may

kawain, kawain, drokawain drokawain

ited ited

Hawaiian Hawaiian

of of

methysticin droyangonin22; droyangonin22;

kavalactones

Polynesians

found found ed ed

MEDICA MEDICA

PUA PUA

kly kly

Oahu Oahu

COMMON COMMON

pri pri

jimsonweed jimsonweed

the the

tumeric tumeric

candlenut candlenut

KUKAE KUKAE

white white

taro taro

of of

(Continued (Continued

leaves, leaves,

MATERIA MATERIA

cbili cbili

of of

AllAN, AllAN,

coconut coconut

crabgras crabgras

the the

detail. detail.

piece piece

scientifically scientifically

methysticum, methysticum,

OLENA, OLENA,

OLAPA OLAPA

of of

in in

'OHA-WAI-

'AKOKO 'AKOKO

'EKAHAKAHA 'EKAHAKAHA

NUl, NUl,

PUAPll.IPILl PUAPll.IPILl

KUT

KlorTI KlorTI 'AHJNAHJNA, 'AHJNAHJNA,

KO'OKO'OLAU KO'OKO'OLAU KOA KOA

itchy itchy

MAU'U MAU'U MAKALOA MAKALOA KALO, KALO, NJOI, NJOI, PlLALI PlLALI

KJKANIA, KJKANIA,

PILIKAl PILIKAl

HE'I HE'I PUAXALA, PUAXALA,

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ASTHMA ASTHMA

segments segments

Piper Piper

'awa 'awa

HAWAIIAN HAWAIIAN

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roots, roots,

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two two

Medica Medica

FOR FOR

sa sa

considered considered

1a-

•• ••

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1 1

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Figure Figure

11 11

popolo popolo

fruits, fruits,

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..., ...,

10 10 " "

• •

......

Materia Materia

•w •w

11 11

•• ••

are are

a a

TABLE TABLE

four four •ua •ua

are are

et et

lrigynum

" "

MEDICA MEDICA

" "

camphor' camphor'

tea tea

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" "

•• ••

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of of

each each

uncinatum uncinatum

juice juice

arborescens

gray

nidu nidu these these

citrifolia citrifolia

g1auca

patient patient

frutic frutic these these

the the

annuum• annuum•

australis australis

esculenta

pound

tonga

moluccana

nudum) nudum)

lordotic lordotic

setigera

herbs herbs

tilia

takes takes

laevigatus

IJ'8JDOoium

j j

of of

strained. strained.

treatment treatment

of of bark bark

the the

evening. evening.

Handy Handy

koa koa

spp" spp"

regularly regularly

papay papay

nucifera

bidens bidens

the the

P. P.

treatments treatments

liquid liquid

58 58

triquetrum triquetrum

documented documented

the the

icum icum

to to

lenium lenium

the the

Have Have

then then

as as

four four

and and

MATERIA MATERIA

and and

in in

the the

fruits fruits

Morinda Morinda

with with

and and used used

water." water."

during during

Datura Datura

Digitaria Digitaria

Cyperus Cyperus Desmodium Desmodium

Curcuma Curcuma Coco Coco Argyreia Argyreia

Cordyline Cordyline

Clermontia Clermontia Argemooe Argemooe

Coloc Coloc

Cinnamomum Cinnamomum Carica Carica Artemisia Artemisia

Cheirodendron Cheirodendron Acacia Acacia

Chamaesyce Chamaesyce

Aleuriles Aleuriles

Bidens Bidens

BOTANICAL BOTANICAL

4 4

of of

are: are:

thoroughly thoroughly

out out

be be

and and

roots, roots,

lotheca lotheca

prone prone

known known

taken taken

Psilotum Psilotum

AllAN AllAN

patient patient

bark, bark,

respiratory respiratory

some some

together together

Many Many

Posture Posture

According According

Scientifically Scientifically

drinking drinking

162 162

but but

were were

E. E.

Camp

position. position.

aP, aP,

with with D. D.

lying lying (now (now

indica] indica]

should should as as morning morning

sugarcane. sugarcane.

flowers flowers

mouthful mouthful

materials materials ed ed

pressed pressed

koa koa

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1.2 meters in height and grows Aleurites moluccana - kukui, candlenut from sea level to an altitude of • Botany: (Fig 3)'6 Found in tropical areas worldwide, A. 2,380 meters. It is found on all Moluccana is a tree 10 to 20 meters tall. It grows from sea Hawaiian Islands and neigh level to 700 meters. Introduced by Polynesians, it is found on 9 boring atolls"'. all islands except Kaho'olawe d. • Chemistry: Although its • Chemistry: Alkaloids have active chemical components been found in the immature 35 are unknown, studies of closely and mature fruit • The bark has related plants such as S. nigrum 5% tannin and the oil contains may provide clues. The imma glycerides of oleic acid, linole ture fruit of S. nigrum contains ic acid, and linolenic acid. steroidal glycosides and alka Other constituents include 251 loids28. The alkaloids of the saponin and phytotoxin • Genus Solanum include • Pharmacology: Its anti 29 solanidine, solanine , and asthma action may reside in the Figure 2: Solanum solasonine, which can be con americanum, alkaloids and glycerides. verted into solasodine, and popolo • Toxicity: Kukui is consid thus be used to manufacture ered to have intermediate toxi

303 32 steroidal drugs•~.•The chemical structure for solanine and city compared to A. montana 33 36 solasodine are known a. and A. trisperma , particularly • Pharmacology: Solanine has antihistaminic properties, on the gut. 9 perhaps from its steroidal properties, and solasodine is an anti • Therapy: Asthma'·w·' • Figure 3: Aleurites moluccana, inflammatory agent25d. • History: Hawaiians used kukui • Toxicity: No side effects are documented for S. ameri the oil for torches and the wood canum, but toxicity of S. nigrum includes coma, paralysis, diarrhea, and rarely respiratory death25e. Sophora chrysophylla- mamane, mamani 9 34 16 • Therapy: Asthma' • • • Botany: (Fig. 4) The genus Sophora is found in temperate • History: Popolo was used for food2c. and tropical areas from India to the southwest United States and

TABLE 1b- HAWAIIAN MATERIA MEDICA USED FOR ASTHMA

HAWAllAN. COMMQN SOURCE FORMAT ' 'ALI'I e.r L KOHEKOHE, pikeru h J reeds ppll PALEPIWA X B, vapor Heliotropium anomalum" HINAHINAK KA.HAKAI 1 R, L, orHINAHfNA Hetcropogon contortus'' Pn..I s Ipomoea batatas 19 UALA, HUAMOA. weet potato P N ,Bb Ipomoea cairica•• KOALI'AJ l,X ,R Ipomoea p.•• KOALI 1 Bb 1 Ipomoea pes-carpae ' POHUEHUE I s beach morning glory Lythrum maritimum19 PUKAMOLE I R Metro ideros macropu 1'-' LEHU E L, B Mono t.roma lati imum•• LIMUPAHAPAHAKAI, seaweed I M rioda citrifoHa•u• ONl, Indian mulberry P Fr. B Musa x paradi iaca 1'-' MAI'A, banana P R, F, Fr, L Myoporum andwicense•• MO ~I L, Bb, F, Fr 1 Nasturtium officinaJe ' LEKO-'ELE'EL~watcrcres X Oxalis coriculata19 nn• W , yellow wood orrel p N Pandanu tectoriu 1'· 11 HALA E.l S,R Peperomia Jatifolia" 'ALA 'ALA WAINUI E Bd, St. Fr F L Piper m tby ticum•U'I 'AWA, KAVA p L,B,R

164 HAW All MEDICAL JOURNAL-VOL. 52, No. 6-JUNE 1993 is comprised of about 50 • History: Mamane also was used for constructing sleds species. Mamane is endemic in and digging sticks2d. Hawaii and, although usually a shrub, it may reach 15 meters in Discussion height; it grows at altitudes of 450 to 3,240 meters. It is found New Findings on all islands except Niihau and Numerous plants in the Hawaiian materia medica were Kaho'olawe"". used for asthma. Several, such as Sophora jlavescens ait, • Chemistry: S. chryso have been well documented scientifically and could be con phylla contains quinolizidine sidered for Phase I clinical trials. alkaloids including anagyrine, cytisine, matrine, sopho Limitations ramine'7. It also contains flavi This review of the Hawaiian materia medica as a guide noids and glycoproteins. The for future cost-effective research into its members has limita chemical structures of cytisine tions. Although all sources specifically referred to asthma or 33 Figure 4: Sophora and matrine are known b. chrysophylla, hano as the ailment treated, the authors' exact definition or • Pharmacology: Cytisine popolo even understanding of asthma were not given. However, has anti-inflammatory proper many such as Handy et aP associate hano with cough, ties and matrine suppresses some of the interleukins; both wheeze and difficulty in breathing. Even today a universally 25 actions are useful in treatment of asthrna g,25h. accepted definition for asthma has not been formulated. • Toxicity: There is no documented toxicity to S. chryso Certain authors were not precise in listing their original phylla although other Sophora species may rarely be associat sources of information about the specific plants. There are ed with side effects from their alkaloids eg. S. jlavescens ait some inconsistencies in matching scientific names with with its matrine and S. secundiflora with its cystisine. The for Hawaiian names; some Hawaiian plants have not yet been mer in pure intravenous form has been associated with mild assigned a scientific name. A botanical authority, Dr I A anaphylactic shock in one patient and the latter with nausea, AbboW 6 and a research botanist, L A Mehrhoff!7 minimized convulsions, and asphyxia2'b. these differences. 18 • Therapy: Asthma • Assigning a definite time period as to when these tradi ( Continued ) ~

TABLE 1c ·HAWAIIAN MATERIA MEDICA USED FOR ASTHMA

BOTANICAL HAWAIIAN. COMMON SOURCE FORMAT 1 Pleomele aurea' HALAPAP E R, B,L 1 P rtul a oleracea' pigweed X s 1 Psilotum triquetum' MOA NS.L, seed Rum giganreus19 PAWALE E Saccharumofficinarum &u• KO, ugarcanered, white p s adleria pp''l.lO 'AMA' B T, S. t, ,tea antalum pp" 'n.JAHI, sandalwood E L, Bb, tern jda fallax It 'ILIMA E,l S B, S, R. F olanumam ricanom".,. POPOLO glo y nigh hade I L, B. R, Fr, Bb,F ophora chry ophylla11 MAMANE E Stenogyne rophularioid " MOHIHI E NS Syzygium malacce e" 'OHI'A'Al, m untainapple p S,B tnva f iata'0 LIPALAHALAHA WEED Vigna marina'' 'OKOLEOMAKILJ, bea h pea I Bb,L,P, Waltberia indica' UHALOA Hl ALOA I Bb B R. L, F. tea, moked w· troemia oahuen i It 'AKA! LAU- U1 E s Xantbium IJUIIlarium'0 KIKANlA X L

8= bariC"Bb= bulb· E= endemi ; f= flower; Fr= fruit; l= indigen us; L= leaf; = naturalized;

S= non- pecific reference; P=Polyne ian ini'Toduced;R= roo~S=s.hoot; h= hrub; T= trunk· X= not oati e (po t-1778).

HAWAII MEDICAL JOURNAL-VOL. 52, No. 6-JUNE 1993 165

f) f)

a) a)

of of

T. T.

of of

• •

the the

No No

42, 42,

The The

195. 195.

John John

com

CRC CRC

herbs herbs

aque

1947: 1947:

of of

1993 1993

Cliffs, Cliffs,

450; 450;

Malay Malay

37, 37,

Hawaii Hawaii

ancient ancient

Yagona Yagona

Hawaii: Hawaii:

methvs

medica

1989: 1989:

of of

Solanum Solanum

No No

botanical botanical

products. products.

e) e)

Colonies; Colonies;

NY: NY:

Fla: Fla:

Nohara Nohara

most most

of of

35, 35,

of of

Petroglyph Petroglyph

the the

Bulletin Bulletin

of of

NSW. NSW.

36. 36.

Hawaii: Hawaii:

the the

T, T,

Inc., Inc.,

University University

of of

their their

Piper Piper

578; 578;

33, 33,

examination examination

021-1025. 021-1025.

alkaloids alkaloids

b) b)

Hawaiian Hawaiian

The The

Paper Paper

I I

York, York,

natural natural

for for

d) d)

Soc Soc

6-JUNE 6-JUNE

of of

plants plants

Raton, Raton,

Co. Co.

Englewood Englewood

30, 30,

Honolulu, Honolulu,

communication. communication.

anti-aging anti-aging

The The

Hilo, Hilo,

Honolulu, Honolulu,

A). A).

The The

;54: ;54:

CSIRO. CSIRO.

191; 191;

1958;2:1422-1425. 1958;2:1422-1425.

the the

names, names,

New New

381; 381;

Roy Roy

from from

and and

Hawaii, Hawaii,

1, 1,

characteristics characteristics

No. No.

a) a)

Ill. Ill.

Ethnopharmacology. Ethnopharmacology.

and and

1949. 1949.

Xlll. Xlll.

Boca Boca

of of

J J

Hawaii: Hawaii:

Agents Agents

products products

1965 1965

c) c)

Tominatsu Tominatsu

constituents constituents

effectiveness effectiveness

3 3

J J

26-27, 26-27,

Soc. Soc.

pharmacology pharmacology

Health, Health,

Akana Akana

Canada. Canada.

1975. 1975.

Part Part

plants. plants.

52, 52,

Personal Personal

Technical Technical

Cultivars Cultivars

Agriculture, Agriculture,

plant plant

Part Part

K, K,

Hawaii. Hawaii.

Part Part

the the

of of

Sci. Sci.

1988: 1988:

the the

Merck Merck

by by

570; 570;

Hilo, Hilo,

botany. botany.

and and

origin origin

and and

herbs. herbs.

of of

Printer, Printer,

38:81. 38:81.

in in

synthesis synthesis

Crown Crown

Chern Chern

of of

b) b)

21-23, 21-23,

Honolulu, Honolulu,

1942;2:507-509. 1942;2:507-509.

NJ: NJ:

J J

Zealand. Zealand.

VoL. VoL.

Preliminary Preliminary

Board Board

economic economic

U.S. U.S.

Pharm Pharm

Kahuna. Kahuna.

vascular vascular

Interleukin Interleukin

Tropical Tropical

579; 579;

Hawaiian Hawaiian

plants. plants.

1976; 1976;

J J

alkaloids: alkaloids:

JP. JP.

Printers; Printers;

alkaloids: alkaloids:

Vanuatu Vanuatu

Soc. Soc.

1966;25:223-230. 1966;25:223-230.

Hawaiians. Hawaiians.

1987;35:1645-1648. 1987;35:1645-1648.

of of

steroid steroid

Murakami Murakami

Medical Medical

New New

the the

ot ot

medical medical

J. J.

Hawaiiensis. Hawaiiensis.

N. N.

London: London:

for for

J. J.

enzymes enzymes

(Translated (Translated

medicine medicine

9,12-!3, 9,12-!3,

of of

chemistry chemistry

species. species.

Commission Commission

of of

DG. DG.

Hawaii. Hawaii.

R, R,

by by

geographic geographic

of of

1990;49:160-165. 1990;49:160-165.

Rathway, Rathway,

1979;43:146-147. 1979;43:146-147.

Hawaii Hawaii

7, 7,

Bull. Bull.

Evaluation Evaluation

Government Government

Chern Chern

of of

plants plants

Burton Burton JK. JK.

the the

MPF. MPF.

J. J.

Med Med

Agric Agric

Territorial Territorial

folk folk

Buckley Buckley

J J

Sophora Sophora

Flora Flora

67-68. 67-68.

bank, bank,

The The

574,575, 574,575, Solanum Solanum

ed. ed.

JouRNAL-

communication. communication.

Pekelo Pekelo

Saijo Saijo

poisonous poisonous

439. 439.

names names

of of Kavas Kavas

College College

Phar Phar

BM. BM.

1968: 1968:

Pacific Pacific

I, I,

Fiji Fiji

C. C.

a a

Massey Massey

Survey, Survey, Phytochemical

included included

Med Med

Solanum Solanum

methysticum. methysticum.

WJ, WJ,

S, S,

Mill Mill Haw Haw

communication. communication.

P. P.

1922 1922

RC. RC.

WE. WE.

Akina Akina

572, 572,

lith lith

products products

Robert Robert

1964:182. 1964:182.

medicine medicine

Zealand. Zealand.

1975:77-78. 1975:77-78.

2. 2.

2054. 2054.

62-64, 62-64,

by by

1975: 1975:

Australia, Australia,

Handbook Handbook

a) a)

YH, YH,

Dictionary Dictionary

Chern Chern

Development Development

Poisonous Poisonous

I, I, Haw Haw

Practical Practical

Kahilio'pua, Kahilio'pua,

Piper Piper

438,903. 438,903.

seven seven

Personal Personal

DM, DM,

South South

571. 571.

for for

Station, Station,

House; House;

J. J.

A A

Hawaii' Hawaii'

New New

value. value.

Elvin-Lewis Elvin-Lewis

Ethnobotany Ethnobotany

Eveleth Eveleth

Plant Plant

Yahara Yahara

equivalents. equivalents.

Degener Degener

Kinnard Kinnard

of of

b) b)

Hawaiian Hawaiian

Index, Index,

Shimazu Shimazu

Liu Liu

Russell Russell

MEDICAL MEDICAL

Cambie Cambie

165) 165)

Highlights Highlights

Press; Press;

h) h)

Personal Personal

chrysophylla. chrysophylla.

JM. JM.

CRC CRC

Sons; Sons;

in in

Vol Vol

56-58, 56-58,

1985; 1985;

Australian Australian

Cabalion Cabalion

LR. LR.

medicine. medicine.

LA. LA.

caused caused

from from

K, K,

0, 0,

1745; 1745; b)

IH. IH.

S. S.

Australia. Australia.

1974:26. 1974:26.

RE. RE.

1972. 1972.

FL, FL,

used used

BH. BH.

LH. LH.

IA, IA,

berries. berries.

MJ, MJ,

Book Book

JR. JR.

review. review.

IA. IA.

LH, LH,

WH, WH,

LH, LH,

Forst. Forst.

methysticum). methysticum).

YK, YK,

V, V,

and and

1979:83. 1979:83.

LJ. LJ.

JA. JA.

576; 576;

RN. RN.

a) a)

of of

Inc; Inc;

A A

Melbourne, Melbourne,

page page

Merck Merck

English English

Prentice-Hall; Prentice-Hall;

extracts extracts

g) g)

53-54, 53-54,

medicinal medicinal

Hara Hara

HAWAII HAWAII

Lewis Lewis

1985:14:213-222. 1985:14:213-222.

1371-!372; 1371-!372;

1935: 1935:

monly monly

seeds seeds 80:151-177. 80:151-177.

Yoshida Yoshida Agricultural Agricultural

McBride McBride

Chemistry Chemistry Hawaii; Hawaii;

Porter Porter Krauss Krauss

Degener Degener

The The

Briggs Briggs tion: tion:

ous ous

29; 29; NJ: NJ:

Abbott Abbott and and

Press Press

alkaloids alkaloids Briggs Briggs

Duke Duke

(Piper (Piper 0 0

Briggs Briggs Kaaiakamanu Kaaiakamanu

Kloosterman Kloosterman

Chien Chien

Press. Press.

Kingsbury Kingsbury

Badwin Badwin 50, 50,

Abbott Abbott

241. 241.

nigrum nigrum ticum ticum

Burkill Burkill

Petroglyph Petroglyph Hawaii, Hawaii,

Sydney, Sydney,

Duve Duve

Wiley Wiley Changes Changes

Hawaiian Hawaiian

Tabrah Tabrah

Pacific Pacific

Wahineali'iku Wahineali'iku

Mehrhoff Mehrhoff Lebot Lebot of of

Webb Webb

peninsula. peninsula.

from from

13. 13.

15. 15.

14. 14.

19. 19.

18. 18.

17. 17.

16. 16.

34. 34.

33. 33.

32. 32.

38. 38.

31. 31.

37. 37.

30. 30.

36. 36.

28. 28.

22. 22.

35. 35.

27. 27.

21. 21.

26. 26.

20. 20.

25. 25.

29. 29. 24. 24.

23. 23.

• •

of of

a) a)

of of

is is

of of

be be

the the

". ".

cer

oral. oral.

only only

used used

mid-

Press; Press;

more more

herbal herbal

health. health.

memo

activ

kukui kukui

a a

mate

Hawaii Hawaii

1980s 1980s

Bishop Bishop

(Continued (Continued

1 1

results results

reflect reflect

1990: 1990:

84. 84.

plants plants

Physical Physical

printed printed

Report Report

were were

in in

cultural cultural

improve improve

Sophora Sophora

or or

the the

not not

Bess Bess

was was

their their

the the

especially especially

49, 49,

properties properties

should should

Mehrhoff Mehrhoff

the the

University University

and and

to to

cultivation, cultivation,

of of

as as

in in

may may

to to

medica; medica;

Press; Press;

of of

therapeutic therapeutic

800. 800.

The The

1984;126:1-51. 1984;126:1-51.

Hawaii: Hawaii:

Hawaiian Hawaiian

medication

Annual Annual

Hawaiian Hawaiian

some some

L L A

of of

medication medication

oldest oldest

whether whether

but but

1971;25:245-254. 1971;25:245-254.

1976: 1976:

chemicals

flowering flowering

mortality mortality

Hawaiian Hawaiian

use use

of of

mele mele

Dr Dr

AD AD

preparation preparation

of of

such such

Hawaii: Hawaii:

ASTHMA ASTHMA

A A

the the

of of

medica medica

native native

sources sources

tending tending

local local

The The

the the

Hawaii: Hawaii:

to to

and and

Bulletin. Bulletin.

Museum Museum

of of

moluccana moluccana

other other

234-235. 234-235.

antibacterial antibacterial

materia materia

Keaiwa. Keaiwa.

Botany. Botany.

of of

promising, promising,

ingredients, ingredients,

cost cost

epidemic epidemic

Asthma Asthma

published published

western western

pharmacological pharmacological

Heritage; Heritage;

Honolulu, Honolulu,

of of

herbal herbal

21. 21.

this this

practice practice

FOR FOR

knowing knowing

inadequacies, inadequacies,

herbal herbal

Certainly Certainly

1950;4:167-183. 1950;4:167-183.

both both

The The

G. G.

investigation investigation

back back

Hawaii: Hawaii:

705-706. 705-706.

of of

techniques techniques

Outline Outline

1988: 1988:

d) d)

hand, hand,

Honolulu, Honolulu,

Econ Econ

heiau heiau

Abbott Abbott

to to

ed. ed.

the the

Bishop Bishop

of of

T. T.

Museum Museum

Manual Manual

written written

the the

was was

e) e)

The The

;60:7-16. ;60:7-16.

more more

aspects aspects the the

Sci. Sci.

materia materia

Island Island

Honolulu, Honolulu,

old old

N. N.

23; 23;

I I A

active active

difficult. difficult.

investigations, investigations,

2nd 2nd

advantages advantages

of of

Aleurites Aleurites

of of

SH. SH.

c) c)

Press; Press;

'au. 'au.

1989;32:1-21. 1989;32:1-21.

598; 598;

1951 1951

Massey Massey

plants. plants.

other other

traced traced

Dr Dr

way way

is is

traditional traditional

mortality mortality

without without

healing healing

effects. effects.

presence presence

degree degree

effects, effects,

Bishop Bishop

clinical clinical

d) d)

Hawaii: Hawaii:

even even

88; 88;

Pacific Pacific

cultural cultural

traditional traditional

MEDICA MEDICA

lapa lapa

Hawaii: Hawaii:

no no

the the

Hawaiians. Hawaiians.

making making

the the

not not

Lapa'au. Lapa'au.

the the

is is

queens queens

addition, addition,

Makinodan Makinodan

day. day.

44, 44,

tradition tradition

been been

side side

Sohmer Sohmer and and

geography, geography,

depth. depth.

of of

used used

Livermore Livermore

and and

'au 'au

Society. Society.

is is

a a

of of

b) b)

On On

Fournier-

extrapolated extrapolated

Hawaiian Hawaiian

Hawaii: Hawaii:

M, M,

oral oral

In In

Blaisdell, Blaisdell, medicinal medicinal

scientific scientific

and and

contained contained

of of

independent independent

and and

La La

it it

that that

have have

potential potential

Hawaii. Hawaii.

has has

Hawaiians. Hawaiians. Antiquities. Antiquities.

1268-69; 1268-69;

M, M,

Westernlore Westernlore

DR, DR,

La'au La'au

25. 25.

be be

4 4

Honolulu, Honolulu,

with with

BE, BE,

Hawaiian Hawaiian

in in

278; 278;

preparation.1993. preparation.1993.

c) c)

the the

Honolulu, Honolulu,

R R K

were were

control control

excellence excellence

we we

cents cents

2. 2.

reduce reduce

kings kings

in in

lack lack

a) a)

In In

greater greater

herb herb

animal, animal,

the the oral

61. 61.

Buke Buke

Fukuda Fukuda

Dr Dr

to to

ed. ed. Historical Historical

of of

1988: 1988:

I, I,

Native Native

Pukui Pukui

the the

found found

Historical Historical

may may

herbs herbs

Herbst Herbst

purpose purpose

Honolulu, Honolulu,

MATERIA MATERIA

Kahuna Kahuna

Hope Hope

Hawaii. Hawaii.

to to

Hawaiian Hawaiian

efficacy'. efficacy'.

b) b)

in in

found found

Ethnobotany Ethnobotany

the the

shows shows

Rededication Rededication

few few

Arizona: Arizona:

2 2

of of

asthma, asthma,

of of

He He

previous previous

and and

1. 1.

varied varied

2nd 2nd

1987: 1987:

Hawaiian Hawaiian

Those Those

in in

OA, OA,

ait ait

a a

RK. RK.

or or

1036-37; 1036-37;

the the

Vol. Vol.

72; 72;

thank thank

chrysophylla chrysophylla

WL, WL,

to to

DG, DG,

Pacific. Pacific.

ESC, ESC,

Press; Press;

KM. KM.

BH. BH.

NP. NP.

been been

of of

P. P.

preparation, preparation,

D. D.

a) a)

b) b)

compliance. compliance.

MN. MN.

plants plants

Unpublished Unpublished

culture, culture,

remedies remedies

assistance. assistance.

certain certain

least least

for for

Health Health

the the

awa awa

closely closely

Hawaiian Hawaiian

of of only only

AllAN AllAN

inability inability

Tucson, Tucson,

has has

medicinal medicinal

mentioned mentioned

1990s 1990s

medica medica

of of

authors authors

of of

Bushnell Bushnell

1853; 1853;

1986: 1986:

Krauss Krauss

The The

and and

some some

the the

ry. ry.

Furthermore, Furthermore,

Chun Chun

Despite Despite

Massey Massey

Nagata Nagata

At At Handy Handy

Therapeutics. Therapeutics.

medicine. medicine.

Larsen Larsen

Blaisdell Blaisdell

Guttnanis Guttnanis

Wagner Wagner Museum; Museum;

Malo Malo

Bailey Bailey

Hawaii Hawaii

Hawaii. Hawaii.

It It

their their

cell cell

its its

II. II.

12. 12.

10. 10.

1800s. 1800s.

1. 1.

more more

6. 6.

description description

5. 5.

2. 2.

because because

tiona! tiona! 3. 3. ria ria

acceptance acceptance

use use

Sophora Sophora

REFERENCES REFERENCES

was was and and

7. 7.

patient patient solely solely 8. 8.

types types

investigated investigated 4. 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

for for The The

Implications Implications

ity ity

often often

questionable questionable

tain tain

9. 9.

in in

of of

approach approach

palatable, palatable,

166 166

flavescens flavescens HAW HAW