Ernest Hemingway Unit-1 Lost Generation the Sun Also Rises

M. A. Part-II English Paper G2 E5 Special Author : Ernest Hemingway Unit-1 Lost Generation The Sun Also Rises

Detailed Summary of The Sun Also Rises with Critical Comments

1.1.1 Chapters 1 to 5: Summary The novel opens with a brief account of the life of Robert Cohn. He plays an important part in the novel. He is Jew by religion. He was a middle-weight boxing champion of Princeton. Jake Barnes is the narrator in the novel who pays no attention and importance to the title of John Cohn. According to him Cohn did not care much for boxing. He had attained proficiency in boxing as a compensation for his feeling of inferiority and shyness. His knowledge of boxing gave him the assurance that he could knock anybody down who was Snooty or Superior to him. Cohn was very fast in his actions. Cohn used to read voraciously at Princeton besides his boxing career as a good boxer. Reading has gifted him glasses to wear. Cohn’s father is a rich person and he belongs to a very rich Jew family and his mother belonged to one of the oldest families. At school nobody made Cohn conscious of his Jewish ancestry. However, when he came to Princeton things changed and he turned to boxing. As he came out of Princeton "with painful self consciousness and the flattened nose," he married "the first girl who was nice to him". Within five years he had three children and lost most of the fifty thousand dollars he had inherited. He had made up his mind to desert his wife but before he could achieve his objective, she left him. "...her departure was a very healthful shock." He divorced from his wife in California. He was glad on being editorial board. Later, he became the sole editor. He liked the authority of editing. Finally, when the magazine, became too expensive he had to give it up. On the staff of the magazine there was a lady with whom Cohn was in love. When she saw that the magazine was 1

to be wound up, she brought Cahn to the Continent so that Cohn could write because Europe was considered essential for the education of a writer. Cohn and Frances travelled for about a year and spent the last two in Paris. Cohn had two friends first is Braddocks and second is Jake Barnes, the narrator of the story. Frances had realized that her looks were going and so she determined to marry Cohn. Cohn was faithful to Frances during his stay on the Continent and in the meanwhile he had written a novel. The novel was not so bad as the critics made it look. Cohn's other interests were boxing, bridge, tennis and reading. Cohn's novel was going to be published in America by a firm. He went to New York for this. When he went to the States, Frances was sure that she had lost him. In New York, Cohn received: great attention from some very nice ladies and he felt flattered. "He was not in love yet but he realized that he was an attractive quantity to women, and that the fact of a woman caring for him and wanting to live with him was not simply a divine miracle. This changed him so that he was not so pleasant to have around.". In New York he also made several hundred dollars through his bridge and he was proud of the fact. Cohn had been reading W. H. Hudson, particularly his The Purple Land—a romantic book and Cohn read it as a manual for living. Jake Barnes thought that to take The Purple Land as a guide-book at the age of thirty-four was not very safe. Cohn returned to Paris and he proposed Jake Barnes that they should go to South America but Jake was not very enthusiastic about the plan. Jake Barnes was a journalist and he could not afford to be absent from Paris for such a long trip. Cohn offered to pay for the expenses of Jake's trip to South America because Jake could speak Spanish fluently. He wanted him to accompany him also because he liked him as a person. Cohn due to his romantic nature always looked forward to having a better life elsewhere. In Paris he felt that he was not really getting the best out of his life. Jake thought that only bull-fighters could lead a full life whereas Cohn was not interested in bull-fighting, nor was he interested in big-game shooting in Africa. According to Jake, Cohn had a stubborn Jewish streak in him; he was still keen on going to South America. Jake Barnes told Cohn" going to another country doesn’t make any difference. I've tried all that. You can't get away from yourself by moving from one place to another. There is nothing to that." He also believed that all that

one wanted out of life could be had in Paris but Cohn really did not care for Paris. Jake Barnes comments that most of Cohn's ideas came out of books. John leaves the place and Jake continues to sit in the café. He picked up a good looking girl named Georgette. She was a prostitute by profession. They started to drink liquor and had dialogue on different subjects. She revealed that she did not like Paris. It seems as if Jake's earlier discussion with Cohn about life in Paris continues. Georgette made certain advances to Jake but he refused her. He said that he is sick. Jake had picked her up because of a vague sentimental idea that it would be nice to eat with someone. He took her to another restaurant where the food was good and as they sat drinking a bottle of wine Jake saw that Georgette had bad teeth and it made him sick. He explained to her that he had been hurt in the war. Jake Barnes had talked so often about the war. He supposed war as a calamity for civilization that he was bored with the subject and he did not want to discuss the war because he is injured in the war. Cohn, Frances, Mrs. Braddock and several other people joined them in the restaurant. After they had finished their meal, Jake Barnes informed Georgette that they were going to have coffee with the others who had come to the restaurant. Jake Barnes introduced Georgette as his fiancée. Frances was a little drunk and she kept on talking about Paris being a dirty city. After dinner they moved to a dancing-club in the Rue de la Momagne Sainte Genevieve. When they arrived there it was empty, but as they sat to have a drink it started filling up. It was hot inside. The music was pleasant and people started dancing. "A crowd of young men, some in jerseys and some in their shirtsleeves, got out. I could seek their hands newly washed, wavy hair in the light from the door." The suggestion is that they were homosexuals. In their company was also Lady Brett Ashley. Jake Barnes was very angry to see Brett in such company. Georgette had drifted away from him and was quite happy to dance with the new arrivals. Jake Barnes was getting a little drunk. When Cohn offered Jake a drink, he remarked that the whole show made him sick. Brett wanted a brandy and soda. It seems nothing for dinner. The restaurant was not posh but the food was not bad. In the course of the conversation Jake revealed that he was injured in the war. Throughout the book Jake kept talking that it was a dirty war.

They went over to another restaurant where others Mr. and Mrs. Braddock, Cohn, Lady Brett Ashley, and Frances (Cohn's mistress) and Brett had come to the restaurant in the company of some homosexual. They all enjoyed drinking and dancing along with sparks of wit and bantering. Brett wanted to know whether Jake was tight that night. She herself had been drinking brandy and soda. Her hair was brushed back like a boy's. Cohn wanted to dance with Brett but she somehow did not want to. After this brief contact with Cohn, Brett and Jake left the restaurant. At this encounter Brett had dominated Cohn completely and one can guess that Cohn will become one of her admirers. After leaving the restaurant Jake and Brett went for a taxi-ride. Brett expressed her intimate love for Jake. Jake and Brett were very intimate with each other. Jake kissed Brett in the taxi. The tension mounted because Jake had been injured in the war in such a way that he could feel the sexual urge but could not consummate it because his penis had been blown off to bits. Since their meeting aroused her emotions and there were no means of satisfying them, she wanted to avoid the contact. Jake also felt miserable because he could not consummate his love for Brett. He said her to be away from each other but Brett stated that she had to see him because she was in love with him. While returning to café Brett wanted to-be kissed before they got there. Brett was wearing man's felt hat and with her boyish hair-cut she was asserting her newly found freedom from femininity. Zizi, a Greek portrait-painter, informed Brett that he wanted her to be introduced to Count Mippipopolous. He was captivated by Brett's beauty. Meanwhile, Mrs. Braddock informed Jake that Cohn had gone home with Frances. Jake, before going to home, fixed a meeting with Brett for the next day at 5 O'clock at the Crillon. Brett told Jake that she had received a letter from Mike. Jake went through two papers on bull-fighting before going to sleep. Before he fell off to sleep his head started to work. He was worried and lost in thinking about his manhood. He was disappointed that forced on him by his fate. In the war, in an injury hie had been injured and this injury had taken away his manhood. Now, he felt less of a man. The tragedy of Brett and Jake’s relation started from here. They wanted to come together but enjoy the pleasures of life however Jake’s injury did now allow him to do so.

He began to cry due to his situation. Crying calmed his mind and he listened to the heavy trams go by down the street and then he went to sleep. Brett had come to see him at the early dawn. Jake in a state of half wakefulness asked the caretaker to let her come up. It was half past four in the morning and Brett was awfully tight. She had come in the company of Count Mippipopolous. Meanwhile, Count had offered her ten thousand dollars to go to Biarritz with him. Brett told this to Jake. He wanted her to go to Cannes, or Monte Carlo or to any place with him. Brett rejected his offer. She had told him that she was in love with Jake Barnes. She asked Jake to go downstairs with her as she did not want Count waits downstairs. Jake did not want to go and therefore Brett kissed him good night. Jake, next morning, met Robert Cohn who had been waiting for him at his office. He invited him to lunch. During the conversation Cohn revealed that he was somehow stuck up with Frances whom he could not take to South America where he wanted to go. He invited Jake Barnes to go with him but Jake declined the offer on the ground that he had got certain obligations in Pairs. Cohn wanted to learn about Lady Brett Ashley from Jake Barnes. Jake informed him that she was getting a divorce and was going to marry Mike Campbell. Campbell is a Scotsman and will be rich soon. Cohn had admiration for her in his mind as he thought that she had a certain quality about her, a certain fineness. She seemed to him to be absolutely fine and straight. Cohn also thought that he was in love with her. When Jake came to know that Brett was a drunk and that she loves Mike Campbell. He covered his own obsession. He had met Brett while she used to work as a V. A. D. (Volunteer Aid Detachment) in a hospital. He was taken to that hospital for the treatment on his injury. He also said Cohn that she had already married twice with no love for her partners. She was not a young girl but a woman of thirty-four. 1.1.1 Chapters 1 to 5: Critical Comments The first two chapters are dedicated entirely to Cohn almost. The aim is to bring out his character so that in the later part of the story when Cohn acts in a peculiar manner the explanation is to be found in his character. It also focuses the reader's attention on a sort of a vacuum in Cohn's life which had left him extremely dissatisfied with life. The chapters also emphasize that all his knowledge is bookish and he does not have much intimate knowledge of life. His desire to visit different lands is really a reflection of his unfulfilled life. Cohn’s life seems lacking something. He always travels from one place to another and it shows his 5

dissatisfaction about the life. He is romantic, it is natural that he is not easily satisfied with life. The book also depicts the life of the main characters in Paris who spend most of their time either talking or visiting cafes. They always drink and becomes a handy opiate for the unrest that they experience in their personal lives. Cohn's two adventures in love and matrimony have not been able to satisfy him and he is still hankering for more romantic experiences. Cohn’s want for something new in life shows his incomplete status of mind and life. The chapters also explain the close association between Robert Cohn and Jake Barnes. Robert Cohn's Jewish ancestry has somehow alienated him from the main stream of life and anyone who gives him some attention is taken by him as his fast friend. His secret life and his problems are known to Jake Barnes and one senses a danger in such a relationship. Cohn's relations with Frances have almost come to an end and it shows his incompleteness with women too. His romanticism is also a symbol of his personality. Chapter three and four like the earlier two chapters occurred in the atmosphere in Paris in which the expatriates; worked, lived and enjoyed themselves. Jake’s misfortune is clearly brought out. From this misfortune arises the complication that he can love but he cannot consummate his love. It is also revealed that Brett and Jake love each other but there is no solution to this problem. It leads towards their loveless marriage that Brett avoids. Cohn who has had his affair with Frances is tired of her. He wants to discard her. He is completely taken in by Brett Ashley while she is ignorant of his passionate intentions. These chapters also develop the themes like romantic streak in Robert Cohn's character. He now turns his passions towards Brett. Brett as a character is coming at the centre of the story. Jake rightly points out that he has got prep-school manners and he wants like a little kid to be pacified for every little offence that he takes. Once he has got over his temper, he is ready to apologize himself. The tringle love story comes up here where Jake loves Brett but not able to comply the relation, Brett loves Jake but not satisfied with her and goes with Count and marrying Campbell and Cohn has deep passions about Brett. Jake Barnes's love for Brett is sincere and deep and with the knowledge of this feeling she cannot accept another lover. However, Jake, in loving Brett, is fully

conscious of what she is. He is not blind to her faults but love knows no discrimina- tion. Robert Cohn, in spite of his age, behaves like an adolescent boy who is having his first taste of love. It will be good to remember that he has children and some affairs to. 1.1.1 Know your progress 1. The Protagonist of the novel is ----- 2. The narrator of the novel is ---- 3. Cohn turned to boxing because----- 4. Cohn was good at ……. despite of a good boxer. 5. Cohn is ……by religion 6. Cohn had …..children 7. Cohn stayed with…….in Paris 8. Cohn reads W. H. Hudson’s….. book 9. Jake Barnes was…….by profession 10. Jake meets …..in the restaurant. 11. According to Jake war is a ……… 12. …… is Cohn’s mistress 13. Zizi is ……. 14. Count wants Brett to come with him to…… 15. Count offered …….. dollars to Brett to come to Biarritz 16. Brett wants to marry……… 1.1.1 Know your understanding: Answers 1. Robert Cohn. 2. Jake Barnes 3. As a compensation for his feeling of inferiority and shyness 4. A good reader. 5. Jew 7

6. Three 7. Frances 8. The Purple Land 9. Journalist 10. Georgette 11. Calamity for civilization 12. Frances 13. A Greek Portrait-painter 14. Biarritz 15. Ten thousand dollars 16. Mike Campbell 1.1.2 Chapters: Summary 6 to 10 The next day Jake waited for Brett at hotel Crillon in vain. She forgot the promise as she was too drunk to remember anything. Jake went to Rotonde after leaving Crillon. He met there Harvey. Harvey told him that he had not eaten anything for five days. He would rather have a drink than eat anything because when he got that way, he did not care whether he ate or not. Robert Cohn also appeared there. Harvey asked Cohn, "What would you rather do if you could do anything you wanted ?" Cohn replied that he would rather play football again with what he knew about handling himself now. Harvey remarked satirically, I misjudged you. Yon're not a moron. You're only a case of arrested development." Cohn wanted to hit Harvey in the face for this insult as per his temper always. Jake Barnes thought that Robert Cohn had a sort of healthy conceit and a sort of sureness when he returned from America but both these traits had disappeared from his character. This, may be because, he is in love with Brett. He was athletic in appearance and had an undergraduate quality about him. Brett's love had brought about a great change in him. His forgot his tennis due to his love for Bret. Cohn wanted Jake to accompany him to the Dome. Cohn had to meet his mistress, Frances, at the Dome. Frances told to Jake that their affair had more or less come to an end. She had spent three years waiting in order to get married but now 8

Cohn wanted to get rid of her. She wanted to marry, settle down and have children. She was extremely poor and was dependent upon Cohn for her needs. Cohn wanted to give two hundred pounds to Frances and pack her off to visit friends in England. She exposed Cohn's affairs with other women before they came to Paris. Frances said that Cohn loved romance more than marriage. He sees the idea of a mistress more than the idea of a wife in other women. She was unpleasant about this separation. "We all are to make sacrifices for literature. Look at me. I'm going to England without a protest. All for literature. We must all help the young writers. Don't you think so, Jake ? But you're not a young writer. Are you, Robert ? You're thirty-four. Still, I suppose that is young for a great writer. Look at Hardy. Look at Anatole France.” Brett came to the flat, accompanied by Count Mippipopolous. Brett sent away the Count to get some liquor as she wanted to be alone with Jake Barnes. She expressed her passion for Jake was genuine and she could not go away with any person or live quietly in the country. The Count also revealed that he had taken part in wars and showed them the arrow wounds that he had received in Abyssinia at his age of twenty-one years old. The items like food, wine and love occupied an important place in Count’s life. Jake met Brett and Robert Cohn when he returned from Sebastian. Bill Gorton narrated his experiences in these two places. Brett walked in at the place where Robert and Cohn sat talking. She had just-SSI arrived back from San Sabasttan. Her holiday had not been so wonderful as she expected. She went to take a bath and later Bill Gorton and Jake went to see Brett and her fiance, Mike Campbell. Mike was a bankrupt but he expected lots of money to come his way. Jake Barnes received a letter from Robert Cohn. Cohn wrote this letter from Hendajre. Jake informed him that he would meet him at Bayonne and they will go Pamplona in Spain. Mike and Brett also wanted to go to Pamplona for the annual fiesta after some fishing in the Irati. Brett revealed to Jake Barnes that she had spent that week at San Sebastian with Robert Cohn and he was angry on it. Mike and Brett on receiving their money also would meet at Pamplona. Their plan was to go directly to San Sebastian and then go to Pamplona where they would stay at the Hotel Montoya. Bill Gorton and Jake reached Bayonne. They enjoyed fishing there. They took a car to go to Pamplona. They reached Pamplona as planned earlier and the proprietor

of the hotel was glad to see Jake whom he had known before. Cohn was extremely nervous. They knew that Brett and Mike will come there. Jake prayed for a good trip and fiesta for all there. "...all the time I was kneeling with my forehead on the wood in front of me, and was thinking of myself as praying, I was a little ashamed, and regretted that I was such a rotten Catholic, but realized there was nothing I could do about it, at least for a while and may be never, but that any way it was a grand religion, and I only wished I felt religious and maybe I would the next time..." Brett and Mike did not arrive at the station but Robert and Jake were there to welcome them. After coming to hotel Montaya, they received a letter from Mike that they had to stop at san Sebastian for the night. They moved to Burguete without Brett and Mike. Cohn backed out of the trip to Burguete. Cohn had told to Bill Gorton that he and Brett had spent a week at San Sebastian and Bill had an impression that Cohn was not the right person to go with. 1.1.2 Chapters 6 to 10: Critical Comments Readers came to learn that Jake Barnes is a journalist and is working in Paris for some American newspapers. Frances leaves Robert Cohn and their affair has come to an end. Brett has gone to San Sebastian with Robert Cohn. This becomes clear in the book later. Cohn has successfully published his novel and became rich. All will soon go away to Pamplona for the bull fights. The complications of the story are to come in next chapters. The journey for Pamplona where there is going to be a fiesta. The various relationships among the characters, Brett is in love with Jake Barnes, Brett has spent a week at San Sebastian in the company of Robert Cohn, again she is engaged to Campbell and Mike and Jake both know of Brett's indiscretion and it makes them bitter towards Cohn. These complex relationships of all characters show the disturbance of relationships after war and material richness. 1.1.2 Check your progress 1. Jake met……. at Rotonde 2. The relationship of Frances and Cohn broke because…… 3. Robert and Jake stayed at hotel….. 4. All went to…… for fiesta

5. Robert spent a week with…….. in San Sebastian 1.1.2 Check your progress: Answers 1. Harvey 2. He is more interested in pleasure than love in relationship with any lady. 3. Montaya 4. Paris 5. Brett 1.1.3 Chapters 11 to 16: Summary Their fishing trip to Burguete was a great success. Bill explained an expatriate was: "You've lost touch with the soil. You get precious. Fake European standards have ruined you. You drink yourself to death. You become obsessed by sex. You spend all your time talking, not working.... You hang around cafes." They had met an Englishman Harris at Burguete. They had really enjoyed themselves. There was no complication earned by any woman as there was none present to make these jealous of one another. On Wednesday, Jake received a letter from Mike. The letter explained why they are delayed at San Sebastian. He wanted to come to Burguete. Mike and Brett were reaching Pamplona on Tuesday. Bill and Jake had a plan return to Pamplona. A letter to Jake from Cohn cleared he was reaching on Thursday. They did not want to happen so. They sent a telegram to Cohn that they are coming to Pamplona Wednesday night. Bill and Jake reached hotel Mantoya in Pamplona. Mantoya and Jake had a secret understanding between them because they have aficionados. Aficion means passion. An aficionado a person who is passionate about the bull-fights. All the bull- fighters stayed- at Mantoya's hotel. All will aficion stayed there. It was rather odd that an American could be aficionado. Because Jake had aficion, Mantoya forgave him all his friends, who were not aficionados. Jake and all his friends went to see the unloading of bulls. To quiet down the bulls, which were wild in fact, there were two steers. They enjoyed the unloading. They thought that the steers had a tough job. The bulls had been travelling separately in a travelling box. They were taken to the corral. Two steers waited there for bulls. 11

Mike was wonder to know that bulls were dangerous only when they were alone. In a herd they felt a sense of security. Mike had a sense of anger for Cohn for always following Brett. Brett also told him that she had spent a week with Cohn at San Sebastian. He knew that Brett had many relationships with many men but he was only angry on Cohn with a jealous. He did not hesitate to show that there was no love lost between the two. This anger and disappointment for Cohn may be because of his Jew background. He did not like that Cohn went to San Sebastian from Pamplona to be near to Brett. He discovered letters too from Cohn for Brett however he did not read it. Brett tried to calm Mike in fruitlessness as Mike's anger might spoil the fiesta. Mike revealed to the enjoyment of everybody else that Cohn had called Brett Circe who, in Greek mythology, could turn men into swine. Cohn continuously looked at Brett during the festival. It made him happy as Brett was so lovely. She also had spent a week with him at San Sebastian. Mike could not do anything to stop it and could be a hurdle for Cohn. The incidents like drinking and other show that something essential is going to happen in the story. Jake Barnes due to heavy drink was not able to remember his bed time last night. He used to read a lot. He was reading Turgenieff's A Sportsman's Sketches, Jake Barnes, according to his own admission, had not slept for the last six months with the electric light off. He was also tired of women even though they made such swell friends. Love is the fundamental aspect of friendship. However, his relation with Brett was nothing like that. Whenever you got a good time, he believed, you had to pay either by taking chances or by money. This philosophy, he thought, would seem just as silly in five years time as all the other fine philosophies he ever had. Jake was divided in his mind: on the one hand, Mikes unnatural and angry towards Cohn is not digested by him but on the other hand he liked to see Mike hurt Cohn. This feeling made him disgusted with himself. He was thinking all this as be read in his room and some time towards daylight he went to sleep. The next two days in Pamplona were comparatively quiet. The arrangements for the fiesta were in full swing. Drinking, eating choicest foods in restaurants and late night sessions went on as before. One day Jake made his confession while Brett’s wish to visit Church was there. He told her that it was impossible and also it would

not be as interesting as she supposed it to be. He made his confession through an unnatural language. The fiesta started on Sunday, the 6th of July, with a bang. Thousands of peasants had gathered in the city. The religious Fiesta is in the memory of San Fermin. The beginning started with firing rockets in the main square and it brought more and more people in the main square. Pipes and fifes and drums made the music and people danced to the riau-riau tune. Dance, eating, drinking and other enjoyments filled the atmosphere with joy and comfort for all. This festival will go for seven nights. It will start with a big religious procession. All the dignitaries, civil and religious, participated in the procession. San Fermin was carried from one church to another. The expatriates wanted to go in a small chapel. Brett did not participate because she had no hat. When the dancers saw Brett they formed a circle around her and started to dance. "They wore big wreaths of white garlics around their necks. They took Bill and me by the arms and put us in the circle. Bill started to dance too. They were all chanting. Brett wanted to dance but they did not want her to. They wanted her as an image to dance around. When the song ended with the shap riau- nau ! they rushed us into a wine shop." Then all enjoyed wine. Nobody would accept payment for the wine that they were drinking. Jake saw Brett and Bill surrounded by the dancers. Cohn was not there. Later on he was found fast asleep in a back room. Somebody had put a wreath of garlics around his neck. The expatriates shared a big meal after returning to hotel. Jake wanted to go to his room and sleep as at morning he wanted to see bulls go through the street at early morning. It was already four. He was not able to find his key so he went to Cohn’s room. At morning he did not wake up at six. All the balconies were full of spectators. When he got up in the morning he had a feeling that it was too late to see the bulls running through the streets. He put on one of Cohn's coats and came on to the balcony. Then the people came running. They passed along and up the street towards the bullring and behind them came more men running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. People were followed by little bare space and then bulls came with speed. The bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running together."

Jake went to sleep again. At afternoon, others came and told him that they enjoyed the fiesta and will again see bull fighting at evening. In the evening before going to the bull-fight Montoya introduced Jake to Pedro Romero. According to Jake Pedro was the best-looking boy he had ever seen. He was nineteen years old and he was getting ready for the bull-fight in the evening. At the bull-fights Pedro Romero performed excellently. He was a real bull-fighter. "There had not been a real one for a long time,". Brett had liked the bull-fights and seemed to have gone crazy over the bull- fighter. Brett liked the way Pedro Romero worked to the bull. He always stood straight and his actions were pure and natural in line. The others twisted themselves like cork-screws, their elbow raised, and leaned against the flanks of the bulls after his horns had passed, to give a faked look of danger. Romero was really a sharp and talented bull fighters. "Romero had the old thing, the holding of his purity of line through a maximum of exposure, while he dominated the bull by making him realize he was unattainable, while he prepared him for the killing." Jake praised Romero as a bull figheter to Brett. He has earned the skills that another player would have earned in entire life. The next day Pedro Romero did not fight. And on the following day there was no bull-fight scheduled. All these days the fiesta went on uninterrupted. Rain started on the fourth day of the fiesta. Montoya came to Jake’s room to seek advice on lending the message of American Ambassador for differ to Pedro Romero. Jake advised him not to convey the message to Romero and this advice pleased Montoya because it confirmed his own judgment. The discussion of bull fighting and Pedro’s skills enveloped the entire course of the fiesta. Mike always wants to get more acquittance of Pedro. He also wants his friends and other colleagues to be familiar with Pedro. Mike proposed a toast to Pedro Romero and after the toast Pedro Romero left in the company of the critic. Brett's ... first remark was, "My God ! he's a lovely boy." Now, Brett seemed to be deeply in love with Pedro Romero. Mike’s emotions and anger were at height. Mike, nasty as he had been before to Robert Cohn, started baiting him once again. He told Cohn, "Why don't you see when you are not wanted. Go away. Go away, for God's sake. Jake that sad Jewish face away." Cohn did not leave the table. He had been insulted and somehow it seemed that he was enjoying it. He seemed to have relished his affairs with a lady of title. Mike became a little aggressive, but Jake prevented the issue developing into a fight. 14

That very day they had acquired at some time Edna, a friend of Bill Gorton's from Biarritz. She had come to see the fiesta with another girl friend and was staying at the Grand Hotel. Mike in his drunkenness began to flirt with her but Jake and Bill stopped that. As the rockets went up in the square late in the evening Brett wanted to speak to Jake Barnes something very confidential. Cohn did not realise that he was not supposed to be there, Brett rudely told Cohn not to stay there. Brett in a very clever way wanted to win over Jake's confidence before revealing her nefarious plan. It was the usual feminine trick of reminding the men that he loved her and therefore he ought to help her in whatever she wanted to do, "I'm a. goner. I'm mad about the Romero boy. I'm in love with him, I think." This discovery did not come as an utter surprise to Jake Barnes. He advised her not to do it. But Brett responded by saying," I can't help it. I've never been able to help anything." However hard Jake might try he could not discourage her from having an affair with Romero. "I've got to do something. I've got to do something I really want to do. I've lost my self respect" said Brett. She wanted Jake Barnes's help in this matter, He took her to the table where Pedro Romero was sitting. Romero had also been watching Brett. As Brett shook hands with him a message seemed to have been transmitted from one to the other. As the three had their coffee and brandy there, Jake Barnes left them to find out his friends and bring them there. Jake felt that, it was not a pleasant experience. "When I came back and looked in the cafe, twenty minutes later, Brett and Pedro Romero were gone. The coffee glasses and our three empty cognac glasses were on the table. A waiter came with a cloth and picked up the glasses and mopped off the table." 1.2.3 Chapters 11 to 16: Critical Comments The trip to Burguete is a quiet interlude before the storm really bursts. All the characters, except Bill Gorton, who are: confused by sex find that male company can be such a delight. Bill Gorton who is the only one not being involved with Brett has a certain perspective. His definition of the expatriate is worth noting. The Americans who are living in the post-war Paris have no real roots in any culture. His diagnosis that 'nobody that ever left their own country ever wrote anything worth printing" may be challenged. It is also obvious that Cohn is an outsider in the group and his presence is not been liked. His love for Brett hangs around his neck and he feels

suffocated by his pent up feelings. One suspects that the fiesta is not going to be a happy one, especially because of Cohn's presence and his relations with Brett. Montoya who respects Jake Barnes for his passion for bull fighting is a minor character but he symbolizes the attitude which people should have towards bull- fighting. It is more than a sport; it is a philosophy of life. The drunkenness which we observed at Paris becomes accentuated at Pamplona. With the tempers already ruffled drink acts as a spur on the characters and with Cohn's sensitivity and boxing expertise one can see that it is going to be a very tough situtation. Drinking may act as an opiate for some time but finally it will let loose their tempers, and fights will ensue. The chapters beautifully describe the festive atmosphere at Pamplona during the festival of San Fermin. As the festivities gain in momentum the tension among the expatriates also progressively mounts. It is a religious as well as a secular festival. Jake Barne is double-minded towards him : he likes certain aspects of his character and at the same time is perhaps jealous of his success with Brett. Mike insults him on every possible occasions. Brett tries to pacify Mike and perhaps is in sympathy with Cohn somehow ; she tolerates him to a great extent. Now that Brett has gone away with Rpmero one can predict that Cohn's romantic streak coupled with his boxing talent will cause trouble among the expatriates. Violence seems to hang in the air and Cohn is the agent that will release it. 1.1.3 Check your Progress 1. Aficion means…… 2. Aficionado means….. 3. Mike is angry on Cohn because…… 4. Circe is… 5. According to Montoya bull fighting is…. 6. The fiesta started on …….. 7. The religious Fiesta is organized in the memory…. 8. Pedro Romero was……

9. Pedro Romero’s age was…… 1.1.3 Check your Progress: Answers 1. Passion 2. A person who is passionate about the bull fights. 3. Cohn always follow Brett 4. Greek mythological character that could turn men into swine. 5. Philosophy of life 6. 6th July, Sunday 7. San Fermin. 8. Bull fighter 9. 19 years old 1.2.4 Chapters 17to 20: Summary While Brett went off with Pedro Romero, Mike and Bill had had a fight with some English tourists, and somedody had called the police to keep Mike out of the back room of the restaurant where they had been drinking. Somebody was sore because Mike owed him money and he had not paid up. Cohn came back and asked Jake where Brett was. Jake replied falsely that she must have gone to bed. Cohn had already checked in her room and she was not there. When Cohn threatened Jake with violence he told him that he would not tell him anything. Mike disclosed to Cohn that Brett had gone off with Pedro Romero and added bitterly that they were or their .honeymoon. Cohn thought that Mike was dead drunk and he did not know what he was saying. He called Jake a "damned pimp." Jake tried to hit him but Cohn ducked "sideways and then Cohn hit Jake Barnes twice on the face. Jake Barne's legs gave way" and he fellgahis face. Mike tried to make Jake stand up. Edna, Bill Gorton's friend, revealed that Cohn had earlier knocked down Mike as well. Mike wished that Cohn was in jail. After the fight Jake, walked back to theJSptei andjie felt funny in the head. Somehow he had regressed to a period in his boyhood when he^ had returned home after game of football. He thought that he was carrying a suit-case with all" "his football things in it. As he went up the steps he had a feeling that he was carrying the suitcase to his room.

When he reached his room Bill informed him that Cohn wanted to see him. Jake went to Cohn's room carrying his phantom suitcase with him. He found Cohn crying. Cohn. was sobbing and he asked Jake for his forgiveness. He had felt terribly bad due to Brett's conduct. He was almost crazy. "I just couldn't stand it about Brett. I've been through hell, Jake. It's been simply hell. When I met her down here Brett treated me as though I were a perfect stranger. I just couldn't stand it. We lived together at San Sebastian. I suppose you know it. I can't stand it any more." After leaving Cohn, Jake went to his room and got into bed. When he got up next morning he had a terrible headache but he vaguely remembered that he had promised to take Edna to see the bulls go through the streets. The waiter told him. that Edna was with Bill and Mike and they had gone to see the bulls running through the streets. As the bulls ran through the streets a man had been lifted in the air by one of the bulls and he was fatally gored. Jake, could see the man lying in the street with his face down in the mud. Finally a rocket went up indicating that the bulls had reached the corrals beside the ring. The man who was killed was called Vicente Girnos and he came from near Tafalla. In the evening the bull which had killed him was killed by Pedro Romero and he had won his ear by popular acclaim. He gave this ear to Brett who wrapped in a handkerchief, belonging to Jake Barnes, She had shoved the ear and the handkerchief into the drawer of the bed table that stood beside her bed in the hotel Montoya and forgot them completely. Mike was lying dead drunk in his room that night. He disclosed that Cohn had gone to Pedro Romero's room and found Brett there, He beat Pedro -Romero until the bullfighter could not get up. Cohn wanted to take Brett away but she refused to go with him. Then Cohn had broken down and cried. He wanted to shake hands with the bull-fighter and Brett. When Cohn went to shake hands with Romero he hit him in the face. Cohn did not want to hit him again and said that it was wicked to hit the bull-fighter who had been beaten. Pedro Romero had told Cohn to get out of the town otherwise he would kill him. According to Mike, Cohn had been ruined by Pedro Romero. That night Brett spent looking after the bull-fighter. She had in fact carried her things to the bull-fighter's room in the morning. The next day was the last day of the fiesta. A large number of people had come from Biarritz and San Sebastian for the final day. The dancers were, drunk as usual. Brett left the bull-fighter for a brief spell and came over to her friends. Mike was 18

drunk and he was bitter towards her. She learnt from Bill that Cohn had left the town by car in the morning. Brett took Jake for a short walk and disclosed to her that she would stay with her friends until the fight. Pedro Romero's people were very angry with her but she did not care. She had changed altogether due to her affair with the bull-fighter. She wanted Jake to accompany her to the bull-fight. She went into a church with Jake and there tried to pray for Romero's success but it was no good. She used to get nervous in church and praying had done no good to her ever. In the evening the whole crowd went to the bull-ring. Brett sat between Bill and Jake. That evening Pedro Romero performed in front of Brett and this was his homage to her beauty and her love. His lips were swollen and his face was black and blue but these handicaps did not hinder him in any way He was competing again Belmonte, who had become a legend in his life time. Now he had returned from retirement in response to public demand but the public were disappointed. Belmonte was full of contempt for the public ; they could not appreciate what he was doing. He had meant to have a great evening and instead he had received shouted insults, sneers and a volley of cushions, pieces of bread and rotten vegetables. Romero in contrast did everything smoothly, calmly, and beautifully and he outdid Belmonte in every aspect of the sport. "Pedro Romero had the greatness. He loved bull fighting, and I think he loved the bulls, and I think he loved Brett. Every- thing of which he could ex lro| the locality he did in front of her all that afternoon. Never once did he look up, , He made it stronger that way, and did it for himself, too, as well as for her. Because he did not look up to ask if it pleased he did it all for himself inside, and it strengthened him, and yet he did it for her, too. But he did not do it for her at any loss to himself. He gained by it all through the afternoon." "Gut in the cenire of the ring Romero profiled in front of the bull, drew the sword out from the folds of the muleta, rose on his toes, and sighted along the blade. The bull charged as Romero- charged. Romero's left hand dropped the muleta over the bull's muzzle to blind him, his left shoulder went forward between the horns as the sword went in and for just an instant he and the bull were one, Romero way out over the bull, the right arm extended high up to where the hilt of the sword had gone in between the bull's shoulders. Then the figure was broken. There was a little jolt as Romero came clear, and then he was standing, one hand up,, facing

the bull, his shirt ripped out fiom under his sleeve, the white blowing in the wind, and the bull, the red sword hilt tight between his shoulders, his head going down and his legs settling." His fight with Colin had not touched Pedro Romero's spirit. In the bull ring he was wiping out the shame of his beating at the hands of Cohn. The next bull was a good great bull and this was exactly what Romero wanted. After he had finished hi? work with the muleta he wanted to kill the bull but the crowd wanted him to go on. He demonstrated how he executed every pass, There were no. tricks and no mystifications. Finally when he killed the bull there was popular acclaim. He was given the ear of the bull. The crowd lifted him on their shoulders even though he did not like to be carried on their shoulders. It was a total triumph for Pedro Romero. That very evening Brett and Pedro Romero went off to Madrid. Mike and Jake got tight because they were hurt by Brett's elopement. CHAPTER 20 Summary In the morning the fiesta was over and therefore the friends decided to disperse. Bill Gorton wanted to return to Paris, Mike Campbell, to Saint Jean de Luz, and Jake, to San Sebastian. So they decided to go to Bayonne together by car, from where they would go to their respective destinations. After lunch they paid their bill but the proprietor, Montoya, did not come to see them off because of Jake's conduct. He had not acted correctly, as an aficionado should have. In sending off Brett with Pedro Romero, Jake had betrayed Montoya's trust. When they reached Bayonne they left Bill's baggage at the station and bought a ticket for Paris. As his train did not leave until ten past seven they decided to go for a drive in the country. They drove to Biarritz for a drink. Mike revealed that he was broke completely, and he would stay at Saint Jean for two weeks until his money came. As a matter of fact, he had taken money from Brett to clear his bill at Hotel Montoya. It also became clear to Jake that Brett had no money either. On their way back they dropped Mike at his hotel at Saint Jean. Jake had to pay Mike's share of the car fare as well but Mike promised to pay him later. Bill would not see Mike in Paris because he would sail for the States on the 17th of July. Jake saw Bill off at Bayonne and then decided to go to a hotel in Bayonne for the night. Jake had not gone to Paris because that would have meant more 20

drinking and he wanted to avoid that. He had planned to go to San Sebastian for a quiet holiday for the season does not open there until August. Jake had found France a very simple country to live in for everything is determined on financial basis in that country. One could buy friendship, patronge, comfort in France. Jake tipped the waiter heavily because he would serve him better whenever he returned to that hotel. The next morning he took a train for San Sebastian. In Spain, Jake had realised, life was not so simple as in France because one could not buy friendship in terms of money : there was an indescribable quality in Spain which was beyond money. Jake went to his favourite hotel in San Sebastian. As soon as he settled down he sent a telegram to his office in Paris asking them to forward all wires for the next six days to his San • Sebastian address but to hold back all letters. After lunch he had a short nap and then went for a swim in the sea. He was relaxing in this sea-resort after the hectic fiesta at Pamplona. The next morning he went for a swim again. He felt the old confidence returning: "It felt as though you could never sink." On his return to the hotel he picked some sporting newspapers and sat'in the sun to catch up on French sporting life. The concierge came and handed him a.telegram which read : COULD YOU COME HOTEL MONTANA MADRID AM RATHER IN TROUBLE BRETT. The telegram had been redirected from Paris. A few minutes later a similar' telegram was received by Jake and this had been redirected from Pamplona. Jake left for Madrid the same day by the Sud Express which left San Sebastian at ten at night. Before commencing his journey he sent a telegram to Brett : LADY ASHLEY HOTEL MONTANA MADRID ARRIVING SUD EXPRESS TOMORROW LOVE JAKE. Jake's earlier folly in sending Brett with Pedro Romero had now been realised by him: "Send a girl off with one man. Introduce her to another to go off with him. Now go and bring her back. And sign the wire with love. That was it all right." In Madrid the Notre station is the end of the line for from there trains do not go anywhere : it is at this station that Jake alighted from the Sud Express. From the station Jake drove straight to Hotel Montana.

Jake found Brett in bed. The room was in utter chaos. “I went” over to the bed and put my arms around her. She kissed me, and while she kissed me I could feel she was thinking of something else. She was trembling in my arms. She felt very small." She informed him that she had made/Romero go and she had not realty hurt him. Brett had, realized that he [Romero] should not be Jiving with anyone at all. Romero wanted Brett to grow her hair but she thought that she would "look so like hell". She did not feel that that would make her look more womanly. Romero had wanted to give Brett a lot of a money but she had not accepted a penny from him even though she "didn't have a sou to go away and leave him." Romero had also wanted to marry her. It is at this stage that she revealed that she could not marry Mike either. Romero's intention was to make sure that she did not go away from him at all. One important effect of this affair was to wipe out Cohn from Brett's life. She thought that she was bad for Romero ; she was thirty-four and he was nineteen only. "I'm not going to be one of these bitches that ruins children.'' After telling Jake of her brief affair with Romero, Brett began to cry. She did not want to talk about it at all. She decided to go back to Mike because he was of her own sort. Jake tried to calm her by holding her close to him and stroking her hair. Romero had paid their bill before leaving the hotel. They left the hotel and arranged for their berths on the Sud Express for their journey to San Sebastian, most probably. As they sat drinking in the bar Brett felt good and rather set up as a result of her recent experience with Romero. "You know it makes one feel rather good deciding not to be a bitch," And a little later she remarked, '"It's sort of what we have instead of God." But when Jake replied that some people genuinely believed in God she added, "He never worked very well with me" They lunched at Botin's which is one of the best restaurants in the world. Jake drank too much, perhaps to get drunk. Brett understood his misery to some extent but she did not want him to get drunk for she felt that he did not have to. She thought that he would overcome his grief somehow, but certainly drink was no solution to his problems. As Brett had not seen Madrid Jake proposed to take her for a ride in a taxi. "...The driver started up the street. I settled back Brett moved close to me. We sat close against each other. I put my arm around her and she rested against me

comfortably. It was very hot and bright, and the houses looked sharply white. We turned out on to the Gran Via. "Oh, Jake,' Brett said, 'we could have had such a damned good time together." " Ahead was a mounted policeman in khaki directing traffic. He raised his baton. The car slowed suddenly pressing Brett against me.? "Yes, I said. Isn't it pretty to think so ". 1.2.4 Chapters 17 to 20: Critical Comments The pent up emotion of anger, jealousy and hatred in the heart of Cohn are finally let loose. Cohn beats Mike, Jake and Pedro Romero. His lady-love has been snatched from him and lie feels duty-bound to fight for her. He is justified in beating Jake who has acted, like a pimp, but Cohn is" a sentimental romantic idiot. He fails to realize that Brett has discarded him once for all. He has not. learnt to face the facts of life. He cannot realize that her affair with Cohn does not mean a thing to her now. As a matter of fact, she has wiped out the bitter taste in the mouth by having an affair with Pedro Romero. Pedro Romero is shown as the most excellent bull-fighter. His physical injuries notwithstanding, he performs admirably in the bull-ring- He performs for Brett but without any loss of self-respect.. He exposes himself to danger and demonstrates hew man can overcome danger and assert his manhood. He works close to the bull and does not fake. He seems to derive vitality and sustenance from his encounter with the bulls. He does not look up to Brett to ask if his work pleases her. He has the confidence in him which is born out of the knowledge that he has pleased her. What he does in the bull-ring is- a tribute to Brett but without any loss to himself. Brett is so much in love that she throws discretion overboard. She has exploited Jake's love to gain her own objective. • She has forgotten that she is engaged to Mike Campbell. She has also ignored the resentment of the people working with Pedro Romero. One could go to the extent of calling her cruel and ruthless. One wonders whether war had done so_ much damage to her personality as to make her so completely indifferent to the society in which she moves. She leaves behind a broken Cohn, a broken Mike, and a self-condemned Jake. The climax of the fiesta is also the climax of Pedro's affair with Brett. He has triumphed in the bull-ring as he has triumphed in his love for Brett. Pedro Romero emerges as a successful hero who is untouched by the malady from which the ' rest 23

of the expatriates suffer. His manhood is untouched by what happens around him. All the other male characters in the novel, with the exception of Cohn, recognize his greatness. Montoya is extremely critical of Jake's action of sending ort Brett with him. The bull-ring is suggested as a metaphor for life in which man can triumph only by maintaining the purity of line and exposing himself to maximum danger. In the bull-ring Hemingway found bis famous code; and if his code can stand the test in the bull-ring, he seems to argue, it should be valid for all spheres of life. It is a code that demands that one must face the realities of life courageously and without fear. Only in this way can life have meaning and significance. In contrast drinking and merry making and aimless wandering are no solution to human problems. Belmonte's performance also establishes that the crowd is ignorant and one can justify one's actions only in one's own conscience. In Jake's conscience he is condemned for his actions in Brett-Romero affair. Even when he prays his prayer does not give him the comfort that prayer is usually supposed to bring. Brett cannot enter the church for one reason or the other and when she does succeed in going in she stiffens while praying. It has never done her any good. Killinger is right when he says that in Hemingway all the gods are dead. Structurally, the novel has reached its climax in chapter eighteen. If the earlier chapters could be called "exposition" the final chapter of book two takes us to the climax. Book three, one could expect, would be similar to "denouement" of the traditional drama. Jake's holiday is interrupted by the arrival of the telegram from Brett. In spite of the realization that Brett is net for him Jake decides to go to Madrid to Brett's rescue. He cannot anticipate why he is needed by Brett but he feels that he must go and save her from whatsoever trouble she has got into. Though they have not been able to consummate their love it is clear that there is"-something between them that defies definition. Brett sends for Jake of all the persons whom she has known. In Madrid Jake is rather surprised to find that Brett has made Romero go. Brett's explanation that she is not one of the bitches who ruin men is rather suspect because if she were that scrupulous she would not have gone off with Romero from Pamplona after, the fiesta. Perhaps the explanation lies in the demands that Romero makes on Brett. He asks Brett to grow her hair and be more womanly, a demand that

she cannot comply with. It would have meant that the could not lead her . former life There is an inherent fear in her mind that Romero would have tamed her and her newly-found freedom would have between lost. We have only Brett's version that Romero wanted to. marry, her ; we have no means of knowing that it is really true. Many critics have commended Brett's action in sending away Romero because she knew that she was not good for him but as in one breath she says that she cannot go back to Mike and in the next she decides to go back to him, for he is her own' sort, one cannot take her words at their face value. Again, thinks that Jake and she could have such a good time together. Therefore, one is not sure what she reality believes in. Her actions and her professions contradict each other. The irony of Jake's existence is fully brought out. He loves her and is her slave almost but whatever he may do for the sake of his love it will not satisfy him. Fiedler calls this aspect of Jake's life "the death of love..." In other words, there is no scope for love in the post-war era ; there can be sensuality but no love. War has somehow changed the entire value system of the post-war generation. 

M. A. Part-II English Paper G2 E5 Special Author : Ernest Hemingway Unit-2 First World War and Hemingway A Farewell to Arms

2.1.1 Summary : Chapter I to V The story of the novels opens with the description of a small Italian village by the Narrator, Lieutenant Henry in which he lives. He narrates a sceneof World War I. The troops often march along the road toward the nearby battlefront. Officers travels to the battlefront in military cars which are described as ‘small gray motor cars’. These cars travel to assess the battle and other factors every day and Henry’s speculations is that fast cars carry the king who lives in Udine. There is a cholera epidemic spreads through the army troops and kills seven thousand soldiers. Next year there were many victories. In month of August, Lieutenant Henry’s unit reaches the town of Gorizia. The place is enjoyable and Austrians want to visit this again if war should end. Life in Gorizia is comparatively enjoyable with the well undamaged buildings, nice cafés and two brothels—one for officers, one for enlisted men. There is an oak forest which was green in the summer. The next area and mountains are left for next year and the war is stopped due to the snow fall. They are busy with one another and daily small works at their camps. Henry used to sit in the mess hall with a group of fellow officers, who declare that the war is over for the year because of the snow. There is a priest who used to wear a uniform like others. He is taunted and joked by other fellow soldiers about his sexuality. A captain jokingly chides the priest for never cavorting with women, and the good-natured priest blushes. They discuss about the religiosity and atheist. Major says, “All Thinking men are atheist”. Though he is not religious, Henry treats the priest kindly. The officers then argue over where Henry should take his leave. The priest suggests that he visit Capracotta, in Abruzzi region where the priest’s family lives. However, the fellow officers have other ideas.

They encourage him to visit Palermo, Capri, Rome, Naples, or Sicily. Soon the conversation turns to opera singers, and the officers retire to the whorehouse. Henry returns from his leave and joins his duties at the city. Now the season is changed with new spring. There are also more guns and shell-fire in the town. There is a green picture at everywhere and a breeze comes from the sea. He discusses his trip with his roommate, the lieutenant and doctor Rinaldi. Rinaldi is obsessed with “beautiful girls”. During his leave he has visited Italy and places like: Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples, Villa Sa Giovanni, Messina, Taormina etc. Henry convinces his roommate that travel is no longer necessary to find beautiful women. There are beautiful women in the city of English army. He has fallen in love with a nurse named Catherine Barkley. Henry loans him fifty lire so that Rinaldi can give the woman the impression of being a wealthy man. The priest is hurt because Henry did not go to Abruzzi. Priest’s father had done all the preparations for Henry. Henry felt guilty for it. He explains that he wanted to make the visit but circumstances did not allow him his visit. By the end of the meal, the officers resume picking on the priest. Battery of guns wakes Henry next morning. He visits the garage. There were mechanics doing their jobs on ambulances. Rinaldi advised Henry to visit the British hospital where they could meet Miss Barkley. Henry and Rinaldi enjoyed their drinks and went to the hospitals where they found Barkley in the garden. British hospital was a big villa built by Germans before the war. There was another girl named Helen Ferguson. Miss Ferguson is Scottish. Rinaldi talks with Miss Ferguson and Henry talks with Barkley. He tried to enrich his acquaintance with Miss Catherine. Henry is deeply impressed with the beauty of Miss Catherine especially her long blonde hair. She carries a thin rattan stick that resembles a “toy riding-crop”. The stick is bound in leather. The stick is belonged to Miss Catherine’s fiancé who killed in the Battle of the Somme. They were in relationship for eight years. When she, in turn, asks if he has ever loved, Henry says no. On the way home, Rinaldi observes that Catherine prefers Henry to him. The next day, Henry tries to visit Catherine and finds her in garden but she is not there. He had a conversation with the head nurse. Head nurse is surprised that Henry, being an American, but works for Italian army. She tells him that Miss Barkley is on duty and unavailable to visitors until her shift ends at seven o’clock that evening.

Henry drives back along the trenches. He saw the road and other places that will help him during an attack. After dinner, Henry returns to see Catherine. He finds her in the garden with Helen Ferguson. Helen went off as Henry comes to Miss Catherine. They both talked about her job. Henry and Catherine agree to “drop the war” as a subject of conversation. During their conversation, Henryputs his hands around her neck and tries to kiss her but she slaps him back hard. She said sorry for her slap and their conversation started again. During the second phase of the discussion, Miss Catherine liked the innocence of Henry tries to kiss him. Catherine lets Henry kiss her and begins to cry, saying, “We’re going to have a strange life.” Henry returns home, where Rinaldi teases him about his romantic glow. Critical Analysis: Chapters 1–5 Many critics believed that Ernest Hemingway changed twentieth-century American fiction than any other writer. His declarative, Victorian-influenced, pared- down prose style was unique in itself. Hemingway creates the description with a detached and journalistic prose style. Hemingway captures life of the battlefront of a small Italian town during World War I. At the beginning, Rinaldi immediately emerges as a vibrant and mischievous character. Henry became a conflicted soldier. Henry is physically, psychologically, and morally drained by the war. He is not alone. Catherine Barkley softens toward him quickly. Love and war are two dominant themes of the novel. War is the symbol of brutal intensity. Henry’s world is full of the details of the war. Omnipresence of the war obsessed the minds of the characters and their perception and understanding of the daily life is mostly affected by the war. War fuels the sense of despair and grief at the heart of the book. War is more dangerous than a pandemic like cholera. In first few chapters, all characters are influenced by the war and their behaviour is also affected on a large scale. The relationships of the characters are based on the war and its aftermaths.Somewhere at the core, love appeared as the means of overcoming their fear, pain, and grief.Catherine and Henry pretend to be in love. 2.1.1 Check to your progress 1. The narrator of Farewell to Arms is ….. 2. Henry’s designation in the army is …

3. Who does visit the war place? 4. The King lives in----- 5. Henry’s unit reaches at ….. 6. The Priest’s family lives at------7. Henry’s friends suggest him to visit the places …… 8. Henry’s room mate is….. 9. Henry visits ………..during his leave. 10. Henry loves …………. 11. Catherine is…………….by profession. 12. Rinaldi works as …….at the front. 13. The friend and colleague of Catherine is ……. 14. Helen is ……by nationality. 15. Helen is …… by profession. 16. Henry works for …….army. 17. Henry is …….by nationalist. 2.1.1 Check to your progress Answers: 1. Lieutenant henry 2. Lieutenant 3. King 4. Udine 5. Gorizia 6. Caprocotta in Abruzzi region 7. Palermo, Capri, Rome, Naples, Sicily 8. Rinaldi 9. Italy

10. Catherine Barkley 11. A Nurse 12. Doctor 13. Helen Ferguson 14. Scottish 15. Nurse 16. Italian 17. American 2.1.2 Summary Chapter: VI to IX Henry worked on “the posts” for some time. He meets Catherine in British hospital. Where, he expressed his love for her. They walked in the garden. Catherine also expresses her feelings and love for Henry. Henry kissed Catherine however he feels that he does not love her. They both lived together for some time and then Henry leaves the place. Catherine told him that she loved deeply and missed him too. He thinks that she is little crazy about him. Henry recognizes a thing that he does not love Catherine. This was a game, like bridge, in which one said things instead of playing cards. They made love and enjoyed the company of each other though they are no longer playing. Catherine supposes him as a nice boy but their love making was a kind of rotten game. She also knows that there is not love for her in Henry’s mind. She asked him to be honest about it. She wished that he would keep coming to see her. Henry meets a soldier suffering from hernia on the camp. The soldier threw away his truss on to avoid the duty at front. He had fear to meet his commanding officers as they are familiar with this kind of tricks to avoid the work. Henry advices the man to give himself a bump on the head. Man does accordingly and reached to the hospital for treatment. He was in charge of only an ambulance unit at warfront. He thought that he is not going to face any danger due to his work conditions. All the same he felt that he would not be killed in this war. Henry feels lonely wants to meet Catherine. He remembered good and romantic times he spent with her in Milan full of wine and

food. At dinner, the men drink and tease the priest. Henry was escorted to the British hospital by Rinaldi as he is drunken. At the nurses’ villa, Helen Ferguson tells Henry that Catherine is sick and will not see him. Henry feels surprisingly “lonely and hollow.” Later, Henry hears of an attack scheduled for that night. Henry visited with his ambulances t the war sight in order to pick up the wounded soldiers to the hospitals. Cars passed the British hospital on their way to the front. Henry saw several ranges of mountains and troops on the rod, motor-trucks, and mules carrying mountain guns. Henry stopped his car as he wants to see Catherine. He tells her that he is off for “a show” and that she shouldn’t be worried. She gives him a St. Anthony medal to protect him. Henry returns to the car and the caravan continues toward Pavla, where the fighting will take place. Henry went to the warfront at Pavla where he sees roadside trenches filled with artillery and Austrian observation balloons hanging ominously above the distant hills. A Major welcomes Henry and his drivers. They were installed at a dugout. A major greets Henry and his drivers and installs them in a dugout. They had a discussion on the various ranks of soldiers and engage Henry in a discussion about ending the war. Henry maintains that they would all be worse off if the Italian army decided to stop fighting. According to Passini, one of the ambulance drivers, the war will go on forever unless one side decides to stop. The men on the battleground are hungry. Henry and Gordini, another driver, fetch some cold macaroni and a slab of cheese from the main wound-dressing station. Shelling begins and bombs burst there on the battleground when they returned with food. As the men eat the food, there is “a flash, as when a blast-furnace door is swung open.” Henry is not able to breathe and he thinks about his own death. Passini is killed and Gordini is injured due to shelling. Now there are two drivers named, Gavuzzi and Manera, carry Henry to a wound-dressing station, where a British doctor treats Henry’s ruined leg. 2.1.2 Critical Analysis: Chapters VI–IX Henry shows casualness towards love and war. Henry is not serious in him love affair. He does not have deep feelings and strong bounds with Catherine. She also identifies his state of mind. This shows how wars evaporates the love and other emotions from the mind of man and he or she becomes practical only. Love becomes

game for each other like a war. She wants Henry to visit her regularly but it seems for only making love and for their emotional bounds. Rinaldi also does not believe on love affairs. The characters here are shown dry and not serious towards the important happenings of their lives such as love, marriage, war etc. In chapter seven the theme of war is developed. An attack is going to be launched and Henry shifts on the war fronts. Henry has four ambulances in his charge. Catherine worried about Henry gives an image of Saint Anthony. She believes that Saint Anthony can protect people from danger. This believe of Catherine shows human beings submission to dangers like war. This chapter has beautiful descriptions of mountains and natural settings. Trees, rivers, valley, the woods and the mountain ranges are explained deeply which underlines the importance of role of nature to fill love and peace among human minds. There is realistic and detail description of warfront. All drivers with Henry hated the war. One of the soldiers says, “There is nothing as bad as war”. The horror of the war is conveyed to readers through chapter eight and nine. The discussion proves a general discussion of wars that wars destroy the commons and not uncommons. Common people like soldiers, drivers, and peasants face the dangers of wars at deep. 2.1.2 Check to your progress 1. Henry expresses his love for ….. 2. Henry’s attitude towards his love for Catherine is… 3. Love becomes ………for Henry and Catherine 4. Catherine expects ……….in love from Henry 5. Henry helps a soldiers who suffers from…. 6. Henry was in charge of…….. in the war. 7. Henry became lonely in absence of…… 8. Catherine offers Henry an image of….. to protect him from danger. 9. ……. died at the warfront. 2.1.2 Check to your progress Answers:

1. Catherine 2. Casual 3. Rotten game 4. He should come to meet her daily. 5. Hernia 6. Ambulance Unit 7. Catherine 8. Saint Anthony 9. Passini 2.1.3 Summary: Chapter X to XV Rinaldi comes to meet Henry with a bottle of brandy at hospital. A silver medal is awarded to Henry because he had been seriously wounded. Henry said that he has not done anything heroic. It was wrong that he had shifted wounded men to hospital and rejected to get any medical assistance before them. Rinaldi also tells him the report of the warfront. They had prisoned a thousand enemy soldiers. Rinaldi went to bring Catherine to Henry. At dusk, the priest comes to visit. He tells Henry that he misses him at the mess hall and offers gifts of mosquito netting, a bottle of vermouth, and English newspapers, for which Henry is grateful. The men drink and discuss the war. Henry and Priest had a discussion on love. Priest is on the side on love and Henry continuously rejects the existence of love in his mind. According to priest life without love is full of passion and lust. However, Henry does not agree with. He admits to hating. Their conversation turns to War, God and other aspects. A man who loves God, he says, is not a dirty joke. Henry cannot say that he loves God, but he does admit to fearing Him sometimes. Priest shows the potential of love of Henry’s mind. Henry remains skeptical. The priest says goodbye, and Henry falls asleep. The doctors wants to shift Henry to Milan for better treatment with better equipment for his injured knee and leg. They make hurry to send all soldiers to a safe side. The night before Henry leaves for Milan, Rinaldi and a major from Henry’s company return for a visit. Meanwhile, America has declared war on Germany. The

men get drunk, discussing the war and life in Milan. Rinaldi reports that Catherine will be going to serve at the hospital in Milan. The following morning, Henry sets off for Milan. He describes the train ride, during which he gets so drunk that he vomits on the floor. At Henry’s request, a barber arrives to shave him. The man treats Henry very rudely, and the porter later explains that he had mistaken Henry for an Austrian soldier and was close to cutting his throat. Henry was looked after by nurses in American hospital at Milan but doctors were absent. He was shifted here. Young nurse named Miss Gage arrives to take his temperature. Mrs. Walker returns and, together with Miss Gage, changes Henry’s bed. In the afternoon, the superintendent of the hospital, Miss Van Campen, appears and introduces herself. She and Henry take an immediate dislike to each other. Henry wants wine with his meals, but Miss Van Campenrejected it without doctor’s permission. Later, Henry sends for a porter to bring him several bottles of wine and the evening papers. After the barber and the porter leave, Catherine enters, and Henry realizes that he is in love with her. He pulls her onto the bed with him, and they make love for the first time. The doctor sends Henry for an X-ray. Later, three doctors arrive to consult on the case. They advised Henry to wait six months before having an operation. But, Henry dislikes the idea and wants to move forward in his regular life. Dr. Valentini arrives on the scene who is cheerful, energetic, and competent. He has a drink with Henry and agrees to perform the necessary operation in the morning. Critical Analysis: Chapters X–XV This section of the novel relieves the gloom and solemnity of the preceding chapter. There is thorough discussion on war and its aftermaths. Rinaldi’s humours talking is entertaining aspect of the novel. Henry described Rinaldi as “uninformed, inexperienced, stupid from inexperience”. Rinaldi refers Catherine as English Goddess. Priest is introduced in this section of the novel. He is more serious about each and everything of life. He is earnest type of person. Rinaldi talks about girls and drinks while priest talks about the existence of God. Self-sacrifice and service are the two important aspects of love. Here, the conflict of concrete and abstract life may be observed. Henry hardly believes on God. He is not able to love a woman according to the dimensions given by Priest.

There is discussion on all factors of life including politics, life in cities, women, wine, hospital life, nurses, war wounds etc. The theme of socio-realistic approach may be seen in this section. Realistic details of conditions of hospitals, and details description of Henry’s shifting to the hospital with minor details explains the conditions. Henry gradually recognizes that he is love with Catherine. At this stage of hospital, he accepts his love for her. He becomes crazy in love with her. Henry says, “God knows I had not wanted to fall in love with her. I had not wanted to fall in love with anyone. But God knows I had and I lay on the bed in the rook of the hospital in Miland and all sorts of things went through my head”. Rinaldi, with his endless talk about “pretty girls” and frequent trips to the brothel, embodies the overactive male sex drive. But, as the priest suggests in his conversation with Henry, sex is not enough to satisfy a man. The priest believes that Henry lacks someone to love and, when Henry protests, draws a distinction between lust for prostitutes, of which there is no shortage among the soldiers, and true, profound love. 2.1.3 Check to your Progress 1. Rinaldi called…….as English Goddess. 2. …..Medal is awarded to Henry for his heroic works. 3. Priest supports …….instead of war. 4. America declares war on…… 5. Henry certifies Rinaldi as….. 6. Henry started to love……. 2.1.3 Check to your progress: Answers 1. Catherine Barkley 2. Silver 3. Love 4. Germany 5. Stupid 6. Catherine

2.1.4 Summary: Chapter XVI to XX Catherine stays the night in Henry’s room. They made love and lie in bed together, watching the night through the windows and a searchlight sweep across the ceiling. Henry worries that they will be discovered, but Catherine assures him that everyone is asleep and that they are safe. In possessive mood, Catherine prepares him for his operation. She wants no other nurse touching him. She warns him that such drugs tend to make patients chatty and begs him not to brag about their affair. They discuss their affair. Catherine asks him how many women he has loved before. He answers none. She is pleased, though she knows he is lying. After the operation, Henry becomes very sick. Three other patients come to the hospital—a boy from Georgia with malaria, a boy from New York with malaria and jaundice, and a boy who tried to remove the fuse cap from an explosive shell for a souvenir. Henry develops an appreciation for Helen Ferguson, who helped him. He invites her for their wedding. Helen is not sure that they will get married. Helen and other advises Catherine to take a rest for some nights. She went on three nights off duty. Henry recovered from his injury. He and Catherine enjoyed their time together in Milan. They befriend the headwaiter at a restaurant called the Gran Italia. Catherine continues to spend her nights with Henry. They pretend to themselves that they are married. They discussed on their marriage. He wanted to marry her but she says not to marry him as she will be sent elsewhere according to rule of married couple are not allowed to live together. Marriage, she continues, is beside the point: “I couldn’t be any more married.” Catherine pledges to be faithful to Henry, saying that although she is sure “all sorts of dreadful things will happen to us,” unfaithfulness is not one of them.Catherine says Henry that now they are not two independent persons but one. She says, “I’m married to you. You are my religion. You’re all I’ve got”. Henry visits Anglo-American club and café. When not with Catherine, Henry spends his time with various people from Milan. He keeps company with the Meyerses, an older couple who enjoy going to the races. Once, Henry takes some chocolates for Catherine. He met Ettore Moretti at a bar. He is an Italian from San Francisco serving in the Italian army. Ralph Simmons and Edgar Saunders are two opera singers. Ettore is very proud of his war medals. Henry calls the man a

“legitimate hero” and Catherine does not like the man at all. She referred Ettore as “Dreadful boy”. As the couple talks on into the night, it begins to rain. Catherine fears the rain, which she claims is “very hard on loving,” and begins to cry until Henry comforts her. One day in the afternoon Henry and Catherine go to the races with Helen Ferguson. They won a horse race but did not receive the amount as Italian horse racing is rumored to be extremely corrupt. Catherine is sure that the horse is a champion in disguise. Catherine later becomes tired of others and wants to be alone with Henry. They moved away. Catherine always wants to be alone with him. They again backed a horse but this time their money was lost. Analysis: Chapters XIV–XX The early interactions of the officers with the priest underlines the novel’s sympathies toward a strong, virile type of male behaviour. Number of characters appear in Book Two (Chapters XIII–XXIV)that proves this sentiment. Hemingway describes the doctor who begins to diagnose Henry’s injuries. Henry and doctor have complex views and conceptions about each other. This doctor’s character stands in sharp contrast to Dr. Valentini who is a gregarious but competent surgeon. He drinks hard and wears his sexual appetite on his sleeve. Valentini’s presence contributes to the novel’s celebration of a particular kind of manhood, a fraternal bond supported by a love of wine and women and by displays of reckless boldness, whether they happen on the battlefield, in the bedroom, or on the operating table. This section of the novel takes the love relationship of Henry and Catherine on a height. Chapter 16 is purely devoted to their pure love. Catherine is totally lost in love of Henry. She only talks about him always and he remains in her memories everywhere. The depth of Catherine’s love is clear from the way she surrenders herself completely to Henry. She promises to do as he wants. Extreme self-surrender of Catherine may be observed in her love. She becomes too emotional and possessive about Henry. She says, “I want what you want. There isn’t any me any more. Just what you want.” Henry is not as emotional as Catherine. Their love for each other moves forward as they both want to marry each other. Henry who was not in deep love with Catherine here accepts his love for her and deeply wants to marry her as early as possible. He again and again proposes her to get marry. He has developed deep feeling for Catherine. His love is no longer casual or indifferent as it was

beginning of the novel. It is true that he constantly wants her in bed with him, but it would be wrong to say that he wants her only to satisfy his sexual desire. There are some realistic descriptions of hospital and patients in this section of the novel. We are told that there were three other patients in the hospital now, besides henry. A thin young man with malaria, a nice young man with malaria and jaundice and a fine young man who had been injured while handling an explosive shell on battlefield. The description of these details leaves realistic effect in the story. 2.1.4 Check your Progress 1. Book two includes chapters ….. 2. …..doctor operated Henry. 3. Henry wants ……..Catherine 4. Ettore Moretti serves for…. 5. Ralph Simmons is…… 6. Catherine referred Ettore as …… 7. Henry refers Ettore as……. 8. Catherine fears …. 2.1.4 Check your Progress 1. (Chapters XIII–XXIV) 2. Dr. Valentini 3. To marry 4. Italian Army 5. Opera Singer 6. “Dreadful boy” 7. Legitimate hero 8. Rain

2.1.5 Summary: Chapter XXI- XXV At September, the cool days came and summer is over. The war at the front went very badly. According to a British major, Italians were unable to take San Gabriele and lost one hundred and fifty thousand men on the Bainsizza plateau. Meanwhile, Henry’s leg is nearly healed. He has to join the duties after his convalescent leave. He receives a few letters from his relatives and friends including his grandfather, priest, and Rinaldi. Catherine tells Henry that she is three months pregnant. Catherine worries that Henry feels trapped and promises not to make trouble for him, but he tells her that he feels cheerful and that he thinks she is wonderful. She promised him that she will prove that she is good girl. Catherine talks about the obstacles they will face, and Henry states that a coward dies a thousand deaths, the brave but one. They wonder aloud who authored this observation, but neither is able to remember. Catherine then amends Henry’s words, saying that intelligent brave men die perhaps two thousand deaths but never mention them. The next morning, it begins to rain. Henry is diagnosed with jaundice. Miss Van Campen finds empty liquor bottles in Henry’s room and blames alcoholism for his condition. He was sick for two weeks. She said that it was his alcoholism that had caused the jaundice. She accuses him of purposefully making himself ill in order to avoid being sent back to the front. She orders his liquor stash to be taken away and promises to file a report that will deny him his convalescent leave, which she successfully does. Henry prepares to travel back to the front. He says his goodbyes at the hospital and heads out to the streets. While passing a café, he sees Catherine in the window and knocks for her to join him. They pass a pair of lovers standing outside a cathedral. When Henry observes, “They’re like us,” Catherine unhappily responds, “Nobody is like us.” They enter a gun shop, where Henry buys a new pistol and several ammunition cartridges. On the street, they kiss like the lovers outside the cathedral did. Henry suggests that they go somewhere private, and Catherine agrees. They find a hotel. Even though it is a nice hotel and Catherine stops on the way to buy an expensive nightgown, she still feels like a prostitute. After dinner, however, they both feel fine. Henry utters the lines, “‘But at my back I always hear / Time’swingèd chariot hurrying near,”. Henry asks Catherine how she will manage

having the baby; she assures him that she will be fine and that she will have set up a nice home. Henry and Catherine took a carriage to the Milan railway station. They said good-bye to each other. It was raining. A porter waiting for Henry at the railway station who took him into one of the compartments where the machine gunner was occupying a sear for Henry. There another officer tried to occupy the seat of Henry. He said that he was at the station two hours before Henry’s arrival and that Henry had no right to use the services of an army man t occupy a seat on his behalf. There is no chance for Henry to get a seat so he has to stand throughout the journey. Later, he lay down on the floor of the corridor and had a sound sleep. Henry reached Gorizia. He has a talk with the town major about the war. It was a bad summer, the major says. The major is pleased to learn that Henry received his decorations and decides that Henry was lucky to get wounded when he did. The major admits that he is tired of the war and states that he doesn’t believe that he would come back if he were given leave from the front. Major said that Henry should go to Bainsizza and relieve Gino of his charge of the four ambulances which were there. Major also assured Henry that the conditions at the war front were good in his absence. Henry then meets Rinaldi at his residence at lodge. Rinaldi advises Henry to have some more treatment on his knee. Henry is depressed due to the war conditions that kills men and creates violence. He said the war was killing him. Analysis: Chapters XXI–XXV The theme of war and love moves to next stage of the story in this section of the novel. This section of Book Two chronicles the happy summer that Henry and Catherine spend together before he must return to the front. As his leg heals, Henry enjoys increasing mobility, and he develops a more normal, social relationship with Catherine. Catherine is pregnant and she is worried about it. One of the reasons that the reader is able to believe more fully in their relationship is that these chapters do much to develop Catherine’s character. There is discussion on different war skills of Italians and Germans. Henry’s opinion is that Germans are only real soldiers. Poor Henry suffers from jaundice. Medical superintendent has his convalescent leave cancelled on the charge that his jaundice is self-inflicted. However, no man in his senses would take deliberate measures to inflict jaundice upon himself. Soldiers 15

do such kind of things on themselves to avoid the duties but not one would danger life for it. Chapter 23 again reveals the theme of love between Henry and Catherine. Henry comes to Catherine from the hospital. They live together in a hotel. They come closer emotionally in this chapter. The love which began with their physical relationship leads towards their emotional bound gradually. Henry at the beginning of the relations was not serious about love but now he talks seriously and ready to take responsibilities of relationship. The conversation between henry and Catherine shows some of the things. Catherine says that whatever they have been doing was “So innocent and simple”. Henry tells her that she is a “lovely girl,”, “a grand girl” and “a fine simple girl”. Hemingway makes Catherine and Henry’s love for each other more real, more complicated, and more convincing. Their family discussion throws light on Henry family background. He has a step-father. Catherine ensures him about her pregnancy as she wants him happy always. They parted from each other in rain. Rain becomes symbol of disaster in this novel. Henry quotes are from Andrew Marvell’s poem “To His Coy Mistress” (1681). In the poem, a man addresses the young object of his desire and tries to convince her that the social norms that keep her chaste are unimportant in the face of inevitable death. Life is painfully short, the poem suggests; whatever pleasure can be had should be had regardless of fussy, moralistic traditions. The poem plays an important role in shaping the farewell scene between Catherine and Henry. In their hotel room, Catherine says that she feels like a whore; even though she feels no need to marry— and has asked Henry how they could possibly be more married than they are now— the strict moral expectations of society still exert a force strong enough to vex her happiness. Henry joins his duties in Gorizia. There he met Rinaldi again. Rinaldi has been shouldering as a surgeon have considerably depressed his spirits. He has his sense of humour in this tough atmosphere. He is still cordial and affectionate towards Henry. He considers Henry as his good friend and war brother. 2.1.5 Check your progress 1. Henry quotes from ------pom of Andrew Marvell. 2. Henry joins his duties in ------

3. Henry was on ------leave for his treatment 4. Henry suffers from ------5. ------is war brother of Rinaldi. 6. ------becomes bound between Henry and Catherine 2.1.5 Check Your Progress: Answers 1. To His Coy Mistress 2. Gorizia 3. Convalescent 4. Jaundice 5. Henry 6. Catherine’s Pregnancy 2.1.6 Summary: Chapter XXVI - XXX Henry and Priest had a talk on present conditions of war. The priest thinks that the war will end soon, though he cannot say why he thinks so. Henry remains skeptical. The priest notices a change in the men, as all thinks seriously about the meaning of war. According to Priest the war will end soon as it would not go on much longer. The Austrians had won victories during the summer. They had succeeded in preventing the Italians from taking San Gabriele. One the other hand, Henry would not think that Austrians would not stop fighting. Henry said, “It is in defeat that we become Christian”. Henry claims that he no longer believes in victory. At the end of the evening, when the priest asks what Henry does believe in, he responds, “In sleep.” Henry meets Gino when he travels to the Bainsizza. He tells him about a battery of terrifying guns that the Austrians have. The men discuss the Italian army’s position against Croatian troops. Gino predicts that there will be nowhere for the Italians to go should the Austrians decide to attack. He claims that the summer’s losses were not in vain, and Henry falls silent, thinking how words like “sacred, glorious, and sacrifice” embarrass him. Henry believes that such words had little meaning. Only the names of places had dignity. According to Henry the words such as glory, honour, courage are abstract and hallow. The concrete names of villages,

the numbers of roads, the names of rivers, the numbers of regiments and the dates are the real words. Henry said that the shortage of food could affect the morale of the troops. Gino did not want Italians to lose the war. That night, the rain comes down hard and the enemy begins a bombardment. In the morning, the Italians learn that the attacking forces include Germans, and they become very afraid. They have had little contact with the Germans in the war and would prefer to keep it that way. The next night, word arrives that the Italian line has been broken; the forces begin a large-scale retreat. The troops slowly move out. As they come to the town of Gorizia, Henry sees women from the soldiers’ whorehouse being loaded into a truck. Bonello, one of the drivers under Henry’s command, offers to go with the women. At the villa, Henry discovers that Rinaldi has taken off for the hospital; everyone else has evacuated too. Henry, Bonello, and two other drivers, Piani and Aymo, rest and eat before resuming the retreat. There had been a great battle in the north all day. One of the medical officers said that it was the Germans who were attacking. The word “Germans” was something to be afraid of. Nobody dare to do anything with the Germans, because they were dreadful fighters. In Book Three (which begins with Chapter XXV), the focus of the novel switches noticeably from love, the major thematic interest of Book Two, to war. Hemingway reports from the battlefront with a neutral, journalistic style that heightens the realism of the narrative and proves surprisingly unsettling. Summary: Chapter XXVIII There are many trucks and carts on the main road along with troops who were in treat. Bonello had allowed two engineer-sergeants to get into his car. Aymo accepted two girls in his car. Aymotried to console crying girls in his car. The girls seem suspicious of Aymo’s intentions, but he eventually, if crudely, convinces them that he means them no harm. During the night many peasants had joined the column of cars, trucks, and carts. In the column there were carts loaded with household goods. There were huddled women on some of the carts. Henry doubted about their success with this slow speed. So, he decided to take a side road and then to go across country. He found a small road to the north along the fields with a hedge of trees on both sides. He discussed his plan to take short cut with Bonello, Piani, and Aymo. They took two sergeants with them for any assistance during the journey.They

reached a farm house which was deserted. They got some cheese, apples, and some wine as breakfast. They enjoyed it and resumed their journey. Chapter XXIX Aymo’s car gets stuck in the soft ground, and the men are forced to cut brush hurriedly to place under the tires for traction. Henry orders the two engineering sergeants riding with Bonello to help. Afraid of being overtaken by the enemy, they refuse and try to leave. Henry draws his gun and shoots one of them; the other escapes. Bonello takes Henry’s pistol and finishes off the wounded soldier. The men use branches, twigs, and even clothing to create traction, but the car sinks further into the mud. They continue in the other vehicles but soon get stuck again. Henry gives some money to the two girls traveling with Aymo and sends them off to a nearby village. The men continue to Udine on foot. Summary: Chapter XXX Henry, along with his companions Bonello, Piani, and Aymo came on the road which led to a river. There was a long line of trucks and carts on the road to cross the bridge. The river was high. The bridge had been blown up in the centre. They reached to bank in search of a place to cross. They got a railway bridge after walking for a while. This bridge was intact. Henry ordered his companions to follow him on the bridge. Just up the river there was another bridge. Henry saw it. He saw a motor car crossing the bridge. The driver and the other men in that car wore German helmets. Henry told his companions about German staff. After a while, they saw bicycle troops on the other bridge with German helmets. Henry and companions doubted about the free movement in the present of Austrians soldiers as they are Germans. Nor could they understand why there were no Austrain soldier to be seen at all in that area. Henry wondered whether he would be able to reach his destination. He had been ordered to take his ambulances to Pordenone. Now it seemed that he might not even be able to get to Udine. He saw another group of soldiers on the bridge and hide themselves from being seen. Just at that time some shots were fired from behind a bush and killed Aymo. Henry said that the soldiers whom they had seen were not Germans but Italians wearing German helmets. Aymo was killed by Italian soldier’s bullet. Henry along with Bonello and Piani reached a farm house. It was deserted. They satisfied their hunger with some sausages and wine which they found in the farm 19

house. Meanwhile, Bonello left the place to get arrested himself to save his life as he did not want to get killed like Aymo. They started their journey to Udine and saw a German battalion marching along the main road. They walked all night toward the river Tagliamento. They saw large crowds of people in retreat. It was so large that Henry felt that the whole country was moving with army. Before day-light Henry and Piani reached the bank of the river Tagliamento. They went along the bank and just got into the crowd of people who were crossing the bridge. At the far end of the bridge there were Italian officers and soldiers standing on both sides, flashing lights. They started to examine everyone in the crowd. Italian soldiers rushed towards Henry and Piani and caught hold of them. Henry tried to get treatment like an officer but he was told that he will be shot if he resisted. He learnt that he was dealing with military police. The police were ordered to cross examine every one whom they suspected of having deserted his post. Another lieutenant colonel was cross examined by the police. That lieutenant was separated from regiment due to confusion of the retreat. One of the questioners said that it was persons like him who are responsible for country’s degradation and defeat in the war. The lieutenant colonel was then ordered to be shot. Henry, after seeing the killing of the lieutenant, understood that he also may get shot as he has deserted his post. He was not a deserter up to now, but the military police would never accept his explanation. Without wasting more time, Henry thought and jumped into the river. Some bullets came to him but he was safe under the water. He came up to the surface took breath and again hid under water. Then, he got a piece of timber. He caught hold of it. Analysis Chapter XXVI - XXX War has affected the spirits of the priest and Henry too as the war is the main theme of the novel. Henry’s discussion with the priest confirms the difficulties of living in a world in which war has beaten many of the foundations of human perception like God, love and honour. These concepts have helped to structure human life and give it meaning. The characters like Rinaldi till believe on these values of life. Henry’s conversation with the priest illustrates the emotionless horror one feels when there is nothing left in which to believe. Without a belief in God or a commitment to the war in which he is fighting, Henry can safely say that he believes only in the oblivion that sleep brings.

The war situation now takes a definite turn for the worse for the Italians. A retreat is ordered. Hemingway’s description of the retreat, which is based on one of the most large-scale retreats of World War I. He gives us a fairly vivid and realistic account of the happenings, with all sorts of details thrown in the description. Some lines in this phase of the story shows Henry’s sense of disillusionment. The words glory, honour, and sacrifice etc. have no meaning for him. A patriot always talks in words of honour and glory. But these words are nothing to Henry. The state of mind of Henry here is quite important from the point of view of the subject matter of this novel. Henry does not follow conventional ideals. The names of places are concrete and solid for him as they exist in relation to the abstract words like glory, honour, and courage. Henry performing his war duties along with others he has deep memory of Catherine in his mind. The memory becomes so hard when they met two virgin girls. Henry thinks of Catherine who must be sleeping in her bed at that time. Perhaps she is not asleep. Perhaps she lies thinking about him. There was rain full night and Henry wants to be with Catherine in his bed. Hemingway spends less space on the discussion psychological conditions of his characters. His major focus is on their actions, deeds, and external events. However, now and then he does reveal to us the inner working of the mind of his heroes or heroines. The chapter 29 contains an act of violence by Henry. He is helped by Bonello, Henry’s driver, in this act of violence. An atmosphere of suspense is existed. Two sergeants and two girls are there in this section to create symbolic meaning of confusion occurred due to retreat. The murder of the engineering officer is a testament to Hemingway’s brilliant depiction of the confusion and meaninglessness of war. This act superficially comes out of nowhere. The reader doesn’t expect the normally self-possessed Henry to display such aggression, nor does such behaviour seem particularly justified. Bonello’s ruthless, point-blank extermination of the man’s life is equally senseless. That the engineer is guilty of no capital crime and thus merits no punishment so grave as death emphasizes that, oftentimes, one cannot account for men’s behavior in war. There is description of Caporetto retreat which was one of the notable events of World War I. There is confusion of Henry to identify the soldiers as Italians or

Germans due to helmets. Military police and they interrogation of soldiers and killing them endangers the life of soldiers. It is based on more suspicion and less justification. Hemingway uses irony to reveal the situation of war through the following statement of Henry: I saw how their minds worked; if they had minds and if they worked. They were all young men and they were saving their country. The second army was being reformed beyond the Tagliamento. They were executing officers of the rank of major and above who were separated from their troops. They were also dealing summarily with Germans agitators in Italian uniform. So, they had short every one they had questioned. The questioners had the beautiful detachment and devotion to stern justice of men dealing in death without being in any danger of it. Chapter XXX of the novel is full of suspense, excitement, pathos, and humour. It is one of the most exciting chapters in the book. Henry’s plunge into the river comes as a climax to a chain of exciting incidents and t shows , at the same time, henry’s capacity for taking a s swift decision according to the occasion. The killing of Italian officers creates pathos in the story on the charge of deserting their posts. The behaviour of military police is quite amusing because of their irrationality. Chapter XXX presents two types of characters as a counterpoint to Henry. The zealous patriotism of the moblike battle police stands in contrast to Henry’s distrust of noble ideals. Their rhetoric of God, blood, and soil, in its senselessness and cruelty, makes Henry’s skepticism appear saintly. The character of the officer who is executed is more complex. The officer, however, is resigned to his defeat. He neither flees nor protests his execution. Still, he tries to recover a quiet dignity by asking not to be pestered with stupid questions before he is shot. Henry is neither defeated nor interested in saving face. Because he doesn’t believe in the sacredness of war or victory. He escapes not out of cowardice but out of an indisposition to make a sacrifice for a cause that, to him, seems meaningless. In the context of total irrationality, he accepts self-preservation as a way. 2.1.6 Check your progress 1. ------had victories in the war. 2. Henry believes in------3. Henry meets Gino at-----

4. Henry believes that …….words are abstract words. 5. ------allowed two girls to sit in his car. 6. Why did Henry take side road? 7. Henry wants------from the two sergeants. 8. Why did the sergeants reject to help? 9. ------shoot the wounded soldiers. 10. What was the order for Henry? 11. Why did Bonello left the group? 12. Italian soldiers had …..to look like Germans 13. Lieutenant colonel was shot as he------2.1.6 Check your progress: Answers 1. Austrians 2. In sleep 3. Bainsizza 4. Glory, honour, and courage 5. Aymo 6. To reach early to Udine 7. Help to get stuck car out of the mud. 8. They are afraid that enemy would take them. 9. Bonello 10. To take his ambulance Pordenone 11. He wanted to get arrested to not get killed 12. German helmets. 13. Deserted his post

2.1.7 Summary: Chapter XXXI to XXXV Henry floated down the river; after floating in the cold river water for what seems to him a very long time, Henry climbs out, removes from his shirt the stars that identify him as an officer, and counts his money. Then he walked through the countryside, crossing the fields and going to the north till he saw a railway freight train passing by. He jumped on the train. He crosses the Venetian plain that day and jumps aboard a military train that evening. He freezes when a young soldier with a helmet that is too large for his head spots him, but the boy assumes that Henry belongs on the train and does nothing. Henry then hides in a car carried with guns. While crawling under a huge canvas tarp, he cuts his head open. He waits for the blood to coagulate so that he can pick the dried blood off of his forehead. He does not want to be visible when he gets out. The train was going towards Mestre. Henry made his mind to jump off the train before it got there lest he should be discovered. On the railway station, he was hungry, wet, and cold. Henry had done half the retreat on foot and swum part of the river. His knee helped him to do this hazardous task and he thanked Dr. Valentini for this knee. Henry always thought of Catherine but afraid of being crazy for her. He wondered what his colleagues and family in America would think about his fate. He thought of Rinaldi, priest and other members who would be wondering about his whereabouts. Thoughts of loss plague him. Henry feels that the war is over for him. “It was not my show anymore,” he reflects. Soon, though, the needs of his body distract him from these thoughts. He needs to eat, drink, and sleep with Catherine, whom he dreams of taking away to a safe place. Henry gets off the train when it enters Milan. He goes to a wine shop and has a cup of coffee. The proprietor offers to help him, but Henry assures the man that he is in no trouble. After they share a glass of wine, Henry goes to the hospital, where he learns from the porter that Catherine along with Ferguson, has left for Stresa. He meets Ralph Simmons, one of the opera singers that he encounters earlier. He asks about the procedures for traveling to Switzerland. Simmons. Simmons offered whatever help he can. He gives Henry a suit of civilian clothes and sends him off to Stresa. Henry said that once upon a time he had lived in Rome where he studied architecture. Henry takes the train to Stresa. He, in civilian clothes, felt a masquerade. Still, he claims that such looks do not bother him, for he has made a “separate peace” with

the war. He even did not read the news of war in newspaper. The train arrives in Stresa, and Henry heads for a hotel called the Isles Borromées. He takes a nice room and tells the concierge that he is expecting his wife. In the bar, Emilio, the bartender, reports that he has seen two English nurses staying at a small hotel near the train station. Henry eats but does not answer Emilio’s questions about the war, which, he reflects, is over for him. Catherine and Helen Ferguson are having supper when Henry arrives at their hotel. While Catherine is overjoyed, Helen becomes angry and berates Henry for making such a mess of her friend’s life. Neither Henry nor Catherine yields to Helen’s stern moralizing, and soon Helen begins to cry. Henry describes the night spent with Catherine: he has returned to a state of bliss, though his thoughts are darkened by the knowledge that the “world breaks everyone” and that good people die “impartially.” The barman asked him questions about the war. Henry asked him not to talk about war. He thinks that war is nothing to him now. He says, “There was no war here. Then I realised it was over for me. But I did not have the feeling that it was really over. I had the feeling of a boy who thinks of what is happening at a certain hour at the school-house from which he has played truant.” Catherine and Henry spent full night at a hotel and they now are happy with each other. He confessed Catherine that he thought like a criminal of himself for deserted the army. Catherine counselled him. Later that morning, Catherine goes to see Helen, and Henry goes fishing with Emilio. Emilio offers to lend Henry his boat at any time. Henry and Catherine enjoy lunch with Helen Ferguson. Count Greffi, a ninety-four-year-old nobleman whom Henry befriends on an earlier trip to Stresa, is also at the hotel with his niece. That evening, Henry plays billiards with the Count. They talk about many things. The Count asked henry what he had been reading, and Henry mentioned the book, Mr. Britling Sees ThroughIt. The Count believed that he would become more religious as he grew older, but his hope had not materialised. He also said that it was wrong to think that a man became wiser as he grew older. People did not grow wiser with old age ; they only became more careful. Henry expressed that Italy would win the war as it was a younger nation. The barman took Henry with him for fishing trip. They went to the lake and, getting into a boat, tried to catch fish. They did not have much luck, and so they got out of the boat and went into a small café to have a few drinks. Then they returned to the hotel. Catherine had to yet returned. Henry lay down on the 25

bed and tried to avoid thinking. Henry confessed his life’s completeness with Catherine. He says, my life used to be full of everything, now if you aren’t with me I haven’t a thing in the world.” 2.1.7 Analysis Chapter XXXI to XXXV Chapters XXXI and XXXII are suspenseful. First, he floats down the current but is able to reach the shore. Then, he managed to travel towards Mestre. The suspense created here disturbs readers about what next will with Henry. The account of his adventures in both these chapters is quite exciting. However, it is more realistic because such kind of adventures are common in any war. Adventures and wanderings of Henry along with his colleagues show how war makes human life misery and sorrowful. Henry’s reflections are very important in these two chapters. He thinks of how he lost his cars which he has to take to Pordenone. He failed in his duties. Now, he is not in war. He is free of Italian army. He was very angry on army police but his swimming in the river made him free from the anger. He does not want to wear his army uniform. He removes stars from his coat and throws them away. He wishes the others all the luck. There are good, brave, calm, and sensible people in Italian army. Wars and armies kill such kind of emotions from the soldiers’ mind. They make them machines to kill. That is why, he ends his relation with army. He wants to reach Mestre and to be free from thoughts. Henry is safe in Milan. Catherine moved to another city and he decided to follow her there. All people who met Henry in Milan are good and cooperative. The shop-owner where he takes coffee is unexpectedly kind. The porter and his wife are cordial to him. Simmons becomes the main source of help. The details of Milan and people create the realistic atmosphere of human world. Comparative picture may be seen at war front and civil residents. People at war as soldiers want to kill each other at war front and people as people want to help each other at civil places. Catherine now is in more love with Henry than before. She is as submissive and gentle to him as she was in the initial stages of their love-affair. She always deeply concerned about Henry’s safety. She is ready to go with him anywhere. She follows him like a devotee. Her love for him is transformed into devotion. Just as war has been stripped of its romantic ideals. Henry left the stars that mark him as a lieutenant. With this action, he feels as if a certain portion of his life is 26

over. His escape through the river is a baptism of sorts, a journey that washes away his anger and obligations and renews his sense of what truly matters in the world. His thoughts return to Catherine. In these chapters, Henry makes a “separate peace,” as he later calls it, with the war—the farewell to arms that gives the novel its title (Chapter XXXIV). When Henry reflects on his farewell in Chapter XXXII, the narrative switches from the first person to the second. This shift doesn’t mark the first time that Hemingway uses the second person, but it brings about the most extended usage of it in the text. The second person affects a colloquial story telling tone. More important, it asks the reader to identify with Henry and get inside his head. This device, which Hemingway reserves for Henry’s more philosophical moments, is as startling as it is engaging. The repeated “you” jumps out of a text that has used “I”. Use of stream-of- consciousness style intensifies. Hunger intrudes upon Henry’s thoughts about his supposed death and the welfare of his friends, and the narrative follows Henry as he drifts off to sleep with the diffuse sentence, “There were many places.” The discussions between Henry and The Count gives philosophical tone to the story. They discussed about love, war, religious matters, old age, values of a person in life etc. Count Greffi says some wise things in the chapter, for example, he says that old people are not necessarily wise; they are only more careful. Old people are not religious either, in the sense of believing in the soul and similar other things. Henry replies he values most “Someone I love”. According to Count love is a religious feeling. 2.1.6 Check your progress 1. Henry removes…….from his uniform. 2. Henry reached at……..through railway. 3. Catherine had gone to………when Henry reached to meet her. 4. He had made------with the war. 5. The age of Count Greffi is……. 6. Old people are more ……according to Count 7. Henry values………

2.1.7 Check your progress: Answers 1. Stars 2. Milan 3. Stresa 4. Separate Peace 5. 90 years 6. Careful 7. Someone I love 2.1.8 Summary: Chapter XXXVI to XLI Later that night, Emilio wakes Henry to inform him that the military police plan to arrest Henry in the morning. He suggests that Henry and Catherine row to Switzerland. Henry wakes Catherine, and they pack and head down to the dock. Emilio stocks them up with brandy and sandwiches and lets them take the boat. He advised Henry on how to make journey by boat. He said to row throughout night to reach Switzerland by morning. It is only thirty-five kilometres of journey. He takes fifty lire for the provisions and tells Henry to send him five hundred francs for the boat after he is established in Switzerland. Henry did not want to row in Catherine’s pregnancy conditions but Catherine said that rowing in moderation was very good for a pregnant woman. They landed at a town called Brissago to have breakfast. There was rain and they knew that they would be arrested but not worried too much as they were British and American citizens of good standing. They were arrested after breakfast and taken to the custom-house to be interrogated by the Swiss police. They were asked the reason to enter Switzerland by bot. Henry answered that he was a sportsman and that he was fond of rowing. He also said that they have come here to participate in the winter sports. Police decided to confiscate the boat. They sent Henry and Catherine to Locarno for further questioning. Police at Locarno told them that they are free to go anywhere in Switzerland but they have to report to the police wherever they were.

Henry and Catherine have settled to a wooden house on a mountain outside the village of Montreux. They pass a splendid life together, enjoying the company of Mr. Guttingen and his wife. They live downstairs, and taking frequent walks into the peaceful nearby villages. Mr. Gutttingen had retired as a head waiter and Mrs. Gutttingen had worked as a maid in the same hotel. Their son was studying at a Zurich hotel to be a head waiter. Sometimes Henry and Catherine walked Down the mountain into Montreux. They had to pass through some villages on their way to Montreux. One day, after Catherine has her hair done in town, the couple goes out for a beer, which Catherine believes will help keep the baby small. Catherine has been increasingly worried about the baby’s size, since the doctor has warned her that she has a narrow pelvis. Again, Henry and Catherine discuss marriage. Catherine agrees to marry someday because it will make the child “legitimate,” but she prefers to talk about the sights that she hopes to see, such as Niagara Falls and the Golden Gate Bridge. She told Henry that she would go to his homeland American after their marriage. Three days before Christmas, snow falls. Catherine asks Henry if he feels restless with her. He says no, though he does wonder about Rinaldi, the priest, and the men on the front. Catherine, suspecting that Henry might be restless, suggests that he change something to refresh his life. He agrees to grow a beard. Catherine suggests that she cut her hair to make her look more like Henry, but Henry doesn’t like this idea. When she proposes that they try to fall asleep together at the same time, Henry is unable to and lies awake looking at Catherine and thinking for a long time. By mid-January, Henry’s beard has come in fully. It was possible to walk on the roads again. The snow lay over all the country. The mountains on the other sie of the lake were all white and the plain of the Rhone valley was covered. While out on a walk, he and Catherine stop at a dark, smoky inn. They relish their isolation and wonder if things will be spoiled when the “little brat” comes. Catherine says that she will cut her hair when she is thin again after the baby is born so that she can be “exciting” and Henry can fall in love with her all over again. Catherine asks Henry about his relationship with his family. He said that last time he had a quarrel with them. They insisted to live together with family.

They lived in same cottage in the months of January and February happily. In March came the first break in the winter. It started raining. It made the mountain-side dismal. There were clouds over the lake and valley. Catherine’s delivery is one month ahead. They decided to move to Lausanne where all the necessary hospital facilities would be available. Quietly and pleasantly, they stayed at a hotel for three weeks. They always had a splendid time during this period. Around three o’clock one morning, Catherine goes into labor. Henry takes her to the hospital. The woman at the counter wants the details of Catherine’s name, age, address, relatives, and religion. Catherine told the woman that she had no religion and woman put a line at that space. She asks Henry to go out for breakfast, which he does. When he returns to the hospital, he finds that Catherine has been taken to the delivery room. He goes in to see her; the doctor stands by as Catherine inhales an anesthetic gas to get her through the painful contractions. Later that afternoon, when Henry returns from lunch, Catherine has become intoxicated from the gas and has made little progress in her labor. The doctor tells Henry that the best solution would be a Caesarean operation. Catherine suffers unbearable pain and pleads for more gas. Finally, they wheel her out on a stretcher to perform the operation. Henry watches the rain outside. The doctor soon comes out with a baby boy, for whom Henry, strangely, has no feelings. Henry sees the doctor fussing over the child, but he rushes off to see Catherine without speaking to him. When Catherine asks about their son, Henry tells her that he is fine. The nurse gives him a quizzical look; ushering him outside, the nurse explains that the umbilical cord had strangled the child prior to birth and the child is dead. Henry goes out for dinner. When he returns, the nurse tells him that Catherine is hemorrhaging. He is terrified that she will die. When he is finally allowed to see her, she tells him that she will die and asks him not to say the things that he once said to her to other girls. He stays with her until she dies. Once she is dead, he attempts to say goodbye but cannot find the sense in doing so. He leaves the hospital and walks back to his hotel in the rain. 2.1.8 Analysis Chapters: XXXVI to XLI Chapter XXXVI is about the goodness of human nature through the character of Barman. He offered each and every possible help to Henry to save them. We are

greatly struck by the barman’s kindness towards henry. This is appreciating the way he is helping henry and Catherine. Barman’s character underlines the importance of good aspect of human nature. In fact, most of the people portrayed in the novel are good in this novel: Priest, Rinaldi, Ferguson, and now the Barman. Neither Simmons, Emilio, nor Count Greffi support the war, with Simmons and Emilio going so far as to help Henry escape from duty. This rather one-sided presentation of the public’s perception of war advances the novel’s fundamental argument that war offers more opportunities for senseless loss and destruction than for glory and honor.But the goodness of minor people is not sufficient to establish peace in the world it is in the hands of rich and powerful people to do it but unfortunately, they always create war like situations to disturb the world peace. Readers have a relief when Henry and Catherine reached Switzerland. They thought everything will be okay now and the story would have a happy ending. Once reunited with Catherine, Henry seems content with his decision to abandon the military. Several times, he assures himself that he is done with the war, but his “separate peace” is, perhaps, more a matter of wishful thinking than an actual state of mind. Henry admits that his thoughts are muddled when it comes to the war and his role in it. He tells Catherine that he will one day share his experience, if he can “get it straight in [his] head.” This psychological turmoil and Henry’s declaration that he feels like a criminal for leaving the front speak to a conflict deeper than Henry is willing to admit. Henry’s night-time meditation—one of the most beautifully written and moving passages in the novel—echoes sentiments of fear and death. While his incredibly miserable observation that the world was designed to kill the good, the gentle, and the brave seems to come out of nowhere, it anticipates the workings of the cruel world that soon “break[s]” what he holds most dear. They lived happily at Montreux. Their happiness is perfect. They have no work to do. They spent time vising Montreux, playing cards, reading, and talking. They are deeply in love with each other. They have merged each other in themselves. Catherine is deeply devoted towards Henry and she always wants him to be happy. She wants him to smile and to look handsome. She asks him go grow beard as he looks more handsome. She loves his beard.

Henry and Catherine’s simple domestic rituals in the first half of this section illustrate their happiness together. A subtle nervousness, however, hangs over the tranquility. Henry, as is typical for Hemingway’s heroes, craves adventure and finds himself becoming restless with what has essentially become married life. When he shadowboxes at the gym, he can’t bear to look at himself long in the mirror because a boxer with a beard looks strange to him. This clash of new and old identities explodes later when Henry feels nothing for his son. As much as Henry has desired his isolation from the world and solitude with Catherine, their exclusive union poses for him a new problem of maintaining a modicum of independence. When Catherine’s death comes, Henry reports it in the baldest, most unadorned terms: “It seems she had one hemorrhage after another. They couldn’t stop it. I went into the room and stayed with Catherine until she died.” Though the novel ends in tragedy, Catherine’s death fails to initiate an epiphany in Henry. Her death is not the catalyst for a great change or revelation. The realization that does come only confirms the novel’s largest thematic focus: both love and war lead to losses for which there is no compensation. The storm with which the novel ends reminds the reader of Catherine’s fear of rain. The rain that now falls on Henry as he leaves the hospital signals the same destructive forces—forces that render one powerless, speechless, and hopeless.By ending on this note, the novel seems to suggest that any epiphany Henry might have had, any thoughts that might have given him a more promising perspective, or any words that might have lent him solace would be false or impossible. They belong to the realm of Rinaldi’s prostitutes, of Henry’s drinking, of Catherine’s lust for love: each of these provides much needed shelter from the world’s inhospitable forces. But, as the closing passage of A Farewell to Arms makes heartbreakingly clear, such shelter is always temporary. 2.1.7 Check your Progress 1. Henry and Catherine went to Switzerland because…….. 2. They landed …….for breakfast 3. Henry and Catherine were arrested by…… 4. Henry told Swiss Police that he is…….. 5. Henry told swiss police that he has come to Switzerland to ……. 32

6. Catherine and Henry settled at ……in Switzerland 7. Henry and Catherine lived in the house of………at Montreux 8. Henry and Catherine decided to settle at Lausanne because….. 9. Catherine delivered ……. 10. Catherine dies of…… 2.1.8 Check your Progress: Answers 1. Military police plan to arrest Henry and Catherine 2. Brissago 3. Switzerland police 4. Sportsman 5. To participate in winter sport. 6. Montreux 7. Mr. Guttingen 8. To get the hospital facilities for Catherine’s delivery 9. A baby boy 10. Homorrhage 

M. A. Part-II English Paper G2 E5 Special Author : Ernest Hemingway Unit-3 For Whom the Bell Tolls Ernest Hemingway

About the Author: Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American journalist, novelist, short-story writer and sportsman. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899. He was raised in Oak Park, Illionis which is the west side of Chicago. After high school, he was a reporter for a few months for The Kansas City Star and later worked as ambulance driver in World War I. He was seriously injured on the Austro-Italian front on July 8, 1918 and returned home. He published his novel The Sun Also Rises in 1926 which brought him success. His novel The Old Man and the Sea was published in the year 1952 which gave him enormous fame. He wrote seven novels, six short-story collections, and two nonfiction works. His other famous novels are In Our Time (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), and To Have and Have Not (1937). The major themes of his novels are love, war, wilderness and loss. He almost died in 1954 after two plane crashes but these accidents left him pain and ill health. He bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho where he ended his own life in 1961. Historical Background of the novel: For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel based on the Spanish Civil War that was fought between The Republicans and The Nationalists killing over 500,000 people. It began in the year 1936 and came to an end in 1939 with the victory of The Nationalists. The Republicans included urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many people from the educated middle class. They were supported by the Soviet Union, International Brigades and volunteers from Europe and United States. The Nationalists were the military, industrialists, land owners and the Roman Catholic Church. They were the privileged people who had amassed great wealth. They were supported by the Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.

Spanish King Alfonso XIII authorized elections in 1931 to decide the government of Spain. To his surprise, leftist Popular Front government also called as The Second Repubic came into power and Alfonso went into exile. Spain was going through Great Economic Depression in 1930 and the elected Prime Minister Manuel Azaña decided to bring reforms in the nation. But the most powerful bodies i.e. the military, the landowners, the Roman Catholic church were not ready to support. They rebelled against him under the leadership of Military General Franscisco Franco and formed Right Wing Party later called as The Nationalist Army. The Civil War started in July 1936 and the setting of the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is supposed to be in the last week of May 1937, from Saturday afternoon to Tuesday midday. Summary of the novel: For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published in the year 1940 after the Spanish Civil War. The title is taken from a sermon by John Donne containing the famous words "No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the Continent, a part of the main....Any man's death diminishes me, for I am involved in mankind. Any therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee." The events in the novel take place mostly at the Guadarrama mountains of Segovia, Spain. The plot of the novel moves around Robert Jordan who teaches Spanish in a Univeresity in America. He believes in the republican ideals so he voluntarily joins Spanish Republican Army to fight against the Nationalists. He is an expert in handling explosives and known for precision in his work. Golz, a soviet military officer, assigns the job of blowing the bridge to Robert Jorden because that is the only road from where the fascists can pass their tanks, or artillery, or even move trucks. He has to blow the bridge early morning when the planes of Republican Army drop bombs. Robert reaches the Guaderrama mountains in the afternoon and Anselmo receives him. Anselmo is sixty-eight and from Barco de Avila. When they come near the cave, Anselmo goes inside to inform others that Robert has come but while coming Pablo comes with him. Pablo is a strong man about five feet ten inches. He has been an excellent guerrilla leader but now doesn’t operate. He now rather likes to look after the five horses he has gathered of the enemy soldiers that were killed. Pablo asks him about his authenticity and Robert shows him a folded paper having

two stamps that of Service of Military Intelligence and the General Staff. Pablo cannot read but accepts those documents. He receives Robert and tells him that he leads the group and does not want any interference. Anselmo is an old man of sixty- eight known for his obedience and calmness. He has been killing men in the name of war but now wants to stop. Pablo and Anselmo carry the two bags of explosives Robert has brought with him. They reach the cave which is big enough to accommodate nine people and hidden from any surrounding or the aerial view. Robert finds Rafael, a gypsy, making a trap for rabbits. Anselmo goes inside and brings wine for Robert. Pablo tells him that there had been another fellow who was with the band when they blew the train. Robert knows him and tells them that he died in April. Robert tries to know the people of the band as he has a big mission to carry. He tells them that he was in Estremadura before. He has been asked to blow the bridge early morning which will make him difficult to escape. But he has to follow the orders and has to do the work with the help of these people. Maria comes there with food for them. She is a young girl of 19 from Valladolid. Her father was a Mayor of the town. When the fascists attacked the town, they murdered her parents in front of her and shaved her head in the barber's shop which was there. Later they took her to the office of her and raped her. They imprisoned her and were taking her to another town. When the train was destroyed by Pablo and his bands, Maria ran away and took shelter behind the rocks nearby. Rafael found her and they carried her with them. Since then she is a member of the band of Pablo. Maria lives with the band from three months and helps Pilar in cooking and cleaning. When Maria sees Robert, she immediately falls in love with him. She keeps on looking at Robert and blushing. Robert finds her hair unusual but she tells him that they will grow longer soon. She does not tell him there what had happened with her. When Robert suspects Pablo and his behaviour, Anselmo tells him that he had been a very daring fellow. He used to kill men as if he was an epidemic. But later he started hating his act and avoiding it. He leads the group but they don't do much for the republican army. Pablo has developed fear for death and wants to save himself. Pilar, a fat, tall and rough woman around fifty arrives there. She is the wife of Pablo and the real leader of the band. She scolds Rafael for wasting his time and asks him to relieve Andres from the watch. Pilar is happy to see Robert. She wants to escape 3

the place and live a normal life. Pilar realises the things happening between Robert and Maria. She tells him that Maria had been through very bad days of life. When she is getting up, she takes Robert's palm in her hand. She reads it and becomes sad but does not tell Robert what she saw. Robert with Anselmo goes to view the bridge late evening. He notes down every detail of the bridge and plans something. He does not want to escape any detail where he is going to plant the explosives. Anselmo tells him whatever he knows about the post. There are two sentries at each end in their sentry boxes who guard the bridge always. They talk about war and its consequences. Anselmo does not like killing men. If he goes home after this, he wants to repent for his sins. Robert tells him it is not a sin to kill people in war. He has killed many and it is his duty to obey orders of the seniors. On their return journey, they come across Agustin who is on the watch. Agustin tells Robert that he has to keep the bags of explosives at a safe. He does not tell Robert who can steal them. It is Anselmo who tells Robert that Pablo may do some mischief as he has not liked Robert's coming there to blow the bridge. Robert goes into the cave and keeps his bags at a place which he finds safe. He explains the entire plan of blowing the bridge. But Pablo tells him that he does not like the explosives inside and also the idea of blowing up the bridge. According to him, it is a foolish idea to blow the bridge and that too in the morning. He knows the mountains very well and tells Robert it is almost impossible to escape alive. They are better hiding themselves in the cave. But Pilar supports Robert's mission and scolds Pablo that he has become a drunkard and a coward. He just keeps on drinking and eating, doing nothing for the Republic. She takes the consent of all the members present there. They all agree that blowing of the bridge is necessary and they are with Robert. Pablo finds himself cornered and insulted that his own wife has gone against him. When Pablo is making argument with Pilar and his fellow mates, Robert realises that he has to take some action. But Pablo calms down and Robert comes out of the cave to breathe fresh air. Rafael follows him and asks Robert why he did not kill Pablo as he is against the mission. But Robert cannot kill the leader of the group since he is there a few hours before. He tells Rafael to go and meet Agustin and tell him the plan. Robert goes inside the cave and Pilar informs him that El Sordo has not arrived. He is the leader of another group of guerrillas and comes every evening to meet them. They are hiding themselves in another cave in the nearby mountains. 4

Maria makes drink for Robert. She tells him that he needs to drink to find her beautiful. But Robert is already in love with her and finds everything beautiful she has. Robert tells Pilar and Maria that his grandfather was a firm believer in the ideas of Republicanism. He was a member of the Republican National Committee of America. Robert's father also believed in the Republican ideals. His father shot himself dead but he does not give any details about his father. Maria tells him that she found some kind of similarity between them already and that may be the reason she got attracted towards him instantly. When Maria is away from them, Robert asks Pilar whether it is right to kill Pablo as Rafael was asking him to. Pilar tells him that it is not necessary to kill Pablo as she knows him. She believes that Pablo will not create any problem for the mission. Robert takes his sleeping robe and goes out to sleep. It is very cold outside but his robe is very warm and comfortable. When he is asleep, he finds some movement outside his robe. When he takes his head out of the robe, he finds Maria looking at him. He realises Maria could not sleep and she is in love with him. He calls her Rabbit and invites her inside the robe. She does not find herself a proper girl to be his wife as she was raped. She tries to tell him what happened with her. But Robert does not mind what happened with her. It was not her mistake. They embrace each other and make love. They find a good partner in each other. Early morning Robert hears the patrol of the Nationalist Army moving in the vicinity. He realises he has to get ready to face them. He immediately unrolls the bundle of his clothing. He also listens to the sound of planes flying above. Reaching the cave, he asks whether the planes fly over every day. Pablo informs him that they don't and Robert concludes that the patrol is searching unusual happenings in the area. He decides to start his preparations for the mission. He asks Anselmo to watch the bridge whole day and note down the vehicles that pass through it. He asks Rafael to help Anselmo in this. Fernando, a man about forty-five, tells him that he was in La Granja that night and heard a rumour that the republicans are going to blow the bridge. And as it was a rumour he did not pay any attention to it. Robert suspects his plan is known to the Nationalists and decides to think over it. Pilar tells Robert that they will go to meet El Sordo after some time. Pablo suggests them to take his horses but they deny. When Pablo goes out, she asks Robert whether he made love with Maria that night. He does not say her anything. When Pilar tells him that she does not mind his relationship with Maria. Robert asks 5

her what will happen to her, if she becomes pregnant. Pilar tells him that she can go with Robert and live a happy married life. Maria comes there after washing dishes and Robert kisses her on her face which is not liked by Fernando. He asks Pilar to look after the girl. She tells him that they are in love and Fernando gives his consent to their relationship. Agustin comes and asks about the plan of Robert of blowing the bridge. He also tells her that the execution of the plan is possible but Pilar needs to keep a watch on Pablo as he appears to be mischievous. Planes hovering in the sky indicate that there is a war going to take place between the Nationalists and the Republicans and they being guerrillas, need to be ready. Robert, Maria and Pilar take their journey to a nearby hiding of another guerrilla leader, El Sordo. Pilar is 50 and fat so she gets tired soon. She sits by the stream and soothes her feet in the water. Looking at herself in the brook, she finds herself ugly. When Robert and Maria tell her that she is not ugly she says, "Look at the ugliness. Yet one has a feeling within one that blinds a man while he loves you. You, with that feeling, blind him, and blind yourself. Then one day, for no reason, he sees you ugly as you really are and he is not blind any more and then you see yourself as ugly as he sees you and you lose your man and your feeling." (103) They reach the camp of El Sordo where they are welcomed by Joaquin. He is a young boy who joined the band of El Sordo when he was sixteen. He is from Valladolid where his family was shot dead by the fascists. Maria consoles him saying she is his sister and all are his family. In the cave, El Sordo welcomes Robert and informs him that there are other American too in his camp. Sordo offers him wine and Robert tells him the plan of blowing the bridge early morning. He does not like the idea of executing the plan in day light. He knows it will be very difficult for them to escape after the attack. But Robert has to follow the orders and he may be shot dead if he makes any changes in the plan. Sordo has eight men with him and they will need more horses when the mission is accomplished. Sordo takes the responsibility of arranging more horses. Sordo and Robert find Gredos a better place to take shelter after the attack but Pilar does not like it. She scolds Robert saying he should not worry about what happens to them later. On the return journey, Pilar leaves Robert and Maria together and she alone moves ahead. She wants them to spend some time together. Robert and Maria make love in the woods. Robert is 37 and Maria 19 but they find themselves comfortable with each other. She tells him that she will try to be a good wife to him. She will do 6

all domestic work and also learn military skills from him. But if she is caught or wounded by the enemy, she would prefer to be killed by him. Robert also wants to forget his past and start a new life with her. He had been with women but nobody matches Maria, he thinks. Robert plans to write a true book and teach Spanish to students on his return. It is evening when they return and it starts snowing. Pablo is at the entrance. He mockingly tells Robert that it will snow more and spoil his plan. After some time Rafael comes from the watch and tells Robert that there are two sentries always at watch at both ends of the bridge. Their shift changes after six hours at noon and at six in the evening. Robert enquires about Anselmo and he tells him that he is still there at the watch. Robert decides to meet him and relieve him from the watch. Anselmo feels shivering with cold in the snow while keeping the watch. He feels jealous for the men who are at comfort in the camp with fire beside them. He also remembers Pablo's valour when he is at war but feels pity for him that he has forgotten all his skills. Robert meets Anselmo and offers him wine to make him warm. Fernando also joins them and they return to the camp of Pablo. When Robert enters the cave, Pilar informs him that El Sordo visited the place. He left a message for Robert that he had gone in search of horses and found some. Pablo calls Robert Ingles, and tells him that it is still snowing outside. When Robert is taking off his jacket, Maria helps him to remove it and she starts taking care of him as if he is her husband. Pablo is drunk and insults Robert calling him a man from a country where men wear skirts. But Robert tries to keep his calm as he does not want to fight against the man who is their leader. He tells Agustin that he had been to Spain twelve years back to study Spain and its language. He tells them that he teaches Spanish in a university. But Pablo calls Robert a false professor because he has no beard. When Agustin is tired of Pablo's abusive words, he decides to leave. But Pablo insults him calling him a negro and he is leaving because he does not like the friendship between him and Robert. Agustin goes close to Pablo and hits him thrice calling him a dumbass but Pablo does not hit him back. He realises that all the men there and his wife too have gone against him. He tells Robert to teach all men how to retreat after the bridge is blown. He calls Pilar a woman with a brain between her thighs and Robert a foreigner who has come to destroy them. Pilar accuses him and asks him to go out. 7

Pablo goes out but everybody is worried about his actions. Robert asks Pilar if he is really that dangerous, she replies he can even throw a grenade at them. Pilar realises how dangerous Pablo can be and tells Robert to kill him. She asks Andres, Eladio, Primitivo, Fernando, Rafael and Agustin whether Pablo should be killed or not, they all agree that his death is essential. Robert agrees to kill Pablo that night as a service to the Republic but suddenly Pablo peeps in and everybody stops talking. Pablo asks them to speak but nobody finds tongue. Robert decides to abandon the plan suddenly as he realises, he is there to blow the bridge and not to kill anybody. Agustin tries to talk to him but Robert takes him out and tells him that there are explosives inside and it will be very risky to instigate Pablo. Pablo realises if he does not join the plan of blowing the bridge, he may be killed. He starts talking good with Robert and tells him that the snow may not fall the next day. All are surprised to see Pablo changed but he tells them that he is with them and he is the one who can take them safely to Gredos. Inside the cave, Robert pens down the way the bridge can be pulled down. He decides to take Anselmo with him in the execution of the plan and does not bother whether Pablo supports him or not. Sitting idle beside Maria, he thinks of going to Madrid and spending life with her. He wants to show her all the places he knows. He remembers Kashkin who introduced Robert to Karkov. According to Robert, Karkov is the most intelligent man he has ever met. He very nicely handled war affairs when Robert was with him. They talk about prophesies being made and how Pilar tells the future of people looking into their palms. Robert says that he does not believe in such things. Pilar has something to say to Robert but she avoids it. Tired of the debate Robert comes out of the cave and sees the fallen snow. He realises El Sordo must have left traces of the horses while taking them to his cave. It is midnight and Robert prepares his bed outside the cave and waits for Maria. He realises she won't come until all fall asleep. Pilar comes out and looks at his bed and Fernando goes to watch saying him good night. Tired of waiting for Maria, when Robert is about to sleep, Maria comes to him wearing only her wedding shirt. Robert calls her inside and they make love. In the morning, Robert hears stepping of a horse. He gets up from the bed and looks outside. He finds a young boy on a horse riding towards him. He immediately takes out his gun and shoots him down. He realises that the cavalry is out and they need to be ready to defend themselves. Listening to the gunfire, other members of the crew come out of the cave. Robert asks Pablo to

take the horse to some other place as the cavalry should not know their hiding place. He asks other members to prepare a bind for the machine gun and take positions. Robert realises that the enemy has got information about the blowing of the bridge that's why they are taking a close survey of the place. He thinks of sending a letter to Golz and requesting him to abort the mission. Robert does not want to start the firing as they don't know how many of them are in the cavalry. He tells Agustin not to fire until they come under the range of fifty meters. The enemy troop passes by without noticing the hideouts of Robert and his team. They decided to relax and take breakfast. Agustin asks Robert whether he is really serious about Maria and Robert assures him that he is in love with her and they are going to marry when the war ends. Agustin tells him that Pilar has saved Maria from every evil around her and he should use her properly. Robert hears some crackling, curling roll of automatic rifles from a distance. He guesses El Sordo's camp has been attacked by the fascists. The traces of the horses stolen by Sordo have resulted in the attack. But he decides not to go there and help Sordo. He knows such attacks are done by a big army and they were just a few to help Sordo. Primitivo is worried for Sordo and his men. He wants to and help him but Robert stops him saying it will be just a foolishness to think of helping them. Pilar comes and feels pity for Sordo and his men. She scolds Primitivo who thinks of helping them when it will just be a suicide. Robert goes to the dead body of the boy he killed in the early morning. He was 21 and from Tafalla in Navarra. He feels pity for the boy but convinces himself that it is not wrong to take somebody's life to prevent something worse to happen. El Sordo's camp is traced by the enemy when he was returning to camp with three horses. The enemy troops surround the camp of Sorodo and killing all except Sordo, Joaquin and Ignacio who have taken shelter in the upper part of the hill behind big stones. Ignacio curses Pilar that she does not come to rescue them. Sordo tells him that nobody can help them because they are surrounded by around one hundred and fifty men. Joaquin is scared looking at dead men and his death near. Sordo is wounded badly and realises that he has very less time left. It is around three in the afternoon and the fascists are waiting for the planes to destroy the cave. They are under the command of Captain Mora. Lieutenant Poco Berrendo wants to go and see whether everybody is dead from Sorodo's camp. But Mora dares to go alone and challenges the hidden ones. Sordo shoots him dead immediately which enrages 9

Berrendo a lot. He orders all his soldiers to shoot them all. Aeroplanes come and bomb the hilltop. After some time, everything gets calm. Nobbody is alive except Joaquin who is bleeding through his nose and ears. Lieutenant Berrendo comes and shoots him at the back of his head. Sordo and all his people die in the attack. Berrendo identifies Sordo and orders his soldier to cut off his head and wrap in a cloth. He orders to cut off the heads of other men too. Looking at the dead bodies, he thinks war is a very bad thing. Maria comes with food for the men. Fernando is still not able to come out of the loss of Sordo and denies food saying he has no appetite. Maria goes to him and tells him that one has to eat to take care of his strength. Roberts eats and asks Maria to stay with him but she denies saying Pilar is giving her instructions about how to have a good married life. Robert sees the army of the fascists returning to their camp led by Berrendo at the long green slope of the hill. Anselmo from his post counts the heads of the dead and recognises the rifle of Sordo. He meets Fernando on the way to the cave. In the cave, Anselmo reports Robert that he has seen artillery being deployed by the enemy. Robert realises that it is dangerous to carry out his mission when enemy knows the plan. He writes a letter to Golz requesting him to abort the mission. He puts a seal of his as his identity and gives it to Andres who has to go to Navacerrada to deliver the letter which takes minimum three hours. Pablo is happy that Robert has thought of aborting the mission and he praises him. Robert knows that Golz can give orders but he cannot cancel them. The orders of cancellation have to come from Madrid where the senior officials work. Late night Robert assigns roles to each one of them which are to be carried in the early morning. It is his last night there and he remembers his grandfather John Mosby who was also a soldier. At night Maria goes into the robe of Robert to sleep with him. She tells him that she has soreness and pain and that they can't make love. Robert is disappointed but he tells her it is not a thing to be done every night. Robert tells her that they will stay in Madrid after marriage and he will teach her to speak English. They will rent a flat in an apartment and she will look like the other ladies soon. Maria still feels she may not be a good wife to Robert. She tells him how the fascists persecuted and raped her when she was at her hometown and because of that she may never be pregnant. Robert convinces her that past events in her life do not matter for Robert. He is happy that Maria is with him and they will live a better life. Pilar told Maria that the

next day is going to be the last day of their life which enrages Robert. He uses bad words for Pilar as he doesn't believe in any predictions. It is two at midnight, Pilar comes to Robert and tells him Pablo has stolen something from his bags. Robert rushes to the cave and finds a wooden box, caps and fuse are missing from the bag which are essential to blow the bridge. He scolds Pilar for not keeping a watch. Pilar is very upset that Pablo has done such a mischief when they are about to carry an important task. Robert realises what problems he will have to face in the morning but he keeps his cool. He tells her to sleep as they have to wake up early and he himself goes to Eladio hoping to get some news of Pablo. Robert does not find Pablo or his traces. Returning to his robe, he blames every Spanish fellow for the mischief of Pablo. He decides to carry his mission with whatever the explosives he has. Andres takes utmost care that he should not be seen by the enemy troops or his feet do not fall on any landmines while travelling to Navacerrada. He thinks if his father had not been a republican, he and his brother Eladio would have been serving under the fascist regime. Andres reaches Navacerrada but he is stopped by the guards. He tells them that he is not a fascist but a guerrilla from the band of Pablo. He is there to give a message to the General Staff. But they do not believe him easily. They ask him go put down his rifle and check his documents. Andres tells them that it is getting late and he has to deliver his message to the General commanding the Thirty-Fifth Division. Gomez, one of the officers, decides to help him and take Andres to Golz. It is ten minutes to three in the night, Robert finds Maria warm. He takes her into his embrace and calls her rabbit. They make love and Robert feels happy that he could love her though she was not well. Mediating over the four days he spent with these comrades, he finds he had a good time. He got a nice friend like Anselmo and a partner for life in Maria. He asks Maria to pack up the robe and go to the cave to eat something. Inside the cave, Pilar is seen ready for the mission with other men. She has prepared stew and coffee. Robert checks all the ammunition they have. He needs hand-grenades to blow the bridge as Pablo has stolen the fuse. He asks Pilar and Anselmo which grenades work better and pockets some of the best. They all are happy that they are going to do something for their nation.

When they are about to move out, Pablo enters. They all are shocked to see his audacity even when he has committed the worst mistake. Pablo tells them that he has brought five men with horses from the nearby bands as he knew they need more men. Robert asks him about the exploder and the detonators. He tells him that he threw them down the gorge into the river. Pablo calls it a moment of weakness. Robert is angry with Pablo but does not want to make a scene. He forgives him and ask him to join them. They all move out of the cave fully equipped. Pablo takes five men with him to destroy the lower post and will join Robert soon. Robert finds some new horses there. He asks Rafael to take Maria to a safe place where the horses will be ready to move after the attack. Maria wants to stay with him but Robert denies. Gomez takes motorcycle and takes Andres to another post where they can get the location of Golz. When they reach the other post, they are stopped by the soldiers saying the Colonel is busy. When Golz puts his gun to the head of the soldier, they are taken inside. Colonel Miranda is the in-charge of the post but now busy with his mistress. After some time he comes out and recognises Andres and Gomez. He gives him a letter that can be of some help in their journey to meet Golz. Robert orders all of them not to start the mission until the Republican army planes start bombing. Pilar and Pablo are supposed to complete their mission and give cover to Robert when he is blowing the bridge. They all agree and go to their attacking places. Robert meets Maria and tells her not to worry about him. She requests him to be with her soon and they say bye to each other. Robert asks Agustin to take his position at a higher place from where he can see Robert and Anselmo. If they fail to kill the sentries on each end, Agustin is supposed to do that. Robert orders Anselmo to reach a place which is within fifty yards from the sentry. He asks him to shoot the one when Robert kills the other. Robert takes his position and waits for the daylight. It is almost dawn and Gomez and Andres are still on the motor cycle searching for Golz. They have to show the letter given by Miranda at the posts on their way. They find heavy traffic, vehicles without their headlights on. At last they reach the place where they think they can find Golz. But they have to meet Captain Marty who is at the post. Marty does not believe that they are his own soldiers on a mission. Andres gets irritated by the way Marty talks but Gomez tells him they have to wait as Marty is the chief commissioner of the international brigades and a political figure of high imminence. One of the soldiers there tells them that Golz is three kilometers 12

away from them but he can do nothing to help them. Marty keeps the letter in his pocket and concentrates on the map that is on the table. Suddenly Tovarich Karkov, a good friend of Robert, comes there and asks Marty whether he has got any news from the guerrilla warfare. Karkov is a man of importance in Spain and he is supposed to have direct contact with Stalin. He asks Marty to show the letter he got from Robert. He feels concern for Robert as it is almost morning and the messenger of his is still there. He asks the corporal there to immediately allow Andrez and Gomez to meet Golz. They reach the place but instead of meeting Golz, they have to meet Duval who is the chief of the staff. Duval tries to reach Golz through phone call but it is morning and the planes take off. In the roar of the planes, Golz is not able to listen to anything and all the efforts taken by Andres and Gomez go waste. Robert wonders whether Andres has reached Golz and given his message. But he has to carry on his mission without waiting for him. The bridge is important for the fascists and it is to be taken down. But he realises the Nationalist Army can't be stopped just by blowing the bridge, they will find some other way. Robert is on a mission and he has to carry out the orders. He listens to the thudding of the bombs from the planes going over his head which is a signal to start the mission. He comes to the road of the bridge and shots down one sentry, just after some time Anselmo shoots the other. Pablo with his men fights against the fascists below. They shoot and throw bombs at one another. Robert has got very less time to plant the explosives as the vehicles move from the bridge. He comes to the bridge and Anselmo comes there with tears in his eyes. He didn't want to kill the young sentry at the post. Robert tells Anselmo not to be serious about the death of the people that die in war. He hands over his two sacks to Anselmo and asks him to give him the grenades when he reaches the frame of the bridge. He fixes the explosives at one side and binds them that they should not fall. He goes to the other side and plants the remaining. Robert plants hand grenades at each side with the switches connected by a wire. When the wire is pulled, the bridge will fall. He comes above the bridge and asks Anselmo to take position. Robert asks him to hold the wires properly and pull the wires when he is asked. Robert reaches a safe place and sees Pilar with Primitivo and Rafael helping Fernando to walk. Fernando is severely injured in his groin and has very less chances of survival. Pilar tells Robert that they have lost Eladio. They ask Fernando to rest at a safe place but they all know he will not survive. 13

Robert listen to the fascist artillery coming and he orders Anselmo to blow the bridge. A big explosion takes down the middle of the bridge and all the tanks and vehicles coming are stopped at the other end. Robert goes to Anselmo but he finds him dead under the debris. He takes his rifle and goes to Fernando but he is also dead. He asks Pilar to shout and tell Maria that Robert is safe and the mission is accomplished. By that time the fascists start shooting at them from all sides. Pablo comes there killing his own five men that he had brought last night. He kills them to get their hoses which enrages Agustin. Pablo has no repentance on his face for killing them. All of them move towards the horses to escape from the place. Robert rides a big grey horse, his submachine gun slung over his shoulder. Pablo leads them whereas Robert remains last to look after Maria. They reach at a slope from where only one could go at a time. The enemy is firing at them and they cannot move in a group. Robert decides to move last and asks everybody to move ahead. When he is passing through the slope his horse is hit badly by a shell from the tank. His horse falls down taking Robert's right leg under him. Robert is unable to take his leg out and when he does, he finds his left leg is broken badly. He looks up and finds Maria, Pilar, Pablo and Agustin standing before him. Pilar tears off the trouser of the wounded leg giving Robert some relief. But looking at the wound Robert realises that he will not be able to survive. He calls Pablo close to him and asks him to take Maria to a safe place with them. He tells Maria that she has to move on leaving him behind. He says, "People cannot go together. Each one must do it alone. But if thou goest and I go with thee. It is in that way I go too." (482) When Maria is not at all ready to move away from him, he asks Pilar and Robert to take her away. Robert asks Maria to sit on the horse and not to look back. When they move ahead, Agustin asks Robert whether he should shoot him dead and relieve him of his pain. But Robert wants to be alive and stop the enemy at least for some time. Agustin moves ahead calling war 'a bitchery'. Robert is left alone and exhausted. He lies down having his finger at the trigger of the machine gun left with him. He tries to console himself saying the time he spent with Maria was the best time of his life. He thinks he has fought a year and he is happy with it. He finds the world is a fine place and hates the idea of leaving it. He thinks of his grandfather and Karkov. He looks through the barrel of the machine gun and finds fascists coming towards him. He decides he will kill at least one officer from that group and to his surprise he finds Lieutenant Berrendo, the man who

destroyed the camp of Sordo and cut off their heads. The novel ends when Robert Jordon is lying down with a machine gun in his hands, waiting for the enemy to reach him. Q. 1. Questions with short answers: 1. Ernest Hemingway belongs to which country? Ans: America 2. The novel is based on which historical event? Ans: Spanish Civil War of 1936 3. When was Hemingway awarded Nobel Prize for Literature? Ans: 1954 4. Between which two armies the Spanish Civil War was fought? Ans: The Republicans and The Nationalists 5. Which army won the Civil War? Ans: The Nationalists 6. When was the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls published? Ans: 1940 7. From where the title of the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is taken? Ans: From one of the sermons by John Donne 8. Where do the most of the events of the novel take place? Ans: Guadarrama mountains of Segovia, Spain 9. Who is the protagonist of the novel? Ans: Robert Jordon 10. What is the profession of Robert Jordon? Ans: Professor in Spanish Language 11. Who assigns the mission of blowing the bridge to Robert? Ans: Golz, a Soviet Military Officer 12. Why does the Republican Army want to blow the bridge? Ans: To stop the artillery of the enemy at another end

13. What time is Robert ordered to start his mission? Ans: Early morning when the Republican Army planes drop bombs 14. How old isAnselmo? Ans: Sixty-eight 15. Who is Pablo? Ans: A guerrilla leader 16. What does Robert bring with him? Ans: Two bags of explosives 17. Who is Rafael? Ans: A gypsy 18. Where is Maria from? Ans: Valladolid 19. How old is Maria? Ans: Nineteen 20. Who killed the parents of Maria? Ans: The fascists 21. Where did Pablo find Maria? Ans: Behind rocks after blowing the train 22. Who is Pilar? Ans: Wife of Pablo 23. How many people are there in Pablo’s band? Ans: Nine 24. What was Maria’s father? Ans: Mayor 25. What does Maria do in the band? Ans: Helps Pilar in cooking and washing 26. For how many months Maria lives with the band of Pablo? Ans: Three

27. Who shaved Maria’s head? Ans: The fascists 28. Why doesn’t Pablo kill people anymore? Ans: He develops fear for death 29. Who suspects Pablo may create problems in the mission? Ans: Agustin 30. Who asks Robert to kill Pablo? Ans. Rafael 31. Who is El Sordo? Ans. Leader of another guerrilla band. 32. Who is called ‘rabbit’ in the novel? Ans. Maria 33. Why does Robert think that he has to abandon his mission? Ans. Because Fernando tells them that the fascists know about blowing the bridge. 34. How old is Fernando? Ans: Forty-five. 35. Who is Joaquin? Ans: Member of El Sordo’s band. 36. How many members are there in El Sordo’s band? Ans: Eight. 37. What is Robert’s plan after completion of his mission? Ans: To write a true book and to teach Spanish. 38. Why does Pablo call Robert ‘a false professor’? Ans: Because he has no beard 39. Who calls Agustin a ‘negro’? Ans: Pablo 40. Why doesn’t Robert kill Pablo? Ans: Because he was there for his mission to blow the bridge.

41. Who comes to destroy El Sordo’s camp? Ans: The Fascist Army. 42. What mistake does El Sordo commit that his camp is traced by fascist? Ans: He leaves the traces of horses behind in the snow. 43. Why doesn’t Robert go to save El Sordo? Ans: Because he knows they are too few to fight the army openly. 44. Who curses Pilar for not coming to their help? Ans: Ignacio, member of El Sordo’s camp 45. Who is the captain of the Fascist’s army that comes to destroy El Sordo? Ans: Mora 46. Who shoots Joaquin? Ans: Lieutenant Berrendo 47. Who carries Robert’s message for Golz? Ans: Andres 48. What is the name of Robert’s grandfather? Ans: John Mosby 49. Where does Robert want to settle down with Maria? Ans: At Madrid 50. Who steals detonators from Robert’s bags? Ans: Pablo 51. Name the brothers from Pablo’s band? Ans: Andres and Eladio. 52. Who helps Andres in delivering his message to Golz? Ans: Gomez 53. What does Robert use when detonators are stolen? Ans: Hand grenades 54. How many men does Pablo bring with him? Ans: Five

55. Who is Captain Marty? Ans: Chief Commissioner of the Intenational Brigades. 56. Who is Karkov? Ans: Friend of Robert and a man of importance in Spain 57. How does Anselmo die? Ans: Under the debris of the blown bridge. 58. Where does the novel end? Ans: Robert is brutally wounded and waiting for the enemy. 59. At the end of the novel, whom does Robert see coming towards him? Ans: Lieutenant Berrendo 60. What is the duration of the events that take place in the novel? Ans: Four days and three nights Questions for long answers: 1. Discuss the aptness of the title ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’. 2. Discuss ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ as a tragedy. 3. Discuss the love between Robert and Maria. 4. Describe the relationship between Robert and Pablo. 5. Is Robert Jordon the tragic hero of the novel? If so, Why? 6. Discuss ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ as a historical novel. 

Unit-4 The Old Man and the Sea

Contents 4.0 Objectives 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Ernest Hemingway- Life and Career. (1899-1961) 4.4 Code Hero 4.5 The Novel at a glance and summary of the novel 4.6 Summary 4.6.1 Check your progress - I 4.6.2 Part I 4.6.3 Part II 4.6.4 Part III 4.6.5 Check your progress - II 4.7 Characters 4.7.1 Major Characters 4.7.2 Minor Characters 4.8 Style 4.8.1 Style 1 4.8.2 Hemingway’s Narrative Technique 4.9 Setting 4.9.1 The Social Setting 4.9.2 The Natural Setting 4.10 References for further study

4.1 Objective: After studying this unit, you will be able to 1. Know about the life and works of Ernest Hemingway. 2. Understand the characters in the novel. 3. Understand the theme and narrative technique applied in the novel. 4. Explain the relationship between Hemingway’s Code hero and Santiago 5. Find relationship between characters and symbols. 4.2 Introduction In this unit, we are going to read Ernest Hemingway’s legendary novel The Old Man and the Sea. This unit dwells upon the life and works of the eminent American Nobel Laureate Ernest Hemingway. It synopsizes the summary of the novel and critiques the principal characters, themes and narrative techniques. It also facilitates self-study by providing discussions on important questions and the characters in the novel. The major drive behind this is to enable students to connect literary text to the real world which impregnated it. Studying only the stylistic and structural aspects of the text is not enough if a reader, especially a student of literature, cannot relate the text to the world outside and peeps into the writer’s psyche to see how he dealt with the issues and problems of the society. A student of literature shall be able to decipher how a writer presents his/her perception of human experience. 4.3 Ernest Hemingway- Life and Career. (1899-1961) Ernest Hemingway is one of the prominent American authors in the history of English literature, who represents the unconquerable will of human to fight against the odds of natural forces. He was born on 21 July 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois to a doctor father and teacher mother. Being brought up in natural surroundings, he spent much of his life in outdoor activities like hunting, fishing and fire-camping. His constant confrontation with natural forces, experiences in war, disappointment in love, life of adventure, travel, initial failure as a writer characterize his literary works.

On the outbreak of the World War I, he volunteered as ambulance driver but later for canteen services providing mails, food to soldiers on the front line, as he found his work as ambulance driver was too safe. Being injured on the front in Italy, he was admitted in a Red Cross hospital where he fell in love with an English nurse, Agnes only to experience disappointment in love. This experience results in his A farewell to Arms in 1929. Disappointed in love, he went to Paris to be a writer but was destined to experience failure. It is with the novel A Farewell to Arms,he established himself as one of the popular and famous writers. As a successful and established writer, he travelled extensively and also worked as a reporter for an American newspaper covering the Spanish Civil War. In 1952, he published The Old man and The Seathat brought him the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. The novel is about the struggle of an old, single fisherman against the odds of nature and powers of fate. In a letter to the Nobel Academy, he disclose that the writer’s life was lonely one, and that if he shed his loneliness his work would deteriorate. Not willing to prolong his life, Hemingway shot himself dead after he slipped on stairs in his home in 1961. The novelette, The Old Man and the Sea is his last great work. Hemingway’s Literary Legacy Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923), In Our Times (1925), The Sun Also Rises (1926), The Torrents of Spring (1926), Men Without Women (1927), A Farewell to Arms (1929), Death in the Afternoon (1932), Winter Take Nothing (1933), Green Hills of Africa (1935), To Have and have Not (1937), The First Column (a play) (1938), First Forty Nine Stories (1938), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), Men at War (1942), Across the River and into the Trees (1950), The Old Man and the Sea (1952). Besides these, the books published posthumously are – A Movable Feast (1964), Islands in the Stream (1970), The Nick Adams Stories (1972). The Novels of Hemingway A general assumption is that creative writings of a writer reflect his life. Personal experiences of authors form basis of most of their creative works, directly or indirectly. Hemingway’s adventurous life, his safaris and expeditions, direct exposure to the World Wars, disappointment in love have often supplied material for his creative writing. Although various scholars have tried to find personal threads in his literature, he succeeded in achieving the supreme literary quality of ‘creative

detachment’. Though he was motivated by his experience, his creative writing is not his life, or vice-versa. His protagonists share some of the qualities of the author but no protagonist was a copy of the maker. Each Hemingway hero was different and irreplaceable. The Sun Also Rises The novel is a ‘damn tragedy’ of the Lost Generation of America who resorted to pubs, bars, fishing, drinking, bull-fighting and making love to escape from the challenges of life. The novel portrays a post war group of characters with its atmosphere of lostness and absurdity. The expatriate group is alienated from society by the circumstances of the time. Jake Barnes, surviving war injuries that made him impotence, becomes symbol of his own and the author’s generations. A Farewell to Arms The novel is about the experiences of the author in the First World War, symbolizing the American approach to the WW I. Lieutenant Fredrick Henry, working in Red Cross as an ambulance driver is at the receiving end of the brutality of the First World War. Injured, he is admitted to the Red Cross hospital, where he falls in love with a British nurse, Catherine Barkley only to experience disappointment in love. At the end of the novel, he is left all alone in this wide world, carrying scars of fatal injuries all his life. This novelist based on the first hand experiences of the author in the First World War. For Whom the Bell Tolls This novel is considered to be the most ambitious novel from the author. It describes the life of an American volunteer, Robert Noreen, who has been assigned the task of destroying a bridge in the hills. Though the novel carries extremely uneven qualities, Hemingway's brilliance in this book is beyond imagination. Critiquing on democracy, fascism, human freedom, communism, love and the destiny of man, the novel does not give any room to erotic relationship between Noreen and Maria. The Old Man and the Sea(1952) The Nobel laureate author, in The Old Man and the Sea, narrates the story of an old fisherman named Santiago, living on the Cuban seashore. Santiago has been very unlucky not being able to catch any fish for eighty-four days. In the quest of his fish- 4

hunt, he goes into the deeper sea and succeeds in hooking a giant marlin fish. But the fish is so powerful that it drags Santiago deeper and deeper into the sea. Exhausted, Santiago struggles to kill the fish but soon the oozing blood from the dead marlin attracts sharks. Although Santiago succeeds in killing a few sharks, the sharks devourall flesh from the body of marlin leaving two feet longer than the skiff skeleton for Santiago. He returns to the island and goes to sleep in his shack. The next day Manolin, the admirer of Santiago founds him in his shack almost on the verge of death. Santiago wakes up and sees other fishermen admiring him, but neglecting them, he starts making plans for future which is an illusion. It is not certain that he would survive the fatal injuries he suffered during his fight with the sharks. In spite of an extremely simple plot and style of narration, there is a universal praise for the work for the indomitable spirit that man displays in the times of adversity. 4.4 The Code Hero Hemingway defined the Code Hero as “a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.” Hemingway has introduced two kinds of hero in his novels: one bears his own name i.e. Hemingway hero and the other is the Code hero. The Hemingway hero is young and inexperienced, lost and confused soul in this absurd and valueless world, on the contrary, the Code hero (also termed as ‘the tutor’ by Earl Rovit) is generally an older, die-hard kind of man who achieves what he wants to achieve, fighting all the odds that hinder his path. He, being a professional – usually a bull fighter, a fisherman, a veteran soldier, or a prize-fighter, knows his potential and well aware of his area of operation. He has immense courage and tolerance and does not accept defeat without fighting. Being a die-hard veteran, he has full faith in himself and faces defeat with dignity. The code hero of Hemingway sets an example for the Hemingway hero who lacks courage and endurance. The Code: In The Sun Also Rises, Romerio is a bull-fighter who is not ready to accept defeat at the hands of Robert Cohn, the boxing champion at Princeton. He does not allow his physical injuries impede his performance, when he faces the bulls in the bull ring. He values dignity and makes love to Brett without losing his dignity.

Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea, does not let marlin, the fish escape and fights with sharks till the last moment, in spite of being old, exhausted and probably knowing that he might lose eventually. His say – “man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated.” shows his indomitable spirit while facing insurmountable odds. Natural, Automatic response: The code hero’s responses are almost automatic and natural. On the contrary, too much thinking obstructs the Hemingway hero from acting. The code hero knows his actions and his responses are the result of his confidence that he has earned in the school of life and his chosen field. For example, Brennan in Fifty Grand, The Major in In Another Country. The code hero symbolizes the principles of honour, courage and endurance, which make a man Man, in a life full of struggle and pain. Moral victories: The code hero, nevertheless being defeated, wins moral victories. His moral victory lies in his refusal to compromise his dignity at any cost. Santiago loses his marlin but is satisfied that he fought his best he could. However, it cannot be assumed that the code hero is more successful than the Hemingway hero. Some important key points about the code hero are: • The code hero values what he can experience. • The code hero always controls the situation. Being a man of action, he gives importance to action rather than emotions or talking. • The code hero is a master in whatever he does. Being a virtuoso, he does not like those who are mediocre or incompetent. • The code hero prefers to live alone and does not show any concern even when he is not accepted into a group. Generally, he does not like the idea of autocracy or shows any inclination towards army or government. However, he remains loyal to a small group but does not allow the group to interfere with his life. • The code hero knows that death is inevitable, so in times of facing death, the code hero acts bravely and fights death. He is not afraid of death as he is not a coward, therefore confronts death with grace under critical situations. • The code hero is a man’s man. Being a worldly man, he seeks pleasure in pursuit of his goals.

• Dignity in the most unfortunate moments is what he aspire for. And though fears death, he is not afraid to die. 4.5 The Novel at a glance: Full Title: The Old Man and the Sea Author: Ernest Hemingway Type of Work: Novella Genre: Parable; tragedy Place: Cuba Date of First Publication: 1952 Narrator: An anonymous narrator narrates the novella. Point of View: Omniscient and third person points of view. The narrator describes the characters and events objectively and also provides access to Santiago’s inner thoughts and dreams. Tone: The tone of the narrator is journalistic, matter-of-fact tone Setting (Time): Late 1940s Setting (Place): A small fishing village near Havana, Cuba; the waters of the Gulf of Mexico Protagonist: Santiago Major Conflict: Santiago struggles against the giant fish of his long career for three days. Rising Action: Even after eighty-four successive days without catching a fish, Santiago does not lose his patience and hope and promises Manolin, his former assistant that he will go deep (“far out”) into the ocean. His adventure into the deep ocean ends in his epic struggle with the marlin and sharks. Climax: Santiago’s struggle to reel in the marlin on the skiff, though exhausted but gathers enough strength to kill the marlin by piercing the harpoon through the heart. Falling Action: Santiago’s return to the shore with the skeleton of the longest fish he has ever encountered. Santiago comes ashorecarrying only the fish’s skeletal carcass. Everybody is shocked to see the carcass and they develop respect for Santiago for his 7

heroic work. Manolinvows to return to fishing with Santiago who falls asleep and dreams of lions. 4.6 Summary The novella The Old Man and the Sea describes the story of a heroic struggle between an old, veteran fisherman and the greatest hunt of his life, a giant fish. Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman, could not catch a single fish for eighty-four days. This failure forces the parents of Manolin, a young, devoted novice and friend of Santiago to ask the boy to leave the old fisherman so that he can earn by working on some prosperous boat. Though the boy starts working on other boat, he continues to care the old fisherman. He helps the old man in every possible way fromcarrying his fishing gear to his hut, getting him food, and talking about American baseball, especially Joe DiMaggio, the old man’s idol. Santiago is very optimistic and believes that his bad luck will soon end. He decides to sail out beyond than usual the next day. On the eighty-fifth day, Santiago sails his skiff far further than the shallow waters and enters into the Gulf Stream and drops his lines. At noon, a big fish known as marlin, becomes prey to the bait at one hundred fathoms deep. Santiagoproficiently hooks the fish, but the fish is so powerful that it drags the skiff. The heroic struggle of the old man begins. The old man tries to control the fish by using his physical strength as he cannot fasten the line to the boat. For two full days and nights, the fish drags the boat, swims northwest and then eastward with the current. All this time, the old man withstands pains from the fishing line continuously. Every maneuver of the fish hurts Santiago badly. Nevertheless fighting the giant fish and suffering the pains of the wounds, Santiago sympathizes the fish which he calls his brother in pain like him. On the third day the fish finally starts tiring and the old mansucceeds to pull the marlin near the boat and kills it with harpoon. The dead marlin is the largest fish Santiago has ever seen. He ties the fish to his boat and starts sailing homeward. Santiago, on his way home, thinks about the price it may fetch and the people who consume the fish without knowing the greatness of the fish and so unworthy to eat the great fish. When Santiago sails with the fish homeward, the marlin’s blood trails attracts sharks. First, a great mako shark attacks the fish but gets harpooned by the old man

at the cost of the harpoon and rope making him defenseless against other sharks. Though lost all his armour, the old man continues to fight the scavenging, beasty predators by improvising a knife and oar into a spear and the boat’s rudder. Although he succeeds to kill several sharks, sharks continue appearing and by the night his fight with them becomes futile. The sharks eat the marlin’s precious meat, sparing only skeleton, head, and tail. Santiago feels guilty for “out too far,” and killing his great and worthy opponent. Just before daybreak, he arrives home, staggers back to his hut, and falls asleep. The next morning, a crowd of shocked fishermen gathers around the skeleton of the fish tied to the boat. A tourists at a nearby café mistakes the skeleton for a shark after he sees the mammoth skeleton. Manolin becomes very happy when he sees Santiago safe in his bed. The boy serves the old man some coffee and the daily papers with the baseball scores, and watches him sleep. The two agree to fish as partners once more, when the old man wakes. The old man once again falls asleep and dreams his usual dream of lions at play on the beaches of Africa. 4.6.1 Check your progress - I 1. For how many days did Santiago fail in catching fish? a) 82 b) 83 c) 86 d) 84 2. Who is Santiago’s hero? a) Joe DiMaggio b) Pele c) Manolin d) Babe Ruth 3. Which fish did Santiago eventually catch? a) Shark b) Salmon c) Marlin d) Tuna 4. What kind of shark is the first to attack Santiago’s boat after his big catch? a) Mako b) Sand Shark c) Hammerhead d) Great White 5. Where did Santiago catch the fish marlin? a) Gulf stream b) Shallow water c) Cuban island d)east water Answers: 1. d, 2. a, 3. c, 4. a, 5. a

For our ease, we are going to divide the entire novel into three parts. 4.6.2 Part I The first part will cover Santiago’s return from the sea without catching a single fish for the eighty fourth day but determining to go into the sea without losing hope the next day. Manolin, his apprentice, goes along with him for first forty days but his parents forced him to leave the old man. They think Santiago to be salaoi.e. the worst form of unlucky, and sends the boy to work on another prosperous boat. Though failed in catching fish, Santiago has not lost his indomitable spirit and hope and his sea-coloured eyes looks ‘cheerful and undefeated’. He recalls once he could not catch fish for eighty-seven days and then catching big fish every day for three weeks. The old man likes his recurrent dreams of lions on the beach. He thinks that the sea is feminine, like a woman one loves. The sea lacks masculinity. Manolin expresses his willingness to join the old man though his parents forbid him to do so but Santiago rejects the offer. He only accepts fresh bait fish from Manolin with humility, disclosing his plan to fish farther in the sea the next day. The old man has very least necessities. Besides a bed, a table and chair, there are two pictures: one of the Sacred Heart of Christ and the other of the Virgin of Cobre and a photograph of his dead wife that makes him feel lonely. His love for baseball and ‘the great DiMaggio’ makes him read the baseball score from a newspaper given to him by Perico. Manolin returns to the old man with bait fish and some dinner. Like him, DiMaggio’s father was also a fisherman. In his dream, he sees lions playing on the beaches of Africa. There are two important symbols in this part: the lions playing on the beaches of Africa and baseball’s immortal Joe DiMaggio. 4.6.3 Part II Part II covers the novel from Santiago’s start of the eighty-fifth day to his fighting against the sharks to save the largest hunt of his life. The eighty-fifth day begins with Santiago waking Manolin who help the old fisherman carry his fishing gear to his skiff. Optimistic Santiago bids farewell to Manolin on the beach, hoping to catch fish and sets his sail. Santiago sets out on the eighty-fifth day without losing his heart in hope of catching fish. Being an 10

experienced fisherman, the old man has vast knowledge of the sea, sky, and their respective creatures which like books tell him what he needs to do. For instance, the flying fish, signals the arrival of dolphins or the heavy jerk on the line can mean only one thing: a marlin—a type of large game fish. He loves the sea and thinks of it as a woman whose wild behavior is beyond her control. In the deep water, he drops his baited fishing lines at different depths. He rows farther and farther watching flying fish pursued by dolphins, seabirds, Sargasso weed, the distasteful purple Portuguese man-of-war and many more. He follows the seabirds using them as a guide. The first fish catch is a ten pound tuna after eighty four days of no fishing. The disappearance of the green of the shore realizes him that he has sailed too far. Eventually a very big fish take the bait but the fish is so powerful that it pulls the skiff with it. Though the old man tries to bring the fish to the surface to kill it, he does not succeed. The fish drags the skiff farther into the sea and he loses the sight of the land. The fish pulls the boat all day and night, taking Santiago farther and farther deep into the sea. The old man now wishes he had the boy with him. The fish now swims in shallower water and is still towing the boat without being tired. Santiago does not want to increase tension on the line as he fears that it will break the line and the fish will get away. Santiago wants the fish to jump so that it will prevent the fish from going too deep into the water. Though the fish slows down, the old man cannot do anything except holding on the fish. A small, tired warbler (a type of bird) sitting on the stern of the skiff makes him think about the bird and its ignorance of the hawk. He talks with the bird, advising it to rest before flying to the shore. A surge from the marlin brings him to his senses and only then he realizes that the line has cut into his hand and it is bleeding. In order to gain strength, Santiago eats the tuna which he kept to use as a bait. The weakness of his body makes him angry and frustrated but he thinks eating tuna will get him power to deal with the marlin. He also wants to feed the marlin.Company of birds on the vast water reduces his loneliness. He realizes that the stress on the changes signaling the marlin’s approach to the surface. A sudden and magnificent leap of the marlin into the air shows Santiago the actual size of the fish which is bigger than his expectation and two feet longer than the skiff itself. By noon the fish slows down his pace and he also gets rid of cramps

in his hand. Though he is not a religious person, he promises that if he catches the fish, he will make a pilgrimage to the Virgin of Cobre. He casts another line to catch food for his meal in case the struggle with the marlin continues. Santiago considers the fish as a noble opponent and questions and justifies death of such a magnificent fish. The dusk reminds him of baseball, the great DiMaggio who played with a bone spur in his heel. He wonders if DiMaggio would stay with the fish. The memories of the arm-wrestling match he won as a young man and the one that earned him the title El Campeon, or ‘The Champion’ reinvigorates his confidence. The old man succeeds in catching a dolphin to his second bait and saves themeat for the next day. The old man thinks the stars in the sky at night and the great marlin as his friends but at the same time he feels sorry for the marlin as he is determined to kill the fish. Santiago thinks that the people who might eat the fish are not worthy of the dignity of the great fish. After the rest of two hours, Santiago butchers the dolphins and finds two flying fish in its bellyand eats half of a fillet of dolphin meat and one of the flying fish in the chilling night. He decides to sleep while the marlin is quiet. He dreams of a school of porpoises leaps from and returns to the ocean, he is back in his hut during a storm and lions on the beach in Africa. Santiago who wakes up due to the jerk on the line sees that the marlin jumps out of the water again. In his efforts to control the fish, Santiago cuts his left arm badly and wishes that mandolin were there to assist him to control the fish. Though his left arm is cut, his manliness does not allow him to feel pain of the cut. He consumes the second flying fish to gain strength. Eventually, the fish starts tiring and Santiago slowly pulls it near so that he can kill ‘his brother’. The fish tries to escape from the line by circling around the skiff but weariness makes the fish less unyielding and Santiago who has not lost his patience slowly pulls the fish closer. Finally, he succeeds to bring the fish close enough to thrust harpoon into the fish. The old man fastens the fish alongside his skiff and sets on homeward journey thinking how much money the fish would fetch him. He also thinks that the great DiMaggio would be proud of his heroic task. For a while, he is lost in his imagination but wounds makes him realize that his battle with the fish was real. The blood of the marlin attracts other predators of the sea towards Santiago’s great kill. Santiago kills the mako shark that first hits marlin with his harpoon but he loses his harpoon and rope as he kills the shark as well nearly a forty pound of marlin’s flesh. The smell of the fresh blood of the marlin attracts more sharks and Santiago’s second 12

battle begins with the sharks to save his greatest kill. The old man soon learns that his battle with marlin was nothing compared to the one with the sharks. But his manliness again tells him, “a man can destroyed but not defeated.” He tries to keep his morale intact by thinking of DiMaggio. He admits that he killed the marlin out of pride and love and not for merely food. Though he feels guilty for killing the marlin, he has no sympathy towards the sharks. Two hours later, a pair of shovel-nosed sharks attack the marlin and the old man fights them with the only weapon left with him i.e. a knife. He fits the knife to the oar and kills another mako. He enjoys killing mako sharks because he thinks them worthy, mighty, fearless opponent. Though the old man succeeds in killing both the sharks, he loses nearly a quarter of marlin’s best meet. On watching the scavengers’ act, he wishes he had not killed the marlin and apologizes the dead marlin for killing him. He wishes that it were a dream as he does not courage to look at the mutilated marlin. The old man kills yet another shovel-nosed shark at the cost of his knife. As the night fall two more sharks come to feast on the marlin and the old man has to fight with the club but they maul the fish. He hopes that he does not have to fight anymore and fancies taking home the half-fish that remains. He again apologizes the marlin and pledges to fight the sharks until his death. Around midnight, a pack of sharks arrives to the distress of the old man. As he cannot see in the darkness, he wields his club at the sounds of jaw and fins. In this skirmish, he loses his club too. He breaks the tiller of the boat and uses it as a weapon but in vain. Eventfully the sharks devour all meet from the marlin leaving behind only the skeleton. Finally, he reaches the shore with the skeleton and goes to his shack with his fishing gear. He is so tired that he has to sit down five times to reach his hut. After reaching there, he sleeps. 4.6.4 Part III The next morning, Manolin visits the old man the cuts on the left hand of the old man makes him cry. On the shore, other fishermen gather around Santiago’s skiff and measure the skeleton at eighteen feet. The boy waits for the old man to wake up to serve him coffee. The old man, after waking up talks with the boy gently telling him his fight with sharks and his defeat. The boy tells him that he will work with him again, regardless of what his parents say. 13

The boy told him that the coast guard and planes searched him. The old man is happy to have Manolin to talk to. They together make plans, but the old man sleeps again. Manolin leaves to fetch some food and newspaper for Santiago and to tell Pedrico that the marlin’s head is his. Santiago sleeps and dreams of the lions. 4.6.5 Check your progress 1. Manolin’s parents refer to Santiago as salao, which means ___. a) blessed one b) worst form of unlucky c) death d) saint 2. How are Santiago’s eyes described? a) skylike b) purple c) cheerful & undefeated d)fishlike 3. What do Santiago and Manolin get at the terrace café before Santiago set out? a) A beer b) Breakfast c)Money d) tea 4. What does Santiago offer to Manolin for dinner? a) Cooked masa b) rice and beans c) sausages d) yellow rice with fish 5. What was given to Santiago by Perico? a) Newspaper b) Rice c) Fishing line d) canvas 6. Which animal did Santiago think of as he rows away from shore into the Gulf Strream? a) Birds b) Minnows c) Flying fish d) Eels 7. What does Santiago compare the sea to? a) Woman b) Children c) Fate d) Father 8. Which does the old man think of as distasteful? a) Sargasso weed b) Portuguese man-of-war c) Dolphin d) Seabird

9. What dose slow down the pace of the marlin? a) A dolphin b) Another marlin c) Flying fish d) weed 10. Which bird lands on the stern of the skiff at the beginning of day three? a) Warbler b) Seagull c) Hawk d) Mina bird 11. Where does the old man promise to visit if he succeeds in catching the marlin? a) The Vatican b) Mount Corcovado c) Virgin of Cobre d) Church of the Sepulcher 12. What takes the second bait that Santiago put out just before nightfall? a) A Shark b) A dolphin c) another marlin d) a Tuna 13. How long does the old man rest during the night of the third day? a) Two hours b) one hour c) Half hour d) three hours 14. What does Santiago eat for strength? a) Eats flying fish b) sleeps c) drinks sea water d) dreams 15. What do Santiago’s hands resemble after finally catching the marlin? a) Dead fish b) Raw meat c) old boot d) flying fish 16. Who does Santiago think would be proud of him for catching the marlin? a) Joe DiMaggio b) Manolin c) Perico d) other fishermen 17. How much of the marlin is the first shark able to bite off when it attacks Santiago’s boat? a) 20 pounds b) 30 pounds c) 40 pounds d) 50 pounds 18. What is the last weapon that Santiago tries to use against the sharks? a) Knife attached to oar b) The boat’s tiller c) club d) harpoon 19. When does Manolin come to Santiago’s shack? a) Evening of day five b)Morning of day five c) after week d) never

20. According to Manolin, who was searching for Santiago while he was gone hunting the marlin? a) The police b) the coast guard c) Manolin d) Pedrico 4.7 Characters: 4.7.1 Major Characters Santiago: Santiago is a fisherman with an indomitable spirit. Throughout the novel he suffers, but he does not lose hope. He is an epitome of Hemingway’s code hero. In spite of being very old, he does not lose patience even though he has not caught a single fish for eighty-four day and that too amid very discouraging comments from fellow fishermen who poke fun at him. Having not been defeated by failure, he takes the road not taken by any fishermen by venturing farther into the sea for fishing when he enters the Gulf Stream with the object to catch a big fish. His epical struggle with the marlin brings out the best out of him during which he shows his real mettle. He fights with the sharks with the same gusto and does not surrender before the sharks without fighting. When he loses his weapons, he improvises and makes use of tiller of the boat as his weapon. He does not allow the sharks to snatch away his trophy catch. His struggle with the marlin and the sharks shows the kind of nerve he possesses. His conversation with the marlin as well as the sharks shows the kind of values he believes in, on the contrary his fight with them shows the human qualities he possesses: courage, honesty, chivalry, love, pride, humility, loyalty and devotion. Even though the sharks destroys his the ever biggest catch, on return to the shore in his hut, he talks with Manolin about casting net in the water leaving the bitter experience behind. In search of absolute values, the adventurous but loving and earthly hero, reveals in his life struggle, the human qualities Hemingway cherished most. Like the Hemingway hero, Santiago lives by the code and eventually accepts his mortality fearlessly without compromising with any of his values. His journey farther into the sea also shows his determination to change his fate. Santiago’s pride and faith in himself enable him to achieve his true and complete self and also to sustain throughout the ordeal. 16

Manolin Manolin, the apprentice to the old man, shows in the beginning and at the end of the novella, but his presence can be sensed through Santiago’s contemplation. Manolin is an important character in the novella as he is the only character truly cares about the old veteran. Manolin is the true devotee of the old man and his devotion foregrounds Santiago’s characteras a person and as a fisherman. Though Manolin unwillingly abandons the old man upon by being forced by his parents, he openly shows his love and devotion towards Santiago. He arranges food, blanket, beer and newspaper for the old man and also ensures that the old man gets adequate and undisturbed rest. Manolin shows his love for Santiago openly. Manolin loves the old man and does his best to help him in his good and bad times. The boy, though unwillingly leaves the old man, cares about the old man. In return of his services to Santiago, the boy does not want anything and devotedly loves the old man. On Santiago’s return from heroic journey, the boy swears, irrespective of the consequences and wishes of his parents, that he will sail with the old man. His selfless love and adoration towards the old man makes him a symbol of uncompromised love and loyalty. 4.7.2 Minor Characters: Joe DiMaggio DiMaggio is a character in the novel which never appears, in spite of this in the novel, he plays a very significant role. The readers are acquainted with him and his qualities through Santiago who worships him as a model of strength and commitment. He turns toward DiMaggio as a source of inspiration and whenever he needs to reassure himself of his own strength, he recalls the heroic deeds of DiMaggio. Despite a painful bone spur that might have crippled another player, DiMaggio went on to secure a triumphant career. He was a center fielder for the New York Yankees from 1936 to 1951, and is often considered the best all-around player ever at that position. The oddities he played with made him the hero of the old man. Perico Perico, the reader assumes, owns the bodega in Santiago’s village. He never appears in the novel, but he serves an important role in the fisherman’s life by providing him with newspapers that report the baseball scores.

Martin Like Perico, Martin, a café owner in Santiago’s village, does not appear in the story. The reader learns of him through Manolin, who often goes to Martin for Santiago’s supper. As the old man says, Martin is a man of frequent kindness who deserves to be repaid. 4.8 Style We use the concept of style very often, for example, when we talk of movie stars and their manner of walking, their particular way of speaking and acting. What do we mean by the word ‘style’? A particular way of doing things is generally called style. Usually there are common things like speaking, playing, i. e. Dhoni’s batting in cricket, Nagraj Manjule’s style of dancing. In the study of the novel too the word style is used for understanding and describing the particular ways of writing novel, they are characteristic of that novelist. It is quite often possible to identify the novelist by his/her style. 4.8.1 Style - 1 However, we need a more refined understanding of the concept of style if we want to use it as students of literature. Narrative techniques as style can be understood as that which is specific to the arrangement and choice of words in a novel. This choice of words is guided by several principles. For example, the choice of the narrator most often guides the selection of words used in the text of the novel. If your narrator is an engineer, his choice of words will be governed by the type of language he normally uses. If your narrator is uneducated, then obviously, his language of narration will have to be different. Note that it is at the level of choice of words that the maximum power or the novel resides- after all, it is the words in the page that will eventually be integrated into plot, into narrative technique, into theme, into characterization. Therefore it is very important to be sensitive to the words placed before us in the novel. But how are we to appreciate these words? What is it that we notice the moment, we read these sentences? We notice that this is very simple writing: words are simple and every day. No difficult words are

used. The sentences are not short, but they are not difficult either. Most of the sentences are joined by ‘and’ The narration is straight forward and direct and the language used is totally unadorned. This lack of literary quality about it is due to its lack of decoration. The style is thus almost bare. Anyone could write these sentences, so simple they are - is the impression created by this writing. Only in the last line does the author use a figure of speech; a simile, which sees totally out of place in the paragraph. Yet the writing is not easy or spontaneous. It is the result of hard work, real hard work. This impression continues while reading the rest of the novel. In this sense, the opening paragraph is typical of Hemingway’s style in the novel. 4.8.2 Hemingway’s narrative technique Although the idea of the narrative technique is generally discussed in the context of the nature of the plot-structure of a novel, it influences the style of the novel as well. A writer may choose third person narration by an omniscient narrator who presents the plot without indulging in the action or commenting on it. Or a writer may use first person narrative by identifying the character who narrates. Sometimes he may use more than on ‘first-person-narrators’ in the novel to give different perspectives. Narrative not conventional but modern In The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway uses the third person narration by the omniscient narrator to tell the story. In this sense the narrative technique used here is quite conventional. But Hemingway has been quite innovative and modern in using this old technique for this novel. In fact the Nobel Prize citation of 1954 awarded the most prestigious prize to Hemingway “for his powerful style forming mastery of the art of modern narration, as most recently evidenced in The Old Man and the Sea.” Let us therefore analyse this ‘style - forming mastery of the art of modern narration’ so as to understand the greatness of this short and simple novel. What is new about the narration is the supplementary role of the hero as narrator. We find the throughout this struggle with the sea - in which the old man who fails initially and succeeds later again to be a ‘failure’ at the end - Santiago narrates part of the story by speaking to himself. This sel- - talk of the old man is a part of the technique Hemingway used consciously in this novel. This ‘loud thinking,’ which in a way is natural for an old man, adds complexity to the otherwise simple tale of a fisherman. This complexity depends totally on the style of the 19

novelist: his choice of words, his sentence constructions, his art of writing apparently simple dialogues. This technique is not as simple as it looks. In fact, it is extremely artistic and complex. Let us study this ‘award-winning’ stylistic art of Hemingway to some extent only, because style can be studied in depth only by linguists. 4.9 Setting The setting in this novel is not complex. In simple terms the scenic setting is of the sea. But the sea in this novel assumes the status of a character because the old man looks upon the sea as a woman you are in love with. He knows the various moods of the sea. For him the sea is cruel but lovable. As such, he is in love with all that is there in nature. This explains why the old man loves the fish he has caught. Finally it is a story of man and therefore, the social setting becomes equally important. It is a picture of a society again captured in time. 4.9.1 The Social Setting It is a society of fishermen. The sea is very much a part of their life. Luck is very much a part of their life. Luck is associated with catching a fish. Life is measured in terms of the mood and the movements of the sea. The most important action takes place on the sea. Santiago’s shack is small. The furniture is spare and basic. When Hemingway describes the shack, he has described the man. The old man has learnt to accept and laugh at his poverty. We understand that the old man is satisfied with simple, ordinary material things because his needs are simple. He sleeps and eats in his shack; otherwise he is on the sea. Santiago’s other social interest is the news about the Baseball matches. From this social setting Santiago moves on to a philosophical level and says that “Living is game, with rules; sometimes on loses, sometimes one wins. The great center-ot fielder DiMaggio has a flaw to conquer”. This is a parallal reference to the struggle at the centre of which we have Santiago. 4.9.2 The Natural Setting This seething creates the necessary atmosphere. Setting, as we have already seen assumes the status of a character in this novel. Hemingway sometimes diverts our attention from the main course of the man’s rowing to phorescent sea weed, the sudden steep walls of the ocean floor and to the sound and smell of the sea. The skin, the shirt, the sail of Santiago has something to do with the sea.

The sea is lovable; the sea is cruel. If marlin must be accepted, the predators must be accepted. And marlin is just one; the predators are many. The message, perhaps, it that life is more to be endured than to be enjoyed. The bird, the fish, the wild ducks, the whole scenic aspect of the setting is a part of the total creation which gives Santiago the sense of solidarity with the visible Universe and the Natural creation. The most important dimension her is of the time. Particularly in the context of the old man, the sea and the total environment at different levels of time have different values in terms of setting. The flyging fish that soar in the darkness of early morning are his principal friends. “All my life the early sun was very dark and the light made prisms in the water”. All these examples from the text would prove that the sea, the man, the nature around and the total atmosphere at different times would be different. The old man in the morning is different from the old man in the evening and at night. The time when the old man is in the company of the fish is different from when he is in the company of a small bird. The time changes the whole setting and the man involved in the changed setting. 4.9.3 Conclusion The physical description of Santiago is a part of the social setting. The main setting is of the Sea which is not flat like a painted curtain on a stage. The sea is a part of the old man’s personality. He lives the sea. The sea that is controlled by time, offers different values to the components of the setting. 