A Sociological Study of Gender Inequality with Special Reference to Kashmiri Women
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A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF GENDER INEQUALITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KASHMIRI WOMEN Thesis Submitted to Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune For the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Sociology By MS. SHAZIA TABASUM MA (Sociology), B.Ed Under the Guidance of Dr. G. R. RATHOD Director BHARATI VIDYAPEETH DEEMED UNIVERSITY SOCIAL SCIENCES CENTER, PUNE June - 2014 Certificate of the Guide This is to certify that the work incorporated in the thesis entitled “A Sociological Study Of Gender Inequality With Special Reference To Kashmiri Women” submitted by Ms. Shazia Tabasum for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Sociology under the faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Commerce has been carried out in the Social Sciences Centre of Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune during the period from June 2009 to June 2014 under my direct supervision /guidance. Place: Pune Dr. G. R. Rathod Date: 10/06/2014 [Supervision/ Research Guide] CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work incorporated in the thesis entitled “A Sociological Study Of Gender Inequality With Special Reference To Kashmiri Women” for the degree of ‗Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Sociology under the faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Commerce has been carried out by Ms. Shazia Tabasum in the Social Sciences Centre of Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune under the guidance of Dr. G. R. Rathod. Place: Pune Director Date: 10/06/2014 Declaration Certificate I, Ms. Shazia Tabasum, declare that the thesis entitled, A Sociological Study Of Gender Inequality With Special Reference To Kashmiri Women submitted by me for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Sciences (Sociology) is the result of bonafide research carried out by me during the period from June 2009 to June 2014 under the guidance of Dr. G. R. Rathod, and has not been submitted to this or any other university for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship and fellowship or higher learning. I further declare that the material obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis. Place: Pune Signature of the Candidate Date: 10/06/2014 Ms. Shazia Tabasum ACKNOWLDGEMENTS My indebted acknowledge with a sense of thankfulness for the useful assistance and valuable advice, which I have received from many persons during my Ph.D. study. To express my gratitude towards them is my sense of duty. First of all, I convey my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Shivajirao Kadam, Vice Chancellor of Bharati Vidyapeeth University Pune for giving me this opportunity. I would also like to thank Late Prof. Dr. Anuradha Uttam Bhoite, Former Professor of University of Pune and subject expert of Bharati Vidyapeeth University Pune for her suggestions at the initial time of choosing the topic of my research and also for her extraordinary support that was source of inspiration. I am very much thankful to Dr. G. R. Rathod, research guide Bharati Vidyapeeth, Social Sciences Center, Pune, for their precious and praiseworthy research assistance and supervision. I find no exact word to convey my heartfelt thanks adequately to him for all the difficulty he has taken since the inception of this research study. I have learnt from him how discipline assiduity and solemnity go to long way in moulding the persona of a scholar. After the completion of the each draft chapter, the remarks which he has been given to me, helps a lot to re-check my writing skills. I express my profound sense of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Uttam Bhoite, former professor of University of Pune and former chairman of Bharati Bank Pune and the faculty members, research scholars, students and non teaching staff of Bharati Vidyapeeth, Social Sciences Center, Pune, provided help and cooperation at different stages of this research work. I thank them all. Mr. Sandeep Patil, helped me in the statistical work, I thank him too. I am also very grateful for all the support to the Bharti Vidyapeeth University Libraries, Alama Iqbal Library University of Kashmir, University of Pune Library, Gokhale Institute Library Pune, British Library Pune for their vast collection of materials, which I have used in my research. Many thanks also to the numerous authors of books, articles and research work in this subject area. Last, but not the least, I am very thankful to my lovely parents, Mr. Abdul Ahad Mir and Mrs. Masooda Mir. I would like to give special thanks to my sister Mrs. Wajida Tassaduq and my two brothers Mr. Javed Iqbal Mir, especially to my loving brother Mr. Asif Iqbal Mir for giving me this opportunity and support. I am equally highly thankful to my husband Mr. Aajaz. A. Bhat and my father in law Advocate B. A. Bhat and to all my family members for their undying love and encouragement. At the end, I also express my sincere thanks to Mr. Shabir Ahmed Wani Child Development Project Officer, Prof. Sharvari Shukla for giving me valuable guidelines. I would also like to give special thanks to my aunty Mrs. Shamema Imtiyaz, my teachers and friends. I am deeply grateful to all of them. Ms. Shazia Tabasum CONTENTS Particulars Page No. I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Various Views About Gender Discrimination 4 1.2 Geography 7 1.3 Demography 8 1.4 Status of Women In India 10 1.5 Status of Women in Various Religions 16 1.6 Women in Kashmir 18 1.7 Present Status of Kashmiri Women 21 1.8 Change Among Women in Kashmir 25 1.9 Overview of Employment Scenario in J&K 28 1.10 Unemployment Rate in J&K 30 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 34 2.1 Research Studies on Women 35 2.2 Constitutional Safeguards for Women and Laws 44 Related to Women: 2.3 Laws Related to Women 44 2.4 Type of Crime Against Women 45 2.5 Steps Taken by Government to Reduce Crime 47 Against Women In India 2.6 National Policy for Empowerment of Women 49 2.7 Schemes for Kashmiri Women 50 I Particulars Page No. 2.8 Women Welfare Schemes 51 III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 59 3.1 Social Research 60 3.2 Selection of The Topic 61 3.3. Purpose of the Study 62 3.4 Statement of the Problem 64 3.5 Objectives of the Study 64 3.6 Hypothesis of the Study 65 3.7 Scope of the Study 65 3.8 Area of the Research 66 3.9 Universe of the Study 66 3.10 Sampling Design 66 3.11 Sources of Data Collection 67 3.12 Tools of Data Collection 68 3.13 Data Processing 69 3.14 Chapterization 69 3.15 Limitations of the Study 69 IV SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF KASHMIRI 71 WOMEN 4-A Personal Information 72 4-B Social Information 75 II Particulars Page No. 4-C Educational Information 84 4-D Economic Information 92 4-E Health Status of Women 101 V GENDER INEQUALITY IN KASHMIR 108 5.1 The Gender Scenario in Kashmir 109 5.2 Gender Gap in Literacy 109 5.3 Problems of Women in Kashmir 111 5.4 Indicators of Gender Inequality 134 5.5 Male Dominance Towards Women 139 5.6 Gender Inequality and Feelings of Women in the 140 Family 5.7 Decisions Regarding Kids 141 5.8 Affection Towards Boys or Girls 142 5.9 Parents Attitude Towards Their Sons And Daughters 143 5.10 Opinion of The Respondents Regarding Female and 145 Male Birth in a family 5.11 Husband Sharing Matters with Wife Regarding 146 Children 5.12 Feeling About Daughters in the Family 147 5.13 Reasons of Women‘ Disappointment to In Laws 148 5.14 Relationship with Husband 149 5.15 Respondents‘ Feelings about More Than One Wives 150 5.16 Information About Child Care 151 III Particulars Page No. 5.17 Gender Inequality and Health 152 5.18 Gender Inequality in Education 156 VI MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND 167 SUGGESTIONS 6.1 Findings 168 6.2 Conclusion 177 6.3 Suggestions 179 APPENDIX-A -Interview Schedule (i) APPENDIX-B -Bibliography / References (xxii) IV LIST OF TABLES Sr. No. Table No. Title Page No. 1 1.1 Population of India and J&K 9 2 1.2 Comparison of Sex Ratio 10 3 1.3 Employment Scenario in J&K 29 4 1.4 Unemployment Rate for J&K 31 5 3.1 Selection of Samples 67 6 4.1 Statement Showing the Age of 72 Respondents 7 4.2 Statement Showing the Religion and 72 Caste of respondents 8 4.3 Statement Showing the Category of the 73 Respondents 9 4.4 Statement Showing the Type of Family 74 and Number of Persons in Family 10 4.5 Languages known 75 11 4.6 Statement Showing Status of Marriage of 76 the Respondents‘ Husband 12 4.7 Statement Showing Sharing of Their 77 Problems 13 4.8 Statement Showing Respondents Living 78 With Parents 14 4.9 Statement Showing Status of Maher 79 15 4.1 Statement Showing Talaq System by 80 Pronouncement 16 4.11 Statement Showing the Status of Dowry 81 17 4.12 How your family reacts when respondent 82 made mistake in household duties 18 4.13 Statement Showing Close Supervision by 83 Parents 19 4.14 Amount of Scholarship 87 20 4.15 Statement Showing Benefits of 89 Government Schemes to the Respondents 21 4.16 Statement Showing Educational and 90 Marital Status of Respondents 22 4.17 Statement Showing Medium of 91 Instruction in the Schools 23 4.18 Statement Showing the Employment 92 Status of Respondents V Sr. No. Table No. Title Page No. 24 4.19 Statement Showing the nature of work 93 25 4.2 Statement Showing System of Payment of 93 Wages 26 4.21 Statement Showing the Hours of Work of 94 The Respondents 27 4.22 Statement Showing the Treatment By 95 Employer At Work Place 28 4.23 Statement Showing The Appreciation of 97 Employer Towards respondents 29 4.24 Statement Showing The Harassment of 98 Respondent By Collogue AT Work Place 30 4.25 Statement Showing The Situation To 99 Engage In Jobs 31 4.26 Statement Showing the Monthly Income 100 and Occupation of Respondents 32 4.27 Statement Showing The Place of Delivery 101 33 4.28 Statement Showing the Conduct of 102 Delivery 34 4.29 Statement Showing Method of Treatment 103 35 4.3 Statement Showing the Type of 104 Immunization 36 4.31 Statement Showing the Type of Diseases 105 in Research Area 37 5.1 Statement Showing the Gender Gap in 110 Literacy 38 5.2 Statement Showing the Problems of 133 Women in Kashmir Region 39 5.3 Statement Showing Indicators of Gender 137 Inequality of Women 40 5.4 Statement Showing The Domestic 138 Violence 41 5.5 Statement Showing the Male Dominance 139 Towards Women 42 5.6 Statement Showing the Gender Inequality 140 and Feelings of Women in the Family 43 5.7 Statement Showing Decisions Regarding 141 Kids 44 5.8 Husband‘s Affection Towards Boys or 142 Girls VI Sr.