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Trafficking for Labour in Greece

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Trafficking for Labour in Greece TRAFFICKING FOR LABOUR IN GREECE Report prepared in the frame of the project: Combating trafficking in human beings- going beyond coordinated by CCME BY MARIA PAPANTONIOU-FRANGOULI IN COLLABORATION WITH: VANGELIO DOURIDA ARETI DIAMANTOPOULOU EFROSYNI BARLA APOSTOLOS KAPSALIS With support from the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme of the European Union European Commission - Directorate-General Home Affairs. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein ATHENS FEBRUARY 2011 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY............................................................................................................................................4 ABOUT THIS REPORT........................................................................................................................5 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................5 1.1. TRAFFICKING FOR LABOUR IN THE FRAME OF MIGRATION .............................................................6 1.2. TRAFFICKING IN THE FRAME OF LABOUR .......................................................................................9 1.3. THE CRIMINAL DIMENSION...........................................................................................................16 1.4. FURTHER CONDITIONS .................................................................................................................18 2. THE MANIFESTATIONS OF TRAFFICKING FOR LABOUR IN GREECE. .......................19 2.1. DATA COLLECTION AND METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................21 2.2. THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR .......................................................................................................25 2.2.1. Background information .....................................................................................................25 2.2.2. The Nea Manolada case: farms growing to export production units through the exploitation of migrant labour ......................................................................................................27 2.2.3. Cross-border seasonal immigration of EU citizens ............................................................34 2.2.3.1. Case 1. Peloponnese/Prefecture of Achaia/village Lapa .............................................................37 2.2.3.2. Case 2. Peloponnese/Prefecture of Achaia/village Lakopetra ....................................................39 2.2.3.3 Case 3. Peloponnese/Prefecture of Argos.....................................................................................40 2.2.3.4. Case 4. Peloponnese....................................................................................................................41 2.2.3.5. Case 5. Northern Greece/Prefecture of Pieria..............................................................................42 2.2.3.6. Case 6. Northern Greece/Cases of EKA......................................................................................43 2.2.3.7. Case 7. Northern Greece/Prefecture of Kavala............................................................................44 2.2.3.8. Case 8. Northern Greece/Prefecture of Thessaloniki/village of Adendron..................................45 2.2.3.9. Case 9. Peloponnese/ Prefecture of Ilia/Andravida .....................................................................46 2.2.3.10. Case 10. Prefecture of Aitoloakarnania.....................................................................................47 2.2.4. The ‘errant’ migrants..........................................................................................................47 2.2.4.1. The Filiatra case and the Somalis and Sudanese errant workers .................................................49 2.2.4.2. The Arta case and the Afghan errant workers ............................................................................53 2.2.5. Discussing trafficking for labour in agriculture .................................................................59 2.3. THE SERVICE SECTOR, SUBCONTRACTING AND OUTSOURCING.....................................................68 2.3.1. Trafficking in the frame of subcontracting: The cleaning/security firms example..............69 2.3.1.1. The chronicle of the Kuneva assault............................................................................................71 2.3.1.2. Conditions in the frame of cleaning subcontracting companies ..................................................75 2.3.1.3 The state mechanisms, the public sector, trade unions and subcontracting companies ................86 2.3.1.4. Concluding remarks ....................................................................................................................97 2.3.2. The example of the tourist sector ........................................................................................97 2.3.2.1. Hotels, seasonal employment and outsourcing............................................................................98 2.3.3. Beyond outsourcing: a case of trafficking in the tourist-restaurants sector .....................106 2.4. DOMESTIC SERVICE ...................................................................................................................108 2.5. TRAFFICKING FOR LABOUR IN THE FRAME OF A COMPANIONSHIP OR MARITAL RELATIONSHIP ..114 2.6. THE INDUSTRIAL/PRODUCTION SECTOR, TECHNICAL WORKS, CONSTRUCTION ETC. ...................115 2.7. THE IMPACT OF THE CRISIS: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE FISHING INDUSTRY...................................120 2.8. TRAFFICKING BY CO-ETHNICS AND OTHER MIGRANTS ...............................................................121 2.8.1. Exploitation and trafficking of newly arrived migrants by compatriots ...........................122 2.8.2. Exploitation of the labour of compatriots or other migrants ............................................123 2.8.3. Trafficking for labour with debt bondage .........................................................................124 2.8.4. Trafficking for beggary .....................................................................................................125 3. TRAFFICKING AS RECORDED IN THE POLICE STATISTICS.........................................128 3.1. STATISTICAL INFORMATION ......................................................................................................128 4. THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK....................................................................................132 4.1. THE LEGAL STATUS OF TRAFFICKING FOR LABOUR EXPLOITATION ............................................132 4.1.1. Presentation of the current institutional framework .........................................................133 3 4.1.2. Review of the institutional framework...............................................................................141 4.2. THE RESPONSE OF THE INSTITUTIONS.........................................................................................147 4.3. ASSISTING ORGANIZATIONS.......................................................................................................149 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PROPOSALS.......................................................................154 5.1. THE CONDITIONS TO BE MET IN ORDER TO COMBAT TRAFFICKING FOR LABOUR ........................154 5.2. WHAT IS TO BE DONE IN THE FIELD ............................................................................................159 5.3. WHAT IS REQUIRED AT THE MACRO LEVEL. ...............................................................................164 6. REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................166 4 GLOSSARY ADEDY (Supreme Administration of Greek Civil Servants Trade Un- ions) EKA (Labour Centre of Athens-belonging to the Greek trade unions) GSEE (General Confederation of Greek Labour) ILPAP (Electro-buss company in Athens) IMF (International Monetary Fund) INE (The research institute of GSEE and ADEDY) ISAP (Electric Railway of the city of Athens) ITUC (International Trade Union Confederation) KSPM (Reintegration Centre for Migrant Workers) OIKOMET (The subcontracting firm in which Constantina Kuneva worked) PASKE (The trade union affiliated to PASOK) PASOK (The Greek socialist party) PEKOP (Pan-attic Union of Cleaners & Domestic Stuff) SEPE (Body of Labour Inspectors) 5 ABOUT THIS REPORT In this report we endeavour to account for the phenomenon of trafficking for labour in Greece. In the first and longer part we attempt to compile a picture of the extent and manifestation of trafficking for labour in Greece and present the grounds that render trafficking for labour possible, promote and sustain it. Following that we present and discuss the institutional framework, com- prising the relative legislative and the institutional responses, and the role of NGO’s. Finally, on the basis of what has been presented, we try to locate the problems that prevent the combating of trafficking, we discuss what is to be done and make proposals. 1. INTRODUCTION Trafficking for labour in Greece is a recent phenomenon. Its emergence, its development and its constitution to a socio-economic phenomenon under its present structure and its present dynamic are definitely the result of processes that have taken place in both
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