Figure 7-1 Common Tools Used in Landscape Construction. Claw Hammer Sledge Hammer Screwdriver Power Screwdriver and Drill 2

Home , Hammer, Loppers

Claw hammer Sledge hammer 2 lb. Sledge

Phillips Standard Square Screwdriver Screwdriver heads

Auger bits

Spade bits Power screwdriver Pliers Power drill bits and drill

Hack saw Carpenters saw Circular saw

Utility knife Carpenters level Line level

Ladder Drop spreader Hand tamper

Fence post Loppers Pruning saw driver Bow saw Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-1 Common tools used in landscape construction. Scoop Square- Spading shovel or shovel nosed round nosed shovel

Pick Pitchfork Trenching spade

Breaker bar Delmar/Cengage Learning.

Mattock Fire axe ©

Figure 7-2 Typical landscape construction excavation tools. Instep

Excavating

Let gravity and momentum empty shovel

Disposal

Pivot rather than twist to empty a load to the side

Pivot foot

Excavating disposal Disposal to side Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-3 Proper spading techniques. Lift up and thrust down to loosen soil Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-4 Loosen hard soil using a breaker bar. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-5 Loosening soil with a jackhammer. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-6 Loosening the surface layer of soil using a rototiller. Auger operation

Place auger in hole and When auger is full, lift from hole and twist to loosen soil empty soil load to side of hole

Clamshell operation

Thrust clamshell into hole Spread handles to capture Lift from hole and hold over disposal area, with handles together soil load squeeze handles together and strike Delmar/Cengage Learning.

against ground to release soil load ©

Figure 7-7 Steps for using posthole excavators. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-8 Operating an auger-type posthole excavator. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-9 Operating a clamshell-type posthole excavator. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-10 Excavation depths marked on the handle of an excavation tool. Position running auger over starter hole

Accelerate and lower auger into hole

Periodically lift to allow soil load to be thrown to the side Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-11 Operating a power posthole auger. Vibratory plate compactor Rammer

Hand (sod) roller drum can be filled Tow behind roller with water for Delmar/Cengage Learning.

additional weight ©

Figure 7-12 Common compaction equipment. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-13 Prepare to drive a fencepost by leaning the post at an angle and inserting the post into the driver. Return the post and driver to plumb and begin driving. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-14 Cutting corrugated plastic drain pipe with a carpet knife. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-15 Joining corrugated plastic drain pipe to a premanufactured elbow fitting. Pipe “snaps” into fitting. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-16 Securing corrugated plastic joints with duct tape. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-17 Making a square cut on a poly pipe. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-18 Joining poly pipe with a plastic fitting. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-19 Clamping poly pipe around the fitting. Each pipe connected to the fitting should be clamped. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-20 Cutting PVC pipe with a hacksaw. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-21 Cleaning PVC pipe with pipe cleaning solution. Clean both the outside of the pipe and the inside of the fitting. When dry, liberally apply glue in the same manner. Most cleaning and joining solutions provide a swab applicator in the can. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-22 Joining PVC pipe after applying glue. Use a twisting motion to push pipe completely into fitting. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-23 Using a barbed fitting to join small diameter drip irrigation tubing. Push the tubing firmly onto the fitting over the ridges of the fitting. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-24 A compression fitting to join larger diameter drip irrigation tubing. Push the tubing firmly into the fitting. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-25 Cutting paving materials with a brick set. Set the paving material on a flat surface or on sand. Place the blade of the set along the line where you want the stone to cleave; then strike firmly with a hammer. Hammer

Hold in position and strike

Material Set

Setting material on sand will make Location of cleaving easier desired cleave Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-26 Cutting paving material with a set. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-27 Shaping stone edge with brick hammer. B. Lower cleaving bar

A. Hold material in position with hand

Cleaving table

C. Pump pedal with foot

Material Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-28 Cutting materials using a hydraulic splitter. Lower saw into cutting mark Steady saw with both hands Delmar/Cengage Learning.

Material ©

Figure 7-29 Cutting materials using a cutoff saw. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-30 Cutting paving materials with a wet masonry saw. Cutting with a masonry saw is slow but accurate. Mark pavers with magic marker. For notching, mark top and bottom

A. Wet masonry saw blade

Turn paver upside down

Cut to mark on bottom. Cut will Marked extend beyond area mark on opposite B. side

Saw blade

Paver set on side

First cut Delmar/Cengage Learning.

C. ©

Figure 7-31 Notching pavers. (A) Marking paver. (B) First cut for a notch. (C) Second cut for a notch. Notch location

A. Mark

Saw blade

B. Cut

Paver removed by previous cuts

C. Repeat cuts Delmar/Cengage Learning.

Side view of notching cuts ©

Figure 7-32 Side view of notching cuts. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-33 Using a chainsaw. Cut Face of board

Cut

Face of board

Cut

Face of board

Cut side to side or end to end

Edge of board Delmar/Cengage Learning.

D. ©

Figure 7-34 Basic lumber cuts. (A) Square crosscut. (B) Miter cut. (C) Rip cut. (D) Bevel cut. Mark desired measurement with a Mark line over V v

Rest square on edge of material Delmar/Cengage Learning.

A. Marking B. Square marking ©

Figure 7-35 Marking dimensions and marking for square cuts. Use short strokes until cut is started

Hold hand

A. Hand saw

Hold blade guide up to lumber

B. Circular saw C. Reciprocating saw

a) Place material on sawhorses. b) Line up notch in sole plate of saw with mark on material. c) Steady material with free hand, if necessary. d) Begin sawing; pull trigger and move saw forward.

e) As cut nears completion, support material with free hand Delmar/Cengage Learning.

to prevent blade from being pinched and/or possible kickback. ©

Figure 7-36 Sawing and cutting techniques. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-37 Proper cutting technique with a circular saw. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-38 Cutting large dimensioned lumber with two cuts. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-39 Bevel/rip cut along length of dimensioned lumber. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-40 Cutting using a reciprocating saw. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-41 Proper handsawing technique. A. B. Inserting Drilling screw hole a) Place screw on mark or pilot hole. Hold a) Locate and mark spot to be drilled. shank of screw loosely with fingers. b) Place point of bit on mark and start drill. b) With screwdriver bit installed, place bit on c) Apply downward pressure until bit begins screw top and slowly depress trigger until to penetrate material. If material is thick, screw begins to turn. back drill out to remove excess cuttings then c) Gradually decrease pressure on trigger continue and repeat process if necessary. as screw head nears the surface of material, being careful not to strip opening. When screw will stand without support, release fingers.

Light downward pressure with hand

Position bit Spike over hole position

Figure 7-43 Drilling holes using a cordless drill. Butted Mitered Toenail

Bottom rail

Block Butted Diagonal miter Delmar/Cengage Learning.

Figure 7-44 Typical lumber joining techniques. Gusset or overlap splices centered over beam below

Post

Figure 7-45 Splicing lumber begins over beams. Overlap 12" – 18" Splice over beam

Bolt or lag screw together

Splice over beam

Attach 18" guest "plate"

Bolt or lag screw together Delmar/Cengage Learning.

B. ©

Figure 7-46 Splicing lumber. (A) Overlap splice. (B) Gusset splice. End nailing Toe nailing

A. Hold nail loosely with fingers. A. Hold nail loosely with fingers. Tap nail lightly with a hammer Tap nail lightly with a hammer until nail "bites" into wood and until nail "bites" into wood and stands alone. stands alone.

= 45°

B. When nail "bites" into wood, twist up to desired angle (typically 45°).

B. Hold end of hammer and drive nail taking full swings.

C. Hold end of hammer and drive Delmar/Cengage Learning.

Figure 7-47 Proper hand nailing technique. Space in from edge min. 1" to reduce splitting

1" Face of board

End of board 2 Nails for 2 x 4 3 Nails for 2 x 6, 2 x 8, 2 x 10 Angle nails slightly to improve hold A.

Begin nails 1" above face of board Sides of boards

1" Delmar/Cengage Learning.

B. ©

Figure 7-48 Nailing lumber. (A) End nailing. (B) Toenailing. Wide dimension

Diamond shaped tip Narrow on most nails

Orient wide dimension to crush wood grain

Orienting wide dimension

Figure 7-49 Orienting nails to reduce lumber splitting. Drive into place Bore pilot hole using socket slightly narrower or box-ended and shorter than wrench lag screw

Bore pilot hole A. same diameter Attach washer as bolt and 1/2" larger through all than head lumber being connected

Attach washer and nut and tighten into place with deep socket or open-ended B. Delmar/Cengage Learning.

wrench ©

Figure 7-50 Installing lag screws and carriage bolts. (A) Lag screw. (B) Carriage bolt. 2 x 4s to 2 x 6s or 2 x 8s

2 x 4s or to Delmar/Cengage Learning.

Figure 7-53 Air compressor fitting. Pull the socket sleeve (on the right) back and slide it over the plug (on the left); then release the sleeve to secure the fitting. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 7-55 Emptying the drum of a rotary concrete mixer.