International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 8 Issue 11, November- 2018 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939 |

A study on Development of Administration under last with special reference to of

Dr.Prasanta Kumar Mandal

Introduction

Bhopal was formerly a part of Bhopal princely state, which was founded in 1723 by Dōst Moḥammad , an Afghan adventurer, and was the second largest Muslim principality of the British Empire. The , created in 1818, was a subdivision of the British Central Agency and comprised the princely states of Bhopal, Rajgarh, Narsinghgarh, and several others. Bhopal was constituted a municipality in 1903. At India’s independence in 1947, Bhopal remained a separate until 1949, when it acceded to India. In 1952 the nawab’s absolute rule was abolished, and a chief commissioner’s state was established. It merged with in 1956, and Bhopal replaced Nagpur as the state capital.

Bhopal is known as the “city of lakes”; its name is a derivation of Bhoj Tal (“Bhoj’s Lake”), a lake constructed by Bhoj, a Hindu , in the 11th century. Today that lake is the Upper Bhopal Lake (Bada Talab), which is connected to the Lower Bhopal Lake (Chhota Talab) by an aqueduct. The lakes supply drinking water and are used for recreation. Around the lakes are several palaces and a fort dating from about 1728. Bhopal has several , including the 19th-century Taj-ul-Masjid, the largest in India. A three-day religious pilgrimage is held at the mosque annually, which attracts Muslim pilgrims from all parts of India. Other significant attractions in and around Bhopal include Fatehgarh Fort;

Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, is still recognized as the city of . Here the Nawabs ruled and their sultanate was quite loyal to the British. The princely state was founded in 1723-24 AD by the warrior friend Mohammad Khan of 's army, conquering , Ashta, and Ginnor. After the death of friend Mohammad Khan in 1728 AD, his son Yar Mohammad Khan became the first Nawab of the princely state of Bhopal. When Nazar

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Mohammad Khan was the Nawab in March 1818, the princely state of Bhopal became the 'Princely State' of the Indian British Empire under the Anglo Bhopal Treaty. Hamidullah Khan became the Nawab of the same princely state in 1926.

This study examines the Last Nawab of Princely state of Bhopal. Hamidullah Khan, the last Nawab of the princely state of Bhopal, was born on September 9, 1894. Before this, girls were always born to all the Begums. Jahan Begum loved Hamidullah more from the beginning and used to involve him in the affairs of the princely state. Sultan Jahan made Hamidullah Khan the chief secretary of the princely state on 16 April 1916. Both his elder brothers were claiming for the succession of the princely state. Nawab Sultan Jahan Begum announced that during her lifetime, Hamedullah Khan was made the ruler of the princely state on 16 May 1926 and he became the ruler on 9 June 1926 AD. Hamidullah Khan, the last Nawab of the princely state of Bhopal, was named Sikandar Saulkat Iftekhar ul Mulk Bahadur Hamidullah Khan. He had achieved considerable training and was a skilled administrator. According to Ashar Kidwai, assistant professor of history department at Safia College, the court was in the Sadar Manzil on the day of Hamidullah Khan's coronation. On this occasion his mother Sultan Jahan Begum advised him to rule well. The advice was something like 'the head of which the Taj Shahi is kept, its advice becomes Mahdud'.

Nawab Hamidullah Khan was active in the Khilafat Movement, studying in Aligarh Muslim University. Due to this, the British government was hindering the making of Hamidullah the Nawab. The then ruler Sultan Jahan Begum supported the of Bhopal in his favor. To advocate for Hamidullah to be the Nawab, she went from Bhopal to England, where she built the Nawab through King George V. Hamidullah Khan was Chancellor of the Chamber of from 1944 to 1947. Rajwada was also a party in those days. There were three sides. One was the British Government, the other party was the political party and the third party belonged to the Rajwados. Nawab Hamidullah used to work to create synergy between them. Because of this he was politically active. He had a strong presence in both the Congress and the Muslim League.

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However, Sultan Jahan Begum did not like them to go with the Khilafat Movement. Despite this, he worked in the Khilafat Movement.

Hamidullah was with Gandhiji at the first round table conference in this period. He took part in this from November 1930 to 31 in England. He became a pilot in 1944, holding a commercial license. They had their own planes which flew from Bhopal to Chiklod. He converted the Chiklod land, known as Chiklod Kothi, into a farm house after independence. He was the first Nawab who raised farming. He developed this form under the name of Firdos Farm. There was a runway where they carried their four or three seater plane. He was also involved in the Second World War. In North Africa, where the Allied Forces were fighting, the Nawabs were fighting on two fronts against Germany and Italy. His brothers' sons had made a case related to , which was fought by Motilal Nehru. Nawab Hamidullah was also Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University from 1930 to 1935. Prior to this, his mother Sultan Jahan Begum was Chancellor from 1920 to 30.

Historian Pooja Saxena says, the Nawab was born in Sultan Manzil which is next to the Sadar Manzil. It was named after him as Hameed Manzil. Nawab's elder brothers died of illness. In India those days the law was that the ruler in India would be the elder son's successor. So Begum had to place her case in the Privy Council, from where the case was rejected. Begum requested the King to make Hamidullah the Nawab. Pooja says that the Nawab was a very good polo player. He was often the winner of competitions in , Kolkata and . There was a polo ground near Baghayat Afza in the city where he practiced.

Marriage of Nawab

The first marriage of Nawab Hameedullah Khan took place on December 6, 1905, at the age of 11, in Peshawar, to the daughter of Shehzada Humayun, Maimuna Sultan, who had 3 daughters. Abida Sultan who was married to Nawab Qurbai, who was married to Nawab Iftekhar Ali Khan Pataudi and Rabia Sultan who was previously married to Nawab's nephew

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Rashiduzzafar Khan, but then Aga Nadir . Nawab Hameedullah married for the second time in 1947 AD in Bhopal, with no children.

Administration under Nawab

Nawab Hameedullah Khan was a very educated and excellent ruler. On being the ruler, he made separate ministers of all departments. Electricity department was established in Bhopal in 1931 AD, match factory in 1934 AD and textile mill in 1937 AD and sugar factory in Sehore. Water supply pumps with electric power were installed at Karbala and Yacht Club. Card board factory, ground truck telephone station and airport at Bairagarh. Nawab Bhopal built Rahat Manzil in , Chiklaud Kothi and Sufia Mosque in Ahmedabad itself. Nawab Saheb was also the Chancellor of Aligarh University from 1930 to 1947 AD. Nawab Hameed Ulla Khan had relations with the famous personalities of that time, Gandhiji, Jinnah, Sarojini Naidu, Nehruji, Dr. Ansari etc.

Nawab Hameedullah Khan became the Chancellor of the Committee of the ruling princely states of India, called the Chamber of Princes, and in the same capacity attended the Round Table Conference held in London in 1930 AD and the Second Conference in 1931 AD. In 1947, the Nawab formed a nominated cabinet in which Raja Awadhanarayan Bisaria was the Prime Minister, K.F. Hyder Finance Minister, Muzaffar Ali Khan Food Minister, Saeed Ullah Khan Rajmi Health and Education Minister and Bhairon Prasad were made Public Works Minister.

After the formation of this cabinet, in March 1948, Nawab Hameed Ullah announced a waiver of Malguzari with a view to giving Bhopal a separate princely form, which was strongly opposed and a new cabinet was formed. In October 1948, Nawab Hamidullah Khan went to Haj and gave the powers of governance to his select ministers. After the independence, in 1949, some politicians of the princely state of Bhopal started a movement to merge the princely state with the Indian rule. Eventually, Nawab Hameedullah Khan merged the princely state of Bhopal into the Indian Union on 1 June 1949 AD.

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The Emergence of People's Movements in Bhopal

With the development of the Khilafat-non-collaboration development, and its going with strategy of Hindu-Muslim solidarity, in the late 1910s, patriot government officials of every single strict stripe, including Gandhi and the 'Ali siblings, decided to ignore collective viciousness, had happened in towns in North India in 1917 and 1918 during the Baqr 'Id celebrations for understanding their momentary political plan. Mass assembly on a mutual premise before long drove, nonetheless, to Hindu-Muslim mobs on a scale that couldn't be disregarded. In this atmosphere, partisan associations, eminently the Hindu Mahasabha, increased new unmistakable quality, encouraging elevated collective strain through press crusades, just as progressively outrageous exercises. Their message, as elucidated in Savarkar's Hindutm and different writings, was straightforward: "Hindi, Hindu, Hindustan." Muslim 'intruders,' who had started the fall of India's great antiquated human advancement, were to be taken care of

Rebellion

In March 1948, Nawab Hamidullah declared Bhopal to be independent. In May 1948, the Nawab declared a cabinet of the Government of Bhopal. Prime Minister Chaturanarayan Malaviya was made. By then, a revolt began in the princely state of Bhopal for merger. By far the most prominent of the Nawab, Chatur Narayan became in favor of merger. The freedom movement started. In October 1948, the Nawab went on Haj. In December 1948 large scale demonstrations started in Bhopal. Many demonstrators were arrested. On 23 January 1949, Dr. was sent to jail for eight months. Meanwhile Sardar Patel, adopting a strong attitude, sent a message to the Nawab that Bhopal cannot remain independent. Bhopal will have to become a part of .

Merger in India

On 29 January 1949, the Nawab sacked the cabinet and took all the powers in his hand. There was a fierce movement for three months. When Nawab Hamidullah lost in every way, he signed

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a letter of merger on 30 April 1949. In a letter to the Nawab, Sardar Patel said- "It was a great disappointment and sorrow for me that your undisputed skills and abilities were not allowed to come to the use of your country when the country needed it. Finally: The princely state of Bhopal became part of India on 1 June 1949. The central commissioner, Chief Commissioner NB Banerjee, took over and the Nawab received 11 million annual priests.

The 9th ruler of , Nawab Jahangir Mohammad, built Jahangirabad Mohalla as a of the British Army and the army of the state. At that time the access road from Bhopal city to Jahangirabad was towards the culvert of Banganga. The Nawab had established a huge garden named Noor Bagh near the small pond named after his father. When Jahan Begum, the daughter of the Nawab, became the ruler of the state, she built several buildings in this cantonment, which were used for the office and residence of senior military officers. The present police headquarters was the office of political agent and Lal Kothi was his residence in those days. Upon the merger of the princely state in 1949, this Kothi became the residence of the Chief Commissioner. It was given the shape of Raj Bhavan at the time of Madhya Pradesh's creation. Presently it is the residence and office of His Excellency the Governor of the state.

Conclusion

Nawab Hamidulla Khan expected the reign in 1926. His Highness was twice chosen as the Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes once in 1931-32 and again in 1944-47 and participated in significant thoughts influencing the political development of the nation. With the declaration of the arrangement of freedom of the nation the Nawab of Bhopal surrendered in 1947 from the Chancellorship of the Chamber of Princes. In 1947, another Ministry with a non-official greater part was designated by His Highness, yet in 1948 His Highness communicated his longing to hold Bhopal as a different unit. Be that as it may, the understanding for merger was marked by the Ruler on April 30, 1949 and the State was taken over by the Union Government through a Chief Commissioner on June 1, 1949. After the merger, Bhopal State was framed as a section 'C' State of Indian Union. Later as a result of the Reorganization of states on etymological premise

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on first Nov. 1956, Bhopal turned into the part C State or Madhya Pradesh. Nawab Hamidullah Khan participated in the independence movement and attended the Round Table Conference from 1930–1932. He was also a member of the All-India Muslim League and was friends with . He wanted to retain Bhopal Princely state as an independent state and did not want to join India or after partition. Sardar Patel stepped forward and on 30 April 1949 Bhopal finally became a part of India. Since June 1949, the Union Government of India took possession of Bhopal princely state. Abida Sultan was Nawab Hamidullah Khan's eldest daughter who chose to take up residence in Pakistan in 1950. Her younger sister Begum Sajida became Bhopal State's next Queen.

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