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Ice Engineering CECW-EH Department of the Army EM 1110-2-1612 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Manual Washington, DC 20314-1000 30 April 1999 1110-2-1612 Engineering and Design ICE ENGINEERING Distribution Restriction Statement Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-2-1612 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CECW-EH Washington, DC 20314-1000 Manual No. 1110-2-1612 30 April 1999 Engineering and Design ICE ENGINEERING 1. Purpose. This manual, composed of three parts, presents in Part I the current guidance for the plan- ning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance of ice control and ice suppression measures for Corps of Engineers projects; provides in Part II the current guidance for dealing with ice jams and the resultant flooding, including preventive measures; and gives in Part III the current guidance for engineering and operational solutions to ice problems on rivers used for navigation. 2. Applicability. This manual is applicable to all USACE commands having responsibility for civil works design, construction, operations, and maintenance. 3. Discussion. All Corps projects subjected to freezing temperatures have ice problems, such as: ice buildup on lock walls, hydropower intakes, and lock approaches; ice accumulation in navigation channels; ice passage over spillways that scours the downstream channels; and ice damage to shore structures and shorelines, etc. Therefore, ice control measures should be considered for both new and existing projects to improve operations and safety in cold regions. In Part I this manual discusses ice formation processes, physical properties, and potential solutions to associated problems. Part II considers the problem of ice jams and ice jam flooding, and discusses a broad range of mitigation measures. Part III of this manual addresses the considerations that arise from winter navigation on inland waterways, including the conduct of river ice management studies and the preparation of river ice management plans. 4. Distribution statement. Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited. FOR THE COMMANDER: ALBERT J. GENETTI, JR. Major General, USA Chief of Staff This manual supersedes EM 1110-2-1612, dated 31 December 1996. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-2-1612 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CECW-EH Washington, DC 20314-1000 Manual No. 1110-2-1612 30 April 1999 Engineering and Design ICE ENGINEERING Table of Contents Subject Paragraph Page Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose ...................................................... 1-1 1-1 Applicability .................................................. 1-2 1-2 Explanation of terms ............................................ 1-3 1-2 Ice impacts on Corps activities .................................... 1-4 1-2 References ................................................... 1-5 1-8 PART I: ICE PROPERTIES, PROCESSES, AND PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Chapter 2 Review of Ice Processes and Properties Introduction .................................................. 2-1 2-1 Physical properties of ice and fresh water ............................ 2-2 2-1 Mechanical properties of freshwater ice .............................. 2-3 2-3 Frazil ice ..................................................... 2-4 2-7 Thermal ice growth ............................................. 2-5 2-9 Dynamic ice cover formation ...................................... 2-6 2-12 Ice cover breakup .............................................. 2-7 2-13 References ................................................... 2-8 2-15 Chapter 3 Ice Control Introduction .................................................. 3-1 3-1 Section I. Mechanical Ice Control Ice control using flexible structures ................................. 3-2 3-2 Ice control by rigid or semirigid structures ............................ 3-3 3-15 Ice control by structures built for other purposes ....................... 3-4 3-28 Ice control not using structures .................................... 3-5 3-35 Section II. Thermal Ice Control Design of air bubbler systems to suppress ice ......................... 3-6 3-35 Point-source bubbler system ...................................... 3-7 3-39 Use of thermal effluents and warm water for ice control .................. 3-8 3-40 i EM 1110-2-1612 30 Apr 99 Subject Paragraph Page Effects on river ice of warm water releases ........................... 3-9 3-44 References .................................................. 3-10 3-54 Chapter 4 Hydraulic Computations and Modeling of Ice-Covered Rivers Introduction .................................................. 4-1 4-1 Section I. Modeling River Ice Covers General ...................................................... 4-2 4-2 Modeling ice covers with known geometry ............................ 4-3 4-2 Modeling wide-river ice jams ...................................... 4-4 4-3 Roughness of the ice accumulation ................................. 4-5 4-6 Limitations of ice modeling ....................................... 4-6 4-6 Section II. The ICETHK Model General ...................................................... 4-7 4-8 Ice covers with known geometry ................................... 4-8 4-8 Equilibrium ice jam theory and ICETHK ............................. 4-9 4-8 Ice in overbank areas ........................................... 4-10 4-9 Structure and operation of ICETHK ............................... 4-11 4-9 Section III. The HEC-RAS Model General ..................................................... 4-12 4-9 Ice covers with known geometry .................................. 4-13 4-11 Ice jam thickness calculation ..................................... 4-14 4-12 Solution procedure ............................................ 4-15 4-12 References .................................................. 4-16 4-13 Chapter 5 Ice-Affected Stage-Frequency Analysis Introduction .................................................. 5-1 5-1 Ice effects on river stage and flooding ............................... 5-2 5-1 Data sources .................................................. 5-3 5-2 Form of frequency analysis ....................................... 5-4 5-3 Approaches for developing ranked data tabulations ..................... 5-5 5-5 Summary .................................................... 5-6 5-11 References ................................................... 5-7 5-11 Chapter 6 Ice Forces on Structures Introduction .................................................. 6-1 6-1 Main types of ice–structure interaction .............................. 6-2 6-1 Dynamic forces—general ........................................ 6-3 6-2 Vertical piers or piles ........................................... 6-4 6-2 Dynamic forces—inclined piers .................................... 6-5 6-5 Dynamic forces—conical towers ................................... 6-6 6-6 Transverse forces on piers ........................................ 6-7 6-6 ii EM 1110-2-1612 30 Apr 99 Subject Paragraph Page Static force—thermal expansion 6-8 6-6 References 6-9 6-6 Chapter 7 Sediment Transport Introduction .................................................. 7-1 7-1 Sediment transport under ice ...................................... 7-2 7-1 Effects of winter navigation ....................................... 7-3 7-2 References ................................................... 7-4 7-10 Chapter 8 Bearing Capacity of Floating Ice Introduction .................................................. 8-1 8-1 Bearing capacity of ice blocks ..................................... 8-2 8-1 Bearing capacity of ice covers for loads of short duration ................. 8-3 8-3 Experience values .............................................. 8-4 8-3 Empirical methods ............................................. 8-5 8-4 Method based on the theory of elastic plates .......................... 8-6 8-5 Bearing capacity of ice covers for loads of long duration ................. 8-7 8-8 Other considerations ............................................ 8-8 8-10 References ................................................... 8-9 8-10 Chapter 9 Model Tests General ...................................................... 9-1 9-1 Modeling broken ice ............................................ 9-2 9-1 Modeling sheet ice .............................................. 9-3 9-1 Model calibration .............................................. 9-4 9-2 Model distortion ............................................... 9-5 9-2 Considerations in choosing modeling ................................ 9-6 9-2 References ................................................... 9-7 9-3 PART II: ICE JAMS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Chapter 10 Ice Jam Flooding in the United States General ..................................................... 10-1 10-1 Ice jam flooding .............................................. 10-2 10-1 Ice jam flood losses ............................................ 10-3 10-2 References .................................................. 10-4 10-5 Chapter 11 An Ice Jam Primer Review of ice types ............................................ 11-1 11-1 Types of ice jams ............................................. 11-2 11-2 Causes of ice jams ............................................. 11-3 11-4 Predicting ice jams ............................................ 11-4 11-5 References .................................................. 11-5 11-5 iii EM 1110-2-1612 30 Apr 99 Subject Paragraph Page Chapter 12 Ice Jam Mitigation Techniques Ice jam flood control ..........................................
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