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Sinopsis De Los Datos Biologicos Y Pesqueros Del Sabalo Prochilodus

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Sinopsis De Los Datos Biologicos Y Pesqueros Del Sabalo Prochilodus FIR/S 154 FAO Sinopsis sobre la Pesca N° 154 SAST- Sábalo 1,38(01)001,15 SINOPSIS DE LOS DATOS BIOLOGICOS Y PESQUEROS DEL SABALOProchiIocjs Iineatus (Valenciennes, 1847) «.2 I ¡ T) , ¿ / t çs, ¡t,,'; ' J / / .. N O ORGANIZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACION 'qr ?I FAO Sinopsis sobre la Pesca N 154 FIR/S 154 SAST - Sábalo 1,38(01)001,15 SONOPSIS DE LOS DATOS BIOLOGICOS Y PESQUEROS DEL SABALO Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1847) Preparado por Sara B. Sverlij, Alberto Espinach Ros y Guillermo Orti Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero Casilla de Correo 175 7600 Mar del Plata Argenti na ORGANIZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACION Roma, 1993 Las denominaciones empleadas en esta publicación y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos que contiene no implican, de parte de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación, juicio alguno sobre la condición jurídica de paises, territorios, ciudades o zonas, ode sus autoridades, ni respecto de la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites. ISBN 92-5-303371-1 M-42 T0808S/117.93/1 500 Reservados todos los derechos. No se podrá reproducir ninguna parte de esta publicación, ni almacenarla en un sistema de recuperación de datos o transmitirla en cualquier formao porcualquier procedimiento (electrónico, mecánico, fotocopia, etc.), sin autorización previa del titular de los derechos de autor. Las peticiones para obtener tal autorización, especificando la extensión de lo que se desea reproducir y el propósito que con ellose persigue, deberán enviarse al Directorde Publicaciones, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Roma, Italia. © FAO 1993 FlRJSl54Sábalo ii PREPARACION DE ESTE DOCUMENTO Este documento fué preparado en base a una recomendación de la Comisión de Pesca Continental para América Latina, en reconocimiento de la gran importancia comercial del sábalo y sus especies afines para la pesca continental de América Latina. Los autores se han dedicado por muchos años a trabajos de investigación sobre esta especie en la República de Argentina, en estrecha colaboración con otros investigadores especializados en especies dei género Prochilodus. Sverlij, SB., A.; Espinach Ros,A.; Orti, G. Sinopsis de los datos biológicos y pesqueros del sábalo Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1847). FAO Sinopsissobre la Pesca, No.154. Roma, FAO. 1993. 64p. RESUMEN Este documento representa una compilación y revisión monográfica de los conocimientos actual mente disponibles sobre identidad, distribución geográfica, ciclo vital, bionomla, estructura poblacional, explotación y acuicultura del sábalo, Prochilodus linea tus (Valenciennes, i 847) Distribución: Departamento de Pesca de la FAO Oficiales Regionales de Pesca de la FAO Autores FIR/S154 V CONTENIDO Pagina 1. IDENTIDAD 1.1 Nomenclatura . 11.1 Nombreválido 11.2 Sinonimiaobjetiva 1 1.2 Taxonomía 1 1.2.1 Afinidades 1 1.2.2 Statustaxonómico 2 1.2.3 Subespecies 2 1.2.4 Nombres comunes 2 13 Morfología 2 1.3.1 Morfología externa 2 2. DISTRIBUCION 5 2.1 Areatotal 5 2.2 Distribución diferencial S 2.2.1 Desoves, larvas y juveniles 5 2.2.2 Adultos 5 2.3 Derminantes de los cambios en la distribución 5 3. BIONOMIA Y CICLO DE VIDA .. 7 31 Reproducción 7 3.1.1 Sexualidad 7 3,1.2 Madurez 7 3.1.3 y 3.1.4 Apareamiento y fertilización 8 3.1.5 Gonadas 8 3.1.6 Desove 11 3.1.7 Huevos 12 3.2 Fasepreadulta 12 3.2.1 Fase embrionaria 12 3.2.2 Fase larval 12 3.3 Fase adulta 16 3.3.1 Longitud máxima y longevidad 16 3.3.2 Resistencia a factores ambientales 16 3.3.3 Competidores 16 3.3.4 Depredadores 16 3.3.5 Parásitos, enfermedades, injurias y anormalidades 16 3.3.6 Fisiología y bioquímica.. 17 3.4 Nutriciónycrecimiento - ..- 17 3.4 1Alimentación 17 14 2 Metabolismo ,.. 22 3 4 3 Crecimiento 22 3.5 Comportamiento .. 27 3.5.1 Migraciones - 27 vi FIR/SlS4Sábalo Pagina POBLACIONES 33 41 Estructura poblacional 33 4.11 Proporción de sexos 33 4.1.2 Composicióndeedades 34 4.1.3 Composicióndetallas 34 4.2 Abundancia y densidad (de población) 37 4.3 Natalidad y reclutamiento 38 4.3.1 Tasa de reproducción * 38 4.3.2 Factores que afectan la reproducción 38 4.3.3 Reclutamiento 38 4.4 Mortalidad 38 4.5 Dinámica de población (No hay datos) 39 4.6 La población en la comunidad y el ecosistema 39 4.6.1 Caracteristícas físicas del biotopo de la comunidad 39 4.6.2 Composición por especies de la comunidad 39 5. EXPLOTACION 44 5.1 Artes de pesca 44 5.2 Areas de pesca 45 5.3 Temporadas de pesca 50 5.4 Pesqueríasysusresultados 50 5.4.1 Esfuerzoeintensidad 51 5.4.2 Selectividad 51 5.4.3 Capturas 51 5.4.4 Comercialización 53 6 PROTECCION Y MANEJO 53 CULTIVO 54 7.1 Desove inducido y fertilización artificial 54 7.2 Críadelarvasyjuveniles 56 8. BIBLIOGRAFIA 57 * No existe información FIRJS154 Sábalo 1. IDENTIDAD considera necesaria por lo tanto una revisión exhaustiva dei grupo. 1.1 Nomenclatura Solamente tres géneros son señalados para esta 1.1.1 Nombre válido familia: Prochilodus, Semaprochilodus e lchthyoelephas. Según Géry (1977) Semaprochilodus podría tratarse de un Prochilodus linea tus (Valenciennes, 1847) subgénero de Prochllodus; se distingue de éste por la peculiar coloración de sus aletas caudal y anal (presenta 1.1.2 Sinoninia objetiva bandas longitudinales bien definidas). Pacu lineatus Valenciennes, 1847, pl. VIII fig. 3 - Genéricas (descripción original) Género Prochilodus Agassiz 1829 (especie tipo Prochilodus lineatus Cuvier y Valenciennes, 1849; argenteus Agassiz) Günther, 1864; Steindachner, 1881; Eigenmann y Eigen- mann, 1891; Boulenger, 1897; Eigenmann, 1907; Eigen- Diagnosis: escamas grandes yrugosas.Placa mann, 1910; Lahille, 1922; Marelli, 1924; Fowler, 1932; predorsal biespinosa. Un surco mediano ventral desde las Mac Donagh, 1934; De Vincenzi y league, 1942; Pozzi, aletas ventrales al ano. Boca pequeña terminal protráctil, 1945; Angelescu y Gneri, 1949; Fowier, 1950; Ringuelet y con gruesos labios provistos de dientecillos diminutos y Aramburu, 1957; Géry, 1960; Mago Leccia, 1972; Géry, móviles. Quijadas y paladar sindientes. Membranas 1977; López et al., 1987; Géry et al., 1987. branquiales unidas entre si y también en parte al istmo. Premaxilarescurvados;ramasmandibularescortas; Prochilodus platensis Hoi m berg, 1888; Holm berg, cuadrado articulado y movible con el pterigoides hacia 1891; Lahilie, 1895; Lahille, 1922; Marelli, 1924; Fowier, adelante y sobre el preóperculo hacia atrás. 1926; Ringuelet, 1940; Pozzi, 1945; Ringueiety Mesopterigoides y metapterigoides firmemente unidos, Aramburu, 1961; Ringuelet et al.,1967; VidaI, 1967; ei primero unido débilmente hacia adelante con el pteri- Mago Leccia, 1972; Géry, 1978; Miquelarena, 1984; López goides, y el segundo hacia atrás con el hiomandibular. etal., 1987. Hiomandibular de cabeza simple, la cual encaja en un surco formado por el esfenótico y el pterótico. 1.2 Taxonomía Elestado actual de la sistemática del género 1.2.1 Afinidades Prochilodus es pobre, debido en parte alaescasa variación entre especies. Además, las descripciones de un - Supragenéricas gran número de éstas (en total son 24) son incompletas, basadas en un número reducido de ejemplares y en Phylum Chordata muchos casos en juveniles (Mago Leccia, 1972). Subphylum Vertebrata Superciase Gnathostomata La aleta caudal dlos adultos presenta una Clase Osteichthyes coloración característica y permite separar dos gçupos de Subclase Actinpterygii especies. En el primer grupo está provista de puntos o Superorden Teleostei manchas oscuras (que llegan a disponerse en líneas Cohorte Euteleostei ondulantes pero nunca en forma de bandas bien División Ostariophysi definidas como enSemaprochilodus). Géry(1977) Orden Characiformes denominó nigricans a este grupo en base a la especie con Familia Prochilodontidae. el nombre más antiguo. El segundo grupo, con la aleta caudal lisa, generalmente oscura, (argenteus o La sistemática delafamiliaProchilodontidae prochilodus típico) es menos conocido que el primero e puede considerarse como una de las más difíciles de la incluye grupos de especies simpátridas que podrían ser ictiofaunadulceacuícolasudamericana. Este hecho especies gemelas o simplemente sinónimos (Géry 1977). proviene, según Mago Leccia (1972), de la extraordinaria Este autor incluye aP. lineatus, en este grupo. estabilidad que presentan tas especies en los caracteres empleados comúnmente en las diagnosis específicas de - Específica los carácidos (por ejemplo el número cte radios de las aletas). La escamación seria, para este autor, uno de los Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes en D'Orbigny, pocos caracteres merísticos adecuados para la segrega- 1847). ción de especies. La morfometria comparada, en cambio no serviría para este finSegún el mismo autor,la La siguiente descripción es de Ringulet et al. homogeneidad de los caracteres taxonómicos se deberia (1967):Longitud de la cabeza en longitud estándar ala amplia distribución y elevada vagilidad de las 3,3-4,0; ancho de la cabeza en altura de la cabeza especies. Cita unas 35 especies para la familia pero estima 1,1-1,3; altura de la cabeza en longitud de la cabeza 1,1- que ei número real debe ser sensiblemente menor Se 1,4; ancho de la cabeza en longitud de la cabeza 1,4-1,8; 2 FIRIS1S4 Sábalo diámetro de la órbita en longitud de a cabeza 4,4-7,1; 1.2.2 Status Taxonómico diámetro de la órbita en distancia interorbitaria 2,6-4,0; diámetro de laórbita en hocico 1,6-3,0;hocico en El nombre Iineatus fue establecido por longitud de la cabeza 2,1-3,0; distancia ¡nterorbitaria en Valenciennes en 1847 y utilizado posteriormente en longitud de la cabeza 1,6-2,0;altura del cuerpo en varias descripciones de autores europeos para ejemplares longitud estándar 2,4-3,0; ancho del cuerpo en altura del provenientes del Río de la Plata.
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