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The Role of the Albanian Political Elite in Organizing the Assemblies 1878 to 19202

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The Role of the Albanian Political Elite in Organizing the Assemblies 1878 to 19202 142 Interdisiplinary Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, no. 3, 2017 Msc. Eldi SHERIFI1 THE ROLE OF THE ALBANIAN POLITICAL ELITE IN ORGANIZING THE ASSEMBLIES 1878 TO 19202 Abstract Assemblies, congresses, national assemblies, and constitutional assemblies are forms of political organization and representation by politicians who claim to represent the people. The political theories of institutions classify these forms of organization as elected assemblies, appointed assemblies and assemblies. However, each country has its own historic tradition of organization. In France, assemblies had the mandate of representing the people and were considered to be people’s substitutes. Albanians also have tradition of organizing assemblies even when Albania was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The Monastery Congress on November 14, 1908, and the Assembly of Dibra on July 12, 1909, were held with participants from all the Albanian vilayets and entered our national history as events of historical and institutional character. The power of Albanian national political and institutional conscience culminated with the Historical Assembly of Vlora on November 28, 1912, where Ismail Qemali proclaimed Albania alone and indifferent. On December 25, 1918, Mehmet Konica and Mufti Libohova organized the Durrës Assembly. The political and juridical opinion of the Albanian political elite was exalted with the Congress of Lushnja on 21 January 1920, when the institution of the state president was established as a collective body with the name of the High Council, with the mayor Aqif Pasha Elbasan. Key words: National Council, Assembly, National Assembly, Nulla Council 1 Tirana Business University; [email protected] 2 Paper presneted in “3 International Conference ‘Foreign Languages in a Global World, Linguistics, Literature, Didactics” Durres, June 2017” Interdisiplinary Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, no. 3, 2017 143 Entry Albanians have had a rich tradition in organizing congregations or congresses even when Albania was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The Albanian national conscience assumed institutional character in the Prizren Assembly in 1878, when elements of legislative, executive and court powers were created in several Albanian cities. Albanians are also protagonists in the establishment of the Union of Progress / Itihad ve Terakki organization called Jeun Turc. The organization was founded in 1902 by Ahmet Rizaj and Albanian from Struga Dr. Ibrahim Temo, including Ismail Qemali, Hoxha Kadria, Dervish Hima, Jashar Erebara and Hamdi Ohri. Congress of The Monastery of 14 November 1908 and the Assembly of Dibra on 12 July 1909 were held with participants from all the Albanian vilayets and entered into our national history as special events of institutional character. These events were a revival of institutional political conscience. Assemblies were schools of political affirmation of some of the historical political figures who took the nation’s responsibility for organizing political institutions in Albania after the Ottoman Empire. Among Ismail Qemali, Hasan Prishtina, Mitat Frashëri, Luigj Gurakuqi, Mehmet Konica, Myfit Libohova were also Aqif Pasha, Abdi Toptani, Luigj Bumçi, Dr. Mihal Turtulli, Refik Toptani and Sotir Peci. In 1908 Muslim and Christian Albanians were protagonists for the reinstatement of the Ottoman Empire Constitution adopted in 1876, but banned by the Sultan after the first parliamentary elections in 1877, when the first Albanian deputies were elected in the Ottoman Parliament. The Monastery Congress was the result of the rights acquired by the Young Turks revolution with the help of Albanians. The chairman of the Manastir Congress was Mit’hat Frashëri, the son of Abdyl Frashëri, the father-in-law, the politician of the diplomat who dissolved all the wealth for the independence of Albania. While the chairman of the Albanian Language Compiling Commission in the Latin alphabet was Gjergj Fishta / “Homer Albanian” who introduced the “Young Fiery of Sheypes” dictionary in the National Library of Macedonia The Assembly of Dibra was the first organization with a political element of Albanians. Mit’hat Frasheri has considered it in the “Freedom” newspaper as the National Congress. The congress was led by Mr. Vehbi Dibra, who would also become chairman of the Vlora Assembly in 1912, after Ismail Qemali became president of the interim government. According to Abdyl Ypit, who was a participant and active participant in the Assembly of Dibra, there were delegates from every Albanian vilayet, attended by Aqif Pasha Elbasani, Dervish Hima, Abdyl Ypi, Hafiz Ali Korça, Sotir Peci, Feim Zavalani, Llambi Kota, Beniamin Nosi, Bajo Topulli, etc.1 The brutality and misery of the Young Turks after the assumption of power 144 Interdisiplinary Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, no. 3, 2017 imposed the conflict between the Albanians and the High Gate and the creation of the Secret Command of Monastery in the fall of 1910, led by prominent publicist Dervish Hima, who initiated the creation of many other committees. In January 1911 Nikolle Ivanaj, Ismail Qemali and Luigj Gurakuqi threw the idea of merging​​ committees into a single headquarter, with headquarters in Bitola. But on April 25, 1911, lawyer Arbëresh Terenc Toçi, together with the abbot of Mirdita Prend Doçi organized the Assembly in the Mirdita Fan Church, with representatives from Mirdita, Shala, Shoshi, Kthella, Thaçi, Nikaj, Mërtur, Berisha, Topllana and Iballa. On 27 April, the assembly announced the independence of Albania and the formation of the interim government with President Terenc Toçi, signed by 27 members. Its headquarters were assigned to the Store, where the Albanian national flag was raised. This situation forced the creation of the Bar Committee Central Committee in Corfu in May 1911 by Nikolla Ivanaj, Ismail Qemali, Themistokli Gërmenji, Pandeli Cale and others. Ismail Qemali, in the middle of June 1911 went to Cetinje, where were Luigj Gurakuqi, Nikolle Ivanaj and Hilë Mosi, and in cooperation with the leaders of the Malaysian uprising on June 23, 1911, according to the Law of Lek Dukagjini, prepared the Assembly of Grece as a First World War Balkans, where Albanians, although not participating, contributed more than its members to the weakening of the political and military power of the sick Empire. The events prepared the National Assembly of Vlora, continuing with that of Durrës and Lushnja in 1920. Norms with constitutional powers for establishment of institutions by Albanian assemblies From the way assemblies, conventions and assemblies with the political and juridical acts that have been approved to create the conviction that the political elite of time has recognized the political philosophy of John Lokut, which ended the rule of absolutism and created the constitutional monarchy. They have probably known Tomas Hobbs’s famous “Leviathan” work, where sovereignty is treated as “the highest and the everlasting power.” Undoubtedly, they are influenced by Rusol with the theory of people’s sovereignty and in the Lushnja Congress are oriented by Montesqueies’s “spirit of laws”, for parliamentary liberalism and the separation of powers.2 Assemblies, congresses or assemblies in Albania can be classified as a mix of elements of elected assemblies and appointed assemblies. The Lushnja Congregation or the National Assembly can be certified without hesitation as a model of national representation. Conventions / assemblies are usually implemented on the basis of agreements between trusted political community operators, which establish political institutions on constitutional legal norms. Interdisiplinary Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, no. 3, 2017 145 The Conventions / Assemblies are also linked to constitutional canons / customs, as the earliest form of political organization in Albania, just as the councils of elders in customary law 3. Albanians also had a constitutional project formulated by Sami Frashëri since 1899 4. He imagined the political organization of Albania after the separation of 15 parcels from the empire, with the national assembly as a legislative body, with the head of the collective state, one elders with by one representative for each plot. The Vlora Assembly did not use Sami Frasheri’s “draft constitution” and the institutions were created on the agreement of the important operators Ismail Qemali, Syrja bej Vlora, Aqif Pasha, Abdi Toptani, Iliaz and Azis Vrioni, etc. But the influence of political and constitutional philosophy seemed to be the creation of a 18-member old-age institution. The elders do not even run the function of the head of state or of the legislative power. Even at the Durrës Congress, it was decided to choose a senior citizen. Its members would be elected by the Administrative Councils of the Prefectures, a designation based on Article 20 of the May 28, 1913, of the Municipal Council of Civil Administration. While the functioning of the old-age institution and its powers would be defined by the name 5. Only in the Lushnja Congress were created six legal norms with constitutional powers, which were named ”The Basics of the Grand Council Kanunore”. Understandably, the norms were formulated after four-member council, which headed the mayor’s office, was elected 6. With the proposal of the delegate of Berat Mr. Iljaz Bej Vrioni at the Council of Narta were selected: Emzot Bumçi, Aqif Pasha Elbasani, Abdi Bej Toptani and Dr. Turtle, among whom Emzot Bumçi and Dr. Turtle
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