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Six Selected Master's Theses by College of Europe Students European and Global Studies Journal Università degli Studi di Torino De Europa | Special Issue - College of Europe 2019 Six selected Master’s theses by College of Europe students Guest Editor Pascaline Winand, Director of Studies European Interdisciplinary Studies Department College of Europe in Natolin [email protected] Università di Torino ISBN: 9788875901493 Quest’opera è distribuita con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione. Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0 Internazionale. Special Issue - College of Europe 2019 De Europa European and Global Studies Journal www.deeuropa.unito.it Please note that the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors, and do not represent the official position of the College of Europe. Six selected Master’s theses by College of Europe students Guest Editor Pascaline Winand, Director of Studies, European Interdisciplinary Studies Department College of Europe in Natolin Jean Monnet Chair in European Integration and International Relations Special Issue - College of Europe 2019 Special Issue - College of Europe 2019 INTRODUCTION Introduction Pascaline Winand 5 THESES Pragmatism in the ideal nation-state: the place of identity in Danish EU integration debates Miro Folke Guzzini 9 Developing an EU strategy for Culture in External Relations – the Potential of the EUNIC Network Merle Lioba Andraschko 47 How informed are we on disinformation? Louis Obry 89 Outside perception of a political entity in international relations: the case of “Kosovo” Ela Brglez 139 The EU’s Involvement in Contested States: Insights from Kosovo and Palestine Hristiyana Stoyanova 180 The European Union’s Security Actorness in the “Ukraine Crisis”: Closing the Capability-Expectations Gap? Mallory Tamain 217 Introduction Unless otherwise indicated directly in each article, the date of last consultation of the websites and webpages is 15 May 2019. Special Issue - College of Europe 2019 It gives me great pleasure to introduce this special issue of De Europa, featuring six selected Master’s theses by former students of the College of Europe. The issue, which comes at the initiative of Professor Umberto Morelli, is both a tribute to the close collaboration between the University of Turin and the College, and the fruit of much innovative work by the students of Natolin. The theses presented here were submitted in the academic year 2018-2019 of the Master of Arts in European Interdisciplinary Studies. They cover a wide range of topics, from the place of identity in Danish EU integration debates (Miro Folke Guzzini), to the importance of a strategy for culture in EU external relations (Merle Lioba Andraschko), to the impact of disinformation in our societies (Louis Obry), to the perception of Kosovo by external actors (Ela Brglez), to the EU’s involvement in contested states such as Kosovo and Palestine (Hristiyana Stoyanova) and to the EU’s security actorness in the Ukraine crisis (Mallory Tamain). Although the subjects covered may seem very diverse, many of the authors hold one thing in common: they have chosen to approach their respective subjects from an interdisciplinary standpoint, all the better to analyze complex, challenging contemporary problems of importance to Europe and the international community. They do so by breaking new ground in seeking to bridge and to integrate insights from several diverse disciplines. This is very much in keeping with the original vision of Hendrik Brugmans, the first Rector of the College of Europe, who believed in the ability of interdisciplinary studies to find innovative solutions to contemporary problems by using a multi-faceted approach. In adopting this approach, our graduates also pay tribute to the European Interdisciplinary Studies programme of the College of Europe in Natolin, which provides students with interdisciplinary expertise in the political, economic, legal and historical dimensions of EU affairs. In this spirit, Louis Obry tackles the important contemporary problem of online disinformation regulation by building a novel theoretical framework suited to his policy problem that draws across disciplines. His analysis of the legal and policy approaches pursued in the UK, France and at the EU level is grounded in an impressive wealth of sources. It results in policy recommendations that outline some of the best practices in tackling disinformation in the short and long term, including the need to insist on online media literacy for all generations. Several of the authors also provide depth to their analyses by embedding them in long-term historical developments. This is one of the specificities of the European Interdisciplinary Studies programme at the College, which strives to provide all students with an understanding of Europe’s past to better enable them to examine pressing contemporary issues. Thus, Miro Guzzini roots his analysis of Danish identity and how Danish EU membership might affect it, in his carefully constructed, lucid and very well informed explanation of the historical foundations of Danish national Pascaline Winand, Director of Studies, European Interdisciplinary Studies Department, College of Europe in Natolin, [email protected] Introduction identity. This considerably strengthens his explanation of the results of Denmark’s two Maastricht referendums of 1992 and 1993 and the role that Danish identity played in the formulation of Danish positions in debates about the EU. Additionally, Ela Brglez examines the formation of the external images of Kosovo as part of a continuous process spanning several decades of history, which helps uncover significant changes in the perceptions of the international community. Another feature of this special issue is the emphasis on the importance of perceptions for the study of the European Union and its neighbours. Where Miro Guzzini considered Danish state and society perceptions of Danish identity and of the EU, Ela Brglez examines the perceptions and representations of Kosovo as constructed by several international actors, such as the EU, Russia, the USA, the United Nations, Albania and Serbia since the 1980s. The strength of her thesis lies in combining historical analysis with perception analysis, thereby demonstrating, as she aptly states, ‘the importance of the historical development of external perception in understanding its contemporary actualization.’ Likewise, Mallory Tamain examines the EU’s capacity to act in a regional setting as a security actor engaged in crisis management, in the specific context of the Ukraine crisis. Her study shows the importance of the EU paying heed to the self-perceptions of its own actions as an international security actor as well as examining the perceptions of external actors, such as Ukraine’s political elite and wider public. Another recurring theme in this special issue is the focus on challenges to EU actorness and opportunities for its future development. Mallory Tamain and Hristiyana Stoyanova both examine factors that enable or constrain the EU’s actorness. Where Mallory Tamain focuses on the EU’s security actorness in the Ukraine crisis, Hristiyana Stoyanova investigates the credibility of the EU as a foreign policy actor operating in the context of its involvement in state-building initiatives in contested states such as Kosovo and Palestine. Last but not least, Merle Lioba Andraschko assesses the effectiveness of EU external cultural relations with a focus on the network of EU National Institutes for Culture (EUNIC). The author comes to novel conclusions, notably regarding interactions between EU member states in external cultural policy. Contributors to this special issue are to be commended for the quality of their research. The authors base their analyses on a wide range of relevant primary and secondary sources and many of them have conducted interviews with relevant actors. In all of this they have also drawn freely on the wealth of resources available at the College of Europe in Natolin and made judicious use of the events and courses featuring prominent practitioners and academics with expertise that is relevant to their chosen topics to enrich their research. The thought-provoking collection of theses that I have the honour and pleasure to recommend is, then, the product of all these elements and bears testimony to the importance of the contribution that College of Europe students and young graduates are making to the community of researchers, both in the European Union and internationally. 6 De Europa Special Issue - College of Europe 2019 Theses Special Issue - College of Europe 2019 Pragmatism in the ideal nation-state: the place of identity in Danish EU integration debates Miro Folke Guzzini 1. Introduction: a case of political quid pro quo Denmark’s EU integration process might seem smooth to the lay observer. The country joined the community at an early stage in 1972. In a time of spreading Euroscepticism, it still boasts some of the highest approval ratings of the EU (75% in 2018 compared to the 62% EU average) and some of the highest participation rates in elections to the European Parliament (56% in 2014 compared to the 42% EU average) (European Parliament 2014, 2018). Take a closer look, however, and the country’s integration process appears a little less self-evident and Denmark a much less willing partner. The most obvious tell-tale signs are the Danish opt-outs, which to this day remain inscribed in the European treaties. While Denmark is indeed a signatory, the treaties are amended by several protocols granting Denmark exemptions to
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