Penn Foster’s and Maker Apprenticeship program

Course PF Course Course Title Number Price Duration Year 1: Basic Industrial Math Block X31 $450.00 30 hours Addition and Subtraction 186303 ($75.00) (5 hours) Multiplication and Division 186304 ($75.00) (5 hours) Fractions, Percents, Proportions, and Angles 186305 ($75.00) (5 hours) Metric System 186306 ($75.00) (5 hours) Formulas 186307 ($75.00) (5 hours) Introduction to Algebra 186308 ($75.00) (5 hours) Practical Measurements Block X32 $375.00 25 hours Linear and Distance Measurement 186125 ($75.00) (5 hours) Bulk Measurement 186126 ($75.00) (5 hours) Temperature Measurement 186127 ($75.00) (5 hours) Energy, Force, and Power 186128 ($75.00) (5 hours) Fluid Measurement 186129 ($75.00) (5 hours) Trades Safety: Getting Started 186104 $75.00 5 hours Working Safely with Chemicals 186105 $75.00 5 hours Fire Safety 186106 $75.00 5 hours Working Safely with Electricity 186108 $75.00 5 hours Material Handling Safety 186109 $75.00 5 hours Jobs, Companies, and the Economy: Basic Concepts for Employees 186191 $75.00 5 hours Introduction to Print Reading 186325 $75.00 8 hours Abbreviations & Symbols 186326 $75.00 8 hours Print Reading Applications 186327 $75.00 8 hours Reading Shop Prints 386328 $75.00 5 hours Reading Shop Prints, Part 2 386044 $75.00 5 hours Hand and Power Block X34 $900.00 70 hours Common Hand Tools, Part 1 186164 ($75.00) (5 hours) Common Hand Tools, Part 2 186165 ($75.00) (5 hours) Precision Measuring Instruments, Part 1 186188 ($75.00) (10 hours) Electric and Grinding Tools 186166 ($75.00) (5 hours) Power Cutting Tools 186167 ($75.00) (5 hours) Pneumatic Hand Tools 186056 ($75.00) (5 hours) Plumbing and Pipefitting Tools 286113 ($75.00) (5 hours) Electricians' Tools 006026 ($75.00) (10 hours) Tool Grinding and Sharpening 186057 ($75.00) (5 hours) Woodworking Hand Tools 186169 ($75.00) (5 hours) Woodworking Power Tools 186170 ($75.00) (5 hours) Lifting Equipment 186168 ($75.00) (5 hours) Bench Work, Part 3 5004C $75.00 10 hours Fasteners 286095 $75.00 10 hours Basic Skills Block X08 $1,050.00 56 hours Practical Shop Math, Part 1 X0801 ($75.00) (4 hours) Practical Shop Math, Part 2 X0802 ($75.00) (4 hours) Practical Shop Measurement X0803 ($75.00) (4 hours) Safe Shop Practices X0804 ($75.00) (4 hours) Properties and Classifications of Metals X0805 ($75.00) (4 hours) Progress Examination X0821 ($0.00) (0 hour) Using Shop Drawings, Process, and Routing

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 1 Sheets, Part 1 X0806 ($75.00) (4 hours) Using Shop Drawings, Process, and Routing Sheets, Part 2 X0807 ($75.00) (4 hours) Layout X0808 ($75.00) (4 hours) Progress Examination X0822 ($0.00) (0 hour) Metal Cutting and Machine Tooling, Part 1 X0809 ($75.00) (4 hours) Metal Cutting and Machine Tooling, Part 2 X0810 ($75.00) (4 hours) Metal Cutting Machinery, Part 1 X0811 ($75.00) (4 hours) Metal Cutting Machinery, Part 2 X0812 ($75.00) (4 hours) Fundamentals of Grinding X0813 ($75.00) (4 hours) CNC Features and Applications X0814 ($75.00) (4 hours) Progress Examination X0823 ($0.00) (0 hour) Progress Examination Booklet X0820 ($0.00) (0 hour)

Year 2: Safety 186110 $75.00 5 hours Precision Measuring Instruments, Part 2 186189 $75.00 10 hours Precision Measuring Instruments, Part 3 186190 $75.00 10 hours Drilling 386050 & 386051 $150.00 20 hours Metal Processing 186087 $75.00 3 hours Ferrous Metals 186088 $75.00 3 hours Nonferrous Metals 186089 $75.00 3 hours Identification of Metals 186090 $75.00 3 hours Lubrication, Part 1 286091 $75.00 10 hours Lubrication, Part 2 286092 $75.00 10 hours Applied Geometry 186085 $75.00 6 hours Practical Trigonometry 186086 $75.00 6 hours Layout 3501 $75.00 10 hours , Part 1 386036 $75.00 10 hours Lathes, Part 2 386037 $75.00 10 hours Lathes, Part 3 386038 $75.00 10 hours Lathes, Part 4 386039 $75.00 10 hours Lathes, Part 5 386040 $75.00 10 hours Machine Fundamentals 386031 $75.00 10 hours Milling Machine Cutting Tools 386032 $75.00 10 hours Milling Machine Practice and Operation, Part 1 386033 $75.00 10 hours Milling Machine Practice and Operation, Part 2 386034 $75.00 10 hours Milling Machine and Spiral Work 386035 $75.00 10 hours Fundamentals of Grinding 386016 $75.00 10 hours Cylindrical Grinding, Part 1 386010 $75.00 10 hours Cylindrical Grinding, Part 2 386011 $75.00 10 hours , Part 1 386012 $75.00 10 hours Surface Grinding, Part 2 386013 $75.00 10 hours Nontraditional Machining Technologies 386029 $75.00 10 hours Hardening and Tempering 3195 $75.00 10 hours Tool Grinding 386017 $75.00 10 hours

Year 3: Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 386E01 $175.00 20 hours Quality Concepts: Tools and Applications 186036 $75.00 5 hours Quality Control for the Technician 386E02 $365.00 70 hours CNC Technology and Programming 066903 $150.00 45 hours Toolholding Systems 386028 $75.00 10 hours CNC 386041 $75.00 10 hours Machine Sketching 5807 $75.00 10 hours of Iron 5110 $75.00 10 hours Metallurgy of Nonferrous Metals 5337 $75.00 10 hours Metallurgy of Steel 5111 $75.00 10 hours Metallography 5338A-B $150.00 20 hours Heat Treatment 3541A-D $300.00 40 hours

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 2 Year 4: Toolmaking, Parts 1-3 2540A-C $225.00 30 hours Toolmaking, Part 4 386047 $75.00 10 hours Gage Making 5098 $75.00 10 hours Jigs and Fixtures 5099 $75.00 10 hours and Making, Part 1 5100 $75.00 10 hours Jig and Fixture Making, Part 2 386049 $75.00 10 hours Dies and Die Making 5101A-B $150.00 20 hours Dies and Die Making, Part 3 386048 $75.00 10 hours Making Dies 3197 $75.00 10 hours Forging Dies 3199 $75.00 10 hours Processes, Part 1 186075 $75.00 10 hours Manufacturing Processes, Part 2 186076 $75.00 10 hours Manufacturing Processes, Part 3 186077 $75.00 10 hours Manufacturing Processes, Part 4 186078 $75.00 10 hours Drafting Kit 1200M $158.00 0 hours Elementary Mechanical 5434 $290.00 130 hours

Estimated Total Curriculum Duration: 1104 hours Number of Exams: 110

***SEE FULL COURSE DESCRIPTIONS BELOW

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 3 • Perform multiplication and division on whole numbers and decimals. • How to check your answers to both multiplication and division problems. Block X31 • How to find the average of a group of numbers. Basic Industrial Math • How to use a calculator to multiply and divide numbers. Duration: 30 hours (includes 6 tests) 186305 What Students Learn: Fractions, Percents, This module of six study units offers the trainee arithmetic and basic mathematics, metric measurement, and calculator Proportions, and Angles fundamentals. The Metric System is an introductory unit which includes metric conversions. Problem exercises and Objectives: examples in this module are presented in on-the-job scenarios • Define the terms: fraction, proper fraction, improper with applications drawn from the industrial context. fraction, lowest common denominator, percent, ratio, and proportion. Special Notes: • How to add, subtract, multiply, and divide fractions and This updated course replaces lessons contained within decimals. Practical Math and Measurements, Block X01. Each study • How to change fractions to decimals and decimals to unit contains a progress examination. fractions. • Solve problems involving percent. Components: • How to use a protractor to measure angles. Addition and Subtraction (186303) • Lay out templates for checking angles. Multiplication and Division (186304) • How to use a calculator to solve percent problems and Fractions, Percents, Proportions, and Angles (186305) to convert fractions to decimals. Metric System (186306) Formulas (186307) Introduction to Algebra (186308) 186306 Metric System 186303 Objectives: Addition and Subtraction • Name the base units most commonly used in the metric system. Objectives: • Identify metric prefixes and their values. • Define the terms: whole number, numeral, digit, • Apply conversion factors to increase or decrease metric decimal, place value, addend, sum, minuend, base units. subtrahend, and difference. • Estimate lengths in metric units. • Explain the significance of the digit zero in a number. • Express temperature in degrees Celsius. • Differentiate between concrete and abstract numbers. • Define the terms: mass, density, force, torque, and • Properly prepare numbers for addition and subtraction. pressure. Identify the metric units used to measure each • Perform addition and subtraction on numbers. one. • How to check your answers to both addition and • How to use a calculator to convert one metric unit to subtraction problems. another. • How to use a calculator to add and subtract numbers. 186307 186304 Formulas Multiplication and Division Objectives: Objectives: • Explain the use of letters in formulas. • Define the terms: factor, multiplicand, multiplier, partial • Prepare and use formulas to solve problems. product, dividend, divisor, quotient, and remainder. • The use of formulas to calculate the perimeter of a • Recognize the various signs used for multiplication and triangle and rectangle, distance, area of a triangle, division. rectangle, and circle, volume of a pyramid, current in a • Properly prepare numbers for multiplication and circuit, and volume of a sphere. division.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 4 • How to use a calculator to find root and solve • Find the perimeter of rectangular, square, or triangular formulas. areas or objects, such as rooms or machine bases, after • Transform and solve an equation. measuring the sides. • Perform basic arithmetic operations with signed terms. • Calculate the circumference of circular objects like • Substitute given numerical values for letters in a pipes of tanks after measuring the diameter. formula and find the unknown quantity. • Measure lengths with the aid of rigid and flexible rules, thickness gauges and pitch gauges. • Read a typical and to take 186308 precise measurements. Introduction to Algebra 186126 Objectives: • Define the terms: term, constant, coefficient, exponent, Bulk Measurement monomial, trinomial, and polynomial. • Identify and combine like terms in an expression. Objectives: • Multiply and divide terms containing exponents. • Measure an angle by degrees. • Remove parentheses from an expression and simplify • Find the areas of rectangles, triangles, and circles. the expression. • Find the volumes of prisms, cylinders, and cones. • Perform basic arithmetic operations with signed terms. • Find the weight of material stored in a container. • Determine the amount of material that can be stored or handled. • Discuss the types and uses of conveyors and weighing Block X32 systems. Practical Measurements Duration: 186127 25 hours (includes 5 tests) Temperature Measurement What Students Learn: The five lessons in this block present the trainee with a broad Objectives: overview of measurements found in an industrial setting. In • Change temperature units from one system to another. addition to the basic measurements of length, temperature, • Discuss the use of the various types of thermometers. energy, force, and power, the trainee will learn how materials • Select the type of thermometer to be used at certain are measured and handled in bulk quantities. Fluid temperatures. measurements include the measuring of fluid flow, fluid pressure, and fluid level. All lessons include the metric conversions in addition to the English units. 186128 Special Notes: Energy, Force, and Power This updated course replaces the X0105 to X0109 lessons found in Practical Math and Measurements, Block X01. Each Objectives: study unit contains a progress examination. • Distinguish between the concepts of energy, force, and power. Components: • Explain what the term "work" means, and how it is Linear and Distance Measurement (186125) measured. Bulk Measurement (186126) • Know by sight the basic machines, lever, inclined plane, Temperature Measurement (186127) wedge, wheel and axle, and screw. Energy, Force, and Power (186128) • Solve simple problems that involve levers, mechanical Fluid Measurement (186129) advantage, and machine efficiency. • List the forms of energy that have important industrial applications, and the instruments used for measuring 186125 energy. Linear and Distance Measurement 186129 Objectives: Fluid Measurement • Recognize the difference between English and metric units of length. Objectives:

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 5 • Understand the properties of fluids. • Determine the density, specific gravity, and viscosity of 186105 fluids. • Express pressure in three different units. Working Safely with Chemicals • Measure the pressure of fluids using manometers and Bourdon tubs pressure gages. Duration: • Measure the flow rate of fluids using different types of 5 hours (includes 1 test) flowmeters. What Students Learn: Preview This study unit deals with the safe use of chemicals in the 186104 workplace. The two primary causes of chemical accidents are Trades Safety: Getting Started the misuse of chemicals and the improper disposal of chemical wastes. Understanding the hazards that chemicals can create Duration: is the first step in protecting people from harm. 5 hours (includes 1 test) The main goal of this study unit is to provide students with sound, practical knowledge about chemical use and disposal, What Students Learn: both in the workplace and at home. You will learn how to Preview recognize common chemical hazards and how to deal with A thorough knowledge of safe practices is an important part of them. Trainees will learn how to perform a job analysis to working in any industrial setting. Every industrial worker look for potential chemical dangers in your daily taks. Finally, should be familiar with accident prevention techniques, fire people will learn how to take precautions to avoid chemical safety mehods, and the use of personal protective equipment. accidents and make all jobs as safe as possible. Injuries in the workplace cost many millions of dollars in medical costs, lost wages, and production losses each year. Objectives Many injuries can be prevented by understanding how When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be accidents and injuries can occur. This study unit is designed able to: to help trainees understand why safety is so important, and to • Recognize the six different ways in which a chemical present students with information about safety that goes can cause physical injury. beyond common sense. • Name the routes or paths of entry by which chemicals can enter the body. Objectives • Describe the types of injuries caused by chemicals. When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be • Identify potential chemical dangers in your workplace. able to: • Describe how to identify, store and label hazardous • Name the agencies that make and enforce safety chemicals. regulations and explain an employee’s responsibilities • List several methods used to prevent chemical under those regulations. accidents. • List the physical hazards associated with chemicals and • Explain why proper training is important to chemical describe how to avoid those hazards. handling. • Name several electrical shock hazards and the • Describe the types of personal protective equipment techniques used to prevent shocks. used and worn when handling chemicals. • List the steps in a lock-out / tag-out procedure. • Explain the role of governmental agencies in enforcing • Explain the importance of machine guarding and name chemical regulations. several types of machine guards. • Name the four classes of fire and how to extinguish Contents each of them. Introduction: Living with Chemicals; Chemical Injuries; • Describe the proper technique used to lift a heavy load. Accident Prevention; Handling Hazardous Wastes. • Explain how to avoid hand injuries when using hand and power tools. • List some of the hazards involved in and hot 186106 cutting operations and how to prevent them. • Explain how job analysis and the science of ergonomics Fire Safety are used to improve the workplace. • Explain the importance of personal protective Duration: equipment and name several types of PPE. 5 hours (includes 1 test)

Contents What Students Learn: Introduction; Safety Regulations; Key safety Issues; Preview Protecting Yourself and Your Co-workers.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 6 Fires are the most destructive and expensive of all accidents. • Discuss the importance of properly using quality However, fires can be effectvely prevented through the electrical components. combined use of technology and common sense. By • Follow the basic methods of protection when wiring understanding how fires get started and how to extinguish electrical installations. them, students will have much of the knowledge needed to • Tell why it is important to ground electrical equipment protect people from fire. This study unit will introduce and systems. trainees to the information you need to practice fire safety and • Select the type of electrical equipment to use in a prevention in the workplace. hazardous location. • List the safety practices required in an electrical work Objectives area. When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be • Talk about the importance of a clear working space able to: around electrical equipment. • Describe the types of property losses and injuries • Educate your own level of safety training to be sure it associated with fires. matches the electrical work you are performing. • Explain how fires are ignited. • Identify the four classes of fire. Contents • Describe the primary fire hazards found in the Introduction to Electrical Safety; Using Proper Materials workplace. and Components; Equipment Grounding; Hazardous • Explain the various ways in which fires can be Locations; Safe Working Clearances; Safety Practices. prevented. • Describe the operation of several different fixed fire protection systems. • Identify the proper type of portable fire extinguisher to 186109 use on a fire. Material Handling Safety • Describe the operation of several different types of fire extinguishers. Duration: • Explain how to defend yourself and others in a fire 5 hours (includes 1 test) situation. • Describe how to safely evacuate a burning building. What Students Learn: Preview Contents This study unit introduces the safe techniques and work Introduction to Fire; Fire Hazards in the Workplace; practices commonly used when handling manufacturing and Preventing Fires; Fixed Fire Protection Equipment; industrial materials. Trainees will learn the procedures Portable Fire Extinguishers; Fire Protection Techniques. necessary to avoid physical injury to yourself and those working with you, for both manual handling methods and mechanical handling methods. You will also learn procedures that minimize damage to the materials being moved and to 186108 facility property. Knowing the proper procedures will also Working Safely with Electricity give you the insight to decide when mechanical handling is necessary, or preferred, over traditional physical handling. Duration: 5 hours (includes 1 test) Objectives When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be What Students Learn: able to: Preview • Recognize the hazards associated with handling This study unit will introduce students to many workplace materials. situations that require you to work safely with electricity. You • Know the types of injuries that can be caused by these will learn how and why electricity can be dangerous. Trainees hazards. will also learn about various methods used for protection. • Understand how to effectively use safe material Safety begins with the careful installation of electrical handling practices. components by means of approved wiring methods. You • Know how to avoid physical injury when handling should use safety procedures and practices that insulate you loads. from electricity's power anytime you work with, or near, • Know and follow the rules for safe operation of electrical equipment and components. powered industrial material handling equipment. • Understand and respect the limits and restrictions placed Objectives on powered material handling mechanisms. When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be able to: Contents • Explain how electricity can harm you and your Introduction to Material Handling; Housekeeping and property. Storage; Material Handling Equipment; Hoists and Cranes.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 7 • Understand and interpret the various symbols and 186191 notations used on drawings for electrical, architectural, mechanical, welding, fluid power, and other types of Jobs, Companies, and the applications • Explain how symbols are used to show standard Economy: Basic Concepts for materials, parts, and assemblies Employees Duration: 188327 5 hours (includes 1 test) Dimensioning and Tolerancing What Students Learn: Course Prerequisite: • Recognition of how the economy affects the actions of Introduction to Print Reading (186080) companies, employees, consumers, and investors. What Students Learn: • The concept of capitalism and the principles of supply • Recognize the international standards and conventions and demand. that apply to drawings • How government policies affect the amounts of saving, • Explain how different numbering systems were spending, and investing by companies and individuals. developed and how they are applied to prints • Understand economic measuring tools such as the • Read and interpret various systems of dimensions and inflation rate, the unemployment rate and Gross tolerances on drawings Domestic Product (GDP). • Recognize and interpret common symbols and • How labor is divided into three employment sectors and nomenclature used in geometric dimensioning and tolerancing how wages are set, including the influence of labor (GD&T) systems unions and the benefits of a multi-functional workforce. 186080 186081 186082 186083 186043 186044 186045 • Recognition of how both the employee and the company Introduction to Print Reading Print Reading Symbols and must compete in an increasingly international Abbreviations Dimensioning and Tolerancing Print Reading marketplace. Applications Building Drawings Electrical Drawings and Circuits Electronic Drawings Special Notes: • Understand how GD&T symbols describe the This updated course replaces How Our Economic System designer’s intent to those making or inspecting the part, Works, study unit 6606, and Economics Today, study unit eliminating misinterpretation of the print 186034. ______186328

Print Reading Applications 186325 Course Prerequisite: Introduction to Print Reading Introduction to Print Reading (186080) Print Reading Symbols What Students Learn: and Abbreviations (186081) Dimensioning and Tolerancing • Describe the basic format for conveying technical (186082) information in a drawing What Students Learn: • Interpret the various drawing views used in technical • Work with standard drawing formats to obtain drawings • Extract information from notes and title blocks information such as part titles, part numbers, dimensional • Recognize and interpret the different line types used in standards, revisions, and materials drawings • Understand the concept of drawing scale and • Explain how various components shown on prints are how it affects connected or related to each other information shown in the drawing • Identify various • Obtain information from a drawing about quantities, types of building, electrical, and mechanical drawings materials, assembly processes, or dimensions • Visualize the three-dimensional parts and assemblies ______represented by two-dimensional drawings • Effectively interpret electrical, architectural, 186326 mechanical, fluid power, and other types of prints. Print Reading Symbols and ______Abbreviations 386043 Course Prerequisite: Reading Shop Prints, Part 1 Introduction to Print Reading (186080) Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) What Students Learn: What Students Learn: • Recognize, understand, and interpret the most common • Interpret working drawings • Evaluate various abbreviations used on a wide range of drawing types used in systems of dimensions and tolerances • Recognize symbols, construction and maintenance trades notes, and specifications called out on detail and

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 8 assembly prints • Identify material requirements as specified on a print • Evaluate a print to determine the proper 186164 procedure to make a simple part. ______Common Hand Tools, Part 1

Objectives: 386044 Preview Reading Shop Prints, Part 2 In the first part of a students introduction to hand tools, you'll learn about various types of tools as well as how to use them Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) safely. You'll also learn how are held in place, the Course Prerequisite: Reading Shop Prints, Part 1 (386043) manner in which workpieces are marked prior to actually starting a given job, and how to make the most of a What Students Learn: • Interpret more complex working drawings • Define 's many useful features. and use cam, , and thread terminology • Interpret cam, gear, and thread specifications on shop prints • Work Next, students will be introduced to a group of hand tools with various sectioning techniques • Read and interpret a which most technicians use on a daily basis -- , bill of materials • Evaluate more complex prints to , screwdrivers, and . Again, you'll learn the determine the best order of machining. correct ways to safely use and take care of these tools. Equally important, students will learn how not to use these tools and the results of their improper use.

Block X34 Objectives When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be Hand and Power Tools able to: Duration: • Identify common hand tools and their function. • Explain how to safely use common hand tools. 70 hours (includes 12 tests) • Maintain most types of hand tools. Course Prerequisites: • Describe the benefits of several special features Electrical Wiring Practices (086E02) available for some hand tools. Basic Industrial Math (Block X31) Practical Measurements (Block X32) Contents Trades Safety: Getting Started (186001) Working with Hand Tools; Wrenches; Pliers; Screwdrivers; Striking Tools; Tool Storage and What Students Learn: Benchwork. In all industrial trades, a trainee will often have to several and various tools to get the task done properly. This block introduces commonly used hand and power tools. Safety is 186165 stressed while the maintenance worker is learning what tools to use, what tasks the tool can effectively accomplish, and Common Hand Tools, Part 2 how to use the tools correctly. Objectives: Special Notes: Preview This course replaces Hand and Power Tools, Block X24. In this study unit, we'll continue the discussion of hand tools Each study unit contains a progress exam. commonly used by technicians. While a broad range of technicians use many of the tools discussed here, such as Components: and punches, many others are more specialized and are Common Hand Tools, Part 1 (18164) commonly used by maintenance and machine trades Common Hand Tools, Part 2 (186165) technicians. Precision Measuring Instruments, Part 1 (186188) Electric Drilling and Grinding Tools (186166) Students will learn how to choose the correct or Power Cutting Tools (186167) for the job, how to care for it, and use it safely. Pneumatic Hand Tools (186056) Plumbing and Pipefitting Tools (286113) Next, you'll learn about the variety of different cutting tools Electricians' Tools (006026) such as snips, knives, and . Another important group Tool Grinding and Sharpening (186057) of tools is shaping tools, such as files. Students will learn the Woodworking Hand Tools (186169) different types of files, and again, how to care for them, and Woodworking Power Tools(186170) use them safely. Lifting Equipment (186168)

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 9 Also discussed in this unit are various specialized maintenance • Choose the proper bit for many drilling tools. These are tools used for specific types of maintenance applications. jobs such as pulling or prying objects from machines, safely • Set up and use a variety of hand and bench grinders. inspecting machines, and retrieving objects in areas that aren't • Safely use the proper grinder for various jobs. easily accessible to the technician. • Follow the necessary steps for proper tool maintenance. • Purchase the proper drilling tool for your application. Objectives When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be Contents able to: Electric ; Drill Presses; Drill Bits; Drills • Identify and use various chisels and punches safely. and Rotary Hammers; Electric Grinders; . • Use and care for cutting tools. • Understand the need for specialized maintenance tools. • Correctly use threading and other precision tools. 186167 Contents Power Cutting Tools Struck Tools; Cutting Tools; Tools; Shaping Hand Tools; Hand Tools for Threading and other Objectives: Precision Work; Specialized Maintenance Hand Tools. Preview Power cutting tools fall into two categories: portable and stationary. Portable and stationary cutting tools perform many 186188 similar operations, but portable tools, carried easily by hand, are used most often at the job site. Stationary tools are used in Precision Measuring workshops and on plant tools. Stationary range in size from small shop jigsaws to huge band saws used in paper mills Instruments, Part 1 to large trees into lumber. This unit introduces students to the most common portable power saws used in construction Objectives: and repair work, namely circular, saber, jig-, and reciprocating Purpose and Language of Measurement; Scale Instruments saws, and the stationary cutting tools found in most and Accessories; Vernier Caliper; , Gages, and maintenance and fabrication shops. Protractors. Objectives When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be 186166 able to: • Identify the most common portable and stationary Electric Drilling and Grinding power saws. Tools • Identify the various parts of a saw and explain how they work. Objectives: • Discuss the types of cuts made by each type of saw. Preview • Choose the most appropriate saw and blade for the type The is one of the most widely used power tools. of work being done. It has many uses and is simple to operate. Electric drills can • Recognize a portable circular saw, name its parts, and be found in a variety of shapes and sizes, from a light (with practice) operate it safely. household duty to the heavy-duty industrial grade hand drill • Select and (with practice) use the proper saw; saber and drill press. One variation of the electric drill is the saw, portable band saw, reciprocating saw, cut-out saw, hammer drill or rotary hammer. The hammer drill is a tool cut-off saw, for a given application. used for making holes in concrete and masonry. • Operate (with practice) the stationary circular, radial, band and scroll saws safely. Grinders are commonly used for shaping and finishing metal • Observe the various safety precautions when using and other materials. Hand grinders are available in sizes power saws and stationary power tools. ranging from those designed to do the intricate work of the to that of the 7-inch heavy-duty disc grinder. Bench Contents grinders are standard equipment in most shops, ranging from a Power Saw Safety; Portable Power Saws; Stationary 6-inch bench model to the heavy-duty 12-inch pedestal Circular Power Saws; Other Stationary Power Saws. grinder.

Objectives 186056 When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be able to: Pneumatic Hand Tools • Safely set up and operate a portable electric drill, electric drill press, and electric hammer. Objectives:

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 10 Preview • Identify the tools required to join and assemble pipes of Pneumatic tools are used in many areas of maintenance, different material composition. construction, and production work. These tools harness the • Determine when and how to use pipe-joint assembly power of compressed air and convert this power to useful tools. work. Compressed air can be a very powerful energy source. • Identify the tools required to perform layout, cutting, However, due to this power, you must be extremely careful and tasks. when using these tools. • Identify the tools needed for testing and maintaining piping systems. Pneumatic tools are normally made much heavier than • Determine when and how to use finishing, testing, and standard-duty hand and power tools. You will notice this fact maintenance tools for piping systems. as soon as you lift an impact or framing nailer. The cases of the tools are made intentionally heavy to contain the stresses of the impact hammers or piston and to absorb the normal day-to-day abuse that the tool takes. You have 006026 probably seen someone remove a tire's lug nuts with a Electricians' Tools pneumatic impact wrench. The operator picks up the wrench and blasts off four or five bolts. Next, the wrench is dropped Objectives: the six inches or so to the floor while the operator's hands Electricians' Equipment: Basic Hand Tools; Wire-Working move to quickly grab the wheel and rim. Come back to this Tools; Conduit-Working Tools; Power Tools; Knowledge as a same shop a year later, and you will probably see the same Tool with Basic Introduction to the Metric System; Units of wrench being used after thousands of tires have come and Electricity; Static Electricity; Electric Current, Measuring gone. The tool's case may be nicked and grooved, but if Instruments, and the Symbols and Terminology Used by properly cleaned and lubricated, the tool could last for many Electricians. thousand more tires.

This text discusses the selection, use and safe practices of using different types of pneumatic tools. 186057 Tool Grinding and Sharpening Objectives When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be Objectives: able to: Preview • Describe the various pneumatic tools used for plant Trades people must keep their hand tools in good working maintenance. condition. They must follow a regular maintenance schedule • Identify and describe the safe use of impact, cutting, for servicing them. Tools with cutting edges must have the and grinding tools. edges sharpened. Other tools must be trued and shaped for • Explain how pneumatic hammers, nailers, and staplers their special uses. Screwdrivers, chisels, punches, snips, and are selected and used in a safe manner. twist drills are shaped or sharpened on a . • Describe the use of pneumatic assembly tools such as grinders, sanders, screwdrivers, and drills and how other Objectives types of production tools are selected and used. When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be • Identify the proper procedures for pneumatic tool and able to: system care. • Use a grinding machine, following all safety • Identify safe tool use procedures and how vibration and procedures. excess noise can cause bodily injury. • Hone or whet tools with an oilstone. • Explain the procedures for grinding metal stock. Contents • Compare the methods used in grinding screwdrivers, Pneumatic Tools for Maintenance; Pneumatic Tools for snips, chisels, plane irons, and twist drills. Construction; Pneumatic Tools for Production and Assemble; Pneumatic Tool Care; Using Pneumatic Contents Tools Safely. Tool Sharpening Equipment; Grinding and Sharpening Procedures. 286113 Plumbing and Pipefitting Tools 186169 Woodworking Hand Tools Objectives: • Identify the various tools available for various tasks by Objectives: appearance. Preview • Demonstrate your knowledge of job safety and tool safety.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 11 A person who does not really know the workings of industry might think that hand tools are not used that much any more. Lifting Equipment That is not so; in a maintenance job, trades people will use Objectives: hand tools to do many different tasks. Hand tools are Preview necessary for superior craftsmanship, and ideal for many Maintenance work involves hoisting or lifting and moving maintenance operations. With hand tools, you supply the machines, and other heavy loads. A new machine may have to power and guide the tool. be moved in, and installed on its foundation; a broken machine

may have to be hoisted and taken to the maintenance area for This study unit focuses on the basic hand tools used when repair. For such work, trades people will need hoisting working with wood. Which woodworking you use equipment, plus certain accessories, such as rope and chain will depend on the work you are doing. Often the same job slings. Therefore, it is important for trainees to be familiar can be done equally well with different tools. with the common types of hoisting equipment and slings.

Objectives In maintenance work, you will often have to remove parts, When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be such as and bearings, from an assembly. Pullers are able to: very useful tools for such purposes. The commonly used • Distinguish between the types of hand saws and use pullers are of the jaw and push types. them correctly.

• Bore and drill holes in wood. Objectives • Explain the differences between planes and use planes When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be effectively. able to: • Use tools correctly. • Identify the many forms of jacks and hoists.

• Safely operate jacks and hoists. Contents • Understand the construction details of fiber ropes, wire Layout Tools, Saws, and Hammers; Wood Boring and ropes, and chains. Removal Tools. • Properly use and maintain fiber-rope, wire-rope, and chain slings. • Properly use jaw and push pullers. 186170 Contents Woodworking Power Tools Jacks; Hoists; Fiber Ropes; Wire Ropes; Hoisting Chains; Pullers. Objectives: Preview The correct use of routers, power planers, and sanders will be important to trades people in your maintenance job. You will 5004C cut contours and irregular shapes on both edges and surfaces with the portable router; or you will plane doors, lumber, and Bench Work, Part 3 assembled work accurately with the portable power . Duration: Trades people will also finish wood, metal, and plastic, and 10 hours (includes 1 test) prepare surfaces for painting with power sanders. What Students Learn: Objectives Fitting Practice; Tolerance, Allowance, Clearance, and Fit; When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be Babbitting; Hack Saw; Band Saw Machine; Clamping Work able to: for Sawing; ; Soft Solder; Soldering Copper; Sweat • Operate (with practice) the portable router. Soldering; ; Hand Solders and Fluxes; Torch Brazing; • Outline the procedures for using a portable power Induction Brazing; Furnace Brazing. planer. • Recognize by sight the common stationary power sanders and compare their operation. • Choose the right portable sander for a given job, and 286095 operate (with practice) the portable belt sander. Fasteners

Contents Duration: Routers; The Portable Power Planner; Power Sanders and 10 hours (includes 1 test) Sanding Operations. What Students Learn: Preview 186168

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 12 This study unit explains the use and properties of specialty and Safe Shop Practices (X0804) common fasteners used by maintenance technicians. It also Properties and Classifications of Metals (X0805) covers many of those fasteners installed during automated Progress Examination (X0821) assembly processes. Using Shop Drawings, Process, and Routing Sheets, Part 1 (X0806) Objectives Using Shop Drawings, Process, and Routing Sheets, Part 2 When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be (X0807) able to: Layout (X0808) • Identify the types and properties of fastener material. Progress Examination (X0822) • Describe the components of threaded fastener systems Metal Cutting and Machine Tooling, Part 1 (X0809) including bolts, nuts, and washers. Metal Cutting and Machine Tooling, Part 2 (X0810) • Discuss the anchoring systems used in industry. Metal Cutting Machinery, Part 1 (X0811) • Identify and riveting tools. Metal Cutting Machinery, Part 2 (X0812) • Describe other non-threaded fasteners including keys, Fundamentals of Grinding (X0813) pins and retaining rings. CNC Machine Tool Features and Applications (X0814) • Display fastener installation techniques including Progress Examination (X0823) tensioning, torquing and lubrication. Progress Examination Booklet (X0820) • Discuss how to troubleshoot fastener failure.

Contents Introduction to Fasteners; Fastener Materials; Threaded X0801 Designs; Threaded Fastening Systems; Nonthreaded Practical Shop Math, Part 1 Fasteners; Installing and Removing Fasteners; Industrial Adhesives. Objectives: • Learn the basics of shop mathematics as they relate to Special Notes: machine technology. This updated course replaces 2542. • Add, subtract, multiply, and divide fractions and decimal values of whole units such as inches, and feet. • Derive the square root of fractions and decimals. Block X08 • Compute a machine drive ratio for a given speed. • Make calculations using the metric or SI system of Basic Machining Skills measurement. Duration: 56 hours (includes 3 tests) X0802 Course Prerequisites: Practical Shop Math, Part 2 Introduction to Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry (Block X02) Objectives: Industrial Safety (Block X23) • Learn the fundamentals of geometry and trigonometry Hand and Power Tools (Block X24) as they apply to machine shop calculations. • Compute the areas of rectangles, triangles, circles, What Students Learn: parallelograms, and other common shapes. This block presents the trainee with a broad overview of the • Compute the volumes of solid figures such as cubes, basic industrial skills and knowledge needed by an entry level cylinders, cones, rectangles, and combinations of these. . Skilled workers, such as electricians, pipefitters, • Use the principles of geometry and trigonometry to and mechanics, whose duties include the maintenance and analyze and solve various kinds of triangles and their repair of machine tools, can benefit through cross training, parts. from taking this course. The course starts with shop math and • Plot coordinates of a point using both the rectangular measurements, and applies these concepts to shop drawings, (Cartesian) and the polar systems. blueprint reading, layout, and metal cutting. On-the-job tasks, • Present the fundamentals of calculator operations as such as working with metal cutting machinery - milling they apply to shop work. machines, drilling machines, lathes, grinders, and CNC machine tools - are described in detail. Safety procedures relating to job tasks using metal shop machinery are an essential part of this course. X0803 Components: Practical Shop Measurement Practical Shop Math, Part 1 (X0801) Practical Shop Math, Part 2 (X0802) Objectives: Practical Shop Measurement (X0803)

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 13 • Teach the terminology of linear (length) and angular dimensioning. Using Shop Drawings, Process, • Learn which tools and measuring instruments are and Routing Sheets, Part 1 commonly used to determine the size and dimensions of a sample . Objectives: • Use a steel rule to measure the length of a part in inches • Understand the uses of industrial blueprints. or millimeters. • Learn how to read shop drawings, process, and routing • Measure the sizes of parts to 1/10,000 inch using a sheets. vernier caliper. • Recognize surfaces, object lines, and object points on a • Use a micrometer to measure diameters and thicknesses blueprint. of workpieces. • Recognize front, top, and right-side views of an object. • Make angular measurements using various instruments. • Identify lines on a drawing and explain their use. • Read and understand sectional views and apply information from them to other views. X0804 • Identify and read auxiliary and double auxiliary lines. • Understand tolerances and apply them to dimensions, Safe Shop Practices and read different tolerancing systems. • Introduce the trainee to the language of print reading. Objectives: • List the proper safety equipment to be worn when performing machine shop tasks. • State the environmental hazards most commonly X0807 encountered in a machine shop. Using Shop Drawings, Process, • Teach the fundamental safety measures for the machine shop environment and for the more popular types of and Routing Sheets, Part 2 machine tools used across industry. • State the method used to remove stock from a Objectives: workpiece mounted in a , milling machine, and • Recognize and read a geometric drawing. drill press. • Understand the system of geometric dimensioning and • Name one method used to protect the worker from tolerancing used in industrial shop drawings. harmful fumes when cutting fluids are used. • Understand variations used on geometric drawings. • Locate and correctly read a drawing block, and apply its information to a drawing. • Recognize and read a process sheet, and use the X0805 information it contains. Properties and Classifications of • Understand the baseline dimensioning system. • Understand the Cartesian coordinate system. Metals • Understand the fixed or floating zero system. Objectives: • Understand the four basic methods of manufacturing iron and steel. X0808 • Discuss the fundamental properties of metals. Layout • Recognize standard identification of various steels and alloys. Objectives: • Know the characteristics and applications of particular • Prepare a work surface and know the types and uses of steels and alloys. layout compounds. • Realize the effects and limitations of heat treatment. • Identify and use common layout tools. • Be familiar with materials testing methods. • Identify and use measuring instruments used in layout. • Differentiate between hot-working and cold-working • Identify and use precision layout tools. metal processes. • Perform basic layout operations and construct various geometric shapes. X0821 Progress Examination X0822 Progress Examination X0806 X0809

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 14 • Describe the different types of horizontal and vertical Metal Cutting and Machine milling machines available. Tooling, Part 1 • Understand and computerized numerical control of machine tools and differentiate Objectives: between them. • Describe metal cutting, how it is accomplished, and • Distinguish a machining center from an ordinary milling whether a is performing properly. machine. • Identify a variety of cutting tools. • Understand the differences among the four designs of • Understand how a cutting tool cuts and separates automatic toolchangers. material by using the three kinds of cutting edges. • Identify the three major types of chips a cutting tool produces. X0812 • Name the key parts of a twist drill. • Describe the applications of a , , Metal Cutting Machinery, Part 2 and combination countersink/centerdrill. • State the differences between for machine and Objectives: hand use. • Describe basic lathe construction. • Explain the differences between taps used for hand • Describe the manual and automated turning machines tapping and machine tapping methods. used by industry. • Describe the dies used to produce threads by both hand • Recognize the uses of turning centers for mass- and machine methods. production applications. • Identify the different machine attachments and tooling • Differentiate between bar and chucking types of components needed for threading on automatic screw machines. production machinery. • Identify turning machine accessories and workholders. • State the differences between horizontal and vertical configurations. • Interpret the different tooth styles of and the X0810 applications for each style. Metal Cutting and Machine • Describe conventional and vertical bandsaw cutting operations. Tooling, Part 2 • Explain circular cold sawing, abrasive cutting, and friction sawing techniques. Objectives: • Define the major parts of a lathe . • Identify the types and applications of turning, boring, and milling tools used in machining operations. X0813 • Describe the different styles of end mills available. Fundamentals of Grinding • Identify the different horizontal end mills. • Explain the difference between the mounting methods Objectives: used for horizontal and style cutters. • Explain the physical characteristics, setup, and • Understand the differences among the various cutting operation of grinding wheels. tool materials used. • Name the different types of abrasives and bonds. • Describe the reasons for using a tool coating on a • Define how structure applies to the grinding process. cutting tool or cutting insert. • Recognize Standard Marking System symbols to choose • Describe the effects of coolants on the cutting point. the correct . • Identify the major methods of applying cutting fluids. • Describe the major wheel types by shape and list specific applications for each. • Describe how to put a grinding wheel into operation and X0811 keep it in good working order. • State the various types of grinding fluids, what they are Metal Cutting Machinery, Part 1 used for, and the different methods of applying them. • List uses and nomenclature associated with utility Objectives: grinders, surface grinders, and cylindrical grinders. • Identify the different types and applications of drilling • Demonstrate safe practices when using grinders. machines used in industry and their important operating parts. • Describe the major accessories and workholders used on drilling machines. X0814 • Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical CNC Machine Tool Features and milling machines. Applications

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 15 Objectives: • Understand the types of injuries caused by accidents • Name the common machines adapted to computer commonly associated with unsafe machine operating numerical control. procedures. • Describe how CNC machines operate and what • Discuss the importance of machine guarding and how to processes they are capable of performing. incorporate methods of guarding to avoid physical • State advantages of CNC over manual control. injury. • Name various CNC components and describe what each • Recognize the four basic types of machine guards does. commonly used in industry. • Explain the function of a feedback device. • Control various forms of hazardous machine energy • Understand the Cartesian coordinate system of through the use of lockout / tagout procedures. measurement. • Understand how and why to properly use personal • Define tool length compensation and describe the protective equipment for added protection when using process of zeroing a CNC machine. industrial equipment. • Demonstrate safe practices when operating CNC machines. Contents • Describe the job responsibilities of people involved in Introduction to Machine Safety; Machine Safeguarding; CNC operations. Types of Machinery; Machine Controls and Control Equipment; Protective Equipment and Procedures. X0823 Progress Examination 186189 Precision Measuring Instruments, Part 2 X0820 Duration: Progress Examination Booklet 10 hours (includes 1 test) What Students Learn: 186110 Indicators; Shop Gages; Gage Blocks; Fundamentals of Trigonometry; and Sine Plate. Machine Safety Special Notes: Duration: • This updated course replaces course 3500B. 5 hours (includes 1 test) • The entire course consists of study units 186068, 186069, and 3500C. What Students Learn: Preview In this study unit, trainees will gain a better understanding of the work practices necessary to operate industrial machinery, 186190 such as a bench-top drill press or a ten ton mechancial poewer Precision Measuring press, safely. You will learn how the principles and practices used to keep ypu safe from injury can be incorporated into Instruments, Part 3 your daily routine. Providing a safe work enviornment is the responsibility of the Duration: employer. It is the employees responsibility to work safely at 10 hours (includes 1 test) all times, especially when using power driven machinery. Awareness and sound practice of the safety procedures you'll What Students Learn: learn offer your best defense against workplace injuries. In Optical Comparators; Optical Flats Light Beams for this study unit, students will learn the skills needed to become Alignment and Measurement; Digital Readout Measuring; a productive and safe industrial machine operator. Special Measuring Systems; Materials Testing. Special Notes: Objectives This updated course replaces course 3500C. When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be able to: • Recognize the basic machine motions that can present a hazard to workers. 386050, 386051 • Recognize the types of machinery most likely to be hazardous to workers. Drilling, Parts 1 & 2 Duration:

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 16 20 hours (includes 2 tests) 186089 What Students Learn: PART 1 (386050). Drilling Process; Upright Drill Press; Nonferrous Metals Multiple-Spindle Drill Press; Radial Drill Presses; Numerical Control Drill Presses; Drilling Tools; Reconditioning of Drills. Duration: PART 2 (386051). Work-Holding Devices; Tool-Holding 3 hours Devices; Drill Press Setup; Cutting Fluids; Related Tools and Practices; Care of Equipment. Course Prerequisites: Basic Industrial Math (Block X21) Special Notes: Practical Measurements (Block X22) Covers subject at an advanced, in-depth level. What Students Learn: • Explain how the various metals are extracted from their ores. • Describe how the addition of certain elements affects 186087 the physical properties of the base metals. Metal Processing • Select the metal alloy most suitable for a given job. • Recognize whether a copper alloy is a brass or a bronze. Duration: 3 hours 186090 Course Prerequisites: Basic Industrial Math (Block X21) Identification of Metals Practical Measurements (Block X22) Duration: What Students Learn: 3 hours • Identify industrial metals by their names and chemical symbols. Course Prerequisites: • Define in basic terms the characteristics and properties Basic Industrial Math (Block X21) of metals. Practical Measurements (Block X22) • Explain the various metal-processing methods used in producing industrial metals. What Students Learn: • Explain how metals are extracted from their ores found • Identify a metal by making a , test magnetic test, in the earth and then refined. temperature test, chip test, or spark test. • Find the hardness of a metal by using a Brinell- Rockwell Monotron, a Vickers-Herbert Pendulum, or a 186088 scieroscope hardness-testing machine. Ferrous Metals 286091 Duration: 3 hours Lubrication, Part 1 Course Prerequisites: Duration: Basic Industrial Math (Block X21) 10 hours (includes 1 test) Practical Measurements (Block X22) What Students Learn: What Students Learn: Preview • Identify the features of a blast furnace. Since the development of machinery, there has been a war • Recognize cast irons by their fractures and other against friction. Friction causes machinery to vibrate properties. excessively, sound louder, use more energy to do a given job, • Describe the major steelmaking processes. and, most importantly, wear out faster. To counter friction, • Discuss the hot-working and cold-working methods lubricants have been developed. used to shape steel. • Classify the types of steel, according to both processing method and carbon content. • Relate certain grade numbers to the types of steel they identify.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 17 Lubricants were once basic animal fats and plant oils used on simple machines. Today's lubricants are chemical Objectives compositions specially designed for specific types of machines When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be and their work environment. There are now hundreds of types able to: of oils and grease to select from, each tailored specifically for • Explain how to manually apply various types of the machine or an individual component of any given lubricants in an industrial environment. machine. • Describe total-loss lubrication. • Identify a nonloss lubrication system's components and This study unit is designed to give students the information describe their operation. they need to understand how lubricants are blended into these • Explain how to maintain a nonloss lubrication system. very special compounds and how they are selected for various • Identify the proper lubrication procedures to use for applications. special industrial applications including sealed bearings, oil-impregnated bearings and food-processing plants. Objectives • Explain how lubricant-conditioning systems work and When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be how to maintain them. able to: • Describe how automatic lubrication systems work and • Describe the various types of friction. how to maintain them. • Discuss how materials wear. • List the tasks involved in preventive and predictive • List the various functions lubricants perform in industry. lubrication maintenance. • Explain how lubricants reduce friction. • Classify lubricants depending upon their composition, Contents properties, and additives. Manual Methods of Lubrication; Lubricating Total-Loss • Understand why certain lubricants are chosen for certain Systems; Nonloss Lubrication Systems; Lubrication in tasks. Special Environments; Lubrication Conditioning; • Explain how to safely handle and store lubricants. Automatic Lubrication Systems; Preventive and Predictive Lubrication Maintenance. Contents Friction and Wear; The Purpose of Lubricants; How Special Notes: Lubricants are Classified; How Lubricants Work; This updated course replaces 2531B. Proper Lubricant Selection; Handling and Storing Lubricants Safely. Special Notes: 186085 This updated course replaces 2531A. Applied Geometry Duration: 286092 6 hours Lubrication, Part 2 Course Prerequisites: Basic Industrial Math (Block X21) Duration: Practical Measurements (Block X22) 10 hours (includes 1 test) What Students Learn: What Students Learn: • Recognize characteristics of angles and closed plane Preview figures. Lubricating equipment is one of the most important industrial • Distinguish between common geometric solids. maintenance activities performed. Lubricants reduce friction, • Apply the Pythagorean theorem. which saves on energy costs. They reduce wear, which saves • Calculate perimeters and areas of a polygon, circle, and on equipment maintenance costs. Proper lubrication ellipse. significantly reduces machine downtime resulting from broken • Apply the formula for area and volume of geometric or worn out components. In addition, proper lubricating solids. practices help keep a machine in tolerance for a longer period of time. 186086 In today's world of twenty-four-hour-a-day, seven-days-a- week, plant operation, the role of lubrication takes on even Practical Trigonometry greater importance. Equipment must be lubricated on a timely schedule, in the proper amounts, and with the correct Duration: lubricants to sustain long work cycles between planned 6 hours shutdowns. This study unit will show you how to properly apply lubrication and maintain lubrication systems. Course Prerequisites:

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 18 Basic Industrial Math (Block X21) This unit uses both the English and Metric standards of Practical Measurements (Block X22) measurement. Most examples use the English standard system, with the Metric equivalents listed. Not all conversions What Students Learn: are held to a close tolerance. In cases where there are ranges • Define trigonometric functions. of numbers, the nominal metric equivalents are given rather • Use trigonometric tables and apply interpolation. than the actual converted number. Trainees will find that, in • Solve right triangles. practice, dimensions on a print will need to be converted • Apply the laws of sines and cosines in solving oblique directly. However, stock sizes, standard sizes, and ratings triangles. generally have nominal metric values close but not equal to English values.

3501 Objectives When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be Layout able to: • Describe the modern lathe. Duration: • Explain the differences among various types of modern 10 hours (includes 1 test) lathes. • Interpret the size ratings of a lathe. What Students Learn: • Describe common work-holding devices. Marking Devices: Punches, Scribers, Dividers, , • Explain the range of operations of the lathe. Gages, Beam Trammels, Combination Sets, Bevel Protractors, • Describe various tool styles, materials, and holders. Keyseat Clamps; Scribing Problems; Use of Bench Plates, • Understand turning parameters and their effects on the Surface Plates, Parallels, V Blocks, and Arbors; How to Draw machining process. Horizontal, Vertical, and Inclined Lines; How to Draw a Circle or Circular Arc; Layout Problems: Location of Holes in Contents a Plate; Location of Boundaries of Flat Surfaces; Marking of Introduction to the Lathe: What is a Lathe?; The History of Lines on Curved Surfaces; Locating the Center of a Circle in the Lathe; Early Improvements in the Lathe; The an Opening; Subdividing a Circle into a Number of Equal Modern Lathe; Size Ratings; Types of Lathes: Engine Parts; Determining Required Length of Stock for a Lathes; Benchtop Lathes; Toolroom Lathes; Turret Bent Part; Laying Out of Keyways, Templates, , Lathes; CNC Lathes; Special Purpose Lathes; Work- Cams, and Sprockets. Holding Devices: Chucks; ; ; Centers; Lathe Dogs and Drive Plates; Lathe Operations: Basic Special Notes: Lathe Operations; Special Attachments; Tool Types: Covers subject at an advanced, in-depth level. Basic Tool Types; Tool Geometry; Materials; Holders; Turning Parameters: Speed and Feed Selection; Depth of Cut; Metal Removal Rates. 386036 Lathes, Part 1 386037 Duration: Lathes, Part 2 10 hours (includes 1 test) Duration: Course Prerequisites: 10 hours (includes 1 test) Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Course Prerequisites: What Students Learn: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Preview This study unit is a basic introduction to the lathe. Trainees What Students Learn: will become familiar with general terminology, and you will Preview learn about the lathe’s operation. This unit is the first in a Lathes, Part 2 is designed to provide trainees with a basic series of units on lathes. Each unit progressively discusses introduction to external lathe operations. This unit is the lathes in more detail. This unit is designed to give you second in a series of units that progressively discuss these background information, which equips you with a basic operations in more detail. You will gain an understanding of understanding of how to operate a lathe safely and efficiently. lathe operations, including , diameter turning, shoulder If you have just begun to work with lathes, you will find this turning, forming, necking, and parting. Apprentices, machine basic information very helpful. shop personnel, and students who are just starting to use a lathe can benefit from this study unit. Further study and practice should complement this text, giving you reference material enhancing your shop floor experience.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 19 This study unit uses both the English and metric standards of measurement. Most of the examples are given in English units This study unit uses both the English and metric standards of with the metric equivalents listed in parentheses. Not all measurement. Most of the examples are given in English units conversions are held to a close tolerance Therefore, in cases with the metric equivalents listed in parentheses. Not all where ranges of numbers are used, the nominal metric conversions are held to a close tolerance. Therefore, in cases equivalents rather than the actual converted number are where ranges of numbers are used, the nominal metric provided. In practice, dimensions on a print will need to be equivalents are provided instead of the actual converted. In converted directly (1 inch = 25.4 mm). However, stock sizes, practice, dimensions on a print will need to be converted standard sizes, and ratings generally have nominal metric directly (1 inch = 25.4 millimeters). However, stock sizes, values close but not equal to the English values. standard sizes, and ratings generally have nominal metric values close but not equal to the English values. Objectives When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be Objectives able to: When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be • Set up a lathe using various work holders and auxiliary able to: equipment. • Machine boring operations, internal shoulders, internal • Choose the correct tool material, type, and geometry for grooves, and recesses. a particular operation. • Machine offset bushings, eccentrics, off-center, and • Set the correct feed, speed, and depth of cut for external milling operations. machining operations. • Improve workpiece finish and reduce chatter. • Explain facing, diameter turning, and shoulder turning. • Measure inside forms, including bored holes and • Describe forming, including the fillet radius and internal grooves. chamfer forming. • Understand operations, including drilling, • Explain necking and groove cutting, parting, and reaming, and tapping. knurling. • Describe the functions of different types of drills. • Discuss finishing operations, including filing and polishing. Contents Boring: Boring Tools; Setting up Boring Operations; Contents Boring Procedure; Measuring Internal Forms; Preparation for Machining: Safety; Maintenance; External Counterboring; Tips and Chatter Reduction; Recessing / Operations; Tool Selection: Tool Material; Types of Grooving: Tailstock Operations: Drilling; Reaming; Tools; Tool Geometry; Speed and Feed; Depth of Cut; Tapping; Special Operations: Tracing; Grinding Lubricants and Coolants; Basic External Machining Operations; Offset Bushings and Eccentrics; Milling Operations: Analyzing the Part and Setup; Facing; Operations; Off-Center Work; Substitute Drilling; Straight or Diameter Turning; Shoulder Operations. Turning; Turning Tips; Special External Machining Operations: Forming; Shapes and Chamfers; Necking and Form Groove Cutting; Parting; Knurling; Filing and Polishing. 386039 Lathes, Part 4 386038 Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) Lathes, Part 3 Course Prerequisites: Duration: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) 10 hours (includes 1 test) What Students Learn: Course Prerequisites: Preview Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) This study unit is designed to provide trainees with an introduction to tapers and taper turning on the lathe. This unit What Students Learn: is the fourth in a series of units that progressively discusses Preview lathe operations in more detail. You will develop a basic This study unit is designed to provide trainees with a basic understanding necessary to identify taper types and sizes, introduction to internal lathe operations. This unit is the third machine tapers on the lathe, and measure tapers. Experience, in a series of units that will progressively discuss lathe further study, and practice should complement this study unit, operations in more detail. You will develop a basic providing you with a broad range of reference material. understanding necessary to accomplish a variety of lathe operations, including boring, counterboring, tailstock operations (drilling, reaming, and tapping), and special operations (tracing, grinding, eccentrics, and others).

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 20 This study unit relies on the English standard of measurement. This study unit uses both English and metric standards. Most Most examples are given with English units, without the examples are given in English units, without the metric metric equivalents listed. Tapers are often measured in inches equivalents listed. When discussing metric threads, the of taper per foot of length. Generally, there isn’t a English equivalent is not listed. Threads are often measured in corresponding metric taper that converts directly from the threads per inch (English) or in millimeters of pitch (metric). English standard. There’s usually no corresponding metric thread that converts directly from the English standard, and no English thread can Objectives be converted from the metric thread. When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be able to: Objectives • Identify various types of tapers and their uses. When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be • Describe methods of producing tapers. able to: • Calculate the required dimensions and setups required • Describe the functions of various thread types. to machine tapers. • Understand the differences among thread standards. • Set up and machine tapers following various methods. • Calculate the required dimensions and setups for • Calculate tapers measured in inches per foot and their machining threads. corresponding taper angles. • Explain common methods of producing threads. • Measure and inspect tapers. • Set up, machine, measure, and inspect threads.

Contents Contents Tapers: Basic Definitions and Calculations; Finding Taper Threading: Basic Definitions; Thread Function and Dimensions; Taper Tables; Types of Tapers: Basic Classification; Thread Terminology; Thread Standards; Styles; Morse Tapers; Brown and Sharpe Tapers; Jarno Thread Classes; Thread Notations; Thread Styles: Sharp Tapers; American National Standard Machine Tapers; V Thread; American National Thread; Unified Thread; British Standard Tapers; Taper Pin Tapers; Jacobs American National Acme Thread; Tapered Threads; Tapers; Oversize Tapers; Fast Tapers and Tapers for International Metric Thread; Special Threads; Thread Machine Tool Spindles; Identifying Tapers; Taper Chasing: Threading Tools; Gearing for Threads; Turning: Common Methods to Produce Tapers; Thread-Chasing Dial; Setting up for Chasing; Chasing Template Tracing; Plunge Formed Tapers and Technique; Chasing Left Hand Threads; Terminating a Chamfers; Tapers Using Compound Rests; Taper Thread; Picking up a Thread; Dragging a Thread; Angles; Tapers Using Tailstock Offsets; Using a Taper Chasing Internal Threads; Chasing Tips; Square Thread Attachment; Tips for Cutting Tapers; Machining a Tips; Chasing Metric Threads; Chasing Multiple Lathe Half-Center; Measuring Tapers and Inspection: Threads; Inspecting Threads: Measuring Pitch Tools to Measure Tapers; Using a Sine Plate. Diameter; Checking Threads; Finding Pitch; Inspecting Multiple Threads. 386040 Lathes, Part 5 386031 Milling Machine Fundamentals Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) Course Prerequisites: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Course Prerequisites: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) What Students Learn: Preview What Students Learn: This study unit is a basic introduction to threads and thread Preview chasing on the lathe. This unit is the fifth in a series of units This study unit focuses on the fundamentals of milling that have progressively discussed lathe operations in more machines. It begins with a brief historical overview of milling detail. This study unit provides the background necessary to machines. Then, students will learn basic milling concepts, identify thread forms, functions, and classifications, to such as peripheral and face milling, the milling machine machine threads on the lathe, and to measure threads. coordinate system, and feed, speed, and depth of cut. You will also learn about the basic features and common parts of a mill.

This study unit explores the various types of mills, starting with the most prevalent column- and knee-type machines. The bed-type and planer-type are reviewed next, followed by a discussion of special milling machines.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 21 A milling machine by itself usually can’t complete a milling Milling Machine Fundamentals (386031) job. An attachment or accessory is usually required to perform the task. Therefore, a portion of this unit is devoted What Students Learn: to common attachments and accessories that enhance the Preview mill’s capabilities. In your previous studies, you learned about the fundamentals of metal cutting, including basic concepts of feed, speed, and In the final section, trainees will learn about automation of depth of cut. You also learned about types of cutting tools and milling machines and modern computer-controlled machining tool materials, such as high-speed steels and carbides. centers. You should find this study unit to be a valuable Students have been introduced to milling operations and introduction to the milling process, and a useful reference for equipment, including different types of mills, attachments, and understanding the basic operation of mills. accessories.

Objectives In this study unit, trainees will learn about milling machine When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be cutters in more detail. You will be presented with in-depth able to: information about tool design and materials. At the end of this • Understand the application of a Cartesian coordinate unit, metal cutting theory, the principles of tool wear, and system to the milling operation. milling economics are discussed. • Describe the construction, sizes, and the basic components of milling machines. Objectives • Identify the classifications, characteristics, and When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be functions of different milling machines. able to: • Describe how the knee, horizontal, and vertical milling • Discuss the primary function of different types of machines operate. milling cutters. • Discuss the numerous attachments and accessories that • Describe the heat treatment process for making tool increase the effectiveness of milling machines. steels. • Explain the application of NC and CNC to milling • Explain how cemented carbide cutting tools are made. machines. • Interpret the standardized lettering/numbering system for carbide cutters. Contents • Understand the geometry of carbide inserts and Introduction to the Milling Process: Definition of Milling; toolholders and the methods used to attach inserts to History of Milling Machines; Early Milling Cutters and tools. Drivers; Peripheral Milling and Face Milling; Depth and • Explain tool wear and methods for extending tool life. Width of Cut; Direction of Feed; Cutter Feeds and • Recognize basic milling econometrics concepts. Speeds; Coordinate System for Milling; General Construction of Milling Machines: Basic Parts of the Contents Milling Machine; Standard Milling Machine Sizes; Tool Design and Construction: Introduction; Tool Milling Machine Types: Manual Milling Machine Materials; Standard- and Formed-Tooth Cutters: Classifications; Knee-Type Milling Machines; Bed- General Guidelines; Standard-Tooth Cutters; Formed- Type Milling Machines; Planer-Type Milling Machines; Tooth Cutters; Inserted-Tooth Cutters: Common Types Special Milling Machines; Attachments and of Inserted-Tooth Cutters; Inserts; Insert Accessories: Purpose of Attachments and Accessories; Holders; Setting and Replacing Inserts; Tool Arbors; Arbor Tapers; Arbor Supports; Draw-in Bolts; Performance and Econometrics: The Metal-Cutting Quick-Change Adapters; Bearing and Spacing Collars; Process; Tool Wear and Econometrics. Overarms; Collets and Adapters; Machine Conversion Attachments; Slotting Attachments; Rack-Milling Attachments; Rotary Tables; , Fixtures, Clamps, 386033 and Other Hold-Down Devices; Universal Indexing Heads; Digital Read Out Systems; Milling Machine Milling Machine Practice and Automation: Numerically Controlled Machining; Computer Controlled Machining; Machining Centers. Operation, Part 1 Duration: 386032 10 hours (includes 1 test) Course Prerequisites: Milling Machine Cutting Tools Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Milling Machine Fundamentals (386031) Duration: Milling Machine Cutting Tools (386032) 10 hours (includes 1 test) What Students Learn: Course Prerequisites: Preview Basic Machining Skills (Block X08)

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 22 Previous study units in the milling series focused on the In previous study units in the milling series, you learned about fundamentals of metal cutting, including basic concepts of the fundamentals of metal cutting, including concepts of feed, feed, speed, and depth of cut. These units introduced concepts speed, and depth of cut. You learned basic information about of milling machine design, milling cutters, attachments, and milling machine design, milling cutters, attachments, and accessories. This study unit is the first of a series of units that accessories. In addition, you learned about workpiece layout, put these theories into practice by describing milling cutter selection, work holding, and machine setup. This study operations. unit addresses milling machine practice and operation.

This study unit uses both English and metric units of Today, many machine shops use programmable machines, measurement. Generally, the English unit is presented, such as CNC mills or machining centers, to perform milling followed by the approximate metric equivalent in parentheses. operations. However, this study unit discusses conventional In some cases, only English units are given, particularly when mills with manual controls. Most first learn on including the metric unit would be confusing. For example, these machines, which remain in widespread use. when citing specific dimensions and their tolerances or when describing objects (such as gage blocks) whose properties are This study unit uses both English and metric units of based on standard English dimensions, students will only see measurement. Generally, the English unit is presented, the English unit of measurement. followed by the approximate metric equivalent in parentheses. In some cases, only English units are given, particularly when Objectives including the metric unit would be confusing. For example, When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be when citing specific dimensions and their tolerances or when able to: describing objects (such as gage blocks) whose properties are • Explain the function of layout tools. based on standard English dimensions, students will only see • Perform basic layout operations. the English unit of measurement. • Understand machine setup guidelines. • Use a variety of vises, clamps, and fixtures to securely Objectives hold workpieces. When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be • Square up work holders on a milling machine table. able to: • Select machine . • Set the cutter exactly on the workpiece surface. • Plan a sequence of milling operations. • Square the workpiece. • Mill shoulders, steps, slots, angled surfaces, dovetails, Contents keyseats, and pockets. Getting Started: Milling Machine Practice and Operation; • Perform sawing and slitting work on the mill. Work Orders and Drawings; Dimensional Measurement • Maintain and troubleshoot mills. Issues; Work Layout; Setting Up the Work: General Principles of Milling Table Setups; Work-Holding Contents Devices; Setting Up the Milling Machine: Determining Preparation for Milling: Safety; Workpiece Layout; Work the Milling Method; Selecting the Milling Cutter; Holding; Machine Design Overview; Milling Machine Selecting Cutting Speeds and Feeds; Squaring the Controls; Cutting Fluids; Basic Milling Operations: to the Milling Machine; Setting the Work to the Cutter. Setting the Cutter to the Work; Squaring the Work; Milling a Shoulder or Step; Milling a Slot or Groove; Milling an Angled Surface; Sawing on a Mill; Milling Holes (Drilling and Boring); Milling a Pocket or 386034 Internal Opening; Other Milling Issues: Completing the Milling Machine Practice and Milling Process; Troubleshooting; Maintenance; A Sample Project: Preparation for Milling; Squaring the Operation, Part 2 Workpiece; Milling the Slots; Drilling the Holes; Milling the Internal Opening; Milling the Angles Duration: Surfaces; Milling the Radii. 10 hours (includes 1 test) Course Prerequisites: Milling Machine Fundamentals (386031) 386035 Milling Machine Cutting Tools (386032) Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Milling Machine Indexing and Spiral Work What Students Learn: Preview Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) Course Prerequisites: Milling Machine Fundamentals (386031)

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 23 Milling Machine Cutting Tools (386032) Forms of Abrasives; Classification of Abrasives; Abrasive Milling Machine Practice and Operation, Part 1 (386033) Grinding Processes and Machines; Standard Wheel Marking Milling Machine Practice and Operation, Part 2 (386034) System; Abrasive Types; Grain Size; Wheel Grade, Wheel Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Structure, Wheel Bonds; Diamond and Cubic Boron Nitride Wheels; Wheel Grinding Machines; Wheel Shapes; Grinding What Students Learn: Wheel Testing and Maintenance; Grinding Fluids or Coolants Preview Coated Abrasives; Applications and Characteristics of Coated This study unit describes how to mill certain types of complex Abrasives; Factors Affecting Stock Removal and Finish; Safe shapes. This type of milling work might be used for Practices for Grinding. manufacturing gears or cams. Special Notes: Indexing, or repeatedly milling a feature at uniform intervals, • Covers subject at an advanced, in-depth level. and spiral work were once performed exclusively on manual • This updated course replaces course 5023. milling machines. In a modern shop, these tasks are most often performed using CNC equipment. However, the techniques and tooling used to manually perform indexing and spiral work are still encountered in many workplaces. 386010 Cylindrical Grinding, Part 1 After introducing the principles of index milling and spiral work, this study unit explains the manual techniques used to Duration: produce these features. It concludes with a discussion of how 10 hours (includes 1 test) these features are more efficiently milled using CNC equipment and reviews some sample programming code. Course Prerequisites: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Objectives When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be What Students Learn: able to: Types of Cylindrical Grinding Machines; Major Units of • Explain direct, linear, circular, compound, and Center-Type Grinders; Grinding Machine Controls; Grinding differential indexing. Wheels; Coolants. • Describe the basic operation of . • Discuss how to select the correct indexing circle and to Special Notes: calculate the number of index crank turns. • This updated course replaces course 3560A. • Explain how change gears are used. • The entire course consists of study units 386010- • Explain how to mill a helix. 386011. • Describe the rotation of a workpiece during helical milling and how to compensate for the tool shape by adjusting the table angle. 386011 • Explain the role of CNC milling machines in modern indexing and spiral machining. Cylindrical Grinding, Part 2

Contents Duration: Indexing: Linear Indexing; Circular Indexing; Direct 10 hours (includes 1 test) Indexing; Indirect Indexing; Compound Indexing; Differential Indexing; Conventional Helical Milling: Course Prerequisites: Basic Principles; Setting up the Mill for Helical Milling; Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Cutting Helices on the Milling Machine; CNC Helical What Students Learn: Milling: CNC Overview; CNC Programming Codes and General Safety Information; Machine Setup Procedure; Helical Motion. Production Grinding; Roll Grinding; Grinding Applications; Troubleshooting in Cylindrical Grinding. 386016 Special Notes: • This updated course replaces course 3560B. Fundamentals of Grinding • The entire course consists of study units 386010- 386011. Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) Course Prerequisites: 386012 Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Surface Grinding, Part 1 What Students Learn:

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 24 Duration: Think of the types of energy used in most manufacturing 10 hours (includes 1 test) processes. A lathe employs mechanical energy to remove material from the work piece. The tool makes contact with the Course Prerequisites: work piece and the resulting causes the material to flow Fundamentals of Grinding (386016) over the tool. All traditional forms of metal cutting use shear as the primary method of material removal. The primary What Students Learn: source of energy in traditional manufacturing is mechanical. Introduction to Surface Grinding; Types of Surface-Grinding However, there are other sources of energy at work. Chemical Machines; Components of Surface-Grinding Machines. energy has a significant effect on every turning operation. Think of the effect that different kinds of coolants have on the Special Notes: cutting action of a tool. Some amount of chemical energy is • This updated course replaces course 5024A. being used in most metal cutting operations. All forms of • The entire course consists of study units 386012- manufacturing use more than one type of energy. 386013. Nontraditional machining can be thought of as operations that do not use shear as their primary source of energy. For example, abrasive water jet operations use mechanical energy, 386013 but material is removed by erosion. In this study unit, students will learn more about nontraditional machining technologies. Surface Grinding, Part 2 When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be Duration: able to: 10 hours (includes 1 test) • Explain how electrical discharge machining (EDM) works. Course Prerequisites: • Describe the difference between wire and ram EDM. Fundamentals of Grinding (386016) • Explain how laser light is produced and how lasers are used in industrial settings. What Students Learn: • Explain why a torch is so much hotter Preparing the Abrasive Wheel for Surface Grinding; Surface than other types of cutting torches. Grinder Operations; Surface Finish and Measurement. • Describe the difference between chemical and electro- Special Notes: chemical machining. • This updated course replaces course 5024B. • Explain how water can be made to cut steel. • The entire course consists of study units 386012- • Describe the common manufacturing methods of rapid 386013. prototyping.

Contents Introduction to Machining Technologies; Electrical 386029 Discharge Machining; Plasma Arc Cutting; Laser Machining; Water Jet Machining; Chemical Machining; Nontraditional Machining Ultrasonic, Abrasive Flow, and Thermal Deburring; Technologies and Manufacturing. Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) 3195 Course Prerequisites: Hardening and Tempering Toolmaking (2540A-C) Duration: What Students Learn: 10 hours (includes 1 test) Preview What Students Learn:

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 25 Methods of Heat Treatment; Gas-Fired and Electric Furnaces; • Entities Found in the Tolerance Zone; Form and Profile Controlled Atmospheres; Heating Baths; Crucible Furnace; Controls: Straightness, Flatness, Roundness, Oil and Air Tempering Furnaces; Quenching Baths; Cylindircity, Lines and Surfaces; Orientation Controls: Quenching Tanks; Heat-Treating Operations; Composition, Parallelism, Angularity, and Perpendicularly. Properties, and Uses of Carbon Tool Steel; Heating and Lesson 3 - Material Modifiers, Location & Runout Cooling for Annealing; Heating for Hardening; Oil-Hardening Characteristics and the GD&T System: Steels; Air-Hardening Steels; High-Carbon, High-Chromium • Least and Maximum Material Conditions; Runout; Tool Steels; Chisel Steels; Hardening and Tempering Taps Inspecting Geometric Position; Finding Earned and Reamers; Twist Drills; High-Speed Steel Saws; Springs Tolerance; System Notes; “The 13 Characteristics”. and Chromium-Steel Rolls; Heat Treatment of Dies, Forged Lesson 4 - Practical Application of GD&T Skills for Chisels, and Rock Drills; Structures of Alloy Steels; High- Manufacturing Frequency Hardening; Dielectric Heating. • Single Axis Feature Inspection and Rework; Inspecting and Reworking Two Axis Features; Computing Geometric Tolerances for Designs; Complex 386017 Tolerances. Tool Grinding Special Notes: This course consists of a textbook and supplemental study Duration: guide. 10 hours (includes 1 test) Course Prerequisites: 186036 Fundamentals of Grinding (386016) Quality Concepts: Tools and What Students Learn: Wheel Selection and Shapes; Oilstones; Cutting Applications Tools; Grinding Single-Point Tools; Angle Calculations; Universal Grinder; Drill Grinding; Testing Drill Points; Duration: Grinding Milling Cutters; Clearance Grinding; Tooth Rest; 5 hours (includes 1 test) Grinding Side, Shank Angular, Inserted-Blade, and Helical Cutters; Grinding Circular Saws, Formed Cutters, Gear What Students Learn: Cutters, Hobs, Reamers, Taps, Radial, and Tangential • Describe how job roles change as a company evolves in Chasers; Grinding Carbide Tools; Grinding Internal and Slab its quality consciousness. Broaches. • Explain several ways in which you can support TQM. • Identify approaches, practices and skills associated with Special Notes: positive organizational change. This updated course replaces course 5349. • Differentiate between the "change process" at the company level and the manufacturing processes that require improvement. • Describe major causes of process variation and give 386E01 examples of how they may affect you in your job. Geometric Dimensioning and • Explain why and how the reduction of variability is a key factor in process improvement. Tolerancing • Describe why and how quality and process improvement depend on data-driven decision making. Duration: • Identify seven quality tools and explain their uses. 20 hours (includes 4 tests) Course Prerequisites: Basic Industrial Math (Block X21) 386E02 Reading Prints and Schematics (Block X25) Quality Control for the What Students Learn: Technician Lesson 1 - Introduction to GD&T Systems, Datum and Feature Control Frames Duration: • Defining Tolerance Control Systems; Reasons for Using 70 hours (includes 7 tests) Geometrics; GD&T Symbols; Datum; Interpreting Feature Control Frames; Scanning Prints. Course Prerequisites: Lesson 2 - Geometric Tolerance Zones: Controlling Form, Basic Industrial Math (Block X21) Profile and Orientation. What Students Learn:

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 26 Part 1 (386026). Lesson 1 - Total Quality Management for Course Prerequisites: Technicians: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) • Quality Systems, Communication, and Motivation; Total Quality Management (TQM) Tools, What Students Learn: Responsibilities and Systems; Quality Costs: • Introduction to Computer Numerical Control: History Identifying, Controlling, Minimizing, Reporting and of Numerical Control; Types of Numerical Control Analysis; Planning and Conducting Audits; Inspection Machines; Point-to-Point vs. Continuous Path; Machine Systems and Planning. Tool Axes; Components of CNC Machines; Why Lesson 2 - Blueprint and GD&T System Interpretation for CNC?; Axes and Coordinate Systems; Absolute and Inspection: Incremental Programming. • Using Prints for Inspection; Working with • Fundamentals of Programming: Word Address Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Systems; Programming; Part Programming; Programming Graphical Inspection Analysis Procedures and Procedures; Incremental Positioning; Circular Advantages. Interpolation; Tool Length Offset; Tool Diameter Part 2 (386027). Lesson 3 - Common Inspection Tools: Offsets. • Measurement Tools, Accuracy and Errors; Spring • Basic Trigonometry: Pythagorean Theorem; Sine, Calipers; Gage Blocks; Indicators; Micrometers and Cosine, and Tangent. Vernier Instruments; Hole, Attribute, and Radius Gages; • Carbide Fundamentals: Fundamentals of Carbide Tapered Parallels; Measuring Threads; Calibration Tooling; Insert Selection; Insert Selection Practice; Tool Techniques. Holder Style and Identification; Chip Control; Lesson 4 - Inspection Methods: Troubleshooting. • Surface Plates and Gages: Care of Equipment; • Machining Centers: Types of Machining Centers; Parts Measuring Various Attributes with Surface Plates. of the Machining Center; Axes of Motion; Work Lesson 5 - Special Measurement Equipment and Holding Devices; Tools and Tool Holders; Tools for Techniques: Milling; Climb and Conventional Milling; Cutting • Digital Measuring Equipment; Using Optical Flats; Speed, Feed, and Depth of Cut; Machining Center Measuring Surface Finish; Pneumatic Comparators; Operation; Safety; Machine Control Features; Circularity and Cylindricity; Optical Comparators; Workpiece Coordinate Setting; Other Control Features; Coordinate Measurement Machines (CMM’s); Hardness Conversational Programming. Testing. • Programming Machining Centers: Planning the Lesson 6 - Lot by Lot Acceptance: Program; Canned Cycles for Machining Centers. • Basic Probability; Sampling Verses 100% Inspection; • CNC Turning Machines: Introduction to Turning Lot-by-Lot, Process Control and Random Sampling; Centers; Types; Components of CNC Lathes; Turning Using Mil-Std-105E for Sampling; Dodge-Romig Machine Axes Identification; Work Holding; Cutting Tables; Mil-Std-414; Variable Sampling Tables; Tools; Presetting Tools; Offsets; Material Handling; Operating Characteristic Curves. Machine Control Operation; Manual Control; Program Lesson 7 - Statistical Process Control in Practice: Editing; Diagnostics; Conversational Programming. • Objectives and Tools for Process Control; Computing • Programming CNC Turning Machines: Review of Average, Range and Standard Deviation; Control and Turning Centers; Planning the Program; Quick Review Specification Limits; Identifying Processes In-Control; of Programming; Circular Interpolation; Canned Cycles Plotting Techniques; Control Charts and for Turning Centers. Analysis; Process Capability. • Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM): Introduction to EDM; Cutting With EDM; Types of Wire EDM Special Notes: Machines; Parts of the Wire-Feed EDM; Machine • This course consists of a textbook and two supplemental Setup; Programming. study guides. We recommend the course be purchased • Fundamentals of Communications: Introduction; in its entirety. However, if needed due to targeted Levels of Plant Communication; Local Area Networks training, study guides (Parts 1 and 2) can be purchased (LANs); CNC Communications; Cabling separately, with or without the textbook. Note that the Configurations; A Simple Communication Network. textbook is required for the Part 1 study guide. Call • Fundamentals of Statistical Process Control: Customer Service for pricing and ordering information. Introduction to Statistical Process Control; Types of Data; Coding Data; Graphic Representation of Data; Basics of Variation; Chance and Assignable Variation; 066903 Average (mean); Measures of Variation; Normal Distribution. CNC Technology and • Statistical Process Control: Process Capability; Benefits of Charting; Charting Processes; Analyzing the Chart. Programming • Introduction to ISO 9000: Introduction to ISO 9000 Basics; The ISO 9000 Standards; Levels of Duration: Documentation; Benefits of a Quality System; ISO 45 hours (includes 3 tests) Elements; ISO Implementation; Certification; QS 9000.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 27 • Fundamentals of CAD/CAM: Introduction to CAD/CAM; Design; Computer-Aided Design (CAD); 386041 Use of CAD; Advantages of CAD; Computer-Aided Part Programming (CAPP); Post-Processors; CNC Turning Simulation; Downloading CNC Programs; The Future of Design. Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test)

Course Prerequisites: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) 386028 CNC Technology and Programming (066903) Toolholding Systems What Students Learn: Preview Duration: This study unit is designed to provide the trainee with an 10 hours (includes 1 test) advanced discussion on CNC turning. This unit may be used as an advanced supplement to a basic introduction to CNC Course Prerequisites: turning. Apprentices, machine shop personnel, and students Toolmaking (2540A-C) with basic CNC turning experience can use this unit. The information in this unit will briefly review the basics, and then What Students Learn: continue with more in-depth discussions of advanced CNC Preview topics. Trainees have studied the process of machining and the various types of machine tools that are used in manufacturing. This unit uses both the English and Metric standards. Program In this study unit, they will take a closer look at the interface examples will be provided for both standards without between the machine tools and the work piece, the toolholder. conversions between the two. Generally, programs are written In today's modern manufacturing environment, many in either standard, depending on the requirements of the sophisticated machine tools are available, including standard particular job. If a Metric print is provided, then the program types and CNC machines with special accessories to aid high- is usually written in Metric format, without conversion. The speed machining. Many of these new machine tools are very same is true for a print provided in English dimensions. expensive and have the ability to machine quickly and precisely. However, if a careless decision is made regarding a Objectives cutting tool and its toolholder, a poor product quality will When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be result, no matter how sophisticated the machine. In this study able to: unit, trainees will learn some of the fundamental • Apply basic concepts to advanced turning programs. characteristics that most toolholders have in common, and • Understand the application of canned cycles, what information is needed to select the proper toolholder. subroutines, loops, and other advanced concepts. • Understand how special codes are used to automate Objectives complete jobs, including dual turret turning centers. When a student completes this study unit, he and she will be • Understand how speeds and feeds are affected by CNC able to: operations. • Understand the fundamental characteristics of • Understand how to correct common problems such as toolholders required for various machine tools. part size and • Understand and describe how the toolholder affects the feature locations that are out of tolerance. quality of the machining operation. • Interpret national standards for tool and toolholder Contents identification systems. • Recognize the differences in toolholder tapers and the proper applications for each type of taper. • Explain the effects of toolholder concentricity and imbalance. • Find additional information from manufacturers concerning toolholder selection.

Contents Overview of Machine Tools; Toolholders for Conventional Machine Tools; Toolholders for Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) Applications; Safety with Toolholders and Cutting Tools.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 28 CNC Safety Procedures: Axis and Coordinate Systems: 10 hours (includes 1 test) Axis Systems and Machine Axis Orientation; Cartesian vs. Polar Coordinates; Absolute vs. Incremental Moves; Course Prerequisites: Origins; Machine Zero; Part or Program Zero; Local Practical Measurements (Block X22) Zero; Introduction to G AND M Coded Programs: Basic Elements of Chemistry (5011) Codes and Definitions; Miscellaneous Codes and Program Control; Speeds and Feeds: Constant RPM What Students Learn: versus Constant Surface Speed; Feed per Minute versus Ores and Extraction; Copper and Alloys; Lead and Alloys; Feed per Revolution; 2-Axis Lathe Programming: Lathe Zinc; Aluminum and Alloys; Tin and Alloys; Nickel and Examples with Rotary Axis; Canned Cycles for Lathes: Alloys; Magnesium and Alloys; Gold; Silver; Antimony; Metal Removal; Threading; Advanced Lathe Manganese; Molybdenum; Tungsten; Chromium; Cobalt; Programming: Subroutines; Loops; Dual Turrets; Math, Bismuth; Mercury; Cadmium; Tantalum; Platinum Group; Logic, and Variables; Reference Points, Offset and Beryllium; Calcium; Zirconium; Vanadium; Titanium; Correcting for Common Problems: Locating Zero and Columbium. Reference Points: Shifting Reference Points: Cutter Compensation: X and Z Offsets; Tool Nose Radius and Tool Type; Wear Offsets; Correcting Common 5111 Problems. Metallurgy of Steel Duration: 5807 10 hours (includes 1 test) Machine Sketching Course Prerequisites: Duration: Practical Measurements (Block X22) 10 hours (includes 1 test) Elements of Chemistry (5011) Metallurgy of Iron (5110) What Students Learn: Sketches of Machine Details; Drawing Straight and Curved What Students Learn: Lines; Finish Marks; Surface Roughness; Arrangement of Steel Production; Raw Materials Used in Steelmaking; Dimensions; Partial Section; Conventional Sections; Shaft Regenerative System of Open-Hearth Furnace; Basic and Acid Coupling; Spur Gear; Bevel Gear; Pieces Requiring More Open-Hearth Process; Oxygen; Process; Bessemer Converter; Than Two Views; Foreshortening; Measurements; Curved Basic and Acid Electric Process; Crucible Process; Alloy Outlines and Fillets; Pictorial Sketching; Isometric Drawing; Steels; Influence of Melting Practice on Physical Properties of Oblique Drawing; Conventional Symbols; Piping Diagrams. Steel.

5110 5338A-B Metallurgy of Iron Metallography Duration: Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) 20 hours (includes 2 tests) Course Prerequisites: Course Prerequisites: Practical Measurements (Block X22) Practical Measurements (Block X22) Elements of Chemistry (5011) Elements of Chemistry (5011) Metallurgy of Iron (5110) What Students Learn: Metallurgy of Steel (5111) Treatment of Iron Ores; Blast Furnace Plant; Slag Blast Metallurgy of Nonferrous Metals (5337) Furnace Reactions; Control of Elements in Furnace Iron; Pig Iron; Cast Iron; Malleable Cast Iron; Cast-Iron Founding; What Students Learn: Electric Furnace Cast Iron; Molding Cast Iron; Specifications PART 1 (5338A). Methods of Examining Metal Structures; for Iron Castings; Alloy Cast Irons; Nature of Wrought Iron. Mounting and Polishing Specimens by Hand and Machine; Magnifiers; Optical and Electron Microscopes; Cameras; Illumination; Polarized Light Ultraviolet Light; Use of Photographic Equipment; Metallography of Nonferrous 5337 Metals; Etching and Coloring Specimens for Macroscopy and Metallurgy of Nonferrous Metals Microscopy; Photomicrographs of Copper Aluminum; Magnesium; Nickel; Zinc and Tin Alloys. Duration:

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 29 PART 2 (5338B). Importance of Carbon in Iron and Steel; Macrostructure of Steel; Developing Microstructures; Iron- 386047 Carbon Structures; Ingotism; Iron-Carbon System; Carbide or Cementite and Pearlite; Austenite, Martensite, Spherodized Toolmaking, Part 4 Structure; Structures of Heat-Treated Alloy Sheets; Decarburized Surface; Overheated Steel; Quenching Cracks; Duration: Fatigue Cracks; Macrostructure of Cast Iron; Microstructures 10 hours (includes 1 test) of Cast Iron; Alloyed Gray Irons; Malleable Iron; Electrolytic and Wrought Irons. Course Prerequisites: Toolmaking, Parts 1-3 (2540A-C) 3541A-D What Students Learn: Heat Treatment • Select modern tool materials to suit a particular application. Duration: • Explain how various tool coatings improve tool 40 hours (includes 4 tests) performance. • Identify and select standard tool inserts and tool Course Prerequisites: holders for a specific application. Practical Measurements (Block X22) • Explain the benefits of using inserted tools for Elements of Chemistry (5011) drilling, milling, and turning operations. • Describe the benefits of and proper use of roll- What Students Learn: forming and thread- forming taps. PART 1 (3541A). Steel Ingots; Hot Working of Steel; Effects • Troubleshoot tool life and wear problems, and of Hot Working on Microstructure; Cold Working of Steel; suggest corrective actions. Heat-Treating Equipment; Cooling Mediums and Devices; • Describe instances in which modern machining Temperature Measurement and Control; Miscellaneous processes such as WEDM and EDM are superior. Equipment; Metric System Conversion Information. PART 2 (3541B). Composition of Carbon Steels; Heat- Treating Processes; Heat-Treating Equipment. PART 3 (3541C). Composition of Alloy Steels; Heat 5098 Treatment of Alloy Steels; Properties of Low-Alloy Steels; Special Steels; Case Hardening; Furnace Atmospheres. Gage Making PART 4 (3541D). Classification and Description of Tool Materials; Inspection, Test, and General Heat-Treating Duration: Processes; Heat-Treating Equipment; Typical Procedures of 10 hours (includes 1 test) Heat-Treating Tool Steels. Course Prerequisites: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) 2540A-C What Students Learn: Classification, Accuracy, and Tolerances; Materials for Gages; Toolmaking Proportions of Gages; Grinding and Gages; Making Thread Gages; Making End-Measuring Gages; Making Duration: Caliper Gages; Limit Gages; Flat-Surface Gages; Angular 30 hours (includes 3 tests) Gages; Making ; Making Taper Gages; Contour Gages; Pin Gages; Cylindrical Square; Indicator Gages; Ball Course Prerequisites: Gages; Gaging Teeth of Spur Gears; Gaging Compound Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Angles; Sine-Bar Angles for Lathe Tools, Templets, and What Students Learn: Templet Making. PART 1 (2540A). General Toolroom Work; Materials and Equipment; Procedure and Measurements; Limitations of Toolmaking; Examples of Toolmaking and Toolmaking 5099 Operations. PART 2 (2540B). Cutting Tools; Hand Taps; Machine Taps; Jigs and Fixtures Taper Taps; Hobs; Dies for Thread Cutting; Die Holders; Reamers; Theory of Cutting Tools. Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) PART 3 (2540C). ; Hollow Mills; Milling Cutters; Screw Machine, Turret Lathe, and Tools. Course Prerequisites: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08)

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 30 What Students Learn: Dies and Die Making, Parts 1 & 2 Types of Jigs; Examples of Jigs; Jig Parts and Accessories; Bushings; Jig Covers and Clamps; Miscellaneous Details of Duration: Jigs; Fixtures; Common Vise Fixture; Special Vise Fixture; 20 hours (includes 2 tests) Bolted Fixture: Combination Jig and Fixture; Trunnion Fixture; Roller Fixture; Broaching Fixture. Course Prerequisites: Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) 5100 What Students Learn: PART 1 (5101A). Dies for Sheet-Metal Work; Cutting Dies; Jig and Fixture Making, Part 1 Punch Presses; Speeds of Punch Presses; Attaching Dies to Presses; Examples of Die Work; Machine Tool Equipment for Duration: Die Making; Making Cutting Dies; Selecting Materials for 10 hours (includes 1 test) Dies; Preparation of Die Blanks; Layout of Die; Making Templets; Machining of Die Blank; Making Stripper and Course Prerequisites: Punch Plate; Forms of Cutting Dies; Shear of Dies; Making Basic Machining Skills (Block X08) Progressive Cutting Dies; Making Subpress Cutting Dies. PART 2 (5101B). Making Shaping Dies; Drawing Dies; Size What Students Learn: of Blanks; Deep Cylindrical and Non-Cylindrical Cups; Processes in Jig and Fixture Making; Planning; Machining; Redrawing Dies; Making Dies for Curling, Wiring, Seaming, Locating and Producing Holes; Locating Centers by Buttons; , Extruding, and Embossing; Making Combination Locating by Calculation; Locating Buttons by Rings and Dies; Cutting, Drawing, and Embossing Combination Dies; Disks; Micrometer Measurements with Rings; Locating Holes; Combination Forming and Dies; Combination Examples of Jig Making; Making Jig Bushings; Master Plates; Blanking, Piercing, and Swaging Dies; Progressive Continuous Dialing; Setting Up Indexing Jigs: Making Jigs on Combination Dies; Hardening and Tempering of Dies; Drilling Machines; Checking Jigs; Making Plate Jigs; Making Prevention of Cracks; Die Setting Estimating Capacity of Fixtures. Press; Lubrication of Dies; Mechanical Feeds for Punch Presses. 386049 ______Jig and Fixture Making, Part 2 386048 Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) Dies and Diemaking, Part 3 Course Prerequisites: Jig and Fixture Making, Part 2 (5100) Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test)

What Students Learn: Course Prerequisites: • Explain the required characteristics of jigs and fixtures used in modern automated assembly and CNC machining. Dies and Diemaking, Parts 1-2 (5101A-B)

What Students Learn: • Describe a range of up-to-date machining practices used in building jigs and fixtures. • Explain modern-day improvements in presses and related equipment • Recognize the proper use of modern tool materials and coatings • Make informed choices about when • List and describe the uses of commercially available to use a particular die material • Explain how to build a die components that can be incorporated into jig and in a way that works well with the chosen tooling material • fixture designs. Identify commercially available components and how they can be used in modern die designs • Describe how modern • Understand how to design and build jigs and fixtures to machining practices are considered when designing and compensate for normal product variations such as building dies • Understand modern requirements of high- speed light- stamping processes. flash, parting lines, burrs, and irregularities.

5101A-B 3197 Making Forging Dies

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 31 Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test)

Course Prerequisites: Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) \ Dies and Die Making (5101A-B) What Students Learn: What Students Learn: Kinds of Steel Used in Making Forging Dies; Annealing, • Explain the relationship between atomic Hardening, and Tempering Treatment of Die Blocks; Machine structure and material properties Tools Used in Working with Die Sinkers; Using Hand Tools in the Diemaking Practice; Laying Out and Machining Die Blocks; Handwork on Die Impressions; Making Breakdowns • Classify materials used in manufacturing and Trimming Dies. based on physical and mechanical properties

3199 • Identify benefits and drawbacks of Forging Dies specific materials for a given application Duration: • Interpret the classifications of various 10 hours (includes 1 test) metallic materials

Course Prerequisites: • Compare properties of various metallic Dies and Die Making (5101A-B) materials What Students Learn: Construction and Use of Drop-Forging Dies; Nature and • Identify properties of and applications for Construction of Press-Forging Dies; Bending Dies. various nonmetallic materials

NOTE: This course replaces 2520B 186075 Manufacturing Processes, Part 1 186077

Manufacturing Processes, Part 3 Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test)

What Students Learn: Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test)

• Relate historical trends in manufacturing to What Students Learn: modern ones • Describe common methods and applications for • Describe the development and importance of casting metals and plastics modern quality systems • Describe and contrast various • Explain how available material types shape including forging, drawing, and others manufacturing processes • Differentiate between the benefits and costs of • Describe early factory systems and their impact on modern systems casting and forming processes • Explain how the various conventional metal- • Classify modern manufacturing systems by type and abilities This course replaces 2520A removal technologies are used in manufacturing

• Identify the benefits of and range of applications 186076 for and CNC systems in Manufacturing Processes, Part 2 manufacturing

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 32 • Describe the benefits and costs of non-contact metal removal and shaping processes 5434 Elementary Mechanical Drawing NOTE: This course replaces 2520C Duration: 130 hours 186078 Course Prerequisites: Manufacturing Processes, Part 4 Practical Measurements (Block X22)

What Students Learn: Drawing Equipment; Lettering; Eight Drawing Plates: 721, Duration: 10 hours (includes 1 test) 722, and 723, Geometrical Drawing Problems; 724, Projections of Simple Solids; 725, Foreshortened Views in What Students Learn: Projection; 726, Common Conventions; 727, Lifting and Test Cover; 728, Hanger Assembly. • Relate the factors of production to how a given Special Notes: manufacturing organization is structured Includes 8 plates and requires drafting kit.

• List the types of manufacturing production systems

• Suggest modifications of equipment layout to improve productivity

• Evaluating automation strategies and problems

• Benefits of quality management methods

• Describe their role in JIT, Lean, and e Manufacturing systems

NOTE: This course replaces 2520D

1200M Drafting Kit What Students Learn: This drawing board includes a straight-edge rather than a separate T-square, a setup preferred by professionals. The drawing instruments are tools trainees will use on the job. The drafting outfit includes: one set of drawing instruments, one 18" x 24" drawing board/straight-edge combination, one 6" protractor, one 10" 30°/60° triangle, one 8" 45° triangle, one 12" architect's scale, one 12" engineer's scale, one 300 mm metric scale, one irregular curve, one lettering guide, one erasing shield, one roll ¾" drafting tape, two mechanical pencils, two tubes of lead, one lead pointer, one pink eraser, and one pad 25 sheets of 15" x 20" transparent paper. Special Notes: The Drafting Kit must be used for the study of all texts that teach drafting techniques, in which the trainee is required to prepare drawings or architectural plates. Refer to the special notes of the individual print course when this kit is required.

©Sep-20 Education Direct, All Rights Reserved. 33