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Linnæa I Folkemedicinen

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Linnæa I Folkemedicinen Ur: Etnobotanik. Planter i skik og brug, i historien og folkemedicinen. Vagn J. Brøndegaards biografi, bibliografi og artikler i udvalg på dansk. Red. Håkan Tunón. Centrum för biologisk mångfald, Uppsala & Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademien, Stockholm. ISBN: 978-91-86573-48-5 ~: 383 :~ LInnÆA I FOLKEMEDICINEN inné var baade i livsanskuelse og hand- af dalere hvert aar forsvandt til udlandet. Hans Llinger stærkt præget af ”oplysningstiden”, værker rummer da ogsaa en rigdom af etno- hvis idéer beherskede hele 1700-tallet og gav botanisk stof. Overalt, hvor han kom frem, nye optimistiske impulser til alle kulturom- interviewede han almuen om dens anvendelse raader. Dens væsentlige grundtræk var udbre- af og navne til væksterne. I sin Gotländska Resa delsen af en videnskabelig indstilling til pro- (1745) skrev han: blemerne og en handlekraftig lyst til reformer. Oplysningstiden genopdagede nationaløko- nomien, sociologien, den empiriske psykologi Bond-Botaniquen är intet altid til at för- akta, och hafwa Böndren, åtminstone har på og den sammenlignende kulturforskning. Landet, sina egne namn mäst på alla Örter. Baaret frem af en idealistisk tro paa værdien af Jag tog en beskedelig Bonde med mig ut på alle menneskelige fremskridt fik den dog ogsaa Ängen, som där kiände långt flere Örter än dels skeptiske, dels ateistiske og materialistiske jag någonsin förmodat, och hans namn på konsekvenser. dem hade merendels sina artige Originer. Det utilitaristiske syn paa naturen er karakteristisk for Linnés samtid. Man inte- resserede sig ikke blot for planternes (og dyre- Linné nævner naturligvis særlig gerne de nes) fysiologi og systematik, men ogsaa – og ting, som hans yndlingsplante Linnæa borea- nok saa meget – for etnobotanikken, d.v.s. lis kunne bruges til. I Flora lapponica (1737) væksternes nytte eller skade. Man søgte efter skriver han (med vennen Artedi som kilde): indenlandske nytteplanter, som kunne give Allmogen i Ångermanland brukar koka denna surrogater for hidtil importerede vegetabilia. växt och använda den till baddningar och Og Linné, der stedse havde sit lands velfærd omslag, emedan den är ett hastigt verkande for øje, udrettede meget ogsaa paa dette felt. medel mot reumatiska smärtor. – Hans ”Upsats Velkendt er hans store anstrengelser for at faa på de Medicinal växter ...” (Vet. Ac. Handl. bragt en levende theplante til Sverige. Linné 2, 1741) nævner ikke Linnæa, men urten er interesserede sig stærkt for nytteplanter som optaget blandt de officinelle vækster i de tobak og cochenillekaktus og alle dyrkede akademiske afhandlinger Plantæ officinales og vilde lægeurter – ud fra den betragtning, (1753) og Censura medicamentorum simplicium at hvis de kunne trives eller samles i Sverige, vegetabilium (1753): Linnææ Herba, per Nor- kunne den port lukkes, hvorigennem tusinder landiam in doloribus Rheumaticis interne & Ur SVENSKA LINNÉ-SÄLLSKAPETS ÅRSSKRIFT 1959 NR 42, S. 89-98. ~: 384 :~ Vagn J. Brøndegaard externe usitatissima.1 Efter ordet ’usitatissima’ nostra terra et usu eximia ipsius vulgi experien- er i omtrykket Amoenitates academicæ (ed. 2, tia confirmata.5 Erlangen 1788) tilføjet: ideoque in Daniæ offi- Linné gjorde sig som nævnt store anstren- cinas, pharm. intravit2 – en oplysning, som jeg gelser for at stimulere en indenlandsk theavl. ikke har kunnet verificere. Linnæa indførtes Om Linnæa skriver han i Wästgötaresa (fore- i den svenske farmakope 1775, men forsvandt taget 1746, udgivet 1747): Ingen Swensk växt är med denne. funnen tjenligare til Thé; ty dess runda Blader Om plantens anvendelse i svensk Finland gifwa en god smak, och därtil rensa blodet fram- og nogle svenske distrikters folkelige tilnavne för alla andra växter, så at ännu intet säkrare hedder det i Flora Svecica (1745) og dens anden medel ar emot Torrvärk, Gikt och Flussar. Og i udgave (1755): afhandlingen Flora oeconomica (1748): Linnæa loco Theæ commendanda.6 I en ekskursionsrapport fra samme aar Ostrobothniensibus Benwärcksgräs. Usus: (1747)1 siger en af hans disciple, at den för sin Foliorum infusus loco Theae cum lacte spe- godhet och nytta framför thet chinesiska theet cificum est in doloribus arthriticis et rheu- maticis. Ostrobothnienses cataplasma sive berömdes. Hertil føjer Åke Berg en kommen- fotu in ovibus [!] dolores pedum curant.3 tar: Hänvisningen på linneans förträfflighet som – Suetice Linnæi ört, Angermannis Wind- tesurrogat tyckes till all lycka ej ha vunnit någon gräs ... Uplandis Torrvärksgräs, Jemtis större anklang! Den förökar sig mycket långsamt Klågräs, Medelpadis Hwita Klåcker ... Dalis och är ytterst svår att plantera in på ny lokal. Jordkroner. Martin Vahl’s referat af Linnés botaniske Prælectiones privatissimæ paa Hammarby 17702 I hans Materia medica (1749) omtales plantens fortæller, at egenskaber saaledes: Vis: diluens, diuretica. Usus: Rheumatismus, Dolores4 – og en anmærk- ning sammesteds: Linnæa nondum intravit 1740 gav Arch: Linné en Æske fuld av Bla- derne til en fornemme Frue i Stokholm nostras officinas, quamvis frequentissima in under Navn av Lapsk Thee, med hvilken hun tracterede andre Fruentimre, som admire- rede den. Den havde nogen Smag av bitre Mandler og ey uangenem, men Blommerne ere endnu angenemmere, og meget meere Mandel smagende. Heele Nordland drikker 1 Linnæa-planten anvendes meget i Norrland Decoct av denne udi Værk, hvorpaa jeg har baade indvortes og udvortes for reumatiske de he[r]ligste observationer. I Norge bruges smerter. den i alt Udslag, purpura, Herpes7 etc: Mon 2 ”Den er ogsaa indført i de danske apoteker”. 3 Anvendelse: et udtræk af bladene, i stedet 5 Linnæa er endnu ikke blevet indført paa vore for the, og tilsat mælk, er et specifikt apoteker, uagtet den er meget almindeligt middel for artritis- og reumatisme-smerter. forekommende i vort land og via anvendelsen Österbottningerne læger smerter i benene hos hos almuen fik bekræftet sin fortræffelighed. faar med grød eller varme omslag. 6 Linnæa bør anbefales som erstatning for the. 4 Virkning: fordelende, urindrivende. Anvendelse: reumatisme, smerter. 7 Skarlagensfeber [?], herpes zoster (”helvedsild”). linnæa i folkemedicinen ~: 385 :~ Linnea (Linnaea borealis), ur C. A. M. Lindman, Nordens flora, 1917. ~: 386 :~ Vagn J. Brøndegaard navne af mange svenske forfattere. De fle- ste citerer dog mere og mindre af mesterens værker og hæfter sig mest ved dens tilskrevne effekt mod gigt og reumatiske lidelser. A. J. Retzius’ Försök til en Flora Oeconomica Sveciæ (II, 1806, Lund, p. 418f.) beretter: Örten har uti swår Höft- och Lårvärk flere gånger wisat sig werksam, så wäl som i annan Flussgicht. Den drickes då såsom et starkt Thee med mjölk morgon och afton ... Är värken mycket swår, kan man äfven efter Doctor Lundmarks råd göra et kalt omslag på stället af friska Örten som stötes med litet Ätticka til en tjock gröt: Många som warit beswärade af mindre häftiga anstötar af Flussgicht eller så kallad flygande wärck af förkylningar hafwa nyttjat et mindre starkt Thee på torra Örten til dageligt bruk en langre tid, dock med mjölk ... och kan Allt sedan Linné har linnean haft en särställ- Örten i detta hanseende anses såsom en god ning inom botanisternas symbolspråk. Foto: husmedicin. Håkan Tunón, 2004. Knap et halvt aarhundrede senere nævner og den ey skulde tiene til at uddrive Kopper og forklarer Richard Dybeck i sit tidsskrift Runa 3 Meslinger ? (1849, p. 14f.) en lang række Linnæa-navne; paa nær to refererer de alle til anvendelsen Albrecht von Haller har i sin Historia stirpium mod gigt og reumatisme: indigenarum Helvetiæ inehoata (Bern 1768, p. 131) en – fejlagtig – oplysning om linnæa- Gicktegräs (Värmland) Örten användes fli- blomsternes anvendelse mod hudsygdomme: tigt mot gikt; ad morbos eutaneos infusum florum valere alii.8 Torrvärksgräs (Uppland, Norrland, jnf. Som kilde anfører han Provinc. medic. berätt. Linné 1755) Torrvärk brukas än oftast af mer Pag. 7 (1761). Det paagældende sted er imidler- afväga allmoge för: gikt;4 tid ikke nævnt Linnæa, men Linaria (og Ver- Benvärksgräs (Ö.botten, jnf. Linné 1755); bascum) mod kropsudslet; der maa altsaa være Rohaltgräs (V.botten) anvendt mod ’halt- tale om en fejllæsning. het’ (krampe) i ’ran’ (hoften) som følge af gigt; Ogsaa efter Linné nævnes Linnæa’s folke- Stighåltgräs (V.botten) ett medel mot sjuka medicinske anvendelse og de dertil knyttede benleder, mot haltande stig l. gång;5 Vregräs (Ö.götland) Allmogen använder hela örten till omslag om vridna l. vrickade leder – altsaa ’vridurt’; 6 8 Infusion paa blomsterne nævnes af andre som Knarrgräs (Dalarne) forklarer Dybeck der- virksom mod hudsygdomme. hen, at navnet tilläfventyrs af det prassel, l. den linnæa i folkemedicinen ~: 387 :~ knarring, som höres då man trampar på mattan (1858, p. 15) anbefaler et dekokt af hele plan- af örtens täta refvor, hälst då växten öfvergått ten mod gigt og podagra. Fra nyere tid er som till torrhet. Navnet har dog snarere relation til endnu levende folkenavne noteret rohalts- knarr = knirken (i gigtstive led); gräs (Umeå), stickhaltgräs med oplysningen, Klågräs (Jämtland, jnf. Linné 1755) sigter at planten forhen blev almindelig brugt for utvivlsomt til en folkemedicinsk anvendelse krampe, hofteskader, samt giktgräs (Värm- mod klå = (fnat-)kløe, scabies, men Dybeck land), giktblomme (Kussjön), torrvärksgräs skriver: Troligen ock för någon läkeegenskap (Uppland) og benvärksgräs (Ö.botten).8 Ifølge hos örten, så vida namnet ej har gemenskap med en forfatter 19359 blev Linnæa endnu for cirka nästföljande – 40 aar siden [1895] i Ramsele kaldt ickorrtåga Ettergräs7 särdeles fröhusen äro tätt besatta
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