Pathway to the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect

Lisbeth B. Schorr, Director Project on Effective Interventions at Harvard University

Vicky Marchand, Senior Associate Pathways Mapping Initiative

June, 2007 Pathway to the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect

Lisbeth B. Schorr, Director Project on Effective Interventions at Harvard University

Vicky Marchand, Senior Associate Pathways Mapping Initiative

June, 2007

The Pathway to the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect was funded by the California Department of Social Services, Children and Family Services Division Office of Child Abuse Prevention. The Pathways Mapping Initiative is also supported by the Annie E. Casey Foundation and the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. The authors are solely responsible for the content.

This book is available as a PDF document online at: www.PathwaysToOutcomes.org. The text materials contained in this website may be used, downloaded, reproduced or reprinted, provided that appropriate acknowledgment appears in all copies and provided that such use, download, reproduction or reprint is for non-commercial use only.

The examples included in the Pathway to the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect are intended to illustrate effective actions. Their inclusion is not an endorsement of the overall quality of the particular initiative, strategy, or program. Only a small sample of potential examples is included, and the authors encourage users to continue to collect examples of effective interventions at the local, state, and national levels.

© 2007 by the Project on Effective Interventions, Pathways Mapping Initiative

PATHWAY TO THE PREVENTION OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT

Table of Contents

Orientation to the Pathway

Overview Actions Overview, Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Summary of Goals, Action Areas, and Actions Rationale for Working Toward This Outcome Overview of Indicators Defining the Outcome – Long Term Indicators of Progress Targets of Intervention Cross-Cutting Ingredients of Effective Implementation

Goal 1: Children and Youth Nurtured, Safe, and Engaged ACTIONS with examples INDICATORS of progress INGREDIENTS of effective implementation RATIONALE Research EVIDENCE

Goal 2: Strong, Connected Families ACTIONS with examples INDICATORS of progress Table of Contents INGREDIENTS of effective implementation RATIONALE Research EVIDENCE

Goal 3: Identified Families Access Services and Supports ACTIONS with examples INDICATORS of progress INGREDIENTS of effective implementation RATIONALE Research EVIDENCE

Appendix2:MentalMappingasaToolforImprovingOutcomes Research EVIDENCE Research EVIDENCE pedx3 ito xmls Appendix5:Contributors andAcknowledgements Appendix4:Sources Appendix3:ListofExamples Appendix1:PathwaysMapping Initiative Background Materials Hot Topics -Cross-cutting Themes Goal 6:Greater CapacitytoRes Goal 5:Caring ResponsiveCommunities Goal 4:FamiliesFreeFromSubstanceAbuseandMentalIllness RATIONALE INGREDIENTS ofeffectiveimplementation INDICATORS ofprogress ACTIONS withexamples Research EVIDENCE RATIONALE INGREDIENTS ofeffectiveimplementation INDICATORS ofprogress ACTIONS withexamples RATIONALE INGREDIENTS ofeffectiveimplementation INDICATORS ofprogress ACTIONS withexamples pond inVulnerableCommunities

Table of Contents ORIENTATION TO PATHWAYS

Guide to the Pathway to the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect

The Pathway to the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect assembles a wealth of findings from research, practice, theory, and policy about what it takes to improve the lives of children and families, particularly those living in tough neighborhoods. By laying out a comprehensive, coherent array of actions, the Pathway informs efforts to improve community conditions within supportive policy and funding contexts.

The Pathways framework does not promote a single formula or “silver bullet.” Rather, the emphasis is on acting strategically across disciplines, systems, and jurisdictions to reduce the costs of abuse and neglect and to promote thriving children, families, and communities. The Pathway provides a starting point to guide choices made by community coalitions, services providers, researchers, funders, and policymakers to achieve desired outcomes for children and their families.

The Pathway Is Only One Piece The Pathway offers guidance to communities which, in combination with local wisdom, provides a structure for planning and acting strategically.

PATHWAYS KNOWLEDGE BASE LOCAL WISDOM STRATEGIC ACTION

Existing services, Actions – programs, supports, and gaps supports, connections, funding, policies Interests of leaders Comprehensive planning Examples of and decision-makers promising actions Setting priorities Aspirations of Ingredients of partners and Implementing the plan effectiveness stakeholders Indicators of progress Monitoring impact Assets and available and effectiveness Research-based resources rationale and evidence Problems you are seeking to solve

 ORIENTATION TO PATHWAYS

Pathway Components

Prevention of child abuse and neglect is not the sole responsibility of any single agency or professional group; rather it is a shared community concern. Effective strategies require multiple actions at the individual, family, and community levels to reduce risk factors and strengthen protective factors. Communities can prevent child abuse and neglect by working effectively toward the following goals:

TARGETS GOALS

Children & Youth Children and Youth Are Nurtured, Safe and Engaged

Families Are Strong and Connected

Families Identified Families Access Services and Supports

Families Free From Substance Abuse and Mental Illness

Communities Are Caring and Responsive Communities Vulnerable Communities Have Capacity To Respond

The following components of the Pathway will help communities, funders, and policy makers to take ACTION to achieve these goals, to use INDICATORS to measure their progress, to identify the INGREDIENTS of effective implementation, to understand the RATIONALE connecting actions and results, and to examine the EVIDENCE documenting the effectiveness of the actions.

Actions Examples Indicators Ingredients Rationale Evidence specific strategies, program and measures for elements of research-based research activities, or steps policy initiatives targeting and how actions are reasons to documenting taken to impact illustrating monitoring the implemented believe that that identified the quality and how actions impact of actions that make them identified actions actions contribute capacity of local have worked and documenting effective are likely to to achieving the services and elsewhere progress toward contribute to targeted outcome supports, the the outcome the desired or conditions availability of outcome that lead to the resources, or the outcome policy contexts that contribute to the outcome

ii ORIENTATION TO PATHWAYS

How to Use Pathway Components

The Pathway organizes an extensive collection of information as a starting point for effective action. It does not define a planning protocol. Change agents can make use of the Pathway in many ways regardless of where they are in a planning process. The following diagram illustrates how the components of the Pathway can help you in a typical strategic planning approach.

Start/SeeSee the the Big B Pigicture Picture Plan and Make Choices Implement Track Progress

• Set priorities for • Put plans into what to do action

Actions Overview • Examine outcome-based framework • Connect actions • Show short-term • Consider your scope to outcomes impact of action • Establish a theory • Make the case • Verify long-term • Identify potential allies of change for investment benefits for children, youth • Strengthen and families • Assess the public will • Define the strength of scope of your research support • Detail G efforts for action improvements Goal • Set priorities in services and supports for impact • Define baselines • Create meaningful • Document • Engage allies in • Select “headline” information planning systems changing measures of community change • Tell your story conditions

• Define • Maximize impact operational of actions standards • Assess quality

Rely on Rely on LOCAL WISDOM LOCAL WISDOM to make judgments and to continually understand the local context improve efforts for action

Using results and gained knowledge, revisit goals and actions

iii ORIENTATION TO PATHWAYS

Moving from Comprehensive Vision to Focused Action

How you use the Pathway will depend on your objectives and the role you play in efforts to prevent child abuse and neglect. The Actions Overview presents a comprehensive framework illustrating the breadth of actions which contribute to the outcome. Communities certainly can not do everything worth doing at once. The supporting materials within each goal help to focus on what it takes to act effectively in complex political and financial contexts. The Pathway provides a starting point for grappling with hard trade-offs and working to build the connections and infrastructure necessary to sustain change.

Goal Actions Ingredients Indicator Rationale Evidence

iv ORIENTATION TO PATHWAYS

Possible Applications for the Pathway

While initiatives must draw on local wisdom to be effective, communities can act more strategically by learning from what has worked elsewhere and what appears promising. The Pathway can help users facing common questions and challenges, such as:

Existing efforts do not seem to be achieving desired results. How can we use existing resources more effectively to achieve greater impact? New funds are available. Where is the additional investment likely to enhance results for children, families, and communities? How do we expand our partnerships and engage allies beyond a core group of service providers? How do we value informal supports and integrate them into our effort? How do we convince policy makers and funders that taking action will reduce the harm caused by child abuse and neglect? How do we know if efforts are achieving desired results? How can we track progress?

S C E N A R I O 1

The majority of families referred for concerns about abuse or neglect do not meet criteria for abuse or neglect. However, it is likely that they can benefit from supports and services intended to reduce risks and promote protection related to future abuse or neglect, so the County has partnered with the local Family Resource Centers to work with the family to access services and enhance informal support systems. Child Welfare Agency and Family Resource Center staff have turned to the Pathway to Prevent Child Abuse and Neglect to help them effectively engage these families. By scanning the Pathway, staff can identify which of the Goals are likely to be most relevant to the current challenge. In this case, Goal 3: Identified Families Access Services and Supports includes three action areas that contribute to this goal, an action and an array of examples of what has worked elsewhere. Based on their analysis of existing efforts and local capacity, staff may choose to focus on one action area, such as “Staff who encounter families are trained in screening and referrals.” The Examples provide practical approaches that may stimulate innovation and engage folks who may be too ready to dismiss any action as undoable or ineffective. How the County builds a network of voluntary services and supports and the way each family experiences the initial contact and on-going engagement with staff are critical for achieving the goal. The Ingredients of effectiveness may help staff identify opportunities to enhance existing efforts, such as the development of systems to share referral information and track clients, or practices that address obstacles, such as coordinated case management. Both Child Welfare Agency and Family Resource Center staff need to be ready to make the case for changing practice and investing in prevention efforts to everyone from frontline staff to elected officials to the media. The Rationale to work on this goal and the Evidence from evaluation research provides excerpts from the literature which can be used for influencing stakeholders, writing proposals, and making presentations.

 ORIENTATION TO PATHWAYS

S C E N A R I O 2 S C E N A R I O 2

As the result of concerns about increasing visits to emergency rooms by children who have been victims of avoidable injuries, the mayor’s office has convened a task force including representatives from the Health Department, the Child Welfare Agency, health care providers, and schools. Convened to address an indicator of concern, emergency room visits, the task force will benefit from focusing on the desired results of their work. The Pathways Overview includes an overall outcome, goals, and an issue brief titled “Defining the Outcome” that can make planning, policy and program development, and resource allocation more strategic. Scanning the Pathway Overview and supporting materials may identify contributors who are not represented on the task force, such as family resource center staff, child care providers, or resident associations. The choices among the array of Actions that contribute to the defined outcome, ranging from home visiting for families with toddlers to ensuring drug treatment services are easily accessed by women with children, depends on the target populations and trade-offs given the capacities, assets, and needs of the local community. The Indicators outline additional measures which may be useful for assessing conditions in the community, determining what will influence decisions about the allocation of resources, and setting targets for improvement. The Ingredients of effectiveness can help to determine why current approaches for preventing injury are not producing the expected results. The Ingredients, policy related actions, and funding approaches also provide some context for the task force to consider the impact and sustainability of strategies over time.

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children’sbehavior. sets andinterests O-2 Overview: Goals & Actions clearly delineate roles and respon rolesand delineate clearly States andcountiesinvestinstrategic planning and worktogethertosolveproblems. resource needsandtobu and and addresstraining as isavailable Technical assistance settings. andcommunity-based academic, governmental, participants from th collaboration Trainers promote and schools. withchildrenand contact where staffhaveregular are andneglect.Trainingmodules of childabuse development includepre-seprofessionalTraining and referrals ACTION AREA 3.B: Staff whoencounter data abouttheneedsandinterests basedonsolid buildlinkages capacity,and designservice resources, target Community coalitions that trac information systems capacity ACTION AREA 3.C: Adequate all newparents. based self-esteem,andoffe supportive services. sh Services memb reachotherfamily providers neglect. Service and mayexperiencedrugs intense emotionswhichcanincreasethechanceofchildabuseor time.Theyaddressthewithdrawale care over violence, la domestic mental health,homelessness, Systems andinstitutionsthatencounterfamilies, includingthosethatdealwith publichealth, addiction,me with families struggling am Coordination 4.B: AREA ACTION education aboutparenting andchild withchildren, mi ofclients to thecircumstances fo Outpatient and residentialtreatmentservices illness and mental abuse substance services for a High-quality, 4.A: AREA ACTION from Free are 4:Families GOAL ofneed. estimates makers planintentio Decision characteristics. demandbasedon levelof meet apredictable to capacityareestablished system ofcare the and based ontheirand supports individualneeds,

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Have The Capacity ToRespond Capacity Have The mobilize information networks, capitalize on networks, capitalize information mobilize Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ons and supportsthat ons unity-based organizationsachieve rts target populations in communities incommunities populations rts target saturation with coherent interventionsand withcoherent saturation ional infrastructure, increase thetaxbase,and increase infrastructure, ional respond to an respond to

O-5 Overview: Goals & Actions variety of other problems other of variety orabus neglected have been Children who factors maltre most that explicitly recognized have practitioners and researchers maltreatment Over child the years, 2000). Institute ofMentalHealth, more effectiveandrecurrencesle Treatment is ofChildren’sTrustandPrevention Funds,2006). of childmaltreatment(NationalAlliance connected over purpose timefor ofpreventing the coordina theimportanceofa have allrecognized andsupport,prevention, earl familystrengthening effects negative many against protect or ameliorate can and othercrises neglect, abuse, to andeffectiveresponses Prompt (Chalk, Gibbons &Scarupa,success 2002). and school All in physicalhealth. and shortfalls situations, aninab skills, poorproblem-solving self-regulation, language development, reduced cognitive problems, Council onthe Developing Child,2004). within development child healthand however, theabuseor neglectofyoungchildren orientation. justice criminal with astrong risk therelative on physicalinjury, focus largely Council, 2000) Traditio need (NationalResearch neglect and institut supportive networks,services, and responsive to families high-risk low-income, connect that Programs 1990; Zaslow,etal.,2001). fewer cognitive,stimulating,andsupportive inte & Sjaastad, 1994;Miller,1998).Th Miller, (Korenman, Departmentof HealthandHumanServices, 1999); 2002); behavioral problemsandpoorerperfor health,cognitive, negative outcomes,including clinically depressedparents orreporting parentssi outcomes poorer developmental responsivene and sensitivity, empathy, of development mothers' livinginpoverty—undermine mothers among Depression, attachment di Doll, and Rizley,1981; accepted theory (Garbarino, ofmaltreatment 1977;Bronfenbrenner, 1979;Belsky, 1980;Cicchetti child likelihoodof the decrease to increaseor acknowledgementthatindividual, theory, withits RATIONALE FORWORKINGTOACHIEVETHISOUTCOME related to a person’s personality, family hi family toaperson’spersonality, related because they et al.,2007). dentify early warning signs and linkchild signs identify earlywarning , including attentiondeficitdi , including fficulties, and post-traumatic stress—prevalent stress—prevalent and post-traumatic fficulties, the context of a family relationship crisis (National Scientific Scientific crisis(National thecontextof relationship a family (National Research Council,2000). (National Children whohave When viewed through achilddevelopmentlens, Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping mance on mathandread mance maltreatment, now represents the most commonly mostcommonly nowrepresentsthe maltreatment, and socio-emotional problems (Child Trends, Trends, problems(Child and socio-emotional of these are important factors in school readiness factorsinschoolreadiness of theseareimportant ss likelytheearliertreatmentbegins(National ractions withtheir children (Downey&Coyne, of recurrentand questions ofchildcustody, harm, atment results from a complex web of web results fromacomplex atment ss to their children, often leading to ss totheirchildren,oftenleading ted approach to reaching families and staying andstaying approach toreachingfamilies ted should be evaluated and treated as a matter of asamatter beevaluatedandtreated should

nal child welfare approaches to maltreatment childwelfareapproachestomaltreatment nal y care andeducation,publichealth, andothers familial, community, and societal factors interact interact factors andsocietal community, familial, ility to cope with or adapt to neworstressful tocopewithoradapt ility gns of depression are at risk for a variety of foravariety areatrisk ofdepression gns child abuse and avoiding thelong-terms costs childabuseand story, and communitycontext.Ecological story, and and poor emotionaladjustment astheyage deficits, reduced emotional stability and poor and stability emotional deficits,reduced

ed are more likely more ed are ions help to prevent child abuse and child abuse prevent to help ions eir parents have poorer parentingskills and eir parentshavepoorer sorders, depression, conduct ren andparents withthehelp they . Thefieldsofchildabuse ing assessments(U.S. to suffer from a tosufferfrom O-6 Overview: Rationale Developing Child,2004). vulnerableyo most forour science andpractice importance ofcommunity-basedsupportsforfa emphasize both prevention strategiesthat developmental andbe interv theearly to welfare system of suspectedcases regular referral The comprehensive intervention, canimprove environment,relationships, parent-child parenting, This Services,2005). Human (National Assembly networks, relationships, necessary opportunities, adelib make strengthening programs andimprove academic socialoutcomes forchildren and youth. to aim that interventions of component critical and integral an are Families

havioral needsareassessedandtreated. havioral erate andsustainedeffortto child outcomes (Caspe &Lopez,2006) child outcomes(Caspe the developmentalneedsofchildrenand ention system wouldensurethat ention Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping milies showhowwecanclosethegapbetween ung children (National ScientificCouncilonthe ung children(National approach has a positive impact onfamily impact approachhasapositive and supports toraise th and family involvement and, as part of a larger ofalarger and,aspart familyinvolvement child abuse or neglect from the child fromthe neglect or abuse child

ensure thatparents havethe eir children successfully Family- Childabuse O-7 Overview: Rationale

CHILD CONDITIONS issues unrelatedtotheinci involvement withthechildwelfaresystemmaybe andneglectshouldbeassesse ** Ratesofabuse OUTCOME: PREVENTIONOF CONDITIONS FAMILY Children’s cognitive and socio-emotional development ontrack cognitive andsocio-emotional development Children’s ii. Children in good physical and mental health mental and physical good Children in i. i. • • • Parental resilience (Parent functioning) functioning) resilience (Parent Parental Reduced incidenceofabuseor neglect** homes. safe,stable provide Families Children freefromintentionalinjuryorharm • • • • • • • •

• • • abuse problems youth donothaveuntreated Children and Children withchronic healthproblems followaplan for care regularlyChildren attendschool than 10absences (fewer per year) andscreenings well-child care regular Children receive Children haveup-to-dateimmunizations yposo ersin n oetcvoec demonstrate efficacy,incl Parents violence domestic depression, and of symptoms negatively impa Parents freeofissuesthat management (coping)skills compet greater stress, less Parents have Children and youth withcognitivedelays Children and youth interactChildren positivelywithpeers and andadults range,judged byparents and/or as teachers not exhibitbehaviorChildren do prob theseissues follow aplanfordealingwith dence ofabuseor neglect. SUMMARY OFINDICATORS CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT NEGLECT AND ABUSE CHILD Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping d through acombinationofmeasures, because d through uding the capacity to seekhelp uding thecapacity skewed by policies, procedural changes, and changes,and skewedbypolicies,procedural

lems in the borderline or clinical intheborderlineorclinical lems ress, greateranger ence inmanagingstress, or social or emotional disabilities oremotionaldisabilities social or ct parenting, includingsubstanceabuse,

mental healthproblems or substance

O-8

Overview: Indicators

v. iv. iii. ii.

Family environment Basic supports and services used by families as needed used byfamiliesas and services Basic supports Strong social connections Strong social needed) helped andsupported tonegotiatethesyst Knowledge of child development and demonstrated skill in parenting skill in anddemonstrated development ofchild Knowledge • • • • • • • • • • • • spacing) Mothers havechildren bornmore than affordable, etc.): affordable, etc.): high-quality services accessible,adequatelyfunded, andsupports are available, supports asneededtomaximizehealth access health,housing,childca Parents Parents engage inappropriateplaywith Parents engage their child(ren) for routines age-appropriatedaily predictable, andmaintain Parents establish age-appropriate disciplinary practicesParents usepositive, with theirchild(ren) interactions realistic expectationsofyoungchildrenParents andapplythemto have Children have stable, secure relation Children havestable,secure pastfiveyears. the during caretakers) (changes inprimary fewe (moved hadlowmobility Family has whenappropriate child(ren) parentsnotlivinginth Non-custodial supportive adultsinthehousehold have at leasttwo Families Parents areParents connectedtocommunitysoci in thefuture) instrumental support emotionaland/or whenneeded can identify peoplewhohaveprovParents treatment; families involved in domestic violence receive assistance assistance violencereceive indomestic involved treatment; families drugParents abuseor with mental Parents identifyanduseappropriate childcare childbearing experiences Pregnantappropriate womenreceive prenatal care andhavepositive health carecoverage/insurance families have Children and children medical homeforthemselvesandtheir Parents useaconsistentmedical pr

Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping

em and to obtain helpandem andtosupport as ships withparent or other adult e homehaveregularwith contact re, food, and other basic services and basicservices food,andother re, two years apart (intentional child apart (intentional twoyears y familyfunctioning(assumingthat their child(ren) on a regular basis basis aregular on child(ren) their r than two times) and low turbulence low r thantwotimes)and al institutions,services,andsupports ided (and canbecountedided (and ontoprovide health problems receive effective problems health ovider or have an identified ovider orhavean

(Parents are

O-9

Overview: Indicators

CONDITIONS COMMUNITY Community environments that environments Community i. and family functioning family and • • • • • • and values adults in their parenting role intheirparentingrole and valuesadults Community climatepositionschildren as their well-beingandthei improve to collectively canact reflect abeliefthatresidents Neighborhoods residents tiesamong social Neighborhoods foster Community provides familieswithhe neededtomaximizeheal quality services andaffordablethehigh- accessible, makeavailable, to Community hascapacity lives appropriateParents boundaries establish Presence of neighborhood watch progra Presence ofneighborhood etc.) air,water, Absence ofphysicaltoxins(lead,poisoned violence Absence ofneighborhood poverty Absence ofconcentrated Transportation Domestic violencesupport andservices Food andnutrition education childhood early Child careand Housing Drug abuseandmentalhealthtreatment Family planningservices services andchildbearing Prenatal care Child healthservices

r children’s future future r children’s Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping support healthy support healthy ch

althy environments, distinguished by: althy environments,distinguished an asset and resource andsupports anassetand including: thy familyfunctioning, for the children and adults in their their in adults and children for the m, neighborhood association,etc. ild development ild development O-10

Overview: Indicators abuse andneglect.Eachhaspros and are usef Three typesofoutcomes OUTCOMES OF USEFUL TYPES possible. andsensitivelyas asfairly allocated is matter ofensuringthataccountability Thus thechallenge ofdefiningoutcomesfor the are twoissues: acl toshow preventive efforts—and,therefore, In thefieldof childabuseandneglect,however, or experience) toproduce positiveresults. that notonlyhavefa by indicators accompanied members ofthepublicembr and decision-makers agencies andinstitutions,produce powerful stra across spread motivatecommitment, partnerships, togalvanize morelikely understand are Outcomes thataredefinedintermsofclear, some ofthelong-standingconfusionbetwee reduces morerealistica tothink directors An rationally. andprograms design policies ac for asthebasis Using outcomes DEFINING THEOUTCOME:LONG-TERM INDICATORS OFPROGRESS 1. Reduced incidence of re-reporting re-reporting incidenceof Reduced 1. Increased rates ofchildwell-bei rates Increased 3. children comi rates of Reduced 2. • • tochildren. incidence ofdamage however, becausetheincidenceofreports is intakeintothechilinvolved inmanaging of particularintere system. Thisoutcomeis andagencies. organizations be achievedthroughtheeffortsofmultiple though thedesired ar outcomes Most agenciesfaceintensepressureholdin to thedesiredoutcomes;and y match Few indicatorsneatlyandprecisel consistent withtheoutcome articulate children. often are arbitrary and easily biased. andeasily often arearbitrary ratesofentry intothesystem determine entry;and(2)theforcesthat inappropriate alwayseasy negative events,anditisnot a are:(1)Not disadvantages ofthisoutcome welfareadminist since child efforts, especially outcom moststraightforward seems tobethe This, and similar formulations ofaposi formulations This, andsimilar lly abouttheconnections between ul for community- and population-basedeffortstoprevent child ul forcommunity- tion makes it easier to plan strategies, allocate resources, and resources, toplanstrategies,allocate makesiteasier tion cons, dependingonthecircumstances: e vulnerable to factors outside their control and canonly controland their outside vulnerable tofactors e outcomes framework drives fundersand program drives outcomes framework Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping practical results thatthegeneral public can d by the Stakeholders Group inthe d bytheStakeholders ng into the child welfare system welfare child the ng into ce-value appeal but are known (through research appealbutareknown(throughresearch ce-value d welfaresystem.Theoutcomeisflawed, ear link between indicators and outcomes. There outcomes. There ear linkbetween indicatorsand it is very difficult to measure the resultsof measurethe verydifficultto it is prevention of child abuse and neglect is also a prevention ofchildabuseandneglectisalso ng and reduced rate ng todistinguishbetween appropriate and

ace thetargetresults,outcomesmustbe to or re-entry into the child welfare into thechildwelfare orre-entry to tegies forchange.Toensurethatskeptical n themeansandendsofsocialinterventions. ll entries into the child welfare system are into thechildwelfaresystem ll entries probably onlyloosely rative data are readily available. Thetwo available. readily data are rative st when several different methodsare different st whenseveral dividual actors accountable forresults,even accountable actors dividual e fordocumentingtheimpactofpreventive tive vision, are widelyappealingand vision,are tive investments and results, andit investments andresults, s ofdamageto related to the actual related tothe Final Report on Final Report . This

O-11 Overview: Outcomes

neglect: notindividually, combination, procedural changes.Th child abuseandneglect,takenalon Experts consultedinthedevelopmentofthisPath LONG-TERM INDICATORS • • • • • Reductions in selected types of child injuries ofchildinjuries Reductions inselectedtypes ofaharmfulsubstance ingestion injury or room visitstotreatchild Number ofemergency PART) by used indicator (an perpetrators first-time and victims offirst-time Number Number ofchildreninfostercare neglect disaggr of highlypublicizedincidents)—perhaps is oftimethat aperiod (over reports repeat An indexbasedonnumberof abus ofreports results if the outcome shows if theoutcomeshows results ar organizations and benefit isthatsystems be achievedthrough thecollectiveworkof communities.” andstrong healthy families 2003): Services Welfare Child California’s of the Future

“Every child in California lives ina lives “Every childinCalifornia asures aremostuseful erefore, thefollowingmeasures e, are biased and prone to fluctuations in response topolicyand pronee, are tofluctuationsinresponse biasedand to document real changes in theincidenceofabuseand documentrealchangesin to up inmorethanonesystem. Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping way agreed that the measuresway agreed usedtoreport that Thisoutcomerecognizes safe, stable, permanenthome,nurturedby safe, stable, e more likely to collect data and monitor data and tocollect likely e more many systems and organizations. Another Another andorganizations. manysystems (California Dept of Social Services, Sept, DeptofSocialServices, (California long enough to minimize theimmediateeffect tominimize long enough e or neglect,substantiatedreports, and egated bytypeor severity ofabuseor when used in usedin when that success can only can thatsuccess O-12 Overview: Outcomes aims to prevent theoccurrenceofnegative conditions aims toprevent multiplelevelsofprevention. needtoincorporate In addition,strategies range ofnecessary andservices. opportunities and disciplines;connectionsbetweenprograms supportiveinfrastructure;mob create acoherent, and communities intervene withchildren,families, harm tochildren andyouth(anditscostlycommunity-wideeffortsconsequences) requires to result excellence willnotachievetrulytransformative operateinisolation, andprojectsthat Programs of thanthesoleresponsibility concern rather intervention inthelivesofchild andlife.Positive development community contextsareessentialelementsofanindividual's areneglect. Family-strengthening holisti initiatives therefore,is strengthening, Family and complex. neglect arejustasinterrelated to preventchildabuseand Effectivestrategies child maltreatment. Multiple factorsattheindividu infants. individuals whohaveexperienced abuseandsuppo or even conditions them toexperience adverse withsp andgroups individuals targets prevention Secondary visi andhome seat beltcampaigns, andneglect)inpopulations notde and childabuse Prevention Treatment Tertiary or Prevention or Targeted Secondary Prevention Universal or Primary

Children and Youth Children and Nurtured, Safe, and Nurtured, Safe, TARGETS OFINTERVENTION CHILDREN al, family, and community levels contribute to or protect against protect against toor levelscontribute and community al, family, ren threatened bychildabusean ren threatened Engaged Goal I:

ts to families with newborns. families with ts to

Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping any single agency or professional group. any singleagencyorprofessional ts. Examples include screening andfollow-upfor includescreening ts. Examples individual best practices, and even islandsof and even bestpractices, individual at the core of efforts to prevent childabuseand at thecoreofeffortstoprevent izations, institutions, ilization ofmultipleorganizations,institutions, ; the willingness of policymakers and funders to andfunders of policymakers ; thewillingness fined by risk. Examples are nutrition are education, fined byrisk. Examples c; they address the fact that personal, family, and factthatpersonal,family, the address c; they Access Services and Access Services rt services for depressed mothers andtheir Families Free from Free Families Identified Families and resources across domains, creating a creating domains, across resources and and Mental Illness and MentalIllness Substance Abuse s. Widespread prevention ofnon-accidental prevention s. Widespread FAMILIES FAMILIES and events (such as dise (such as andevents Connected Supports Goal IV: Goal IV: Families Families Goal II: Strong, Goal III:

d neglect is a shared community neglect isasharedcommunity d ecific risk factors that predispose thatpredispose factors ecific risk Primary prevention Greater Capacityto Greater COMMUNITIES COMMUNITIES ase, trafficfatalities, Communities Communities Responsive Respond in Vulnerable Goal VI: Goal VI: Goal V: Goal V: Caring,

O-13 Overview: Intervention Tertiary prevention protective factors and reducing theriskfactor and reducing protective factors circumstances, ow helpsusersconstruct their andanunderstandingoflocal localwisdom Pathway offersaframeworkthat,when combined with Appendix 1), do notlistevery Instead,the actionthatcontributes tothedesiredoutcome. twoMentalMappingMeetings(see rviews, and inte of research, areview are derivedfrom Neglect The PathwaysMappingInitiative’s complications. their highestfunction individualsto and restore contains six goals that span the levelsof thatspanthe sixgoals contains

responds directly to adverse conditions toadverse directly responds Pathway to the Preventionof Child Abuseand Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping n community-wide strategies for increasing for strategies n community-wide s associated with child abuseandneglect. withchild s associated , minimize negative effects, and prevent related prevent related effects,and , minimizenegative intervention andprevention.Thegoals,which or events. It attempts to treat orevents.Itattemptsto O-14 Overview: Intervention Key ingredients are important not only to achieving outcomes butto: notonlytoachievingoutcomes areimportant Key ingredients upsignificantly. outcomesgoes improved withclients,th and empoweringrelationships are abletodevelopandmaintainrespectful homevisitors they areprovided.Forexample,when andhow servicesar interventions areimplemented contributing totheprevention ofchildabuse Key Ingredients are theunderlying elementsthat

needed services: procedures enrollment and Outreach ACCESSIBILITY Programs do all theycantomakeservices do Programs Child AbuseandNeglectareorganize applytoallelementsofthePathwayPrevention The KeyIngredientsofEffectivenessthat CROSS-CUTTING INGREDIENTSOF • • • • • • • • •

barriers. barriers. nocostand/or at services offer Programs are simple, Program requirements and staffreflect materials, design, Program languages. staff membersspeakthose the written inthelanguage(s) of Materials are areas. remote inruralor children andfamilies congregateorpassthro high-risk individuals conven and locations attimes Outreach occurs attractsallwho outreach Aggressive modified. Identifying elementsofcurrentactionsthatneedtobeaddedor succeed to the extenttowhichactionsnowinplaceorbeingdesignedarelikely Determining up or replicated. whentheyareexpanded,scaled distorted diluted or arenot models so thatprogram tosuccess, whichelementsareessential Understanding FUNDING SUSTAINABILITY ANDSOCIALNETWORKS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT CONNECTIONS TOANDACROSSSERVICES ANDSUPPORTS RESULTS ORIENTED EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT HIGH QUALITY ACCESSIBILITY

d intothefollowingcategories: affordable: streamlined, and results-oriented. and streamlined, Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping could benefitfromtheintervention. e chance that home visits will contribute to willcontribute e chancethathomevisits and neglect.Theyreflectthefactthathow ensure that families can easily locate and reach locate and caneasily ensurethatfamilies make certain services andsupports effectivein

offer sliding fee scales to remove financial removefinancial feescalesto offer sliding and respect clients’cultural norms. and respect e provided are often as important as whether are oftenasimportantwhether e provided ugh. Outreach includeseffortsreach to EFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATION target population(s). To theextenttarget population(s). possible, ient to families, including locations where locations ient tofamilies,including O-15 Overview: Ingredients Services emphasize

the Services and supports are as comprehensive asnece supports areascomprehensive and Services HIGH QUALITY universalcoverage. and achieving review continuous Means-tested programs (e.g., healthcare,subsid mechanisms andpayment Policies tootherpopulations. limiting access babies with low-birthweight families (e.g., teenmoms, and reach to programs designed toencourage are Systems designed toprovide Systems are everyone to available are services andsupports Service systemswork continuouslywithcommuni re can thresholds.” Individuals “diagnosable and children: early stages of aproblem early stages

• • • • • • • • • • •

Programs avoid burdensome eligibility burdensome avoid Programs thir Programs obtain Program staff do not compartmentalize families’ problems. problems. families’ do notcompartmentalize staff Program needs). language, andchildcare ba thatremove effectively andadoptpractices thatpreven circumstances identify Providers inthesamesetting. evolving challenges responses to for services ranging. Theyincludelong-term flexibleand are wide- programs mission, with theirprimary To theextentcompatible well astherapeuticsupportsand informalinterventions. as with theirprimary To theextentcompatible meet thespecific designedto are Programs continuous coverage. whilefamilies’ presume eligibility partnerships Third-party payers(including childcare subs food stamps. eligib are ensurethatlegalimmigrants Policies supports. and needed services accesstoall forand families’eligibility expandlow-income Policies populations. toother requirements thatlimitaccess populations withoutimposingeligibility se promote mechanisms andpayment Policies prevention prevention

to assess trade-offsbetween targeting toassess d-party paymentsonbehalfofclientswheneverpossible. d-party multiple entrypoints multiple maximize eligibility maximize in additiontotreatmentandreme , before multiple risks accu risks , beforemultiple ceive services without a formal diagnosis. diagnosis. withoutaformal ceive services Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping requirements andassetthresholds. ized child care, pre-sch child care, ized ty entities toensurethatallappropriate ty needs of individual families and children. andchildren. families individual needsof idies, S-CHIP and Medicaid) and public-private and public-private andMedicaid) S-CHIP idies, ssary toberesponsive t clients from using services and supports andsupports services t clientsfromusing chronic difficulties, crisis intervention, and chronic difficulties,crisis intervention, mission, programs mobilize a mix of formal amix mobilize programs mission, , families with multiple risk factors) without multipleriskfactors)without with , families le for all child and familybenefits,including le forallchild rvices for hard-to-reach and high-risk high-risk and hard-to-reach for rvices rriers (e.g., clients’ transportation, mobility, clients’transportation, (e.g., rriers applications are under review, thus ensuring areunderreview,thus applications for services: forservices: serve high-risk populations serve high-risk whoneedsthem. to essential services and supports. andsupports. toessentialservices resources tothoseingreatestneed mulate and conditions reach andconditions mulate diation. Interventions occur in occur diation. Interventions ool programs) are under to the needs of families the needsoffamilies to

O-16 Overview: Ingredients services

families: Servicessupports are and family-centeredandre competent, comprehensive, regulations, paymentmechanisms,an Policies, families. regulations, and Policies, organizations. andprofessional publicjurisdictions established by Programs havestaff,facilities, and supports neededtomaintainthehighest quality standards and communities: clients withdiversecult sensitiveto are Programs am respectful relationships andstaffexplicitly procedures, Service settings, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

carefully calibrated to the needs, resources, tothe carefully calibrated context oftheircommunity. in the families andto oftheirfamily inthecontext respond toindividuals Programs families. The focus,duration, frequency, andintensity families and communities they serve. they and communities families timetolearnaboutthediffereThey givestaff experienced racismlanguage barriers. and totrad andservices They targetoutreach culture andrace. witheachother their experienceandexpertiseonissuesof They encouragestafftoshare andfamiliestheyserve. of thechildren They makeefforts toattractstaffwhoshareth seeking help. f with interacting for andpractices Policies in andcaregivers Staff involvefamilies circumstances. and strengths, needs, c Staff havetimetobuildrelationshipswith tofamilies welcoming are Service settings (e.g., parent support groups; EnglishasaSecond wi Whenever possible,assistance addressing theirproblems. positive activities engagefamiliesin Services respectfulinteractions. bymutually characterized are Programs ofclients. thelanguage,values,andculturalbackgrounds reflect Services the“wholechild.” address Programs family suppers). . payment mechanisms impose mechanismsimpose payment ong staff and clients: ong staffand continuing, appropriat continuing, th problems is an integral part of activities with families with activities an integralpartof th problemsis Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping identifying needs and solutions. solutions. identifyingneedsand d staff training supportstaff theprovisiond of encourage the development ofon-going,mutually thedevelopment encourage spond totheneeds of and cognizant of their diverse needs. andcognizantoftheirdiverseneeds. ural backgrounds,ural values itionally underserved families that may have thatmay underservedfamilies itionally amilies make themfeel andsafe amilies make comfortable lients inordertothor andbuildnetworksofsupportwhilealso and risk factors ofsp risk factors and of interventions, services, and supports are of interventions,services,and nt cultures andchild-rearing practices ofthe minimal burdens minimal e cultural heritage and speakthelanguage e culturalheritage Language, citizenship, e, and acceptable care e, and individual children and individual oughly understand their understand oughly ecific children and children ecific , languages,education, on providers and and onproviders or exercise classes;

and and

O-17 Overview: Ingredients Administrative practices support Administrative practices RESULTS ORIENTED supervised: P with intendedresults: T E EF ausp settings andunder especiallyin line providers, S Systems invest money and time to address investmoneyandtimetoaddress Systems income. race or practices address strategically systems and Policies between providers andfamilies. staff trainingencouragethedevelopmentof and Policies individual rights, and accountability: andaccountability: rights, individual

ystems have the capacity for havethecapacity ystems xplicit rofessional staff and others who provide support to families are staff andotherswhoprovidesupporttofamilies rofessional he program’s practices in practices he program’s FECTIVE MANAGEMENT FECTIVE MANAGEMENT • • • • • • • • • • •

principles have been articulated principles havebeen heir families. Staff workingwith their families. Staff workingw development. substance abuse,domesticviolence,impair Staff haveeasyaccesstoconsultationwith Staff feelsupportedbytheir unexpected circumstances. de and acquire necessaryknowledgeandskills Staff hav managers. and donothavemultiplecase theireffo monitor Programs and improveeffectiveness. Staff coordinate services,suchasfamilysuppo interventions to Staff helpfamiliesprioritize whopresentmultiple Families tak Program as clients. the andguidancereflect Staff roles,training m are Programs be sensitivetotheneedsoftheirchildren. that cause inequitable distribution ofservic thatcauseinequitabledistribution

e continuingaccesstotraining, supe es measures to minimize staff turnover. staff minimize to es measures ith children have skills, support, and time to be sensitive to the needs of haveskills,support, and timetobesensitivethe ith children ission-driven. Staffde ission-driven. recruiting, hiring, and retaining qualifiedstaff and retaining recruiting, hiring,

on-going, cross-program training and support and training cross-program on-going, front-line discretion front-line

rts to ensure th rts toensure col needsandcha leagues and supervisors. and supervisors. leagues families and otheradultshave families individual behaviors and institutional behaviorsandinstitutional individual issues of socialjusticeandequity of issues Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping monstrate a belief inthemission. monstrate abelief to guide decision-making and practice. decision-makingand toguide andsupport fr ed parent-child relationships, and child andchild relationships, ed parent-child ices that serve high-risk children andfamilies. ices thatservehigh-risk avoid adding stress to fragile families. fragilefamilies. to stress adding avoid skills, sophistication, andnee sophistication, skills, at families are not overwhelmed by services services by at familiesarenotoverwhelmed rvision, andconsultation thathelp them llenges arewelcomeandengagedbystaff. rt andhomevisiting,toreduce duplic velop a rich repertoire of responses to ofresponses repertoire rich a velop es and disparities inoutcomesbecauseof disparities es and respectful, trustingrelationships while maintaining program while quality, om expertshealth, inmental well-trained and well- well-trained and skills, supports,andtimet ds of staff aswell ds ofstaff . are aligned arealigned tofront- ation

o

O-18 Overview: Ingredients reduce incidence of child abuse ofchildabuse reduce incidence C Programs take responsibility for responsibility take Programs S Training and supervision policiesan develop Systems s connect familieswith designed to Systems are p sha workto Community groups SUPPORTS AND SERVICES AND ACROSS TO CONNECTIONS E

go beyond program boundaries go ystems pecialized services. pecialized results and outcomes resultsand ffectiveness isgaugedbythe oints ommunity groups • • • • • • • • • • • • • for primary and specialized services and supports. and services specialized for and primary (e.g., housing, child care, jobs) jobs) childcare, (e.g., housing, ares experiencing abusiverelationships, persevere withthehighest-risk Special attention andprofessional assessment Regular program seek early,visiblegainswhile Programs f services and supports. of services and Fundraising methodspromote co acrossprograms. arecoordinated services Case management determinations. definitions and eligibility use common ·Servicesandsupports obtainingdataandhistories. duplication in acro appropriately Client informationisshared improve effectiveness. bur tominimize services Agencies coordinate le local anddeveloping residents, community mobilizing of importance recognizethe staff Program goals. attaining for responsibility share objectives, and comm agreeon solutionsjointly, agencies, plan and programs Staff communicateacross childrenand Staff havethecapacitytolink interventions. crisis o availability the track Community groups inthem. andinvest and informal) formal Community outcomes. Community hasthecapacitytomonitor improvement. assess whether actions and Key Ingredients areinplace actions andKeyIngredients whether assess groups recognize th to enrollment, participation, and attrition helps programs reach and reach programs helps andattrition participation, toenrollment,

d practices to to d practices are and neglect, identify gaps, and work toward filling them: andworktowardfilling and neglect,identifygaps, re information about families and to to re informationaboutfamiliesand forging connections forging designed to cross disciplines and systems. andsystems. disciplines tocross designed and with specialized services. services. and withspecialized individuals and families, includ andfamilies, individuals e elementsofhigh-quality(both servicesandsupports mmunity-wide pl mmunity-wide minimize administrative demands demands administrative minimize Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping basic suppo workingtowardlong-termgoals. to collect and analyzedataontheeffectiveness of to ubstance abuse,depression.severe or program, neighborhood, andcommunity- f pri families with primary supports and services andservices primarysupports families with building social connections, organizing and organizing building socialconnections, developmentefforts ensure continuous dens on families, reduce duplication, and reduce duplication, dens onfamilies, mary and preventive services in addition to inaddition preventiveservices mary and ss programs tofacilitatereferralsandavoid ss programs to and across services a toandacross experienced by children and families: bychildrenandfamilies: experienced anning andthe appropriatecoordination rts, supportive networks,and supportive rts, aders. guide families to entry guide familiesto ing thoseinwhichcaregi

nd supports: nd supports: on families: on families: wide to vers vers on O-19 Overview: Ingredients in The communityis o andevents Community activities n Residents pa strategies. p prepareresidents Community groups continually C ac ch stra Sustainability se Systems establishearly,ongoingeffortstoidentify lic forPolicies governing supports training, recruitmen important. areespecially andfunding technical assistance, ch develop alli Stakeholders S eighborhood improvement efforts. lanning anddecisionmakingtouseexpe f relationships. USTAINABILITY itiatives: OMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL NETWORKS NETWORKS AND SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT OMMUNITY tions and strategies. strategies. tions and ctor support. ensing (includingloanforgiveness) ensure ildren and families. ildren andfamilies. ances of sustaining what works over time.A whatworksover ances ofsustaining • • • Regularly assess how well they are addressing issu howwelltheyareaddressing Regularly assess lineswithinacommunity andclass language, cultural, Foster opportunitiestoidentifycommon identify andbuildontheassetsofdiversepe cultur race, language, ofissues understanding the thatissues Explicitly recognize diversity of participants inthedecisi of participants diversity rticipate actively in community visionin incommunity rticipate actively tegies encourage community engagement around issues that are priorities for are priorities engagementaroundissuesthat community encourage tegies committed to building bridge tobuilding committed

ances at the local, state, atthelocal, ances prom ote belonging,socialco of race, class, and language bias have traditionally limited traditionally biashave class,andlanguage of race, an adequate supplyofhigh-qualityproviders. an adequate Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping rts asneededtohelpshapeandimplement lliances that support leadership development, that supportleadershipdevelopment, lliances s across race, class, andlanguage.Community race, class, across s on-making process; they promote a greater agreater on-making process;theypromote regional, and national levels to maximize the maximizethe levelsto andnational regional, to participate confidently to ground and understanding across racial, racial, across ground andunderstanding alternative funding sources and leverage fundingsources alternative g, planning, service design, decision making,and design, planning, service g, t, reten ople and groups whoresideinthecomm e, class, social justice, andequity;they justice, social e, class, es of social justice, equity,anddi justice, of social es tion, reimbursement, credentialing, and nnectedness, andthedevelopment

in community-wide incommunity-wide private- versity versity unity

O-20 Overview: Ingredients populations. high-risk Funding policiestakeintoaccountthegreater among needsforintensiveservices andneighborhoods. families, children, results for that ar processes through Funding isallocated Funding investments are made on terms andatle onterms Funding investmentsaremade FUNDING families and communities: Funding issufficientlyflexiblethatservices an • • • • • • • • • • • supported through categoricalor projects programs. community organizations by providingcommunity organizations core by fund theimportance recognize Funding policies provided services well asfor problems, as thatprevent andsupports services fundingisavailablefor predictable Adequate, stable, treatment options,andother aspectsofservices andsupports. abou make informed decisions effectivelywithstaff,and communicate helpingsystems, anduse helpfamiliesnavigate to coordinated are Funding processes for families. Funding isavailabletoproduce information that effectiveness ofservices. eligib and Rules forfunding,reimbursement, homelessness) toprevent (e.g., assistance th toassure aredesigned Funding policies expert consultation for serviceproviders. ofse networks andsystems, disciplines across “glue money”topr Funding policiesallowfor treatment). care provider findsthathis/her patientn across toconnectservices Funding isavailable services. two- andthree-generation Funding policiesfacilitateprogr technicalassist availablefor are resources When new standardsare appliedor quality or risks. those whohavebiologicalimpairments tochildrenand torespond Funding isavailable

am efforts to integrate multiple am effortstointegrate Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping d supports canbetailored totheneedsofspecific e simple, streamlined, an streamlined, e simple, eeds housing assistance eeds housing vels that ensure high-quality implementation: that ensurehigh-qualityimplementation: vels e availability of temporary and emergency andemergency oftemporary e availability ance, training, andcompliancemonitoring. inresponsetoidentifiedproblems. of strengthening service providers and and providers service of strengthening standards are raised, fundingandother are raised, standards ility do not undermine the accessibility and not underminetheaccessibility do ility omote acontinuumofservices andsupports rvices, links between services, and on-going rvices, linksbetween services, and traditional categories(e.g.,whenaprenatal traditional families at high social risk, in addition to inaddition risk, families athighsocial is linguistically and culturally appropriate culturally and islinguistically ing for essential activities thatcannotbe ing foressentialactivities fundingstreamstosupport d focused onachieving d focused or substance abuse or t lifestylechoices, O-21 Overview: Ingredients GOAL GOAL

Children and Youth Are Nurtured, Safe and Engaged

Early detection High quality child care Opportunities for of health and and schools support youth to engage in civic developmental social and cognitive and community life concerns development

Actions Examples Indicators Ingredients Rationale Evidence specifi c strategies, program and measures for elements of research-based research activities, or steps policy initiatives targeting and how actions are reasons to documenting taken to impact illustrating monitoring the implemented believe that that identifi ed the quality and how actions impact of actions that make them identifi ed actions actions contribute capacity of local have worked and documenting effective are likely to to achieving the services and elsewhere progress toward contribute to targeted outcome supports, the the outcome the desired or conditions availability of outcome that lead to the resources, or the outcome policy contexts that contribute to the outcome provide safeandstimulating en responsibility forconnectingfamilies with dangers posedbythehome environment. orneighborhood Providerstake conditions ofthechildrentheysee,incl psychosocial strengthsandneeds.Providers parents with age-appropriate anticipatory guidance, andscreen children and families for Pediatric medical practicesconductage-appr A. Earlydetectionofhealthanddevelopmentalconcerns To improveaccess tostate-funded andcommunity-based earlymental, emotional, and health care, employment,education,health care, andimmigrat to familieswithproblems relatingto housing, forChildren Partnership care doesn't mean just caring forillnessesorin The surveillance offeredin hosp programs and services. Key components of concerns,findappropriate developmental and familiesidentify Help MeGrow, 902ACBDB9CC70B6B Questionnaire. development and hasmonitored pilot tests ofsc identifies the roles andresponsibilities ofstate especially withinMedi-Cal managed care.A increase the number ofchildren identified andlinked to prevention andearly intervention services, Child HealthandDevelopment II children in need. The project, funded bythe Commonwealth Foundation’s addresses structural andpolicy constraints that infl Screening and Treatment by Primary developmental servicesinCalifornia, Best-PCP-Behavioral, Developmental, Emotional provides onsiteassistanceto fam support services. behaviordevelopment or can accessprofessional the Children’sTrustFund,United coordination. Withone phone ca resources and community-based programs; andastatewidesystemofreferral state Departmentof Education), a health provid Boston Medical Center'sPediatrics Departmentof www.nashp.org/_docdisp_page.cf Youth AreNurtured,Safe,andEngaged Actions withExamples www.ct.gov/ctf/cwp/view.asp?a=1786&q=296676 a statewidesingle-point-of-accessnetworkinConnecticut, helps providers

itals, clinics,and pediatricoffices; (formerlytheFamily Advocacy Program) offers legal assistance vironments fortheirchildren.

ilies withhealth-relatedneeds. Way/Infoline,ConnecticutBi ll tothe ChildDevelopment Infoli , is alsodeveloping amodelofprovider practices thatwill uding homelessness, domestic violence,and stakeholder workgroup developed amatrix that Help Me Grow and localagencies forch Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping Provider in Medi-Cal Managed Care people andagenciesthatcanhelpthem public benefits, domestic public benefits, reening tools suchas juries buttreatingthe opriate developmental of pediatriccarepayat er or parent with concernschild’s parent about a er or uence theabilityofproviders tofind andrefer m?LID=C9C5006C-F477-499B- assistance andadataba assistance ion; educates health care professionals to include training on developmental : Childrenand up-to-date monitoring of available resources, and rth to ThreeSystem, andthe

The Medical-Legal the AgesandStages

ne (a collaborative effort of , recognizingthat“medical ildren’s healthy mental whole childandfamily,” violence, nutrition, Assuring Better se ofcommunity-based screenings, provide tention totheliving connect with

1-1 Actions & Examples to reducesoci depression, substanceabuse,childa risk; whohavesocial,emotional,ordeve mobilize specialized help. Thelinkages focus onchildren and families whoareat high health, substanceabuse,developmental asse Providers andcoalitionscreate and cognitivedevelopment B. High-quality childcare settingsandschoolssupportsocial

clinical services. SESS includes stafftraining, universal interventions, childhood, substance abuse, mental health, anddomestic violence services. Thepractice segment of development services forthe mostat-riskfamilies andchildren; and(7)un mental illness;(6)usewelfare-related money services; (5)address theneeds offathersandmothersaffected bysubstance abuse,violence, and (4) connect “childonly”cases(notlivingwith need families;(3) integrate family-focused servicesinto substance abuse andmental health settings; supports foryoung children and families;(2)increase tribes andchildreninfoster care. SESS’ strategiesaim to: (1) build primary healthcaresettings, early childhood andprogramsdesigned programs, forNativeAmerican Youth Violence, Baltimore City HeadStart, andthe Marguerite CaseyFoundation. Sites include serious mental health issues. It isacollaboration ofthe Johns Hopkins Center forthe Prevention of development of children up to agesevenwhoareaffected byalcohol, other substance abuse, and Starting EarlySmart(SESS) programs for obese children an for obesechildren programs address needsthatrange from swimprogramsfo to interruptthe link between poverty and poor The program linksfamilieswithpu a healthconditio delayed development,or have family-centered, coordinated systemofearly interventionservicesfor The through multidisciplin identify poverty-based barriers tohealth; and addr www.projecthealth.org supports are provided inthe mostconvenient privatether carepractitioners, health districts, www.dcf.state.vt.us/cdd/programs including the home, child care setting,and community play group. Family, Infant, and Toddler Program and Toddler Family, Infant, al isolation. www.jhsph.edu/preventyouthviolence/Community/SESS.html ary policy advocacy.

linksamong servicesforchil d housingforfamilie /prevention/fitp/index.html blic and private agencies, parent www.mlpforchildren.org lopmental difficulties (including maternal isa12-site initiative tosupport the healthy to promote integrated behavioral andchild parents) with prevention, treatment, and support and support treatment, prevention, with parents) nd domestic violence);orwhoneedsupport Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping and natural places fo places natural and ssment, andchildprotectionsotheycan apists, andchildcare pr n thatdelaysdevelopmen targeted familyand child support strategies, and health by leveraging community resources to r asthmaticchildrento esses systemicproblems skills ofearlychildh ofthe VermontDepartment of Health isa s trapped in s trapped unsafe livingconditions.

a statewidesystemofbehavioral

d care,healthmental -child centers,localschool ProjectHEALTH r the family and child, family and r the ood stafftohelp multi- oviders. Servicesand infants andtoddlerswho ite staffof TANF, early exercise andnutrition t, andtheir families. and gaps inservices

seeks

1-2 Actions & Examples families’ needsandsolutions. www.centronia.org promoting a policy agenda. organizations; implementing pathways between health care providers, familysupport,early concerns are diagnosed and treatedearlier.Acti transform communitysystemssothat young children withdevelopmentalor behavioral culturally appropriate, and empirically based andto continuing educationopportunities look inonthechildrenthey emotional development. The Center houses mental health servicesthatenable professionals to and preschool for children upto The OW+Initiative.htm www.education.ky.gov/KDE/Instructional+Resources/Early+Childhood+Development/KIDS+N children andfamiliestheyserve. prevention andinterventionservices toearlycareandeduc Childhood locatedinregional Mental HealthSpecialists, mental KIDS Now www.successforall.net/early four-year-olds inliteracy-focused, Curiosity Corner neglect, domesticviolence,life andjob skills, sk development supportactivities, andfamily services(e.g.,work provides earlycare and educatio Centronia cues. OperatinginCalifornia andotherstates,th intheinfants'intelle assisting PITC isto help caregiversreco The by First5LA (Los Angeles, CA),aimsto ma The their cognitive,mathematical unit features active,integratedexperiences thatenhance children’slanguage and literacy and of theSuccessforAllFoundation, key tothe program’s successisin teaching, detailedsupportivestructures,andth health and developmental screen learning and development and to engage parents. It emphasizes the arts,technology,bilingualism,andmulticul www.pitc.org/pub/pitc_docs/about.html certification programforinfa parents. Onsite jobtraining, workshops, an and in-service training CaliforniaEducation, provides Departmentofthe formalandinformal child ProgramforInfant/Toddler Caregivers andInterventionInitiative Screening EarlyDevelopmental Addison County Parent/Child Center Addison CountyParent/Child

(formerly the Calvary Bilingual Multicul the CalvaryBilingual (formerly (Kentucky Invests inDevelopingSuccess) (Kentucky

, anational program operating in mu that emphasizesand children’s learningneeds. developmental The goalof /early_curiosity.htm www.healthychild.ucla.edu serve andto coach and interact , social,personal,creative, ctual development through an atte nt andtoddlercaregivers, gnize thecrucialimport

n to more than400familiesfrom age three, usinga curriculum that promotes social and ings, socialservicereferrals problem-solving activities. Inst -depth professional development-depth professional which supports theimplementati ). Allstaffwho work with

care and education professionals, andcommunity d meetings with socialservice staff, plus ke developmentalservices Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping e developmental needs of youngchildren.One ills; help with school-fam

family supports andservices agencies; and

ons include defining and improving the rolesof e programalsooffers ed The center provides pr The centerprovides address parental concerns. EDSI’s goalisto inMiddlebury,Vermont provides childcare tural LearningCenter,Washington,DC) , acollaborationbetweenWestEdand

ance of giving tender, loving care andloving ance care tender, ofgiving and an annual conference. an annualconference. and and physicaldevelopment. ltiple locations,engages three- and ation programs andthe young turalism to nurture children’s turalism to with childcare providers and , school-age care and youth shops on parenting, abuse and families meet weeklytoreview health centers, toprovide ntive reading ofeachchild's

ruction revolves around active has arranged for Early threeurban ne provided by the training staff on of thematic units. Each more family-centered, ily relationships;and enatal home visiting, enatal home ucational materials, a ucational materials, carestaff withpre-

(EDSI) ighborhoods. , funded 1-3 Actions & Examples families' work-related needs for careduringnights, weekends, summers,andholidays. education andchildrearing.Theysupport high-quality environments andpracticesbutdi Child careprovidersdevelopnetworksandpa

facilitate moreopen communicat accompanying video.The program isbased on families through a process of inquiry reflection, Special Education, enhances the competencies teenage daughters.ThePartnership alsosupp early literacyskills. Many of th childhood caregivers, andtherapists. Thecent Children The support. emergency support;immigration services; and sufficiency. Inadditionto child in th immigrants center preparesand assists facilitator and networking pointforthe Haitian Multi-Service Center of The www.ounceofprevention.org/index.php?section=pr policies, funding, and teacher standards. high-quality program for at-risk children andto Private- andpublic-sector areinvitedtovisitEducarece leaders needs while promoting theirchildre City, andTulsa. Educare partners withlow-in occur. Servicesareoffered full- those underagethree,toreachat-riskyoung ch Educare Centers dynamics, andculture of each ch Special Education Infant and Toddler Programs,wi Project Relationship and individual program replicatetheapproach. national networkof technicalassistance in a to network andparticipate children toreduce child abuseand neglect. Thes 21 exemplarychildhoodthe programs across early The www.sover.net/%7Ethepcc/ transportation provided bythe center, makeit young children,andfacilitatedial behavioral cues of young children, promote special attachments be and conflicts. Family Support Center Family Support Haitian HealthInstitute Strengthening identified FamiliesthroughEarlyCareandEducationinitiative www.bmc.org/program/haiti/ isanonprofitorganization led by localvo www.nccp.org/media/cwr00h-text.pdf providecare for children from birth , developedbythe Los

e participantsaregrandparents care,itprovideseducation; adult and children’s health services; day, year-round at sitesinChic

ogue amongstaff,children,and ild caresetting.The goal isto ion andtorespond runby the , withsupport from Boston n's intellectual,social,emotiona

eir movetowardsocialandeconomicself- Ashe County (NC) Partnership for Partnership Ashe County(NC) Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping cultural andlinguisticheritagesmeet come workingparents to meettheirchildcare orts aCooperative PlayCenter,opento the astructuredproblem- HIV/AIDS counseling, case management, and er teachescaregivers how to better promote of those working directlywithchildrenand easy for isolatedfamiliestoaccessservices. and respectthatis out gain abetter senseof thechanges needed in www.cssp.org/doris_duke/programs.html ograms&action=program&program=5&page=41 rticipate withcoalitionsthatpromote ildren with intensiveserv Angeles Unified School District, Division of Division Angeles UnifiedSchoolDistrict, e “centers of excellence” of e “centers ffer inresponsetofamily beliefsabout th the support from th country that build protectivefactors around

lunteers andstaffed by a coordinator, early the particular i the to age five, with astrong focus on caring for children oftheir caring for help staff better understand the Medical Center,servesas ago, Omaha, Milwaukee, Kansasago, Omaha, nters toobserve first-hand a families aboutf

tween specific caregivers and l, andlanguagedevelopment. solving approach, to solving approach, lined inamanualand ssues, interpersonal Dorchester,MA.The help states,localities, e U.S.Department of ices before problems developedalearning eelings, issues,

1-4 Actions & Examples

daily workandtheirprofessi that enable programs tousemultiple fundingstreams tobuildconsultation intotheir Funders andpolicymakers make fundingavailableinsufficientamounts andonterms

www.jfcs.org/Services/Children, individual children. children, the model seekstoimprove overall ca www.sanantonio.gov/comminit/?res=1024&ver=true other incentivestomakeit easier forproviderstobecomeinvolved. The and theirfamilies. with disabilities and Migrant and SeasonalHead Startsettingsto provide excellentservicestoinfants/toddlers on Human Services. The training program isdesigned to increase capacity inEarlyHeadStart between the Conrad N. HiltonFoundation, the The Health_Consultation/ By helping teachers become moreaware and Health Project United Way, and the city and county of San Francisco, the With funding from 15 privat Early ChildhoodInitiative. and interpretersattendallevents. StaffreceiveWorld of Diffe parents’ languages.Allmaterials areprintedin program hires staffwho represent thecultures The and business aspects of running a home-based child-care service. playroom, infant center, and musicroom. Several programs help tomanage the programmatic hasawidevarietyof which community, entire care centersenhancetheirfacilit pursuing credentials andlicensing to networking friend, and neighbor care providers, offering Theand churches.tailo partneringagencies centers, learning opportunities; resources;and activities community withschools,museums,libraries, city-wide to provide support forfamily,friend,an Hilton/Early Head Start Training Program Hilton/Early HeadStartTraining San Antonio Department of Community InitiativesSan AntonioCommunity Departmentof Children’s Services Council ofPalmBeach County providesmental health consultation to 46 low-inco

www.cscpbc.org e and community foundations, twoProp 10 Commissions, the onal development activities. _Youth,_and_Families/

ies andobtainequipment,training, andotherassistance. The www.specialquest.org

everything basicin everything from Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping knowledgeable about thei knowledgeable about thethree languages spoken by local residents, resources including a kitchen, science center, of participating childrenandwho speak the re while targetingthe developmentalneedsof Head Start Bureau,andtheCalifornia Institute events. Some also provid also Some events. d neighbor care providers bylinking themto r theirservicestothe

Parents_Place/Early_Childhood_Mental_

isapublic/private partnership Early Childhood Mental rence training throughtheMiller

www.acpartnership.org (Florida),helpslocal child contracts with agencies formation tohelpin me childcare centers. r interactionswith e childcare,food,and needs oflocal family,

1-5 Actions & Examples life C. Opportunitiesforyouthto skills, anddreams. youth tobuildtheircapacities, more thantutoringor“homework help” progr communities. Although activities mayinclude support foracademic learning,theyare and provideopportunitiesforyoungpeopleto Activities for youthtakeplaceinawiderange strengthen theirskills. formal andinformal training,andcreateopportunities forhome-based caregiversto institutions (e.g.,museums, libraries,family care, oftenbycreatinghubs Community groupscollaborateto

The early literacyskills. Manyof the participants childhood caregivers, andtherapists, focuses on teaching caregivers how to better promote Carolina), anonprofit led organization by local volunteers andst The centers also provide earlychildhoodlearning about childdevelopment,andpa They education specialists. other. These neighborhood gathe gathering placesthroug Hawaii’s (Cambridge, MA) works with 25 familiesusingin assistance to parent Relative, Friend,orNeighborTakesCare of Yo caregivers. TheCambridge Child CareResource and dental screenings,childde www.acpartnership.org the program and business aspectsof running a home-based child-care service. playroom, infant center, and musicroom. Othe community, which has a wide variety of resources, including a kitchen, science center, teenage daughters.ThePartnership alsosupportsaCooperative Pl development training after partic development training neighborhood participantsha Head Start At-Home Partners Project Head StartAt-HomePartners forChildrenFamilySupportCenter Ashe CountyPartnership Good BeginningsAlliance s andcaregivers.www.ccrcinc.org hout thestatewherefamiliesandcaregivers could connectwitheach

offer venues for area parents and area parents for offervenues of supportthatpoolresources ve been inspired topursue velopment learning activities develop healthyrelationships

rticipate in informalleadersh ipating in centeractivities. ring placesarestaffed by strengthenthecapacityofpr Play andLearnCenters engage incivicandcommunity are grandparentscaring Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping materials andsupplies to supportcenters,child-carecenters),offer ur Child,” which provides one-on-one technical r Partnership projects help providers manage ams. Theyemploystrategies toenable -home relativecare. Services includehealth ofsettings,bothformal andinformal, belong, tolead,andservetheir Center alsocreated a home video,“Whena oftheChild CareResource Center

further child-care andchild , andfieldtripswithother volunteers and earlychildhood www.goodbeginnings.org ip development activities. The caregivers togettogether,learn fromdifferentcommunity

affed by a coordinator, early , andpursuetheirtalents, ay Center open to the entire Center open to ay oviders ofinformal child for children oftheir for areafamilies.Many provide neighborhood (North

1-6 Actions & Examples sites tomore than 80 in Ne safety and community building. Beacons community academic support and enhancement, parent involvement andfamily support, and neighborhood enrichment, and vocational acti is adearthof programming for teens. in schools and community organizations and cond apprenticeships and summer employment. AfterS responsibility overtime,with organizations and institutions.Beacons offer recr collaboratively withtheirhostschools,co on weekends. Individual Beacons aremanage FL,Savannah, GA, and SanFrancisco, CA. people inschoolsacrossthecity.The appren including apprenticeship out-of-school opportunities, the Chicago Public Library, an they planandpursuecommunitychangepa in conditions in theircommunity thatmay contribut positive youth development. Youth ina designat based onempowerment theory (YES)is and Solutions forPeacefulCommunities The activities and services forparticipantsof all ages,before and af Beacons planners, givingyouth an offici an outgrowth of a youth mapping project the member group that representsth youth civic engagement; and sponsorsthe Ha through acitywideMobilizationfor Youth; es became a city department, develops youth issu investing in youth and has mainta The Chicago, the Chicago Park Dist Matters AfterSchool ensure afocus onthe needs of www.sph.umich.edu/yvpc/projects/yes/index.shtml members, and other high-profile stakeholders. elected officials, funders,lawenforcement office for youthtotalk aboutissuesand testify before thestatelegislat Youth areinvolved inevaluatingtheimpactofth Flint (MI) Youth Violence Prevention Center’s Youth Empowerment Empowerment Youth Center’s Prevention Flint (MI)YouthViolence Hampton CoalitionforYouth arecommunity centers located inpublic (Chicago), a non-profit organiza w YorkCityandadditional d community-based organizations. opportunities toreceive stip al voice in city government. vities infour core areas:youth development programming, rict, theChicagoDepartmentof children and youth. The Coalition created an action plan for

ined itsfocus through the ensuin e ideasandopinions of youngpeopletotheCityCouncil.As www.afterschoolmatters.org wasformed by the City of Hampton, VA in 1990 to mmunity advisorycouncils,and neighborhood www.fcny.org/portal.p Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping mptonCommission Youth tablished acomprehensivesystemto promote d by community-based organizations and workcommunity-based organizationsand d by rtnership with neighborhrtnership with city also employstwoyouthaspart-time ticeships enable teens ticeships enable es and policy; promotes developmental assets rs, judges,collegeadmini eir projects. KidSpeakprovides a public forum ed school attendance ar e to youth violence. Based on theirfindings, eational programs,social ucts intensive outreach chool Mattersalso oper

school buildingsthatoffer anarray of centers have expanded from an original 12 s withskilledprofe sites inPalmBeachCounty, tion, partnerswiththeCity of ends forhigher levels of www.hampton.gov/youth ter school,inth ChildrenandYouthServices, AfterSchool Matters creates

ure andinvited guests suchas hp/syd/beacons/ g years. The Coalition, which

to developskillsand ood organizations. ssionals, for young , a youth-led, 24- ea identifyand assess strators, school strators, board in areas where there in areaswhere ates drop-in centers services,educational e evenings, and e evenings,

1-7 Actions & Examples and education. connections andexperiencesinthebroadercommunity,especi providing personalrelationshipsands that canaugment thesupport ayouth receives from his/herfamily. Inadditionto Mentoring programs connectyoungpeopletoca matching youth withmentors who are carefully www.bbbs.org/site/c.diJKKYPLJvH once eachweek for aminimum of one year. development and socialresponsibility: mentors develops long-termrelationsh domestic violencewithinthefamily. learning skills, difficulties, tr identified duringthespring seme least 16 hours permonth with aselected child mentors, called Friends, with vu mentors, calledFriends,with Friends oftheChildren urban areas across thecountry. them with caring adult volunteers. Amachi be The Big BrothersSisters(BBBS) and nonprofit organizations to id and nonprofitorganizationsto Amachi initiativedevelopspartne uancy, troubleduancy, oldersiblings, , foundedin Portland (OR),pair ips between mentors and young people to promote positive lnerable childrenfor

ster ofkindergarten based onrisk entify children of prisoners (inc www.amachimentoring.or /b.1539751/k.BDB6/Home.htm www.friendsofthechildren.com upport, mentors introduceyoungpeopleto operatesprogramsthroug rships among faith-based orga Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping gan in Philadelphia and has expanded to many bothin and outof chosen,trained,and supervised. BBBS and studentsareexpectedtomeetatleast ring adultsinaone-to-onerelationship a 12-yearcommitment. poverty, substance abuse, or g/cncsdedicated.html s full-timeprofessionallytrained ludingmatch adolescents) and

school. Childrenare factors includingpoorsocial hout the UnitedStates, hout ally tocontacts forjobs

nizations, public agencies, Friendsspendat

1-8 Actions & Examples discipline (Kuo,2007). on topics such asinjury prevention, positive important role in“developmental surveillance” an and pediatricians provide healthcare Most young children receive the 10 recommended well-c disabilities (HealthofFlorida’s Children andYouthwebsite,2007). developmental stagescanprevent, and youth reach their fulldevelopmental potential. Early identification and in Understanding the opportunities an smoking). and behavioral patternswithinthefamily (e.g., abuse,neglect, especially forfamiliesandchildren constructive involvement of other housing, exposure to environmental hazards); acce genetics; environment; economic conditions rela Many factors contribute to a child's SIGNIFICANCE • • • MEASURES grosssuch as physical abilities, A child’sphysicalandmental health refers to suchfactors ashealth DEFINITION I. Childreningoodphysicalandmental health • • problems Children attendschoolregularly(few Children receiveregularwell-child care Children have up-to-date immunizations Children and youth do not have untreated me Children withchronic health problems follow aplan for theircare Nurtured, Safe,andEngaged Indicators and fine motor skills;andconditio exposed torisksand/ordifficult adults (e.g.,teachers,relatives, ameliorate, orlessen the harmful healthy physical, social,andemot d threatstooptimaldevelopmen to most children from birth to : ChildrenandYouthAre er than 10 absences per year) year) per absences 10 er than developmentalpractices within the home, and Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ted to poverty (e.g., poor ntal health problemsntal health d are trustedsources ofinformation to parents ss to care forspecial he hild visitsintheirfi domestic violence, alcoholism, ns before, at,and after birth. religious leaders, neighbors), religious lifeevents;and negative social status, growth, and disabilities; status,growth,anddisabilities;

t is akey to helping children age three.Clinicians playan impact of many diseases andimpactdiseases ofmany ional development, including: or substance abuse nutrition, inadequate nutrition, alth needs; thestable, rst threeyears oflife, tervention atcritical

1-9 Indicators connected to a young child’s deve capacity for self-regulation. Em considered a preventive Ammerman, 1991). Consequently, parent-child interactions that mayinclude phy own feelings. understand other their abilitiesto themselves causemaltreatment, th Research also indicates that while 2000). Research Council, National 1994; (Hyson, emotional developmentisconsideredafoundatio overall view of the world. Emot The quality ofachild’ssocialre multiple problems andstressors. figures, usuallyparents.Health is deeplyaffectedbythe quality ofachild’sre building, social competence, mental health,and over socio-emotional Young children’s SIGNIFICANCE • • • MEASURES and learning. refersto children’sabilityto Social development “Socio-emotional development” co DEFINITION track 2. Children’scognitiveandsocio-emotionaldevelopmenton aet n/rtahr parents and/or teachers Children do not exhibit behavior problems inth dealing withthese issues Children and youth with cognitive delays or soci Children and youth interact positivelywithpeers and adults factor forchildmaltreatment,especia y developmentisthreatenedwhen familiesofyoung children face lationships affectshisor her sens otional developmentincludes child ional competence has been increasi been ional competence has difficult child behaviors (e.g.,no loping linguisticand development playsan essential people’s feelings,and ey are commonly implicatedinan mbines twointerrelatedaspects of support for children’s socialand emotional development can be lationships with hisor her primaryattachment sical abuse (National Research Council, 2000; Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping n forpsychosocialwell-be all well-being. The natu e borderline orclinicalrange,asjudged by al or emotionaldisab cognitive Atthesametime, capacities. their abilitytointerp lly physical abuse (Horton, 2003). interact withothers andtheir e of self-worth, competence, and role intheir ncompliance, defiance) do not by ren’s perceptions of themselves,

ngly recognized as intimately escalating cycle of negative children’s behavioral health ilities followaplanfor ing and mental health ing andmental re ofthisdevelopment ret andexpresstheir cognitive skill

1-10 Indicators specific strategiesorprograms. for thePreventionofChildAbuseandNeglect These cross-cutting KeyIngredientsaresumm categorized asfollows: thata Key IngredientsofEffectiveness whether theyareprovided. interventions areimplemented andhowserv effective inhelpingtoprevent child a Key Ingredientsaretheunderlyingelements that make certainservicesandsupports • INGREDIENTS: Earlychildhoodcareandeducation • • teachers, and other staff members and they mo children andfamilies.Insuch empowering is thefoundation for programmati A respectful staffculture. A culturethat is inclusive, respectful, non-violent, supportive, and for parents who may not have experienced itintheirown development. as ateam, and areencouragedto families inintensiveservices that are St viewed asstigmatizing. or frustrationsisattheheartofeffortstost Flexible staffroles. Parents’abilitytotrust sta families inatimelymanner. child(ren)’s educationandin se Parents supported asleaders.Parentsare integral andactivedecision makers intheir • • • • • • • • Funding Sustainability Community EngagementandSocialNetworks Connections toandacrossServicesSupports Results Orientation Effective Management High Quality Accessibility Youth areNurtured,Safe,andEngaged Ingredients a setting,staffdevelop personal rvice designanddelivery.St gotheextramilefor familie : Children and : Children buse andneglect.Theymatter becausehow pply toallelements ofthePathway are Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping rengthen families;itmay ices areprovided areasimportant as ff andtoturn tothem wi c efforts thatbuildprotectivefactors for del thewarmthandsupportivecommitment arized inthe OverviewtothePathway . EachgoalcontainsKeyIngredientsfor aff should respect parentsand relationships with families, relationshipswithfamilies, s who need itcanrespondto aff who are cross-trained,work

be crucialforengaging th questions,problems,

1-11 Ingredients • • • programs INGREDIENTS: Effectivefamily-strengthening http://www.cssp.org/uploadFiles/horton.pdf Child Abuse and Neglect Excerpts from:Horton,C.(2003). • • •

• interviews, play sports,singsongs,dance, visit community locations(e.g.,libraries, museums, parks). play boardgames, creatingart, tellstoriesabou Ideas forparent-child bondingactivities:Sharea including weekends andevenings;visitparentsinco program participants tohelpwithrecruitment;hold Tips forrecruitment andretention: Recruitfamilies with children with special needs. Enhanced serviceswithfamily and parentingandto techniques Opportunities for parent-child bonding. Parent Strong theoretical underpinningsfor program design. interacting in structured or free play,orsimp take leadershipinthe broader community. Customized physicalspace. The placein make iteasyfor themto talk abouttheir needs invites parents tosocialize, learn, and observe theirchildreninclass. importance of keeping children safe and nurturing Engaged men. Men typically are not staff or visitors abuse andneglectonchildde and neglect cases. Parentsandstaffshould und care staff aware of available and show children examples ofmen and women in nurturing roles. strengthening efforts. Staffshould convey co and engaging fathers and grandfathers inactivities isacharacteristicofexemplary family- Relationships with childwelfar spend timetogether,reinfo engaging in activitiesthat intervention programs areshaped bymany A focus on recruitmentandretention.Family conditions. Programs that understand these cond participation. Program staff sh retaining parentshaveabetter to tackleretention barriers atev eates thecourse ofthe perm entire in that process ongoing issues ratherthanindicationsof negative family characteristics. . Washington, D.C.:Center Policy.Availableonlineat: fortheStudyofSocial Protective Factors Literature Review: Early Care andEducation Program and the Prevention of aredevelopmentallyappropri rce theirconnection,andst resources andsmooththe way for velopment withinthelarger context ofparentingskills. support, mentalheal e personnel.Relationshipswith ould thinkofrecruitment and re

chance of getting familiesin come togetherwiththeirchild ery stageof intervention. which childcare occurs communicates the t familyexperiencesandhistory,conductparent-child Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping individual, programmati family meal,dohomework together,solve puzzles, mplete information tomale andfemale parents ly talkingwitheachot decisionstoenrollin meetings hours, for parentsduringnontraditional mmunity locations;providetransportation, infant through face-to-facevisits;ask currentand former erstand child welfareissu s have opportunities to and feelings. Parents sh itions and activelyfo itions their development. Awelcoming, safespace th consultation,andsupportfor families ofchild carecenters, sohiring male staff ate—eating dinnerstogether, rengthen relationships. tervention, and staff are prepared the door and maintaining their childwelfarestaffmake tention difficulties asnatural Recruitmentisviewed asan early responses to child abuse to child early responses ren in a communityin a space.By ren

c, andneighborhood her—parents and children family-strengthening cus on recruiting and learnnewinformation ould beencouraged to es andthe impact of

1-12 Ingredients

• • INGREDIENTS: Effectivementoring Excerpts from:Caspe,M.,&Lopez, M.E.(2006) • • Practice. • www.gse.harvard.edu/hfrp/content/projects/fine/resources/research/lessons.pdf reflection on difficult conversations or situations. reflection ondifficultconversationsorsituations. and applyresearchonfamiliestheprogram’stheo and beliefsaboutthefamilies they work with; develo hypothetical casesfrom family members’ points of Tips forworkingwithstaff:Help thestaffwhoin process. and attitudesofthecommunity;helpstaffthink care, andmealsatmeetings; ensure thatstaff are substantially lowersense of self-worth. Mentors maintain frequent contact with youth durarelationships ofbriefer significant improvementsin ac Youth in one-on-one mentoring re skip fewerschool days, have highergrades, an relationships thatlast Mentoring relationshipslastat leastone year. Research showsthatyouth inmentoring times morelikelytoenroll in co groups.their ment comparisonYouth whofelt research studywhoseme to bebetterstudents, are more most positive perceptions about and alcohol. Program structureand planning facilitatehighle assigned tomentees alsois important. programs thatprovideregular associated withclose mentoring their mentors.Supervision of the mentor-m services). with other adults who come into contact withfamilies (i.e., staffof other programs and have theskillsneededto engageallgroups. opportunities to reflectonthei Staff are prepared towork with familiesandto after high schoolgraduation. striking, theseyouthwere about threetimes mo Young people perceive high-qualit Cambridge: Harvard Family Rese Family Harvard Cambridge: more than 12 months feelmore confident about doingtheir schoolwork, ntors contacted better them often reached outcomesthanthosein tion feltless confident doin ademic, social,andsubstance-use outcomes. Thoseinvolved in arch Project. Availableonline at: supervision. Training for mentors before and after they are r attitudesand beliefs aboutwo llege thanthosewhosaidtheir likely togocollege, and are relationships. Mentors and ment these relationships tendtoearn y relationshipswiththeirment lationships ofshorter duration (three tosixmonths) had no Lessons fromFamily-Strengthening Interv Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping Program staffmay also communicate and work entee matchisthe program practicemost teract withfamilies gain perspective by discussing view;ask staff toevaluatetheirownassumptions recruitmentandretentionasaroutine and ongoing d arelesslikelytostartusingdrugs or alcohol. culturally sensitive;understandthebeliefs,values, and knowtheirfamilies. ors knewtheirfamily well werealmost1.5 p staffcommunicationskills;help staffinterpret implement theprogrameffectively. Staffhave vels ofinteraction be re likelytobeattendingcollegetwoyears retical rationale;providestafftimefor group g theirschoolwork andhada

rking with families,andthey less likelytostartusingdrugs

mentors did not.Even more ors. Young people withthe highergrades,areconsidered ees meet mostfrequently in entions: Learning from Evidence-Based tween young peopleand Youngpeoplein a

1-13 Ingredients www.childtrends.org/what_works/clarkwww/mentor/MentorBrief.pdf strategy foryouth development.Child Trends Research Brief Excerpts from:Jekielek,S.M.,Moore,K.A.,Hair,E.C.,an • program. Mentoring programs thattake a deve expectations for therela mentors spentalotoftimeinitiallygetting one tendtobemoresatisfyingformentors The needs andinterestsof youth, rather than the expectations tionship, andtake cuesfrom mentees d Scarupa, H.J. (February 2002). Mentoring:Apromising . Available onlineat: to know their mentees,areflexiblein their Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping and mentees. In a developmental approach, lopmental approach rather

about whatactivitiestopursue.

of adult volunteers,drivethe than a prescriptive

1-14 Ingredients babies and sick infants, making good prenatalcare anim Healthy babiesarelesslikelyto be abus Donnelly, 1997). Researchhas Donnelly, 1997). introduce parents tosupport programsthat prepare them forthe demands of parenting (Cohn child abuseand neglect. Beyond basic medical care outcomes andassessmentof Timely screening 2001). Disabilities, for attending to parental concerns (American Ac than age five are seenroutinely, developmental problems,counsel parents about deve of most Nonetheless, 2007). January Three, years of life,and pediatriciansprovidehealth care clinician; most youngchildre significantly under-detected. Developmental delays are prevalent 2002). mother, andfamiliesaremostrece time ofthe child’s birthestablishesamore freq peers (Harter,1983; problems, schooldropout, delinque 1996); and poor peerrelations, which are associ maintain relationships, poor child outcomes Undetected developmental problems basis forproviding guidance to parents (Katz, 1997). possible, and helping teachers choose appropriate be maximized. The primary care primarily withinthe context of a "medical home," where continuity and personal relationships can need follow-up care(Kaye, May & Abrams, 2006). Childhealthservices are best delivered developmental problemsas fac delivery andpolicyoptionsthat canbeus care prevention, positivedevelopmenta (“developmental surveillance”) and providing informationto parent Medical clinicians haveacrucial roleto follow-up services(Hendr seriously parents'reportsofdelaysandproblems developmental problemsincludeprimary health care services (Kaye,May& Abrams, by ensuring early diagnosis of learning Marshall,1990). Are Nurtured,Safe,andEngaged Rationale and serious impedimentstoschoollearning (Boyer,1991;Terman,etal., . Theseinclude:delaysin acquiring speech and lang ickson, etal.,2000). ilitate the assessment and treatment of ilitate theassessmentandtreatment children andfamilieswho 2006). Barrierstoearlyidenti shown thatreaching andthusis ideal fordevelopmen practitioner'sofficeis the n receivetherecommended 10well- l practices withinthehome,and ptive to assistanceatthis ncy, aggression,poor More than95%ofchildren under agethree see a child health : ChildrenandYouth the clinicians missopportunities todetect care tomost childrenun individual childrenleadstobetter among low-income children butare ed toincreasethedetectionofchildren’s uent pattern of health care for the child and and emotional disturbance may cause and emotional disturbancemaycause Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ated with lateremotionalandmental health play intracking ademy of Pediatrics CommitteeonChildrenwith , and lackof access to screening programs and ed or neglected thanlow-birth-weight ed or neglected curriculum and instruction; italsoservesas a for the mother andchild,prenatal careshould problems, making appropriate interventions families inthe“magicmoment”around providers’ lack of expe lopmental issues,orre socialskills,andlackofempathy for place where mostchildrenyounger time (Chase-Lansdale & Pittman, fication and in fication and portant technique forpreventing tal andbehavioralscreening and s onsuchtopics as injury discipline. There are health

children’s development der agethree(Zeroto child visitsinthefirstthree tervention for rtise, failuretotake fer children to neededfer children uage, inability to

1-15 Rationale instruction. activities withopportunities todevelo Successful youthdevelo after-school aspirations for successin and communitylife,theyexperience theirow life andexploring waystomake apositivedifference. They engageyoung people in thei access tosafeexperiences,andcaring places, challenging people onadailybasis(Roth,etal.,2000). impart theskillsandknowledgene accomplishments) (Grossm (encouraging youth to achieve beyond their ownex relationships) andasupp adult-youthpeer and successful inengaging youth when they create a po adulthood. Age-appropriate youth development progra nece competencies people acquirethe fromage8to18—helpsyoung has one experiences Youth development—the 1998; Chalk et al.,2003). 1987; Eckenrode, etal.,1991;Fantuzzo, 1990, Gu lower grades,standardized testscores,an retention in grade. The negative effects are greatestfor neglected children, whotend to have perform poorly inschool,asevidencedby low gr complaints, andhighmortality. reduced cognitivefunctioning,and shortfalls inphysicalhealth problems, andlimitedcognitivedevelopment.Abus and emotional problemsand tosuffer fromatte success. Children who have been neglected orphys situations new orstressful self-regulation, problem-solving skills, an anegativeimpact have Maltreatment can Research on the Extended-Service School education andcareers. an et.al.,2002). Children who have been neglected or physically abused tendto —all of which areimportantto r communities, uncovering the issues and problems of community eded tomeetthechallenges of youngadulthood. They provide n strengthsandcompeten pment programscombinemotivating ortive but challenging butchallenging ortive Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ssary for healthyandproductivessary ntion deficit disorder, de ntion deficitdisorder, p talentsandskillsextra academic d lower rates of grade promotion (Augostinos, ades, lowstandardizedte terman, 2001;Wolfe &Mo sitive social environment(withwarm, friendly pectations, staythecour d the ability to cope withoradapt to e andneglect are linked onchildren's emotionalstability and ically abused aremore ically As young people partic s Initiative found that ms offeropportunitiesandsupportsthat cluding failuretothrive,somatic school readiness and academic

intellectual environment cies andraise their pression, self-conduct st scores,andfrequent likely tohavecognitive to languagedeficits, se, and celebrate their sk, 1983; Hart, etal., ipate actively incivic programs are most

1-16 Rationale active participationand real acco found that successfulyouth-servin A long-termstudy ofyouth-servingorganizations in programs (Karoly, etal.,1998). from providing low-income families agencies. An evaluation ofthe NewYork City staff are akeytoyoungpeop Skilled, well-trained experience, and positive messagesthat young people can hear and respond to. connections tolocalneighborho of youth asresources,flexibilit and adequacy of parenting skills (D delay ofsubseque injuries (Olds,etal.,1999),in programs have beenshowntoa personally responsive care(Ripor families, such as schedulin address barrierstothe use of medicalservices th development monitored for problems that need so they receive requiredwell-baby medical visits establish and neonatalhealthcan Home visitingprograms have demo other activitiesoutsidethe home Low availabilityanduse of child in a control groupthatreceived tradit weight infants significantly increa Tessier, etal.(1998) further re reducedcarriers, significantly infant crying and fu Barr (1986) found that increased ma significantly increasedmaternal randomized studyof soft baby carriers versusinfa factors believed sensitivity, two Soft baby carriers areapromising strategyfor enhancing mother-child attachment and maternal to thereductioninchildmaltreat training, and home visitsfroma that theservices, whichincluded parent involvem adjusting for pre-program maltreatment and backgr comparedmaltreatment byage17withchildren Participants ina pre-school family support intervention, had a 52% nt pregnancies(Kitzman, etal.,1997), do Are Nurtured,Safe,andEngaged Evidence g difficulties, lackoftransportation, cidence ofchildabuse (Olds, et al., 1999;Wagner&Clayton, 1999), y torespondcrisesandde port that skin-to-skin contact be responsiveness andsecureattachme to protect againstmate care and decreased opportunities ffect smokingduring school-community representative, were one of two factorsleading ods andinstitutions, positive opportunities forpractice and sed maternal competence andsens mplishment, sensitivitytoyouths’ ment (Reynolds &Robertson, 2003). a regular source of medical care tella-Muller, etal.,1996;Wagner are riskfactorsforchildabusean g organizations have: family-li uggan, et al., 1999; Gomby, et al., 1999; Gomby,et al., uggan, et nstrated multiplebenefits.Programs thatfocus on postpartum with homevisitshavebeenshow ternal carrying of young infants, whether by arms orsoft baby : ChildrenandYouth ional hospital services(Daro, 2006). Beacons program (Warren, etal.,2002)found that Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping andimmunizations and havetheir growth and ssiness and increased periods ofinfant content. in acomparison group (5.0% vs.10.5%,after early treatment.Homevisitingprograms can le’s positiveexperiencewith youth-serving at are particularly form at areparticularly ent inthe classroom, voca nt seats found thatthe use of soft baby carriers ound factors). Authors of thisstudybelieve urbanneighborhoods(McL pregnancy (Gomby,et rnal neglect(Anisfeld,etal.,1990). A mestic violence(Du mands of young people’s lives, long waitingroomtimes,andlackof tween mothersand their low-birth- ke environments,opportunitiesfor for children (a "medicalhome") for respitefromparentingand realities andaspirations, aview & Clayton, 1999). Home visiting Home & Clayton,1999). d neglect(Guterman, 2001). itivity, comparedwithmothers

lower rateofcourtpetition of nt ininfants. Hunziker and 1999). Thesavingsthat accrue n toexceedthecost of these idable forlow-income tional and educational tional and al., 1999), accidental ggan, etal.,1999), aughlin, etal.,1994)

1-17 Evidence parents. Additional positive impactswere to initiatedruguse and alcohol use, hit someone, to an ethnic minority population. Researchers fo The participants werebetween 10 and 16 years ol for youthparticipatinginBigBrothers Big Sisters initiative inNewYorkwas evalua Several studieshighlightthe benefits of participation in youth development programs. The Beacons young people. development activities hadthe highest youthdevelopment quality rating and the best outcomes for young people. The Beacons siteswherestaffpa the qualityof youth development inthe Beacons Development (AED), the ChapinHallCenterfor A randomassignmentstudy by P property, stolen moneyor other property, or report thatthey hadcutclasses,hitothersto hurtthem,deliberatelydamagedother people’s and reportthatthe Beacon helpedthemlearn le higher-quality youth development, young people we New YorkCity. Methods includedyouth surveys study ofsixBeaconssites,selected Hunter College Center on AIDS, Drugs, andCommu agency, andschoolstaff;observ ublic/Private Ventures(Tierney, et al.,1995) compared outcomes ted through acollaborativeeffort asastratified randomsample ations of sitesand activities. Ev found for gender- and ethnic-specific subgroups. beeninafight (Warren, etal.,2002). Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping rticipated mostfreque adership skills.They were alsolesslikelyto environment made a difference in outcomes for und thatBBBS youths, asawhole, werelesslikely with thosewho didnot, over a one-year period. Children attheUniversi skip a day ofschool or a class, orlietotheir d; 50% weremale and mo and interviews;intervie re more likelyto feel betteraboutthemselves nity Health. The evaluation nity Health. was anintensive The evaluation of the 40 sitesthen operating in of the Academy for Educational Educational for Academy the of aluators foundthatinsiteswith

ntly in professional ws withBeacon,lead ty ofChicago, and the re than 50% belonged 50% belonged re than

1-18 Evidence GOAL

Families Are Strong and Connected GOAL

Support to families Social networks and Supports and services to strengthen services attuned to help parents to meet parenting capacity child development and basic needs and connected to specialty care decrease stress

Actions Examples Indicators Ingredients Rationale Evidence specifi c strategies, program and measures for elements of research-based research activities, or steps policy initiatives targeting and how actions are reasons to documenting taken to impact illustrating monitoring the implemented believe that that identifi ed the quality and how actions impact of actions that make them identifi ed actions actions contribute capacity of local have worked and documenting effective are likely to to achieving the services and elsewhere progress toward contribute to targeted outcome supports, the the outcome the desired or conditions availability of outcome that lead to the resources, or the outcome policy contexts that contribute to the outcome with peerconnections behavior. Effective services combine form emotional support andpromote the skills necessary tonurtureandmanage children’s Family-strengthening services,suchashom their children’ssuccess theirunderstanding ofhowtheycancontributeto skills and A. Helpandsupporttoparentsimprovetheirparenting into a new home. case manager continues working wi GED preparation. www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/smc/department development, nutrition, and community resources. with children up to age 5, where participants drop-in Touchpoints Parents Support Groups, offe problems, andimprove access tothe health care permanent housing under discipline, nutrition,andotherkeytopics. Parent cognitive developmentwith and Avancé instructors guide parents throughtheir children’sstagesofemot nine-month core program operates in housin Parents aretaughtthat theyarethefirstandmo education, early childhood development, brain de parents with children under age three in unde intervention that operates throughout Texas build parentingskillsandconfidence, facilitate ea pregnant women and children up to age five who agencies andindividualsworking preventive intervention to the Yale University School of reflective capacities. Home vi home visits withmothers and babies using ame teamincludinginterdisciplinary anursepractition Minding theBaby Homeless familiesreceiveneededsocialservices The The Avancé Childand Family Development Program Prenatal-To-Three Initiative Are StrongandConnected Actions withExamples www.beyondshelter.org www.avance.org andon-goingsupport. (Fair Haven, CT), a collaboration Beyond Shelter’sHousingFirstProgram high-risk urban mothers beginn Nursing, andtheFairHaven Co sitors provide supportfor positi

special attention totheimport to provide information,suppor th thefamilyforatleast six

/home/0,,1954_194745_194736,00.html (San Mateo County, CA) is a collaboration of CA)isacollaboration County, Mateo (San

Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping g projects, community centers, andschools. al facilitation andguidancebyprofessionals read, play games, and learn about child health, to provide education and support to Latino rserved communities. It focuses on parent e visitingandparenteducation,provide ntalization-based approach to develop mothers’ rly identificationand st importantteachersfortheirchildren.The er and aclinical social worker conductweekly system. Thearrayof servicesincludesweekly s attendclassesinliter velopment, literacy,an aspartoftheirsearch and placement in receive Medi-Cal. The initiative strivesto red in sixlocations and open to all parents between the Yale ChildStudyCenter, ing during pregnancy. An : Families mmunity Health ve parenting and child health ance of reading, effective months afterthefamilymoves t, andcareforfamiliesof is a community-based treatment ofpotential acy, spoken English, and d schoolreadiness. ional, physical,social, inCalifornia.A Center, offers

2-1 Actions & Examples

to achievegoals,solveproblems, and meet needs. treatment. Families alsoenhancestrengths families cansafely seekhelpwithproblems thatmay requireprofessional attention or assets andinterestsset goalsforimprove supports. Using astrengths-based approach, service providers helpfamilies identify Family supportservicesconnect and connectedtospecialtycare B. Socialnetworks andservicesattuned tochilddevelopment childhood injuries, unintendedsubs are available for parents of children as relationshipconflictandparentaldepression find work,and welfaredependence. for themselvesandtheirinfant work intensivelywithlow-income womenandthei drug-exposed infants. visitors arespeciallytrainedinculturalcompetency,substance accessing schoolreadiness programs, andobta who help themwithcopingskills practitioners tomore intensive parent training pr information resourcesan professional support to parents’ concerns an http://www.nccp.org/i education encourage positiveand . Parenting Network classes, parent Family SupportCenters of both nurse home visitingandinfant-paren pregnancy and continuing through the infant's firs outcomes as well asmodelingthedevelopment of activities withturntaking, experiential learning, and parent support. families atatime.Teammembersdo not lectur and school personnel recruit participants and de “prevention agents” fortheir child to build protective factors for children (4 to12 years old) andempower parents tobe suited tohighly traumatize Families who participate in Families and Schools Together(FAST) The In the Parent encouragement and education are key features ofthe community-based Triple Program) P (PositiveParenting Nurse-Family Partnership nitiative_17.html www.healthyfamiliesarizona.org d targeted problem-solving consultation offered by primary care d mothers andtheirfamilies. Healthy FamiliesArizona s and toddlers.The goal is , child health and nutrition, , childhealthandnutrition, parentswitheachothera healthy parenting practices. ren. A collaborative teamof equent pregnancies, fromthrough birth adolescence. www.nursefamilypartnership.org

, nursehome visitors throughout the United States t psychotherapymodels—s d interests.Interven Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping and increase confidence intheirownability ining informationon other services. Home , anger, and stress. Informationandseminars , anger,andstress. ment. Inthecontextofthis relationship, e; theycombineparticip liver FAST program components to five to 25 isamulti-familygrou t year.Thisapproach—w ograms thattarget broa strong parent-child relationships beginning in r familiestoshapepare tailors information,advice,and tailors

school drop out, parents’inabilityto www.fhchc.org to prevent child maltreatment, getweeklyvisitsfromspecialists early developmentalassessments, nd withneededservices and abuse, domestic violence, and abuse, domestic parents, trainedprofessionals, tions range from brief -child activities,andpeer www.wcer.wisc.edu/fast/

www8.triplep.net p interventiondesigned

eems particularlywell atory, research-based der familyissues, such nts' abilitiestocare hich is an adaptation adaptation isan hich Maryland

2-2 Actions & Examples (caregivers) withyoung child policymakers’ support,programs mobilize multiple income sourcestosupport parents they areentitledtoandthe opportunitiesthey Community-based programs helplow-income families obtainthefinancialsupports decrease stress C: Supportsandserviceshelpparents meetbasicneedsand and parent education. Center leadership andproble about community resources. Whileparents are meeting,childrenand youth participatein timelines. Parentsexpand theirnetworks ofsu sessions focus onparenting issues andchallenges,withparent and leadershipforstrengthenin activities. necessary. Familiesareencour clients tocommunity-based services, and provide follow-upadvo placements forthechildren.They may alsopr homes for theactualchildcare. use lic atatime.Programs to72 hours up for circumstances oremergencies. The programs ar for childrenfrombirthto age12tostayduri families obtainlegalhelp,clothing children andtobuildonstrength through whichparentsand professi low-income areas. FACET empowers parents to socialsupp (Wilmington, DE)uses pick upchildren. www.familyandworkplace.org/pro efficacy, decision-makingskills for immigrant families who need helpovercoming emergency services suchas cris ne pioneered center The center. the at or and group counseling conducted in a nurturing, supp they canhelp their children succ police, churches, and Through Family Support Centers, the Rhode Island RhodeIsland the Centers, FamilySupport Through The Iowa’s The Parents Anonymous Families and Centers Empowered Together (FACET) program (FACET) Families andCentersEmpoweredTogether Center forFamily Life inSunsetPark crisis nursery programs crisis nursery www.nccp.org/initiative_10.html www.pcaiowa.org/iowa m-solving activities. elected officials. is a community-based is parent education and support program , familycohesion,communic ren wholackemployment. staffhelpfamilieslocatean aged to connect withother g families andimproving services is intervention,food, and clothi

Staff conduct intakeinterviews eed in school.The centerpiece and resiliency families. Outcom andresiliencyfamilies. , housing assistance, furniture, viders/provider.facet.asp ort to reduce isolation among onals formpartnershipstosh , available inselect counties, provideatemporaryplace www.cflsp.org _child_abuse_prevention_program.html www.parentsanonymous.org

ighborhood-based foster care and provides ng timeswhen theirparentsface overwhelming Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ensed daycare centers or registereddaycare ovide transportationto pport, reducestressandisolation,learn need tobecome self-sufficient.With e available 24 hours a day,seven days aweek, cultural,economic, an become equal partners inthe care oftheir (Brooklyn, NY) isthe community nucleus

ortive atmosphereeith Family Support Initiative d apply for services, accompany ation, andcopingskills.

families andtoenjoy group s setting their owngoalsand ng. Networking extends tothe , counsel parents,and arrange andcommunities.Adultgroup health care, Early Head Start, Early Head health care, is intensiveindividual,family, are responsibility, expertise, are responsibility, cacy and transp and cacy families inurban, high-risk, es includeincreasesinparent

centers and travel to d language barriers so er inclients' homes ortation when

helps

2-3 Actions & Examples Growth Center. centers. NEWalsosupportsentrepreneuria Center, financialliteracyprograms,baby care, participating in theresources program. Residents andcommunity members areencouraged to pursue new knowledge by Beginning with thesecurity of needs, fromfinding astable, safe place tolive www.strivenewyork.org/strive.html developmental andsupportservicesatno employment become work-ready and secure achieve familyandindividual pr www.fdic.gov/consumers/consumer/moneysmart their CommunityReinvestmentActobligations. confidence andlearnhowto useba Connections-Providence, www.mcprovidence.org/matriarch/default.asp services atcommunity based-organi and financial institutions, community residents, Income TaxCredit.Thecoalit The isatraining Money Smart program that helps ad The forWomen(NEW) New Economics Providence Asset BuildingProvidence Asset Coalition(PABC), STRIVE jobreadinessprogramhelpspeople www.neweconomicsforwomen.org/home.html ensures thatlow-income offered by NEW, includingPara offered by NEW, an affordable home,familiesen osperity. NEW takes a holistic a takes aholistic NEW osperity. ion, composed ofrepresentatives from community groups,

nking services effectively. It zations throughout Providence. cost to participants oremployers. l ventures through its NEWConnect Business to owning a home or successfulbusiness. Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping inLosAngeles aimsto overcome poverty and

a job. It promises lifetime accessto wellness programs,and after-school learning trains volunteer tax pr

familiesapplyfor and receivetheEarned who have significantbarriersto ults develop financ develop ults aprogram of Making ter acomprehensive management MiFutura Family Resource can help banks fulfill partof pproach toan array of family

eparers who offer their ial knowledgeand 2-4 Actions & Examples Parental psychology plays a crucia SIGNIFICANCE safe, caring relationship (Horton, 2003). family resiliencyisthecapacity most important.Research on parent’s personal developmental historyand ps Although researchers agree that parents maltreat • and solveproblemscollabo They communicate clearly,consistently, and truthfu they are flexible,connected, and able to make on life and grounding their experience within tran typicallytrytomakemeaning Resilient families ou communication processes (Daro, 2002). factors promote thistype of familyresiliency: stressors thatcould have ledthemto continue not maltreattheir ownoffspring.These parents Studies have also found,however, thatthe majori low-incomesample mothers in a comparable childhood. Maltreatingmothers have have twic approximately 70% of maltreating parents werea • • MEASURES communication andproblem solving (Kalil, 2003). family beliefsystems, includingreligiousbeliefs change withtimeandcircumstan Resilience istheabilitytoovercome DEFINITION 1. Parentalresilience(Parentfunctioning) Parents with high level of efficacy, Parents freeofissuesthatnegativelyimpactpare (coping) skills greate Parents withlessstress, depression, anddomesticviolence. and Connected Indicators ratively. Research findings suggest intergenerational patte to empathize with oneself andwith ces. Importantdimensionsof l rolein the causesandpreventi r competence in managing stress,greaterangermanagement adversity. Itisadynamicproc including the capacity to seek help the capacityto including

: FamiliesAreStrong (Horton, 2003). ; andcoping strategies, including patterns of family belief systems,or use of extended kin and community resources. ychological resources are consideredamongthe e the rate ofdepression of non-maltreating the cycle of abuse and neglect. Three setsof Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping developed the abilityto overcome challenges and bused and/or neglected by theirown parents in theirchildrenfor multip ty of parents who were maltreatedaschildrendo t of adversity by mainta by t ofadversity scendent orspiritualbe lly with others. They nting, including substanc rns ofchildmaltreatment estimatesthat that themostimportantfactor for resilience are familycohesion; on of child abuse and neglect. abuse andneglect. child on of others throughthemediumof a ess, notastatic trait, andmay ganizational patterns,and ining a positive outlook liefs. Organizationally, express emotions openly le, complexreasons, a e abuse,symptomsof

2-5 Indicators distrust. contrast, are more dependentare more on othersandha contrast, assistance characterizetherela Beeman (1997) foundthat trust, reciprocity,flexibility,anda whether they can trust other parentsto en violating the norms. Parents who do not have childrearing issueswiththemand When parents have positive social tiestothe pa childcare (PCAN, 2007). resources suchasemotionalsuppor daily lives.In particular, they give familiesextraaccesstoimport informal supports thathelp parents cope effect embody pro-social,child-friendly Social connections may be very important ifthey kin, few adults inthe household), arerisk A lack of social connections, and SIGNIFICANCE and opportunities, pursuegoalsand service providers, andpublic bene up an individual’ssocialnetwork. guidance to parents. Informal connections, such Social connections include informal DEFINITION 2. Strong socialconnections • • MEASURES needed. Parents areconnected to community social future) emotional and/or instrumental support when needed. identify peoplecan whohave providedParents tionships of non-neglecting moth Formal connections, such as pe low levels ofcontactwithothers (e.g.,reducedinteractionswith values. Positive socialconnections strengthen the web of establish abaselineofsharedstan fit systems,offeropportunitiesfo and formal contactsthat offer t, materialaid,neededinformat interests otherthanparenting, factors for child maltreatmentand neglect. force the same standa same the force these social connections, however, don’t know ively of with thestresses institutions, services,and institutions, supports. ve relationshipscharac rents of their children’sfr asfamily, neighbors, andcommunity groups, make Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping are positive, trusting,reci (and can be counted on to provide in the balance ofindependenceandmutual ers. Neglectingmothers, in ant psychologicalandinstrumental rds (Horton, 2003). rds (Horton, diatricians, child careand human support, modeling,assistance,or r parents to identifyconcerns ion, jobreferrals,andhelp with and seek additionalhelpwhen and dards, aswellsanctionsfor terized by conflict and child rearing and their rearing and child iends, theycandiscuss procal, andflexible

2-6 Indicators Families responddifferently discipline accordingly(Hildyard &Wolfe,2002). developmental stagesand needs to abuseorneglecttheir child will belesslikely ch vulnerable familiesunderstand Parent education programs to prevent child maltreat (Hildyard &Wolfe,2002). parental nurturing isathreat tohealthy growth neglect often correlates to a lack of lack to a neglect oftencorrelates withmaltre Mental healthprofessionalswhowork SIGNIFICANCE • extended therapeuticsupporttomakeus find it,orbeableto apply info services they need. Other maynot recognize families when they recogn functional families knowledge, and abilitytointernalize a given typeoflearning. • • • MEASURES monitoring. expectations is likelytoinfluence behavior at each stage of development. Kn “Parenting skills” referstoskillsnecessaryfor pa DEFINITION parenting 3. Knowledge ofchilddevelopmentanddemonstratedskillin Parents engage in appropriate play with play appropriate in engage Parents Parents establishandmaintainpr Parents use positive, age-appro child(ren) Parents have realistic expectations of young child

ize their limitations withregardtoch ize theirlimitations to interventions depend rmation without support. Highly rmation withoutsupport. are lessprone to use corporal punishment and can adjust ild development andeffectivechild ild management techniquesthey child-rearing practices, suchas pr priate disciplinarypractices understanding of basicchilddeve edictable, age-appropriatedaily e of parenting guidance (Daro, 2002). owledge abouttypicalde their childorchildrenonaregularbasis ren. Parents whounderstandtheirchildren’s , neglect poses ahighri Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping rents to effectively nurt ating parents have observed that childabuse and ing on their level of psychological health,self- ment are based on the beliefthat ifparents in ren and applythemto interactionswiththeir Some vulnerable but relatively Some vulnerable ild rearing and secure utilize the dysfunctional fam need assistance,knowhowto aise, discipline, limit setting,and aise, discipline,limit routines for theirchild(ren) velopment and realistic lopment. Given that alack of sk tochilddevelopment ure andmanagechildren’s ilies usually need

2-7 Indicators are highlycorrelatedboth wi child maltreatment.Riskfactorssuchas unemplo poverty—especially intimesofcrisisorintens child abuseandneglect. Basic thathelpfamiliescopewi supports Research demonstrates that family poverty isth SIGNIFICANCE • • • • • accessible, adequately funded, etc.): maximize healthy family functioning (assuming that Parents access health,housing, childcare, otherfood, and basicservices and MEASURES substance abusetreatment progra for rent,warm clothing,respitecare) and/or acce care, nutrition).Theymayinvo Basic supports areservices that helpparentscare DEFINITION to obtain helpandsupportas (Parents arehelpedandsupported 4. Basicsupportsandservices involved indomesticviol Parents with drug abuse or me Parents identifyanduse appropriate child care Pregnant women receive appropriate pre-natal ca Children and families have heal their children Parents usea consistent medical home or have ence receive assistance th childmaltreatment and with poverty (Horton, 2003). lve thetemporary provision of ba ms, mental health services). ntal health problemsreceive th carecoverage/insurance needed) ified need—playanimport used byfamiliesasneeded e strongestfactorknown Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ss to needed behavioral health services(e.g., yment, inadequate housing, and substance abuse for theirchildren(e.g.,hous high-quality servicesand supports areavailable, an identified medicalhomefor themselves and re and have positive childbearing experiences tonegotiatethe systemand effective treatment; families effective treatment; sic material needs(e.g.,money th the with stressesassociated ant roleinpreventing to be correlated with supports asneededto ing, health care, childing, health

2-8 Indicators positively associatedwithchildre Parents’ perceptions of themselves ascapable of 2002) et.al,2003;Chase-Lansdale& Pittman, 2002;Hildyard&Wolfe, Stillman opportunity for warm,close, and parents. Several studieshave shown that childre supervision and worserelationshipswiththeirparentsthanth interact withtheir child(ren).Childrenin si The relationship between amother and father, whether married for children todevelop communication skills andself-control. (Molfese, 1997; Knitzer, 2000) are an opportunity for parents toteach children social behaviors such assharing and waiting and can helpease transitions between decrease behavioral security, comfort,andcontrol to routines enforced byparents (e.g.,consistent One componentof apositivehome A positive home environment predictsdesirable co abuse, mental illness, ordomest such as inadequateincome, unemp Children are most atriskofmaltreatmentifth SIGNIFICANCE • • • • • • MEASURES physical setting, parents’ health andwell-being, and the presence of routinesandstructure. “Family environment” referstocharacteristics of DEFINITION 5. Familyenvironment Parents establishappropriate boundariesfor Mothers have children born mo Children havestable,securerelation primary caretakers) during the pastfive years Family has had lowmobility(mov appropriate Non-custodial parents notliving in the home have regular contact with child(ren) when Families have at leasttwosupportive adultsinthehousehold conflicts byenabling young ic violence.(Knitzer,2000) n’s socialandacademic functioning. (Horton, 2003) children and help them develop enduring relationship different activitiesand loyment, inadequate housing, emotional stress,drugor alcohol environment isparental stru re than two years apart(i ed fewer thantwotimes)andlowturbulence(changesin ships with parent or otheradult ngle-parent homes tend to have lessparental bedtimes and mealtimes) can provide a sense of canmealtimes) providea bedtimes and eir familiesareoverwhelmedby multiple problems children to anticipate wh copingsuccessfully wi Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping n are most likelyto thrive when they have the the home thatinfluence children, including the the children andadultsintheirlives gnitive andsocialdevelopment among children. s withboth of their parents. (Susman- ntentional childspacing) eir counterpartswithmarried cture. Regular, consistent or not,influences how they both self-confidence. Routines can caretakers. Routine interactions th life’sproblemsare at will happennextand

2-9 Indicators

• • • INGREDIENTS: Effectiveparenteducation specific strategiesorprograms. for thePreventionofChildAbuseandNeglect These cross-cutting KeyIngredientsaresumm categorized asfollows: thata Key IngredientsofEffectiveness whether theyareprovided. interventions areimplemented andhowserv effective inhelpingtoprevent child a Key Ingredientsaretheunderlyingelements that make certainservicesandsupports A. Earlydetectionofhealthanddevelopmentalconcerns experiences aresimilartothose of group member Staffing patterns feature dynamicleadership and ofrespectingindividual Program values recognizetheimportance of de experiences whose children ar experiences whosechildren services fortroubled parents, and(if applicable) support groups for pa Program structure includeslong-t • • • • • • • • Funding Sustainability Community EngagementandSocialNetworks Connections toandacrossServicesSupports Results Orientation Effective Management High Quality Accessibility Strong andConnected Ingredients and cultural differences. e close to thesame age. erm services(two years ormore), connections to additional : FamiliesAre buse andneglect.Theymatter becausehow pply toallelements ofthePathway are Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping , peer facilitators (e.g.,parents whoselife ices areprovided isasimportant as veloping trust between/among parents and staff parentsand veloping between/among trust arized inthe OverviewtothePathway . EachgoalcontainsKeyIngredientsfor s), and ongoing staff training and supervision. rents withsimilarlife

2-10 Ingredients • • • Neglect. Horton, C.(2003) & Sons,Ltd,Chapter8. • • • INGREDIENTS: EffectiveHomeVisitingServices H., Stratton,P.,&Hamilton,C.(Eds.), Daro, D.(2002). Educating andchanging parents: Strengthening • • greatest impact on preventing substantiated case Moderate amounts of home visiting(i.e.,25-30 months with13 to 32 home visits)hadthe to supervise home visitorsandprovidethemwi visits (13-50) had significantly le However, the reversewastrue for parent behavior outcomes: a moderate amount of home visits’ purposeandthevisits’ visitors' supervision, and consultation. use paraprofessionals emphasize intensive pr more home visits (> impact of home visitingfound thatthe intensity andcare-givingstrengths, crises, challenges. Meta-analyses Programs combine training, supervision, support, andconsultati parent or impaired parent-infant relationship. involved inabusiverelationsh Programs makespecial provisions Parent education isintegrated withmoreintens psychological and emotional therapy be who were not well-nurtured aschildrenthemselves may benefit most from addressing provided basic supports(e.g., mo parent-child environment was lesslikelytobe changed when the home visitingprogram Home visitsareofsufficient dura support during pregnancy, childbirt Sources of prenatal caremake available well- reducing maltreatment than home visitation prog that home visiting programsthatalsosought suggest thattoo broad a focus dilutes program Programs are driven byclear Program consistently focuses on parents’ streng positive parenting principles process. learning the than quick fixes,andrecognizes that high-qua Opportunities existfor on-going Washington, D.C.:CenterSocial Policy. fortheStudyof Protective Factors Literature Review: Early Care andEducation Program and the Prevention of Child Abuse and 50) (Daro, 2006). Early Prediction andPrevention of Child Abuse: AHandbook in an everyday context. context. everyday an in ips orsubstance abuse and thos purposes and theory. Evaluations of home visitingservices sophistication and experience. Pr sophistication andexperience. ss effect on parental behavior th , informal “teachable moments” that apply and reinforce tion, frequency,andintensity to ney, clothing) (Daro, 2006). toreachandretainthehighest-risk families,includingthose h, and the child'searlylife. fore tacklingchild-rearing concerns. Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping e-service training and ongoing support, training andongoinge-service trained, supervisedadults who offer home to provide socialsuppor lity interpersonalrelationships are essential to effectiveness. MacLeod and Nelsonreported the primary safety net for children. In Browne, K.,Hanks, the primarysafetynetforchildren.InBrowne, ive services asneeded.Highlystressedparents of servicesvarieswith tation. Programsthat consul to access ready th ths, emphasizessoliddecisionmaking rather s of child maltreatment, accidents,injuries. s ofchildmaltreatment, rams without thiscompon of studies that measuredthe e witha severely depressed on in ways that reflectthe an fewer (< 12) home visits or visitsor home 12) an fewer (< ograms have strongcapacity respondeffectively to family t werelesssuccessfulat thedesiredoutcome. . WestSussex: John Willey ent. Similarly,the

2-11 Ingredients from: www.PathwaysToOutcomes.org Pathways Mapping Initiative(2004). Pa • Publishers. D., &Bonzo,S.(Eds.) Daro, D.&McCurdy, K.(2006)Interventionstopreventchild services. support centers, healthand mental health care, Programs connectfamiliestomult Handbook on Injury andViolence Prevention Interventions. thways Mapping Initiative.Last Upda

iple services, includinghome vi Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping maltreatment. InDoll,L.,Mercy,J.,Hammond, maltreatment. R.,Sleet, child care,preschooleducation, and specialized ted May 2007. Retrieved on May17,2007 ted May2007. Retrievedon NewYork: KluwerAcademic/Plenum siting, peersupport,family siting, 2-12 Ingredients networks are associated withbetterparentingsk build familystrengthsthatlowert Social support networks,including formaland informal connections, helpto priority. programs) arethemostlikelytoreachfamiliesforwhomth professionals, family support centers,homevisiting services,CalWorks,schools,after-school families withappropriatesupportthrough primaryservices (e.g.,childcare centers, health care wo vulnerable familiesexistsand childwelfareagencies. attention of Only aportionofthefamiliesatrisk of culturaltraditions,andthat family support ismoreimportant maternal postpartum adjustment and parenting (G partners areimportant social resourcesforadoles emotional support) mitigates postpartum adjust some subgroups. Social supportnetworksarecrucialforal Krishnakumar &Black, 2003). lower academic achievement (Chase-Lansdale &Pittman,2002;Wessel, mothers develop moreslowlyasinfants;they emotional nurturing and attachment, and properly always be able toperform basi effective in monitoring their needs.Adepre depression rendersmothers lesslikelytobe wa Mothers who are depressedmore likelytobe environment (Sheldon, 2002;Adamakos, have socialsupport are more likelytobe respon counterparts to beinvolved in stronger family relationships. definition repeatedly changes (Edelson 2004). Experts do not agree on whether witnessing than abuse; however,some face both (Saathoff &Stoffel, 1999; Bragg, 2003; Bancroft &Silverman, (Bragg, 2003). Childrenin home and adult victims,and50% of the men who freque Studies revealthat 30% to60%ofthe families that fatalities inStates, theUnited tochildabuseand neglect precursor bethemain Domestic violencemay (Jones,etal.,2005). styles andskills For youngsingle mothers, social supp and Connected Rationale Motherswithlargesocial networks are more likelythantheir extended family support typically c parent-childinteractions,resp their children’slives,both at ho uld benefitfromservices andsu s withdomesticviolence are mo to African-American single mothers than to Caucasians, because according tothe U.S. Adviso : FamiliesAreStrong , 1999; Bancroft & Silverman, 2004). 2004). & Silverman, Bancroft , 1999; et al.,1986; Burchinal, etal., 1996). he chance ofchildabuseandneglect. he chance Experts agree that a much larger population of larger amuch population agreethat Experts ssed mother,whetherdiagnosed or not, maynot ofchild maltreatment come tothe Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ment difficulties(Gee & Rhodes,2003). Male rm and supportive of their children and less age, they have higher rates ofmisbehavior and sive parents andtoprovideastimulating home ills, greaterknowledgeof neglectful than abusive (Okunaku, 2005) as ntly abuse theirwivesalsoabuse theirchildren experiencedomesticvi ee & Rhodes, 2003). Research has found that cent mothers, and their cent mothers, care for her child(ren). Childrenofdepressed l parents but have extra relevance for for extrarelevance l parentsbuthave domestic violenceisinitself anabuse;the ort (e.g., child care,materialassistance, e prevention ofchildabuseisnot a top ond to her child(ren)’s needfor me andatschool. Mothers who leads toparenting morepositive pports. Effortstoconnectall re likely to experience neglect ry Board on Child Abuse. Board onChild ry 2000; Gurian, 2003;2000; Gurian, olence have both child child both have olence involvement influences child development,and Social

2-13 Rationale “good fit”(NationalResearchCouncil,2000). relationships thatarewarm,nurtu being (NationalResearch facilitates thechild'sde relationship, which child's unique an characteristics can leadto child abuseand neglect. Effectiv Effective interventions can bufferth outcomes (Solchany & Barnard, 2001). the primary caregiver andthechild and work habits (Thompson, 2002). The reverse is their mothersshow greater academiccompetence (National Research Council, 2000) feature of healthy human development and can help young children overcome many riskfactors social andcognitive environments. Child-caregiver relationshipsarethemo Council, 2000). Effectiveinterventi d provide guidance on how to on how d provideguidance ring, individualized, responsive, ring, individualized, responsive, . Youngchildrenwhohavewarm, isone ofthe most significantriskfactors forlater poor e cumulativeburdenof multiple velopment and promotes the parent’s senseofwell- Stable,secure,nurturing e interventionscanhelp Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping st important component of supportive st importantcomponent in schoolanddisplay alsotrue:a disturbedrelationship between ons help parentsand children form build a mutually rewarding a mutually build reciprocal, and characterized by risk factors and stressors that risk factorsandstressorsthat parents understand their supportive relationshipswith relationships are a central better classroomconduct 2-14 Rationale FAST sitesshowimproved academ contributed to the positive results(Caspe &Lo become community leaders. Asupport networ treatment or mental health coun community locations,were more Participants inFamiliesand Scho and attention span) among particip attributable tothelong-termrelati among at-risk families(Centers forDiseaseControl Home visitingprogramscan reduce peer support groups for parents, ch model includegrouptrainingin parenting skills; depression (Webster-Stratton, 1998; Webster-St solving within the family improved their positiveaffective responsera parents, teachers,andchildrendeliveredin Participants inTheIn networks (FRIENDS, n.d.). problems at schoolandat home visits andtreatedinjuries,ingest documented asignificantreductio reports andreported injuries (Hahn, et al.,2003).An examination of 60 home visitingprograms by visited parentsascompared tothe control 1999). A studyof 26 home visiting programs re shortly afterthe(CentersforDise child’sbirth effects. For families withmultip child wassix months old, and theinclusion of fa use of videos or video feedback, service length of increasing maternalsupport, alteri attachment security.A program focus ha on maternalsensitivity Analysts foundmoderateimpacts onmaternalsensitivity and positive, th encompassed a variety of intervention strategies, that arelinked toneglectful and abusive behavior (Egeland &Erickson, 1993). The programs and participant characteristics that promote maternalsensitivityan A meta-analysisofprograms ta of child and parent functioning (Daro, 2006). attainment (Sweet &Appelbaum, 2004). Geeraert, et al. (2004) findstronger effects on indicators produced significantbutrelatively professional providers (Dar professional providers and Connected Evidence credible Years—a multi-faceted, de while decreasingtheir use of harsh disciplineandrate of parental o and McCurdy, 2006). rgeting familieswithchildrenunderage5 highlights programmatic le problems,non-profe ions, oraccidents. That stud eek program held in schools and schools ols Together(FAST),aneight-weekprogramheldin , reducedfamilyconf seling, pursue adulteducation, volunteer inthe community, and likelythan toseeksubstancecontrol-group families abuse smalleffects onthe mother’s be n in potential abuse and neglect as measured by emergency room ng parental cognitive representati onships establishedwithfamilies, ating children. The programalso ating children. ic competence, schoolperformanc rates of child abuse and neglect by an estimated40%,especially ildren, andteachers (Daro,2006). : FamiliesareStrong primary schoolsand early education settings— te, self-confidence, co group, measured by child protective services ase ControlandPreventi pez, 2006). Evaluations across populations and and populations across Evaluations 2006). pez, Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping thers in theintervention k for parents during k forparents classroom management trainingfor teachers;and ported a 39% reduction in child abuse and neglect ratton etal, 2001). Keycomponentsofthe target populations,and less than16sessions,serv and Prevention, 2005). lict, and broadened families’friendship ssional providerswere velopmentally basedcurriculumfor y alsonotedthat home visits d more impact than a focus on havior, attitudes, and educational educational and attitudes, havior, mmunication, and problem d attachment security,elements ons, ora combined focus. The reduced children’sbehavioral beginning with pr beginning with and afterthe program e, and behavior (socialskills on, 2005; Olds, etal., alsostrengthened the ough small,effectson provider credentials. ice initiationafterthe Much of thesuccess is more effective than enatal careor

2-15 Evidence resources, and have reciprocal relationships telephone caseworkers who have substantive knowle services thatcan help prevent childabuse. Thes ”Warm Lines”andspecialized call language diversity, haveaccess toasearchab centers canbe anefficient and cost-effective access pointto le computerizedinvent with directserviceproviders (Carey,2006). Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping e servicesmustbe adequately staffed bytrained dge ofchilddevelopmen ory of community-based t, offer cultural and cultural t, offer 2-16 Evidence GOAL

Identifi ed Families Access Services and Supports

Community-based Staff who encounter Adequate service services structured to families are trained in capacity based on respond to “screened screening and referrals information systems out” families. that track family needs and progress GOAL

Actions Examples Indicators Ingredients Rationale Evidence specifi c strategies, program and measures for elements of research-based research activities, or steps policy initiatives targeting and how actions are reasons to documenting taken to impact illustrating monitoring the implemented believe that that identifi ed the quality and how actions impact of actions that make them identifi ed actions actions contribute capacity of local have worked and documenting effective are likely to to achieving the services and elsewhere progress toward contribute to targeted outcome supports, the the outcome the desired or conditions availability of outcome that lead to the resources, or the outcome policy contexts that contribute to the outcome from supportsandservices.InCalifornia Although the immediate riskofabuse orneglect connect familiesthatdonotmeet abuseor State andcountychildwelfareagenciesimpl “screened-out” families A. Community-basedservicesarestructuredtorespond children (17%). (24%) and lowest among American Indian (12%), the family assessment track. child’s safety.In2002,64% of “Family Assessment,”where workersdetermine response. The proportion was highest among As require an investigation). In 2002, 20% of a response or atraditionalinve reports of child maltreatment. Each agency de confrontational, strength and went statewidein2004.The alternative re the childprotectionsystem, bega Five Organization, theAlamed the thresholdfora formal CPS investigationor support toyoungchildrenandfa non-criminal physical abuse, non-criminal physical assigns carefully screened repo organizations work together organizations work program uses a strengths-based,family-cente program usesa family assessmentsand case management, after triageby ChildProtectiveServices. The counties toreferlow-ri substantiated child abuse and neglect cases. prescottjoseph.org/news/ano monitor progress forupto one yearthrough regular home visits. language, ethnicity, andbackgr intervention services. Advocate The Family Assessment Response The toSafetyAnother Road (ARS) Missouri Division of FamilyServices Program Family Builders edocs.dhs.state.mn.us/lfse Families AccessServicesandSupports Actions withExamples sk child abuse reports toa network of community-based providers for s-based assessmentsto neglect, emotionalmaltreatment ther-road-to-safety-ars to assessriskand engagefam www.dss.mo.gov/fsd/index.htm stigation (although circumstances of substantial endangerment ound; they work withfamily a County Social Services Agen children reportedtoChild Protec rts ofsuspectedmaltreatment

s fromthe communitiesinwhich milies referredtoChildProtecti n in 2000 as a demonstration project in20 Minnesota counties allowschildprotective (formerlyAlternativeRespon (AlamedaCounty,CA)pr rver/Legacy/DHS-4747-ENG ll reportedchildrenwerereferred to alternative , thesefamilies arecalled“Path1Families.” www.abcs.org/Service.aspx?ID=23 red approachtolimit neglect criteria toco Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping termines whetherto provide analternative ement “differentialresponse”protocolsto sponse option enables sponse option services. EveryChild thecounty’sCounts, First African-American(13%), and multiple-race families involvedin a the family’s service the family’s ian (23%), Hispanic ( has an alternative response systemthat has analternativeresponse islow,these families can likelybenefit

ilies inpreventiveandearly : Identified : Identified members, providereferrals,and

workers inseveral Arizona cy, and two community-based , oreducationalneglect) to (mild, moderate,orfirst-time tive Serviceswerereferred to ve Serviceswhodidnotmeet ovides intensivefamily they workreflect thefamilies’ there-occurrenceof se) forfamilies reported to mmunity resources. needs andsecurethe ll butthe most serious 23%), andWhitechildren counties to offer non-

3-1 Actions & Examples

families experience services andagencies asresponsive and"on theirside." connect formal servicesandagencieswithneighborhoodnetworkssoindividual services more effectiveandacceptableto high concentration offamilies involvedwith Child welfareagenciespartnerwithcomm activities (ESL,GED,etc.). Fa community litera building andeconomicdevelopment;family prevention andtreatmentofchild programs include early childhood education through Early HeadStart and Head Start; between agenciesandresidents. an st understanding offamilies’ programs; acommitmentto strength-based, indivi leaders toestablishnetworks of protection and schools, neighborhood associations, civic and voluntary organizations, residents,andcommunity among city andstatepublic agenc protection. Key features include decentralized health, education, and social services. www.montgomerycountymd.go severe socialisolation. children strivingto overcome therisksof home Leadership Schoolisatwo-yea and transitionalhousing for fa families andchildrentoidentify Protecting Children keeping children safe, strengthening families,and keeping childrensafe,strengthening extends tothe police,church provides emergencyservicessuch as crisis in clients'homesoratthe center. The center individual, family,andgroupconductedina counseling nurturing, barriers tohelp theirchildren succeed in scho for immigrant families who need sensitivehelp The Crossway Community (PACT) ChildrenTogether Parents and The Center forFamily Life inSunsetPark St. LouisNeighborhoodNetwork , a coordinated effortto foster wi (Kensington, MD)provides educat es, andelectedofficials. mily support workers help families milies inthe Washington, DC me rengths, needs,andcircumstance r residentialeducation program v/mc/services/volunteer and addresstheirown strengths,

ies, local nonprofitserviceprov http://stlouis.missouri.o abuse, neglect, and domestic vi www.cssp.org/doris_duke/index.html intervention, food,and unity groupsinneighborhoodsthathavea Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping pioneered neighborhood-based foster careand ol. The program's centerpieceisintensive , neighborhood-based se to overcomecultural, ispartof the childwelfaresystem, tomake their builda"community presence."They lessness, poverty,domesticviolence,and/or prevention and tointegrate formerly disparate increasingpa community dualized, family-orienteddualized, solutionsbasedon (Honolulu, HI) creates opportunities for (Brooklyn, NY) isthe community nucleus www.cflsp.org /iris/agenall/470isqj1.htm rg/501c/slnn/index.html Community Partnerships for Partnerships Community despread, sharedresponsibility for tropolitan area. ItsFamily for single moth single for ion, training,support services, s; andshareddecisionmaking supportiveatmosphereeither in crisisobtain comprehensive cy, educational,and vocational iders, faith-basedinstitutions, olence; mental health support; needs, andconcerns.PACT’s clothing. Networking

economic, andlanguage rvices; collaboration rticipation inchild

ers and their ers and

3-2 Actions & Examples worktogether tosolveproblems.of learnerstoshareinnovationsand established totrackandaddresstraining Technical assistance isavailable asquestions or concernsarise. Networks are academic, andcommunity-basedsettings. through jointtraining including childcare,pediatri and adaptable tosettings wherestaff hasre the preventionofchildabuse and neglect.Training modules areportable,easytouse, Training andprofessionaldevelopmentincludepre-servicein-servicetrainingin referrals B. Staffwhoencounterfamiliesaretrainedinscreeningand prevent problemsatanearly stage. Neglect: Parent-ProviderPart between families andhealth care providers; and childdevelopment families spendwithhealthand available resources and community-based progra development and offered inhospitals,clinics,pediatricoffices; up-to-date monitoring of programs and services. Key components of concerns, findappropriate developmental and familiesidentify development. families inhighlystressedcommu Staff training emphasizes the earlydetection of training and face-to-face consultations for hund through itsdirectlyoperated Early Head Star professionals to incorporate essential, proactive context ofordinary well-childmedicalcare.Th facilities. Itoffersexpanded privatetheAmersponsored by foundations, other “protective factors”intotheir programsthat abuse and neglect. The hallmark of the appr www.zerotothree.org/site/PageSe emotional developmentin children. Help MeGrow The Zero toThree Healthy StepsforYoungChildren Ounce of Prevention Fund Ounce ofPrevention www.ounceofprevention.org offersatrain-the-trainer curricu , astatewidesingle-point-of-access ne and team consultationwithpa servicesandinformationtopa c clinics,andschools.Trai nerships.” The curriculum help Thecurriculum nerships.”

nities, recognition of child ab ofchild recognition nities, rver?pagename=ter_trng_pcan www.healthysteps.org (Illinois) provides trainingandtechnical assistance and resource needs and tobuildcommunities

wasinitiatedby The Commonwealth Fund and co- oach isto help child care providersbuild Help MeGrow include trainingon child t andHead Startprograms, aswellannual gular contact withchildren and families, Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping promote positive parenting and healthy social- developmentaldelays,supportforchildrenand reds of other early childhood professionals. e initiativefocuses on linking familieswithreso strategies intheirprog ms; and astatewidesystem ofreferraland specialists; strength ican Academy of Pediatrics, and medicalcare lum on “Preventing ChildAbuseand rticipants from governmental, twork inConnecticut, helps providers

rents of young childreninthe ners promote collaboration s trainers prepare child care use andneglect,language resources, and

ening relationships increasing thetime rams to preventchild rams urces toidentifyand connect with

3-3 Actions & Examples communication. plans clearly delineate roles andresponsibil States andcountiesinvestin http://www.nccp.o Healthy Babies program) need moreinte staff of county and community-based organi community aware of child abuse prevention, to improveserviceschildren andfamilies.TheCouncils’ spectrum of child abuse prevention profession youth with an array of interventions to improve school attendance, academic achievement, referrals toidentifyyouths under age 10 who annual conference and quarterly newsletter,“Tog prevention for public officials, Decision-Making to becomethecoreprovidersif child care,mentalhealth,andTANF programs. Ithas arranged outreach team involving many age Although the lead agency is the mental health health, substance abuse, domestic violence, and partnerships that linkthe early childhood communi treatment. CUPSbuildsonregional earlych early childhoodmental the nation’sfirststatewide Project (CUPS) www.aecf.org/Home/MajorInitiativ development and fortransi innovations intheirfostercaresystems. communities withtechnical assi promote networking amongorgani support services. behaviordevelopment or can accessprofessional the Children’sTrustFund,United coordination. Withone phone ca state Departmentof Education), a health provid the Young Families Initiative. the YoungFamiliesInitiative. two statewidechildabuse preven operateinmostCalifornia Councils counties tobringChild AbusePrevention awide All Children Excel (ACE)inRamseyCounty, MN relies Child Abuse Iowa Prevent As partofCalifornia’s redesignofitschildwe Funded with a Children'sMental Foundation'sE. Casey The Annie http://www.ct.gov/ctf/cwp rg/pub_cwr00h.html , Vermont’ssystemof behavioral suppor processes forcase planning and monitori tional coststhataccele www.pcaiowa.org strategic planningacrosssector professionals, themedia,and general public. Through an stance and funding to help with planning and implementing familiesbeingserved by visitors(through home Vermont's

Health Services grant, the isaninformation clearing tion programs,theIowaChild Way/Infoline,ConnecticutBi ncies. CUPS hasseeded training ll tothe ChildDevelopment Infoli es/Family%20to%20Family.aspx Family toFamilyInitiative provides states and zations, andadvocate for child

TheFoundation’ support includes funds for nsive servicestomeet complex needs. zations and established multi-disciplinary /view.asp?a=1786&q=296676 ildhood planning networks by promoting new provide professional support and training, Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping agency, CUPS issupported by a state-level ities andestablishmechanisms foron-going are committing delinquent acts. ACE linksthe als, communitymembers, andparents together lfare systems,pilotcountie

er or parent with concernschild’s parent about a er or child health agencies, as wellparents. etherPrevention,” for assistance andadataba assistance rate systemchange. health initiative.It ty with planners and providersfrommental house on child abuse and its ts foryoung children and families,is main functionsareto make the Children's Upstream on police reports and community ng and administrative oversight. rth to ThreeSystem, andthe for mental health professionals Abuse Prevention Program and s andjurisdictions.Action

abuseprevention issues. for staff of family support, support, family of staff for ne (a collaborative effort of includes prevention and The initiativemanages se ofcommunity-based

s designedtrainingfor Team 3-4 Actions & Examples intentionally andallocate resources us experience withfamilies andcommunitych care andcapacity areestablished tomeet families engage inservices andsupports based on theirindividual needs, thesystem of based onsoliddataabout theneedsandinte Community coalitionstargetresources, information systems thattrackfamilyneedsandprogress servicesexists,basedon C. Adequatecapacitytoprovide

www.friendsnrc.org community-based childabuse prevention prog Treatment Act,providesfederal fundstoalead (CBCAP) programs. CBCAP, authorized by technical assistanceto state leadagencies community infrastructure. Ascommunity coalit families can be usedtoproject the need for spec database collects informationabou 1 familiestoaugmentthedatacollected by childwelfare agencies.TheContraCostaCounty Services, isapartnership of si forChildrenand Administration a clientsatisfactionsurveyfo from community-based service providers who work www.co.ramsey.mn.us/ph/yas/ace.htm agency can require parents to participate or abuse treatment,jobtraining, employment op managers also help parents obtain mental health on building theyouth’sresilien risk areassignedafamily case manager. The assessment involving competence,social andconnections withpro-socia promote positive outcomes. Thissystem of care responses and“Path I families,”th substance abuse services. improve capacity to provide health care, earl public health outreach efforts, selectac may helpcommunity organizations live the demographiccharacteristics offamilies referre among similarfamilieswho are notreported toch Several pilotcountiesinCaliforni The Friends NationalResourceCenter

police, schools,and community-based r participatingfamilies.Meaningfulinformation about Path I x organizations that , home visiting). A betterunder home visiting). , cy, andtheymeetweekly unt

Families withintheU.S.Depa ey are likely toidentifystreng a have developed independent da t familystrengths,needs,se

ing meaningful estimates ofneed. for Community BasedCh design service capacit apredictablelevelofdemand basedon remove thechildfromhomeif necessary. y childhood,after-schoo Title IIofthe Child Abuse Prevention and Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping case manager establishes portunities, andhousing. Thechildwelfare aracteristics. Decision makers plan rests of“screened out”families. Although rams and activities ineachstate. tivities (e.g., block parties, adulteducation ions become experience counseling, parenting-skills training,substance , aserviceofthe Children's Bureau agency designated bythe governor to support ific services andresultinamoreresponsive may,inturn,reduce work together to provide trainingand d to Path I or geo-co ild welfaresystems.Forexample,analyzing l adultsandpeers. Af with thefamily. The county isdeveloping organizations, youthdeemed at high il theyouthturns 18. Case rtment ofHealthandHuman standing of families’ needsmay rvices received,andfeedback ths andgapsin their abilityto y, andbuildlinkages ta trackingsystemsforPath ild Abuse Prevention ild Abuse l, mentalhealth, and a treatment plan focused child abuse and neglect ding where the families ding wherethe d withdifferential ter anintensiverisk

3-5 Actions & Examples who are developmentally at-risk, www.dfps.state.tx.us/Documents/Prevention_an as families through parent activities such ed recommends improvementstothe awareness campaigns,lifeskills development,cr counties andthe stateas a whole. contains more than150regional indicators (e.g., maps,charts,graphs,detailedreports,su non-profit services. Acting as adataintermed measurable data onsocial and change. The CSPC informationsystemwasdeve and public agencies, theCSPC gi disseminates information on human services. By and offerstechnical assistance on human se studies ofunmet needsand develops programs to consumers, community leaders, andother Sacramento area residents.The council conducts National NeighborhoodIndicators Partnership differences in child developmen socio-economic date, andinformation about comm development and monitor changes overtime.The identify and understand the their families.UsingtheEDItomap scho children to help communities assesshow well they are doing insupportingyoung children and Learning Partnership uses the aim toprevent childabuse and neglect prevention created aninventory of policies, programs,andac http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca of childrenwhoarereadyforschool. Inventory.pdf www.communitycouncil.o Los Angeles County,” onICAN highlights data members’ services. and accountability withinandacross prevent child abuse andneglect. County isin charge of data analysis andrepo The The The The Interagency Coordinating Council forBuilding HealthyInteragency Coordinating Families onChild Interagency Council Abuseand Neglect (ICAN) Community Services Planning Council Community Planning Services ECD Mapping Project ECD Mapping

rg/indexa.html influence of socio-economic and community factors on child Early Development Instrument (EDI) to examine populations of economic indicatorsanddescriptive informationon public and /mapping/mapping_aboutedi.htm t, where children andfamilies Aspecialcommittee meets monthly to facilitate datasharing implementedinBritishColumb ves localpolicymakersa public vo andwhich communities have la www2.urban.org/nnip policies ofstateagenciesthatpromote andfoster healthy agencies. An “The StateofChildannual report, Abusein

rvices issues; and collects, classifies,and rvices issues;andcollects, ucation andtraining,ho from stateagencies,now available for seven rting for anetworkofstakeholdersworkingto Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ol readinessofchildrenacrossBC,theycan iary, the CSPC provides mmary analyses).TheCSPCinformationsystem isis services, andfamilysupportgroups. isis services, d_Early_Intervention loped to provide a central clearinghouse for engaging community organizations, residents, tivities undertaken by11 tivities meet those needs; evaluates human servicesthose needs; meetevaluateshuman andprovideearlyinte project produces maps that “plot” EDI data, unity assets/resources revealingimportant (Sacramento, CA), a partner in the /desc_sac.html; , isaforumforservice providers, live, where there are children live, where ia, Canada by the Human Early rge differences inthenumber ice and actsas a catalyst for me visitation,public ican.co.la.ca.us /pdf/2006-06-01_ICC- data invariousformats

rvention. stateagenciesthat inLosAngeles

The council (Texas) 3-6 Actions & Examples • • MEASURES communication andproblem solving (Kalil, 2003). family beliefsystems, includingreligiousbeliefs change withtimeandcircumstan Parental psychology plays a crucia SIGNIFICANCE • safe, caring relationship (Horton, 2003). family resiliencyisthecapacity Resilience istheabilitytoovercome DEFINITION 1. Parentalresilience(Parentfunctioning) most important.Research on parent’s personal developmental historyand ps Although researchers agree that parents maltreat and solveproblemscollabo They communicate clearly,consistently, and truthfu they are flexible,connected, and able to make on life and grounding their experience within tran typicallytrytomakemeaning Resilient families ou communication processes (Daro, 2002). factors promote thistype of familyresiliency: stressors thatcould have ledthemto continue not maltreattheir ownoffspring.These parents Studies have also found, however, thatthe majori low-incomesample mothers in a comparable childhood. Maltreatingmothers have have twic approximately 70% of maltreating parents werea

Parents freeofissuesthatnegativelyimpactpare (coping) skills greate Parents withlessstress, ersin n oetcvoec. depression, anddomesticviolence. Parents with high level of efficacy, includingcapacitytoseek help Services and Supports Services andSupports Indicators ratively. Research findings suggest intergenerational patte to empathize with oneself andwith ces. Importantdimensionsof l rolein the causesandpreventi r competence in managing stress,greaterangermanagement adversity. Itisadynamicproc : Identified FamiliesAccess : Identified (Horton, 2003). ; andcoping strategies, including patterns of family belief systems,or use of extended kin and community resources. ychological resources are consideredamongthe e the rate ofdepression of non-maltreating the cycle of abuse and neglect. Three setsof Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping developed the abilityto overcome challenges and bused and/or neglected by theirown parents in theirchildrenfor multip ty of parents who were maltreatedaschildrendo t of adversity by mainta by t ofadversity scendent orspiritualbe lly with others. They nting, including substanc rns ofchildmaltreatment estimatesthat that themostimportantfactorfor resilience are familycohesion; on of child abuse and neglect. abuse andneglect. child on of others through themediumof a ess, notastatic trait, andmay ganizational patterns,and ining a positive outlook liefs. Organizationally, express emotions openly le, complexreasons, a e abuse,symptomsof

3-7 Indicators distrust. dependentare more on othersandha contrast, assistance characterizetherela Beeman (1997) foundthat trust, reciprocity,flexibility,anda whether they can trust other parentsto enfo violating the norms. Parents who do not have childrearing issueswiththemand When parents have positive social tiestothe pa childcare (PCAN, 2007). resources suchasemotionalsuppor daily lives.In particular, they give familiesextraaccesstoimport informal supports thathelp parents cope effect embody pro-social,child-friendly Social connections may be very important ifthey kin, few adults inthe household), arerisk and opportunities, pursuegoalsand service providers, andpublic bene up an individual’ssocialnetwork. guidance to parents. Informal connections, such Social connections include informal DEFINITION 2. Strong socialconnections • • MEASURES needed. A lack of social connections, and SIGNIFICANCE

Parents areconnected to community soci future) emotional and/or instrumental support when needed identify peoplecan whohave providedParents tionships of non-neglecting moth Formal connections, such as pe low levels ofcontactwithothers (e.g.,reducedinteractionswith values. Positive socialconnections strengthen the web of establish abaselineofsharedstan fit systems,offeropportunitiesfo and formal contactsthat offer t, materialaid,neededinformat interests otherthanparenting, factors for child maltreatmentand neglect. rce the same standard same the rce al institutions, services,and al institutions, supports these social connections, however, don’t know ively of with thestresses ve relationshipscharac rents of their children’sfr asfamily, neighbors, andcommunity groups, make Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping are positive, trusting,reci (and can be counted on to provide in the balance ofindependenceandmutual ers. Neglectingmothers, in ant psychologicalandinstrumental diatricians, child careand human support, modeling,assistance,or r parents to identifyconcerns ion, jobreferrals,andhelp with and seek additionalhelpwhen and s (Horton, 2003).s dards, aswellsanctionsfor terized by conflict and child rearing and their rearing and child iends, theycandiscuss procal, andflexible

3-8 Indicators Families responddifferently discipline accordingly(Hildyard &Wolfe,2002). developmental stagesand needs toabuseorneglecttheir child will belesslikely ch vulnerable familiesunderstand Parent education programs to prevent child maltreat (Hildyard &Wolfe,2002). parental nurturing isathreat tohealthy growth neglect often correlates to a lack of lack to a neglect oftencorrelates withmaltre Mental healthprofessionalswhowork SIGNIFICANCE • extended therapeuticsupporttomakeus find it,orbeableto apply info services they need. Other maynot recognize families when they recogn functional families knowledge, and abilitytointernalize a given typeoflearning. • • • MEASURES monitoring. expectations is likelytoinfluence behavior at each stage of development. Kn “Parenting skills” referstoskillsnecessaryfor pa DEFINITION parenting 3. Knowledge ofchilddevelopmentanddemonstratedskillin

Parents engage in appropriate play with play appropriate in engage Parents Parents establishandmaintainpr Parents use positive, age-appro child(ren) Parents have realistic expectations of young child

ize their limitations withregardtoch ize theirlimitations to interventions depend rmation without support. Highly rmation withoutsupport. are lessprone to use corporal punishment and can adjust ild development andeffectivechild ild management techniquesthey child-rearing practices, suchas pr priate disciplinarypractices understanding of basicchilddeve edictable, age-appropriatedaily e of parenting guidance (Daro, 2002). owledge abouttypicalde their childorchildrenonaregularbasis ren. Parents whounderstandtheirchildren’s , neglect poses ahighri Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping rents to effectively nurt ating parents have observed that childabuse and ing on their level of psychological health,self- ment are based on the beliefthat ifparents in ren and applythemto interactionswiththeir Some vulnerable but relatively Some vulnerable ild rearing and secure utilize the dysfunctional fam need assistance,knowhowto aise, discipline, limit setting,and aise, discipline,limit routines for theirchild(ren) velopment and realistic lopment. Given that alack of sk tochilddevelopment ure andmanagechildren’s ilies usually need

3-9 Indicators • • are highlycorrelatedboth wi child maltreatment.Riskfactorssuchas unemplo poverty—especially intimesofcrisisorintens child abuseandneglect. Basic thathelpfamiliescopewi supports Research demonstrates that family poverty isth SIGNIFICANCE • substance abusetreatment progra for rent,warm clothing,respitecare) and/or acce • • accessible, adequately funded, etc.): maximize healthy family functioning (assuming that Parents access health,housing, childcare, otherfood, and basicservices and MEASURES care, nutrition).Theymayinvo Basic supports areservices that helpparentscare DEFINITION to obtain helpandsupportas (Parents arehelpedandsupported 4. Basicsupportsandservices

involved indomesticviol Parents with drug abuse or me Parents identifyanduse appropriate child care Pregnant women receive appropriate pre-natal ca Children and families have heal Parents identifyand use a consistent medica ence receive assistance th childmaltreatment and with poverty (Horton, 2003). lve thetemporary provision of ba ms, mental health services). ntal health problemsreceive th carecoverage/insurance needed) ified need—playanimport used byfamiliesasneeded Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping e strongestfactorknown l homeforthemselves ss to needed behavioral health services(e.g., yment, inadequate housing, and substance abuse for theirchildren(e.g.,hous high-quality servicesand supports areavailable, re and have positive childbearing experiences tonegotiatethe systemand effective treatment; families effective treatment; sic material needs(e.g.,money th the with stressesassociated and their children ant roleinpreventing to be correlated with supports asneededto ing, health care, childing, health

3-10 Indicators positively associatedwithch Parents’ perceptions of themselves ascapable of 2002) et.al,2003;Chase-Lansdale& Pittman, 2002;Hildyard&Wolfe, Stillman opportunity for warm,close, and parents. Several studieshave shown that childre supervision and worserelationshipswiththeirparentsthanth interact withtheir child(ren).Childrenin si The relationship between amother and father, whether married for children todevelop communication skills andself-control. (Molfese, 1997; Knitzer, 2000) are an opportunity for parents toteach children social behaviors such assharing and waiting and can helpease transitions between decrease behavioral security, comfort,andcontrol to routines enforced byparents (e.g.,consistent One componentof apositivehome A positive home environment predictsdesirable co abuse, mental illness, ordomest such as inadequateincome, unemp Children are most atriskofmaltreatmentifth SIGNIFICANCE • • • • • • MEASURES physical setting, parents’ health andwell-being, and the presence of routinesandstructure. “Family environment” referstocharacteristics of DEFINITION 5. Familyenvironment

Parents establishappropriate boundariesfor Mothers have children born mo Children havestable,secureadultrela primary caretakers) during past five years Family has had lowmobility(mov Non-custodial parents notliving in the home have regular contact with child(ren) Families have at leasttwosupportive adultsinthehousehold conflicts byenabling young ildren’s socialandacademic fu ic violence.(Knitzer,2000) children and help them develop enduring relationship different activitiesand loyment, inadequate housing, emotional stress,drugor alcohol environment isparental stru re than two years apart(i ed fewer thantwotimes)andlowturbulence(changesin tionships withparent or other adult ngle-parent homes tend to have lessparental bedtimes and mealtimes) can provide a sense of canmealtimes) providea bedtimes and eir familiesareoverwhelmedby multiple problems Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping children to anticipate wh copingsuccessfully wi n are most likelyto thrive when they have the the home thatinfluence children, including the the children andadultsintheirlives gnitive andsocialdevelopment among children. s withboth of their parents. (Susman- nctioning. (Horton, 2003) ntentional childspacing) eir counterpartswithmarried cture. Regular, consistent or not,influences how they both self-confidence. Routines can caretakers. Routine interactions th life’sproblemsare at will happennextand

3-11 Indicators • • INGREDIENTS: Effectivecoordination among publicagencies specific strategiesorprograms. for thePreventionofChildAbuseandNeglect These cross-cutting KeyIngredientsaresumm categorized asfollows: thata Key IngredientsofEffectiveness whether theyareprovided. interventions areimplemented andhowserv effective inhelpingtoprevent child a Key Ingredientsaretheunderlyingelements that make certainservicesandsupports • • Coordinated case management. Staff from variou plans forthesamechildren and families.Coordinated case ma can helpresolveproblems families toneededsupports and of children’sandfamilies’needs.Thisinform agencies, common intake and asse Staff cross-training. Cross-training staff from • • • • • • • • needs. information and referra Automated Common intakeandassessmentform Information and tracking system re roles and improve understandingof expertise, in servicedeliveryapproaches,andde Funding Sustainability Community EngagementandSocialNetworks Connections toandacrossServicesSupports Results Orientation Effective Management High Quality Accessibility AccessServicesandSupports Ingredients: IdentifiedFamilies before theyescalate. services at theearliestmoment s. Suchsystems can improve coordination between agencies. ssment formscanleadtomore l directories alsoassiststa l directories s. Byintegrating the info velop commonintervention strategies. buse andneglect.Theymatter becausehow pply toallelements ofthePathway are Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ation can enable staff multiple agencies can he multiple agenciescan ices areprovided areasimportant as arized inthe OverviewtothePathway . EachgoalcontainsKeyIngredientsfor sponsibilities, overcome sponsibilities, s agencies areinvolved indevelopingservice ff whose clients havemultiple nagement can help toinvolve rmation collectedbyvarious possible. Earlyinterventions comprehensive identification to connect children and to connectchildren lp addressgapsinstaff

resistance to changes resistance to

3-12 IngredientsIndicators • • • • • Excerpts from:Szekely,A.(2005) Developing aComprehens INGREDIENTS: Effectivepreventionefforts • • •

to setthe bar unrealistically high. Accept that someAcceptthat parentsmaynotparticipat community beforedeveloping new programs. Ensure that existing programs have necessar abuse prevention programs. Establish significant partnerships between local Recognize that prevention will be framework. Avoid oversimplifyingthe work ofprevention; expertise, resources,and funding across agenci comprehensive and coordinated se Co-located staff.Co-location involves placin For example, the same agency could oversee both several services,effectively making severalagenc coordinated use of funds for comprehensive services. regulations todetermineifthere areplaces services andtypes of servicessupported. State policymakers canexamine requirementsand to federalfundingstreams,manyother fundersgi regulations thatimpede Althoughcollaboration. states must co make categorical fundsmore flexible by removi into one funding pool tosupport statewide system Another strategy,typically used atthe stateand the administeringagency carefully tracks and ac the components of comprehensive services.C strategy, commonlyreferredtoas “braiding,”involves aligning and servicesaccessibleat ensurelocation canthat help same location (e.g.,placing substance abuse tr Integrated administration. Stat wrap multiplecategorical fund streams inmoresynchronizedand flexible ways.One of the Coordinating funding streams.Interagency co http://www.financeproject.org/publications/childabuseSB.pdf Strategies for StateandLocalPolicymakers.Washin onecentrallocation. clients receivea continuum of care by making various supports ing streamstogether tofund es orlocalities maychoose to successful inmanysituations, but not all.It’simportant not t ofservices andsupports. gton DC:The Finance Project.Availableonlineat: wherestate regulations are impedingthe Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping y supports and are well- e inor benefit from prevention programs. g offices orstafffrom various agencies atthe ive Approach toChildAbuseandNeglect Prevention: eatment staffinchildwelfareoffices). Co- llaborationmay entailus recognize theimportance of an ecological es, whichensuresthatclientsreceiveamore lients experienceseamlessservicedeliveryand child protectiveservice agencies andlocal child ng, reducing,or aligni counts for the use of each funding stream.

ies accountable tothesame governing agency. county level,istoblend flexible potsofmoney ve statesflexibilityin childwelfareandsubstance abuse services. s reform.Anotherstate-levelstrategyisto comprehensive services.This integrate administration for most commonstrategiesisto separate fundingstreamswith nform toregulationsattached integrated intothe ng requirements and and ng requirements ing discrete funding terms ofeligibilityfor

3-13 IngredientsIndicators back. Excerpts from:Daro,D.&Cohn Donnelly, A. • prevention. Work tocreatethe political Child Abuse &Neglect, 26 , 2, 731-742. Available at will neededformeaningful legislative reformsthatpromote (2002). Charting thewavesofprevention: Twostepsforward, onestep http://www.chapinhall.org/art Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping icle_abstract.aspx?ar=1438

3-14 IngredientsIndicators harsh punishments orepisodesof anxiety, exploratory behavior, negat negative ways. of children’sabilities and assessthei behaviorinexcessively r children’s Adults whophysically abuse childrentypi 2003). promotingand child of abuseandneglect, signs supportive relationshipswithfa High-quality early care and education programs help to prevent child abuse and neglect by building ther earlywhen positioned tointervene institutional contact formanyfamilieswith young children, sotheyarewell- only consistent,daily and educationprogramsarethepointof Early care that pr and understanding between formal andinformal learningmay be especi apply and reinforce positive parenting principlesinan ongoing, everyday context. Thesynergy programs can combine formal education and support with informal “teachable moments” that programs. Thus ECE programs may be well-suitedto support parenting education efforts. ECE high-qua andwith with eachother Strong parentingeducationprograms associated withsecondaryprevention parents withschool-age children offer a more local schools and pediatric healthservices.Atscho and institutions alreadyhavecontact. withwhichparents Efforts tomakeiteasierforparentsgethelpshouldbuildonthesystems services insteadof conducting a traditio worker helps the family assess harm tothe child isminimal(asdeterminedby intensive, high-riskcases families in a lessinvasive waywhilealso most saving resourcesforthe assumption thatchildwelfareagenc responseapproachto The alternative Commonstressesofchildrearing,su Access ServicesandSupports Rationale otects against child maltre strengths, determineneeds, andobtain appropriate community milies, observingchild (Zielewski,2006).In alternative responsesystems,iftheriskof abuse(Reppucci,etal.,1997). ivism, poor appetite, orresistan efforts(Daro&Donnelly,2002). : IdentifiedFamilies nal caseinvestigatio lity early childhood education(ECE) ies can protect childrenandsupport ies can universal levelofsupp ren’s socialand emotional development (Kagan, frequently usedscreeningtools) achildwelfare child is basedprotection on an Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping share severalstreng e isariskofchildabuseand neglect. ols, primary prevention st cally haveinappropriateexpectations atment (Horton, 2003). ally effective at building theparentalknowledge ren carefully,respondi ch ascolic,nightwaking,separation n. (Bremond, 2006) ce totoilettrainingmaytrigger ort withoutthe stigma Twosuch systems are ths andresources ng toearlywarning rategies thattargetall

3-15 Rationale and fosterpredictable,responsive parents. The program strives toprevent maltreatment by helping parents resolveabusive histories from anawareness of post-neonatalintensive the needsof“medicallyfragile” children from so The Parenting PartnershipProgram in Tacoma, WAis a home visitationprog other activitiesoutsidethe home, al Limited availabilityanduse of ch levels ofcontactand communicat especially, neglect.(“Socialisol interaction with kin or fewer adultsinthe househ Several studieshavedemonstrated emergency hotlines (ChildandFamily 6,600 familiesforcommunityre augmenting the capacity of commu available tofamiliesbefore problems became Several counties inCalifornia pilo 2006). substantiated (Zielewski, families thathave a traditionalcaseinvestigation, System discoveredthatservices of data analysis Services’of HealthandHuman concluding that theapproachcr the approach. Areview of Minnesota's altern effect on safety, responsetime, Carolina’s multiple study ofNorth A Florida suggests(Horton, 2003). basic child-rearing concerns, research by theChild programs that workthrough important psycholog Therefore, highly stressedparentswho were not time understanding or accepting the fact that Parents who did nothavesufficient love and supp as amajor obstacle(James Bell Associates, 2006). evaluation ofthe Early Head Start first attempttomakecontact,wi referred bythe county’ssocialservic differential responseprograminAlameda County engaging families inservices an A major challenge toimprovingfa

Services andSupports Evidence d keepingthem involved over time.Another Road toSuccess,a ation” isdefinedasalackofin sponse andreducedthenumber of families re-referred to eates more responsiveandengaged or casedecision-making andthat ild care, and limitedopportunities are morefrequently provided to th an average of six attempts perfamily (Bremond, 2006). An ion with others, and a prolonged absence of intimate ties.) ted a differential response program to expand the services milies’ skills, conditions,andchoi milies’ skills, care fortheirsickinfants,increase problem-solving skills,and Child WelfareInitiativealsoidenti nity-based organizations, thep that factorsassociatedwithsoci so are riskfactors (Seagull, 1987). response systemfound that itappeared to have no harmful es agency in 2004-05. It took : IdentifiedFamiliesAccess Policy Instituteof California, 2006). infants and young children depend on them. crises. With veryfewadditionalresources ative response system found similar results, ative responsesystemfoundsimilarresults, care unit support forisolated and unprepared from the National ChildAbuseand Neglect Data Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping cially vulnerable families.The program evolved possiblybecausesomein (CA), attempted contactwith 1,273 clients ort intheirown childhoods often have a hard old, areriskfactorsforchildmaltreatmentand, well-nurtured aschildren ical and emotional barriers before addressing Abuse Prevention Project atthe University of tegration intosocialnetworks,low ilot counties referred morethan families respondedpositivelyto alternative respon forrespitefromparentingand ces comes from the difficultyof an average of 12 daysfrom the al isolation, suchasreduced families. TheU.S.Department fied lackoffamilyparticipation vestigated casesare not may benefit mostfrom ram designed tomeet se familiesthan

3-16 Evidence support servicestoparents of high-m group meetingsforthefirstthreeyearsof ch alleviate socialisolation.Pare nts receive weekly home visits and participateinmonthlysupport receive weeklyhome visits nts edical-needs children. (Thacker, 2003) Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ild’s life.Programaddre sses agap in follow-up

3-17 Evidence GOAL

Families Are Free From Substance Abuse and Mental Illness

High quality, accessible Coordination among public family-centered treatment systems that encounter services for substance abuse families struggling with and mental illness addiction, mental illness, and domestic violence

Actions Examples Indicators Ingredients Rationale Evidence specifi c strategies, program and measures for elements of research-based research activities, or steps policy initiatives targeting and how actions are reasons to documenting GOAL taken to impact illustrating monitoring the implemented believe that that identifi ed the quality and how actions impact of actions that make them identifi ed actions actions contribute capacity of local have worked and documenting effective are likely to to achieving the services and elsewhere progress toward contribute to targeted outcome supports, the the outcome the desired or conditions availability of outcome that lead to the resources, or the outcome policy contexts that contribute to the outcome

program. children, and integrate educa attention tothecircumstances ofclients withchildren,minimize separationfrom Outpatient and residential treatment services for substanceabuseandmentalillness A. High-quality,accessible,family-centeredtreatment services public assistance.Familiesrece psychiatric andothermedicalcosts,promotepositiveparenting, reduce dependence on treatment facilities. reallocated $15millionfromprison attend substance abuse or parenting programs Program Act Family Reclaim Seven Cal-SAHF programs are funded by a combin a childdevelopmentspecialist, and as needed. teamsincludealicen Multidisciplinary meetings for parents and children health and developmentaloutcomes mental health.It provides acombination of basic and supportive serv serves familieswithmultiple,complex needs relatedtosubstance California Safe andHealthy Families(Cal-SAHF with familyresource centers. Treatment Act)and statefunds. Youth Development Center, High provided by partnership. Another Oakland-based collaborative Reclaim isa voluntary program that offers them intensive case management, and substance abus substance-abusing familiesnurture theirchildren.Servicesincl mission istocreatea collaboration community of families, addresses thedualimpactofs www.fssba-oak.org treatment programat In California,the Families in Recovery St RecoveryFamilies in allowsoffenders who are pregnant and mothersof children under agesixto From SubstanceAbuseandMentalIllness Actions withExamples Pregnant and Parenting Women’s Alternative Sentencing Sentencing Women’sAlternative Pregnant andParenting , (Oakland,CA)isa community-based www.caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/pen/1174-1174.9.html www.ebcrp.org/pride.php Project Pride tion aboutparentingandch ubstance abuse andchildneglect casrc.org/projects/c ive individualized home visits Many incorporate intensive case management and arelinked

, helpwith childcareandtransportation, and other supports land Hospital,andChildren’s ProtectiveServicesthat a childcareaide;theyworkwith construction fundstobuild , reducetheneedforchildwe , a division of East Bay Community Recovery Project. aying Together(FIRST) Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping for substance abuse andmental illness pay instead of being incarcerated. Legislators

e treatment, andrespit culturally-sensitiveco sed clinical socialworker orregistered nurse, ompleted/calshf.htm ation of federal (Child is integratinginfant mentalhealthservices collaboration among the EastOakland : FamiliesAreFree leaders, andagenciesto help ) isa home visitingprogram that supplementedbyweekly group ild development intothe ude child protective services, on children and families.The three residential mother-child three residential abuse, domesticviolence, and lfare interventions, decrease 20to 25 familiesatatime. ices toimprovechild ncrete assistance in ncrete assistance

e childcare.Family intoaresidentialdrug AbusePrevention and

4-1 Actions & Examples stop usingalcoholorother review, coordinate careoverti health, mental health,homelessness, domestic Systems andinstitutionsthatencounter fam struggling withaddiction,mentalillness, anddomesticviolence B. Coordinationamongpublic www.jhsph.edu/preventyouthvi universal interventions, targeted mental health,anddomestic violence staff. the mostat-risk familiesandch welfare-related moneytopromot fathers andmothers affected bysubstance abuse, trea parents) withprevention, into substance abuse and mental health settings; ofearly skills childhood staffto help multi-need families; (3)integrate family-focused services build astatewide systemof behavioral supports designed for Native American tr Foundation. Sites includeprimary health care Violence,Baltimore Ci Prevention ofYouth and seriousmental health issues.Itisa co development of children up toage seven who are model withoutreachand ho Canada) Toronto, Breaking theCycle(BTC; the treatment model. history ofsubstance abuse, with therapeutic childdevelopment site OperationPARprovidesoutpatient services between the children ofsubstance abusers andth to interrupt multi-generational therapeutic preschool for children whose mothers liveatPARVill children. Children receiveservicesatth treatment model thatprovides upto 18 months Operation PAR individuals impacted by substance abuseandment to “strengt counties aspartofitsmission enhancing themother’srelation services, homevisitation,health agencies offer integrated interven treatment program for pregnanct and parenting women who abuse substances. Seven partner food, transportation, and clothing) and pregna service coordination, mental health counseling, child care, support for basic needs (including Starting EarlySmart(SESS)operates in 12sitesto support the healthy

(Parental Awareness www.operationpar.org/about.htm drugs andmay experienceintenseemotions, which can me visitingcomponents. tment, and support services;(5)addresstheneedsof both me. Theyaddressthewithdr chemical dependency and decr and chemicaldependency olence/Community/SESS.html ildren; and (7) unify TANF, earl and medical care,addictionco ships, deliveringara familyandchildsupport stra ibes andchildreninfostercare tions, including parent-child ps e integrated behavioral and ch e PAR VillageDevelopmen hen our communitiesby llaboration of the Johns Hopkins Center forthe systems thatencounterfamilies SESS’ practice segment includes stafftraining, ty HeadStart,andthe Marguerite Casey Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ilies, includingthose thatdealwith public ncy outreach. BTC fo settings, earlychildhood programs,and programs and Responsibility) for young children and families;(2) for youngchildrenincrease of residential forwomenandtheir treatment violence,lawenforcement, andjudicial topregnant and parenting women who have a (4) connect “child only” cases (not livingwith violence, and mental health issues;(6) use eir peers. Ataseparate,community-based al illness.”PAR Village affected by alcohol, othersubstance abuse, nge ofservicesthro www.breakingthecycle.ca is anearly-identifica

tegies, andclinicalservices. ease the developmental gaps y childhood,subs unseling, case management and awal effectsforparentswho . SESS’strategiesareto:(1) interventions integrated into ychotherapy, child development ild developmentservices for age. The center’s goalsare caring for families and caring forfamilies tal Center, alicensed cuses on building and servesfour Florida ugh asingle-access houses aninnovative tion, prevention, and

tance abuse,

4-2 Actions & Examples parents. and offerintensiveparentingpreventi should validate participants’feelings, members withresources, including direct increase the chanceofchild abuse orneglec www.cachildwelfareclearinghou Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. by SAMHSA, it isbeing used by SAMHSA grant of the program have been used invarious setting parent whileexpanding his/her abilit parents re-establish strong connections with theirchildren.The focu to program help is designed the of their children’s experiences,milestones,andgrowth), periods of physical and/oremotio understand theirchildren. Recognizing that relationship. Itsgoalisto attachment relationship relationship withthe newborn infantas a of integrated “Interdisciplinary Service Teams” cons uses the Empathic Caremodel, affected by substance abuse andtheir young ch comprehensive primary care linkedwith home abuse specialist,aclinicalpsyc homelessness. Mothersmayalso have older ch women or withinfantswhohave a longhi program focuses onsubstance ab treatment and recoveryand mayha Recovery visitors), andapediatrician, including a clinical psychologi sexual abuse. Every family gets acounselor, aca www.nccp.org/media/cwr00h-text.pdf based setofprogramsfor families affectedby Exodus offers lifetime familyaftercareservices to othe services; connections young children(e.g.,therapeuticme on-site, enriched, childcare; Young children attenda child de (McLaren, 2006). Together they developasingleserv managers and family advocates, developmentalcons residential programsfortheirmoth The PROkids, offered by ConnecticutChildren’sMe Exodus (Compton, CA) combines safe housing with in SubstanceThe NurturingProgramforFamilies AbuseTreatmentand Abandoned InfantsAssistance Program (Solano County, CA) targetsparents of young children who are insubstance abuse www.ccmckids.org/research/data_center_projects.asp and ensuring the child’s safetyand enhance parents' self-awareness andthus theircapacity to promote positive infant mental st, asocialworker,infant mental health promoters (home r earlychildhood programs) ar hologist, achildpsychologist,an se.org/program/33/detailed a therapeutic12-pointinterven

velopment program or a therap use’s effectsonfamilies,pare nal unavailability (resultingin ers. Families typicallystayfr ice plan that integrates thegoal ve current or past mental he ve currentor pastmental y totransmitthisnurturance

emphasize accomplishment-based self-esteem, powerful motivator for accesstosupportive services.Services on education,aswellsupportforallnew the parent-child bond may be weakened by Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping substance abuse insouthcentralLosAngeles. t. Serviceprovidersreachotherfamily and ispart ofa comprehensive, community- visits, outreach, andadvocacymothersvisits, for ildren, newborn through age three. through PROkids newborn ildren, ees inthe FamilyStrengthening program atthe ildren with them.Staff include a substance se manager, and a child s. Selectedasapromisingpreventionprogram story of substance abuse and are at risk of substancerisk abusestory of and areat dical Center in Hartford,provides dical Center ultants, clinicalsupervisors, andthefamily. isting of pediatricians, substance abuse treatmentfor pregnant (Los Pasos,NM) has developedamodel

healthby strengthening the well-being. They use the mother’s use well-being. They e integrated intointensive d professionalswhodealwith nting, andthe parent-child gaps in the parents'knowledge tion. A team ofproviders, tion. A om 10 monthstotwoyears. eutic center; strategiesfor alth issues ortrauma.The ntal healthand developmental recovery and change to their children. Adaptations s ofallindividual disciplines. s ison nurturing the

development specialist. socialworkers,case 4-3 Actions & Examples families. influence andformeffective colla programs, battererintervention institutional normsthatperpetuate familyviolence.FVPF the FamilyViolencePrevention Fund creates viable strategiesforchanging thesocial and Excel), Building ontherecommendations the complexchallengeof part inaFederalintiativedesignedtochange the way courts andsocial servicesagencies handle research with survivors and acti experiencing domestic abuse and childmaltreatme guidelines, andtoolsforiden decisions are not madeinisolation. For familiesstrugglingwith chemic www.thegreenbook.info coordinated services tofamilies courts, anddomestic violence shelters toenab to 2 years. The program provides service coordi supportive counseling, court advo mothers and children who have been affected by to devisebetter servicedeliverysystems. protective services, domesticvi Policy andPractice,thegoal ofthe Initiative is Effective Intervention inDome neighbor, or a mental health orvocational counselor). home visitor,anearlychildh designates keymembers of its casemanagement network of informal supports, connecting mothers with 12-step programs). Each family home visiting/casemanagementwi keeping familiestogetherin safe have or are at riskof having asubstance abuse www.michigan.gov/dhs/0,1607,7-124- drug or alcohol treatment). network and linking up with othersocial services(such as medical,le creatingstable parent/csuch as a independent livingissues a domesticviolence serviceprogram.Familie a violence-free lifeforthemselves andtheir childre child protectionprobatiochild andadult process sothat they can in turn be a better www.chadwickcenter.org/programs.htm Project BEFORE (BridgingEmpowers Project BEFORE The The The The Michigan Families First: Domestic Violence CollaborationProject Family Fund Violence Prevention San Diego Children’s Hospital Family Violence Program San DiegoChildren’s HospitalFamilyViolenceProgram Initiative Santa ClaraCountyGreenbook basedinruralKansas,targ endabuse.org

such as housing, transportation, child helping families facing both domestic facing both helping families ood specialist, and one ortwo others (such as asupportive tifying, assessing,andinterv stic ViolenceandChildMaltre olence agencies, lawenforcement, and otherin the community ty. FamiliesFirstworkerswork vists, community organizing effort enduring child abuseanddomestic programs, childwelfareagencie borations and build partnerships to promote safe and healthy hild relationship;breakingisolat cacy, safety plan coordination, and parenting assistancefor up th individualized supportsto of the National Councilfor Ju al addiction, thisintegrated n servicestominimize re-victi ets young children under age si 5452_7124_7210-1

www.kidsincommon.org/greenbook/greenbook.html parent totheir children. The program integrates s First workers help with safety workers planning; s First Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping toincreasecollaborati le mothers to besupp to le mothers curriculumprovides practical information, or mental health problem. Services combined Families toOvercomeRisksand nation between childprotective services,the domestic violence. The program provides team, which typically includethe parent(s), the nt. Through projects th n inthe criticalweeksafterhaving contacted www.nccp.org/media/cwr00h-text.pdf ening withfamilieswhoare (CA) is one ofsix communities taking 5388--,00.html works withdomesticviolence atment Cases: Guidelinesfor violenceandchildmaltreatment. approach ensuresthattreatment care, budgeting; parentingissues families (e.g.,st with women seekingtosecure s and community organizers to and communityorganizers s venile FederalCourtJudges' ion by creating a socialsupport ion bycreatinga mization andmaximizesafety. s, andwork toengage fathers, x andtheircaregiverswho violence,withthegoal of orted intheirhealing on among courts, child on amongcourts, gal, mentalhealth, and

at includequalitative works with rengthening the provides

, 4-4 Actions & Examples

The Middle School and After School strategies School School andAfter The Middle health consultation,pare mental witness violencethroughacurri Oakland Early ChildhoodInitiati toimproveth related strategies www.safepassages.org maintaining safe,stimulating Safe Passages (Oakland, CA)a public-private partnership, hasdeveloped health- and safety-

environments in school and during out-of-school time. e quality andquantityofservic ve addressesthe needs of childrenbirth throughage5 who nt-infant psychotherapy, and outreach and public awareness. culum for service providers, a coordinatedservicesystem, Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping focus on violence prev onviolence focus es for children and youth. The ention amongyouthand 4-5 Actions & Examples • • MEASURES communication andproblem solving (Kalil, 2003). family beliefsystems, includingreligiousbeliefs change withtimeandcircumstan Parental psychology plays a crucia SIGNIFICANCE • safe, caring relationship (Horton, 2003). family resiliencyisthecapacity Resilience istheabilitytoovercome DEFINITION 1. Parentalresilience(Parentfunctioning) most important.Research on parent’s personal developmental historyand ps Although researchers agree that parents maltreat and solveproblemscollabo They communicate clearly,consistently, and truthfu they are flexible,connected, and able to make on life and grounding their experience within tran typicallytrytomakemeaning Resilient families ou communication processes (Daro, 2002). factors promote thistype of familyresiliency: stressors thatcould have ledthemto continue not maltreattheir ownoffspring.These parents Studies have also found, however, thatthe majori comparable low-income sa childhood. Maltreatingmothers have approximately 70% of maltreating parents werea

Parents arefree of issuesthatnegativelyim (coping) skills. Parents haveless greate stress, symptoms of depression, Parents demonstrateefficacy,including thecapacitytoseek help. Substance AbuseandMentalIllness Indicators mple (Horton, 2003). ratively. Research findings suggest and domesticviolence. intergenerational patte to empathize with oneself andwith ces. Importantdimensionsof l rolein the causesandpreventi r competence in managing stress,greaterangermanagement adversity. Itisadynamicproc twice therateof depression : FamiliesAreFreeFrom ; andcoping strategies, including patterns of family belief systems,or use of extended kin and community resources. ychological resources are consideredamongthe the cycle of abuse and neglect. Three setsof pact parenting, including substance abuse, Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping developed the abilityto overcome challenges and bused and/or neglected by theirown parents in theirchildrenfor multip ty of parents who were maltreatedaschildrendo t of adversity by mainta by t ofadversity scendent orspiritualbe lly with others. They

rns ofchildmaltreatment estimatesthat that themostimportantfactorfor resilience are familycohesion; on of child abuse and neglect. abuse andneglect. child on of others through themediumof a of non-maltreating mothersina ess, notastatic trait, andmay ganizational patterns,and ining a positive outlook liefs. Organizationally, express emotions openly le, complexreasons, a

4-6 Indicators distrust. dependentare more on othersandha contrast, assistance characterizetherela Beeman (1997) foundthat trust, reciprocity,flexibility,anda whether they can trust other parentsto enfo violating the norms. Parents who do not have childrearing issueswiththemand When parents have positive social tiestothe pa childcare (Prevent Child Abuse, 2007). resources suchasemotionalsuppor daily lives.In particular, they give familiesextraaccesstoimport informal supports thathelp parents cope effect embody pro-social,child-friendly Social connections may be very important ifthey kin, few adults inthe household), arerisk and opportunities, pursuegoalsand service providers, andpublic bene up an individual’ssocialnetwork. guidance to parents. Informal connections, such Social connections include informal DEFINITION 2. Strong socialconnections • • MEASURES needed. A lack of social connections, and SIGNIFICANCE

Parents areconnected to community soci future) emotional and/or instrumental support when needed identify peoplecan whohave providedParents tionships of non-neglecting moth Formal connections, such as pe low levels ofcontactwithothers (e.g.,reducedinteractionswith values. Positive socialconnections strengthen the web of establish abaselineofsharedstan fit systems,offeropportunitiesfo and formal contactsthat offer t, materialaid,neededinformat interests otherthanparenting, factors for child maltreatmentand neglect. rce the same standard same the rce al institutions, services,and al institutions, supports these social connections, however, don’t know ively of with thestresses ve relationshipscharac rents of their children’sfr asfamily, neighbors, andcommunity groups, make Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping are positive, trusting,reci (and can be counted on to provide in the balance ofindependenceandmutual ers. Neglectingmothers, in ant psychologicalandinstrumental diatricians, child careand human support, modeling,assistance,or r parents to identifyconcerns ion, jobreferrals,andhelp with and seek additionalhelpwhen and s (Horton, 2003).s dards, aswellsanctionsfor terized by conflict and child rearing and their rearing and child iends, theycandiscuss procal, andflexible

4-7 Indicators Families responddifferently discipline accordingly(Hildyard &Wolfe,2002). developmental stagesand needs toabuseorneglecttheir child will belesslikely ch vulnerable familiesunderstand Parent education programs to prevent child maltreat (Hildyard &Wolfe,2002). parental nurturing isathreat tohealthy growth neglect often correlates to a lack of lack to a neglect oftencorrelates withmaltre Mental healthprofessionalswhowork SIGNIFICANCE • extended therapeuticsupporttomakeus find it,orbeableto apply info services they need. Other maynot recognize families when they recogn functional families knowledge, and abilitytointernalize a given typeoflearning. • • • MEASURES monitoring. expectations is likelytoinfluence behavior at each stage of development. Kn “Parenting skills” referstoskillsnecessaryfor pa DEFINITION parenting 3. Knowledge ofchilddevelopmentanddemonstratedskillin

Parents engage in appropriate play with play appropriate in engage Parents Parents establishandmaintainpr Parents use positive, age-appro child(ren) Parents have realistic expectations of young child

ize their limitations withregardtoch ize theirlimitations to interventions depend rmation without support. Highly rmation withoutsupport. are lessprone to use corporal punishment and can adjust ild development andeffectivechild ild management techniquesthey child-rearing practices, suchas pr priate disciplinarypractices understanding of basicchilddeve edictable, age-appropriatedaily e of parenting guidance (Daro, 2002). owledge abouttypicalde their childorchildrenonaregularbasis ren. Parents whounderstandtheirchildren’s , neglect poses ahighri Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping rents to effectively nurt ating parents have observed that childabuse and ing on their level of psychological health,self- ment are based on the beliefthat ifparents in ren and applythemto interactionswiththeir Some vulnerable but relatively Some vulnerable ild rearing and secure utilize the dysfunctional fam need assistance,knowhowto aise, discipline, limit setting,and aise, discipline,limit routines for theirchild(ren) velopment and realistic lopment. Given that alack of sk tochilddevelopment ure andmanagechildren’s ilies usually need

4-8 Indicators are highlycorrelatedboth wi child maltreatment.Riskfactorssuchas unemplo poverty—especially intimesofcrisisorintens child abuseandneglect. Basic thathelpfamiliescopewi supports Research demonstrates that family poverty isth SIGNIFICANCE • • • • • accessible, adequately funded, etc.): maximize healthy family functioning (assuming that Parents access health,housing, childcare, otherfood, and basicservices and MEASURES substance abusetreatment progra for rent,warm clothing,respitecare) and/or acce care, nutrition).Theymayinvo Basic supports areservices that helpparentscare DEFINITION to obtain helpandsupportas (Parents arehelpedandsupported 4. Basicsupportsandservices involved indomesticviol Parents with drug abuse or me Parents identifyanduse appropriate child care Pregnant women receive appropriate pre-natal ca Children and families have heal themselves andtheirchildren Parents and use aconsistentmedicalprovider ence receive assistance th childmaltreatment and with poverty (Horton, 2003). lve thetemporary provision of ba ms, mental health services). ntal health problemsreceive th carecoverage/insurance needed) ified need—playanimport used byfamiliesasneeded e strongestfactorknown Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ss to needed behavioral health services(e.g., yment, inadequate housing, and substance abuse orhave an identifiedmedical home for for theirchildren(e.g.,hous high-quality servicesand supports areavailable, re and have positive childbearing experiences tonegotiatethe systemand effective treatment; families effective treatment; sic material needs(e.g.,money th the with stressesassociated ant roleinpreventing to be correlated with supports asneededto ing, health care, childing, health

4-9 Indicators positively associatedwithchildre Parents’ perceptions of themselves ascapable of 2002) et.al,2003;Chase-Lansdale& Pittman, 2002;Hildyard&Wolfe, Stillman opportunity for warm,close, and parents. Several studieshave shown that childre supervision and worserelationshipswiththeirparentsthanth interact withtheir child(ren).Childrenin si The relationship between amother and father, whether married for children todevelop communication skills andself-control. (Molfese, 1997; Knitzer, 2000) are an opportunity for parents toteach children social behaviors such assharing and waiting and can helpease transitions between decrease behavioral security, comfort,andcontrol to routines enforced byparents (e.g.,consistent One componentof apositivehome A positive home environment predictsdesirable co abuse, mental illness, ordomest such as inadequateincome, unemp Children are most atriskofmaltreatmentifth SIGNIFICANCE • • • • • • MEASURES physical setting, parents’ health andwell-being, and the presence of routinesandstructure. “Family environment” referstocharacteristics of DEFINITION 5. Familyenvironment

Parents establishappropriate boundariesfor Mothers have children born mo Children havestable,securerelation primary caretakers) during the pastfive years Family has had lowmobility(mov appropriate Non-custodial parents notliving in the home have regular contact with child(ren) when Families have at leasttwosupportive adultsinthehousehold conflicts byenabling young ic violence.(Knitzer,2000) n’s socialandacademic functioning. (Horton, 2003) children and help them develop enduring relationship different activitiesand loyment, inadequate housing, emotional stress,drugor alcohol environment isparental stru re than two years apart(i ed fewer thantwotimes)andlowturbulence(changesin ships with parent or otheradult ngle-parent homes tend to have lessparental bedtimes and mealtimes) can provide a sense of canmealtimes) providea bedtimes and eir familiesareoverwhelmedby multiple problems Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping children to anticipate wh copingsuccessfully wi n are most likelyto thrive when they have the the home thatinfluence children, including the the children andadultsintheirlives gnitive andsocialdevelopment among children. s withboth of their parents. (Susman- ntentional childspacing) eir counterpartswithmarried cture. Regular, consistent or not,influences how they both self-confidence. Routines can caretakers. Routine interactions th life’sproblemsare at will happennextand

4-10 Indicators • • judicial systems andfamily welfare disorders whoareinvolvedinthechild INGREDIENTS: Enhancingcarefo specific strategiesorprograms. for thePreventionofChildAbuseandNeglect These cross-cutting KeyIngredientsaresumm • • • • • • • • categorized asfollows: thata Key IngredientsofEffectiveness whether theyareprovided. interventions areimplemented andhowserv effective inhelpingtoprevent child a Key Ingredientsaretheunderlyingelements that make certainservicesandsupports • • substance use disorder and/ families toreceivecourt,agen There isno"wrongdoor" for accessingservic AOD treatmentwillbeavailabl Funding Sustainability Community EngagementandSocialNetworks Connections toandacrossServicesSupports Results Orientation Effective Management High Quality Accessibility systems. strengths-based, age-appropriate, community-c Field practice and servicedeliverywillbe:child-f array ofservices. trauma-informed, and recovery-oriented. Given the complexity ofserving Substance AbuseandMentalIllness Ingredients or co-occurring disorder. cy, andcommunity-basedservices e andaccessible forchildren children iscr and families,it : FamiliesAreFreeFrom buse andneglect.Theymatter becausehow pply toallelements ofthePathway are Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ices areprovided areasimportant as es and creating opportunities forchildren and entered, evidence-basedanddata-driven, r familieswithsubstanceuse ocused, family-driven,cu arized inthe OverviewtothePathway . EachgoalcontainsKeyIngredientsfor and familieswhosuffer from a ucial tohave a comprehensive withintheirlocalservice lturally appropriate,

4-11 Ingredients http://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/files/Shared%20V values andprinciples:Anational Exceprts fromtheNationalCenter forSubstanceAbuseand • • • • • • • • • • • sharing andcommunicationsprotocols. (MOU) willbejointlyprepared child welfaresystems, thecourts,and other rela provisions willguide and directthe client information sharingprocess between the AOD and children andfamilieswithAODproble knowledge andsharedvalues ab Policies will support culturally Policies willsupport understand theculturaldive and thecourt systems willbeprovidedby Services andsupports forfamiliesaffectedby substance abuse disordersinthechildwelfare and treatment outcomes,andenabledecision Information systems areneeded thatcan be lin and Federal, State, pertinent Tribalgovernme Professionals andcaregivers atboththe stat and training throughout the service deliverysy and servicesdeliveryportionofthe“P performance. Training should includeelements input needs to be part of the process. collaborating entities. collaboration issues andconcerns need to The family willbe part of the processateachle When services arebeingdesigned and funding pr Communicationscollaborators byandaboutmu problems affectingtheir pa sufficient resourcesineach sy Sustainability isfosteredby cross-system coordination and joint services andsupports fo andreduces potentiallimited dollars duplication of services while systems tomaximizethe use oflimitedresource tribal governments. It isessentialtocoordinate services andf perspective. Availableonlineat: r thechildandfamily. renting, family stability, rsity ofthe families andcommunitiestheyserve. stem toadequatelyserve fa alues%20and%20Guiding%20Principles.pdf competent servicedeliveryin pr across systemstoguide system out childprotectionandAOD fromthe core competencies ar rinciples ofDailyPractice”section. ms toachievepositiveoutcomes. unding streams(flexible,joint,multiple)across knowledgeable, skilled service providersknowledgeable, skilledservice who be expressed andresolved privately between Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping e and community level need todevelop common Child WelfareConsortium (2007) nt confidentialitylawsandHIPAAPrivacy makerstomanageresourcesandmonitor stem, andincorporate kn ked to share information and monitor family vel of planning, service ted systems.Memorandum of Understandings st be respectful and positive and any s. Planning across systemsmakes better useof iorities arebeingset,iorities familyandcommunity andriskstochildren. milies who haveco-occurringmilies ocedures, outreach, advocacy, issues in order to assist issues inordertoassist collaboration andinformation

advocacy for the availability of ticulated inthefieldpractice increasingtheavailabilityof delivery, andevaluation. owledge of ICWA and Synthesis ofcrosssystem

4-12 Ingredients relationships with parentsaresha long-term consequencesfrom emotional neglectan addictions butnottoaddress parenting issues programs areset Most substanceabuse allowing parents tobehave abusiv Alcoholpopulation. andothersubstances may act abuse. Children of alcoholicssuffe cannot bond with orcare for th problems. Parents who are affected by substance reason that children areremovedfrom a home in which parents have alcohol or other drug abuse and neglect cases(Child WelfareLeague of Am population. children inthegeneral physical, mental, andemotionalhealthpr substanceabus Children inhomeswhere to help theirchildren, however, relationship andto rather thanbothgenerati mental health problems isnotadequate; nor are pr factors infamilies’ lives. Solitarytreatmentfor substance abuse,domesticviolence,and risk andinterventioneffortsmustacknowledgetheintermingled Prevention foster care (Tupper, 2005). mothers do not seektreatment for substance abus care, childcare) can getintheway. Lackin health problems, andotherpressu abuse orneglect. whic emotions, include experienceintense effectsofparentswh The withdrawal Child Abuse, 2006). emotionally stable, lessdepressed,andbetter able to adequately caregivers aschildren. primary to es hadpoorattachment parents, includingthosewhothemselv involv neglect Many casesofchronic individual basesofstrength different inherent protec healthy children(Knitzer, 2000). The most effe esteem, andofferintensive parent child maltreatment occurs. before to provide other family members withresources,

help parents learn parenting skillsiscr Substance AbuseandMentalIllness Rationale Duringthis period, which may last upto tive factors, skills, and tive factors,skills, ons. Treatmentcombined with interventions torepairthe parent-child (Tolan,et al.,2004). Mental health services may help such parents become more thechallenges of substance ab eir children, puttingthosechildren eir children, ely (Prevent Child Abuse, 2006). ttered or disruptedby substance ab ing and prevention education and support for all new parents. res facing low-incomefamilies(e Servicesshouldvalidatepartic r moreinjuriesand poisonings thandoch : FamiliesAreFreeFrom g optionsto accommodate Substance abuse ispresent in40% to 80% of child e emotionallyunstableand depressed o stop using alcohol or other drugs o stopusingalcoholorother opportunities” andallowpa ctive approaches “assume thatindividuals have Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping including directaccess to supportiveservices up to helpparentsdealwiththeir up to abuse, domestic violence e because theyfear losingtheir childrento e exists sufferfromavarietyof e ograms thattreat only as dis-inhibitors, lesseningimpulse controland d/or physical abuse caused when theirearly oblems ata thando greater rate h may increase the chance of child ofchild thechance may increase h erica, 2001). Infact,neglectisthemajor (Thomas et al,2003). Children suffer ucial fordeveloping use, domesticviolence,mental two years, itisespeciallyimportant care for their children(Prevent ipants’ feelings,emphasizeself- .g., housing,poverty,health at greaterriskof neglect or use. Even when parents want theirchildren,many the parent orthe child rents to build ontheir , anddepressionoften ildren inthegeneral strong familiesand

4-13 Rationale affects women’sparenting abilities in twowa which inturn, affectsth Bancroft &Silverman, 2004). Parentswho suffer experience neglect than abuse, however, some abuse their children (Bragg, 2003). Children inhome experiencing domestic violence and that 50 percen country. child be thesinglemajorprecursorto AdvisoryBoardonChildAbus The U.S. depression isafirststeptowardassistin offered inmultiple, non-stigmatizingsettings(CDC,2005).Supporting thede-stigmatization of beeffectiv To 2003). (Gurian, time lagexists between whenmatern a children;however, withandcarefortheir and areabletopositivelyinteract ofwomen themajority sufferingfromdepressionfullyrecover When treated, 2005). additionally, culturalbarriersof because of “their tendency to express psyc 2003). Health care providers often misdiagnose depression as those ofsecureeconomicstatus to maternaldepression (Okunaku, 2005) and low-in 2001; Gurian, 2003). Women withlittlefamily or household, are alsoassociated education, being unemployedha and/or homeless,and stress suchas living inpoverty orreceiving pub Maternal and Child Health Bureau women particularlyamonglow-income frequently untreated, depression, itis ofmaternal ofdifferentforms Despite thehighrates depression (Gee &Rhodes, 2003; Kr step inalleviating depressionbecausestrain inth For adolescentmothers,involving the maternal gr depression isaperpetual riskfactor to childr (infants) and higher ratesof misbehavior and lo Krishnakumar &Black, 2003). Since children of herchild(ren)properly carefor (Chase-Lansd child interactions,resp experiencing depression, whetherdiagnosed ornot, lesseffectiveinmonitoringtheirneeds children and to bedepression lesslikely renders mothers warm andsupportive of their Mothers whoaredepressedmorelikel cases, childcare (Dia intervention such asindividual relapse byassessingthemother’s placement is made, outreach programs can assi support.occurrence withouton-going Relapse is symptomof an unfortunate Studiesrevealthatthereare both childan mond-Berry,2007) ond to her child(ren)’s emotionalnur eir relationshipswithan e allservicesshouldaccommodate counseling familytherapy,parentingskills with maternal depression (Wessel,2000; Lennon, Blome & English, ten prevent womenfromseekingmental health help (Okunaku, motivationfor change and by , 2005).Certaindemographic factors thatmay leadto chronic ishnakumar & Black, 2003). g infaster,moreg effective treatment. h physical symptoms;” hological distressthroughphysical ys: 1)no apparent changewhenwomen en (Wessel,2000; Gurian, 2003; Okunaku, 2005). ale &Pittman,2002;Wessel, 2000; Gurian,2003; (Lennon, Blome & English, 2001; Gee &Rhodes, st mothersandotherfa wer academic achievement (school age), maternal abuse andneglect fatalities in this al improvementandchild progression lic assistance, having less thanahigh school having lic assistance, face both(Saathoff &Stoffel,1999; Bragg, 2003; depressedmothersshowslowerdevelopment Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping d responsestotheirchild chemicaladdiction,anda common After thebirth of an infant, or when an alternative is relationshipheavily maternal depressionin ethnicminoritywomen e suggests that domesticviolencemay from abuse areexperiencing higher stresslevels, andmothers intheirtreatment is an important community support tend t of men who frequently abuse their wivesalso come women are twiceaslikely tosuffer from may not always able to perform basic parent- s with domesticviolence are more likelyto y to be neglectful than abusive as y tobeneglectfulthan d adultvictimsin30-60 percent offamilies ving high numbers ofchildren or adults in a turance and attach turance and providing clinic cultural differences and be (Okunaku, 2005) mily members toavoid correlatedwithmaternal assistance, andinmany assistance, ren. Domesticviolence to be more vulnerable (CDC,2005; ment needs,and al and systems al and . A mother

4-14 Rationale fathering. parenting components into the impactviolence has on perpetrators of domesticviolence have ongoing contact with their children, anddo not understand helping adultvictims findsecuritybetterensures the welfare of the child (Bragg, 2003). Many multiple issues. Thesafetyofabused children islinkedto forsensitiveprogramsthataddress abuse and theneed neglect reveals wi The extensiveoverlapbetweenfamilies causes of child abuse and neglect. (Bragg, 2003). physical impairment, hope, individualbelief systems, domestic violence,includingfear developmental needs.Additiona frequently, 2) by diminishing th compartmentalize theviolence in theirlivesfrom their interactions with batterer interventionprogramsis eir capacitiestoattach th their children(Saathoff & Stoffel, , isolation,financial lly, reasonswhyvictimsdonotor cannot leaverela Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping andcultural hurdles, arelinkedtotheroot dependence, guilt and shame, emotionalandand dependence, guilt th child bothdomesticviolenceand eir childrenandre amechanism formore responsible thesafetyofadult 1999). Therefore, incorporating their children, ormore their children, spond totheir victims, therefore, tionships with

4-15 Rationale Judges' Effective Intervention inDomestic Violen to testandimplementtherecomme The Greenbook Projectwas aFederaldemonstration 2005). program and 92% experienced no further interactio Jacksonville (FL)foundthat 72% 1,374 children who completed acomprehensive re prevalent in this population the non-abusiveparent.Sitescreatedco-located violence and child abuse,and work between programsand courts, crea and abuser accountability. The sites' collaborativeefforts resultinsystemchangeand improv Policy and Practice.The cross-site evaluationme children with no allowance forch in recoverywhenabletoremain withtheir children,mostpr domestic violence,sexual abuse, with staysof sixto 18 months often necessary to Residential treatment has long been recognized as similar situation, aswell decreased feelingssimilar situation, prevention group meetswomen’sn decreased ratesofseparation of mothers and children. Involvem (c) enhanced parenting confidence and confidence, (d) enhanced treatmentoutcomes, and(e) substance-involved mothers, (b) enhanced develo integrated programinitiative,incl External evaluation of Breaking TheCycle has fo National Evaluation Team, 1999) stronger battererintervention advocates locatedinchildwelfar Substance AbuseandMentalIllness Evidence of women. (Motz, 2007)of women.(Motz, evaluation found that all site programs that buildaccountability into services. (Greenbook e offices, enhancedpre-existing remained cleanofalcoholanddrugs oneyearafter exiting the related psychological issues). uding: (a) enhanced birth and perinatal outcomes for infants of ild care while intreatment. ing within thechildwelfaresystem ted collaborativeresponses to eeds foraffiliation an ndations of the National Coun : FamiliesAreFreeFrom of isolationand disconne Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping und many benefits from the comprehensive and ce and Child Maltreatment asured the extent to staff positions,primar addressthemultiple pr pmental outcomes of ch key torecovery for substance-abusing mothers, sidential family-based treatment program in n with the criminal justicesystem(Tupper, project consisting of six pilot sites selected six pilotsites of consisting project d relationships withothers whoareina s improvedinformation sharing ograms require separation from ements insafety,recidivismrates, A study of 467 women and their their and women 467 of A study Although mothersperform better relationships,and developed ent in a prenatal-and-relapse the co-occurrence of domestic cil forJuvenile toensure the child stay with which thedemonstration ily domesticviolence ction thatare highly oblems involved(e.g., ildren whoareinvolved, Cases: Guidelines for Federal Court Court Federal

4-16 Evidence GOAL

Communities Are Caring and Responsive

Sustainable networks Systems of care stay Neighborhoods of services and connected to families are safe, stable, supports contribute over time and assist and supportive to child protection with challenges as needed

Actions Examples Indicators Ingredients Rationale Evidence specifi c strategies, program and measures for elements of research-based research activities, or steps policy initiatives targeting and how actions are reasons to documenting taken to impact illustrating monitoring the implemented believe that that identifi ed the quality and how actions impact of actions that make them identifi ed actions actions contribute capacity of local have worked and documenting effective are likely to to achieving the services and elsewhere progress toward contribute to targeted outcome supports, the the outcome the desired or conditions availability of outcome that lead to the resources, or the outcome policy contexts that contribute to the outcome GOAL businesses, funders,resear service providers,grassroots stream. Coalitionparticipantsmay includegovernment agencies,community-based The coalitionworkstodive monitoring effortstopromote family well-be Partnerships involveanarrayofstak child protection A. Sustainablenetworksofservicesandsupportscontributeto Services include home visiting programs, parent through a network of Young FamilyCenters locate An arrayofservicesiscoordinated through banks) helpfamilies businesses, fatherhood program, and newsletters. community agencies, public enti school-based or school-linked. Fiveessent low-performing schools as measured by the Ac preparing children, birthto age five, for elementary school.Effortsfocu California’s 58countiesto comm engage families, with disabilities and ot with disabilities linguistically appropriateandse (participant/site/distri services, schools’readinessforchildren and/or school capacity, program: early care and education, parenting evaluation, fiscalaccountability, young children,families,and earlyeducation With guidance from broad-based Neighborhood practices. Policy work by ECImanagers helps to linking and integrating funding sources and early childhood servicestoreplace patchwork serv including a HUDgrant of $1millio and aroundPittsburgh. ECI has attracted more program, created high-quality earlyeducation servic The The The Allegheny County (PA) Early Childhood Allegheny(PA) EarlyInitiative(ECI), County FamiliesPartnership Hampton (VA)Healthy First 5 InitiativeCalifornia School Readiness Are CaringandResponsive Actions withExamples ct/county coordination, staff trai her specialneeds. chers, andothers. rsify resourcestosustain groups, civicassociations,fait nsitive to the needs of diverse populations, includingchildren in theircommunity become health ties, andprivateorganizations and collaborativegovernance).

n to establish the program in eholders inplanning,implementation, and www.hampton.va.us/healthyfamilies www.ccfc.ca.gov/SchoolReady1.htm ial, coordinatedelements are required of every an interagency steering committeeand delivered resources and propose systems of high-quality resourcessystems andpropose Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping providers andto changing perspectives and and familysupportservic to develop cross-system agreementswithstate ademic Performance Index; activities canbe ing andreducechildabuseneglect. than$36millionsinceitbeganin1996, informationandeducat Coalitions, communities unity members, and educators inthe work of d in public librariesandTitleIschools. ices. Substantial time es in80targeted high ning and development,ning and program efforts beyondasinglefunding : Communities implementsprogramsinallof isateameffortinwhichcity and (e.g., hospitals, restaurants, (e.g., hospitals,restaurants, Servicesare culturally and h-based groups,residents, and supportiveinfrastructure public housingdevelopments. y, happy, and self-sufficient. es, health and social ion, earlyliteracy,a s on communities with and energy isdevoted -risk neighborhoods in

assess thestatusof assess aUnited Way

5-1 Actions & Examples time. community, enhanceservicesandsupports,a Public andprivatefundingispooledalignedtohelpcross-sectorinitiativesbuild

www.safestartcenter.org distribution of public education materials, symposia, or conferences for professionals. straawareness action or type ofcommunity children exposed to violence and their families. children exposedtoviolenceandtheirfamilies. systems, along withthe expansion of practices fo exposed to violence. Thedemonstration sites Strengthening Families practices. Strengthening Families training and supportthat enables a criticalmass state policy,newlinksbetween theearly childhood learning partnerships provide in early childhood,childabuse prev with sevenstates,usingpolicyan across thestate.Thepartners pooled and aligned investments thatboost acce sites alsowereexpectedto de surroundin issues awareness ofthe forming police/mentalhealth/justi opportunities by strengthening ex in theirhomes,schools,and communities. SafeStartoffers communities toaddressproblems www.ppv.org/ppv/publications/a activities, andorganized fundraisers, The councils developedtheir ownspeakers’ Youth Councils, on which youth generate ideasfo youth. In Kansas City(MO), theYMCA helped local institutional,human, and fi services. and locallyfundedservicespr developmental screenings services mayinclude subsidized childcare, child to agencies and providers,andintegrate other re based services, makedecisionsabout programs thatmay needto be developed, allocate funds partnerships assess localneeds andresources, The Thrive byFiveWashington Smart Start(NC) funds 82 local partnerships in The ChangeforYouthDevelopment Community Strengthening FamiliesthroughEarlyCareandEducation Safe StartDemonstrationProject www.nccic.org/ccpartnerships/profiles/allegheny.htm

, literacyenrichment,andparent education. oviders, includinga uniform in velop or enhance programmingto hip builds on early learning e nancial resources to build neighborhood capacity to support tosupport capacity neighborhood tobuild resources nancial formation, training,and other incentives tocreate changes in ssets/115_publication.pdf ention, andchildprotectiveservicessectors.State-level

d practice supportsavailableth www.cssp.org/doris_duke/index.html ce partnerships), witha focus isting alliances and integratin faced by children under agesix who are exposed toviolence isanintermediary for stat g children's exposure toviolence. SafeStartdemonstration fieldtrips,andsocialevents. tegy in the2004—typically developmentand bureaus, participatedin community service Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping develop plans for a continuum of community- mostly commonly trainingto improve service ss tohigh-quality, affordable earlylearning neighborhoods develop opportunities such as care qualityenhancement projects, health and nd promote effectivein providesfunding for 11 urban, rural, andtribal of localearlychildhood All 11 Safe Startinitia r identifying,referring, sources withSmartStart. r activitiesthatwouldinvolvetheirpeers. and childprotection 100 counties of the state. The state.The the of counties 100 operatedin several cities,connecting

preventionandintervention fforts across Washington state— take form for earlyeducation e and private funderstomake g servicedeliverysystems(e.g.,

on fostering co fostering on rough acollaborativeeffortof fillservicegapsforchildren tives implementedsome

www.smartstart-nc.org assessing, andtreating programs to implement settings, andenhanced frastructures over Thelocalmenuof initiative works initiative llaboration and

5-2 Actions & Examples

effective actionthatrequir andpolicymakCoalitions inform funders http://member.preventchildabuse.org/site/PageServer?pagename=resear prevention activities. public benefits,and passing the the platform passedand has succeeded in increasing poverty, hunger, andhomelessness. collaboration, communication, training,and techni abuse and they neglectstrategies Prevent Child Abuse America,andParents Anonym affiliates toprevent child maltre Prevention. It expandsthe capacity of national organizations and their state,local,andregional www.povertyinstitute.org learning. www.buildinitiative.org resource onearly learn, andready tosucceed in through age five. The goal is toensure that supporting those who set policies, providese services thatrespondto then state partnershipthat helps stat platform of supports in housing, service, public advocacy, and philanthropic organi Empowerment) KidsCount! Empowerment) education and advocacy, and st investing in promising earlylearning models, twodemonstration communities, community www.buffettearlychildhood childhood developmentservices thatpromote earlysuccess and schoolreadiness. presch risk infants,toddlers, supp are foundation anonymous an and Foundation, Oklahoma, and Colorado. Th bipartisan publicpolicies,nati develop effective solutions. ability toprotect, educate, nurture, andsupp researchers, andotherstoidenti early childhoodpractitioners, government agenc The The The The andEnhancingBECAUSE (Build Community BUILD Initiative Birth toFivePolicyAlliance One Rhode Island Coalition Birth toFiveProject

, supportedbythe Early Childhood Funders’ Collaborative,isamulti- e solutionsatthefunding,po fund.org/alliance.html oolers, andtheirfamilieshave www.ounceofprevention.org onally andinIllinois,Nebraska e Buffett Early ChildhoodFund eeds of young children and their and eeds ofyoungchildren school. BUILDservesas a cataly atewide systembuilding. www.thrivebyfivewa.org ofthe Illinois-based OunceofPr first stateEarned Income TaxCr atment. The Alliance of Children’ es construct a coordinated systemof programs, policies, and income, access tojobs, andch

fy systemgapsandbarriers that operate or fundandcreated of isaninitiativeofthe Ce The coalition organizes lobbying anddirect action to get comprises morethan100 that work together topromote 11 organizations funds ers aboutopportunitiesforandbarriersto the youngest childrenare sa ort theiryoung children’s developmentandto Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping rvices, andadvocateforchildrenfrombirth

y staff, health care providers, advocates, staff, healthcareproviders, y zations. The coalition cal assistancetosust

orting thiseffortto ensurethat more at- ous have conductedinventoriesofthe child child caresubsidies,protecting threatened Alliances UnitedforSafetyand

access to comprehensive early licy, orregulatorylevel. nters forDisease Controland , Wisconsin,Washington,Kansas, , theBill & Me ild care intendedto reduce st for change and a national families. Itdoesthisby edit forlow-incomefamilies. evention Fund brings together standinthewayof families' a prevention plan for on-going s TrustandPreventionFunds, labor, religious,social ain and enhance future ch_because_kids_count developed a legislative developed a fe, healthy, eager to linda Gates

5-3 Actions & Examples

Programs offeron-goingsupportafterco additional family members, enrollment in immediate issues, suchaschangein empl Service providers andsupport networksattendto stressful transitions beyond the assist withchallengesasneeded B. Systemsofcarestayconnect launched in conjunction by making a personal commitment toone family social supportsandoptions;an an increasein wi appropriate parenting attitudes, satisfaction families toworkpositively with donate resources and services.Community member services andsupports. "hubs" orfamilyresource cent tutors tochildren,and helpers of to familieswhoneedhelp. Community reside The network functionsasthecomm substance abuse, mentalhealth, andemergency medschool.umaryland.edu/commu informal supportsandservices strengthen, and renew community norms of capacity anddecrease theriskof neglect, inte families byidentifyinginformal www.youthbuild.org encourages studentstosolve program alumni clubs and other ongoing suppor wo (governance) council, community in which each student has a pers working towardtheirGED or in buildingor remodeling affordable housing for homele Children and play. Churches have arole inspreading child protection must be a part of everyday lif neighbors. StrongCommunities is basedontheresearch-based premise that,to be effective, YouthBuild The Iowa DepartmentofHumanServices’ Strip Strong CommunitiesforChildrenintheGolden Family Connections promote neighborhood- and community-b involves unemployed and under-educated young people between age 16 and 24

2005/cppc/index.html www.dhs.state.ia.us/dhs with theinitiative. rks withpeersoncommunity servic (Baltimore,MD)promotes the safe problems togetherandto find ers wherefamiliescangotofeel . Aneighborhoodnetworktypically support systems, developingserv high school diploma.The d a decreaseindepressivesy theirpeerstobuildstronger

neighbors, relatives,andfriend nity/family_connections.asp unity’s “eyesand ears” forearlyidentification and outreach mpletion ofintensivetreatment. oyment status, birthorimmigration of www.clemson.edu/strongcommunities/ Community Partnerships forProtecting Partnerships Community a newschool,andchangeofresidence. onal counselor, serveson a youth policy this messagetotheirco mutual aid and concern for children among Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping rvening in crises, andcr ed tofamiliesovertimeand e inthe neighborhoods wh nts areenlistedasmentorstonewparents, economic assistance,among other services. they know. An active mediacampaign was ts. The nurturing, family-like environment s volunteer tohelpoutwithactivitiesor ased networks,including formal and ss andlow-income program createsasupportive mptoms and caregiverstress. strengthin cooperation. th parenting, and knowledge of e activities,andparticipatesin communities. Outcomessuggest ty and well-being ty and

welcomeandaccessavarietyof ice plans toincreasefamily s. Eachsitehas one ormore involves domesticviolence, (SC) isdesignedtobuild,

ngregations. Businesses eating opportunities for for opportunities eating ere childrenlive,study, people while people of children and of children

5-4 Actions & Examples are entitled toandtheop Community-based programs helplow-income families obtainthefinancialsupportthey supportiveness andtoreside A varietyofcommunity-buildingst C. Neighborhoods aresafe,stable,andsupportive Growth Center. centers. NEWalsosupportsentrepreneuria Center, financialliteracyprograms,baby care, participating in theresources program. Residents andcommunity members areencouraged to pursue new knowledge by Beginning with thesecurity of needs, fromfinding astable, safe place tolive www.abtassoc.com/attachments/Chatham_Estates_CS_R1.pdf programs topreventdomestic violence. wellness/fitness programs,computer education, program’s One-StopShop helps recognized modelfor providing residentswithsupportiveservicesandcasemanagement. The environmentally friendlybusiness The state-of-the-art greenhouse isintended agencies to build acommunity green house forthe Roxbury/North Dorchester area of Boston. achieve familyandindividual pr New%20Orleans/LA-New%20Orleans-Other-Industry%20Concept%20Paper.pdf www.doleta.gov/usworkforce/communityaudi churches, and community college administrators. relationships amonglo which have labor shortages and pay high wages to entry-level workers. NOJIhas forged NOJI focuses on the manufacturing, construction, jobs that pay family-supporting wages, offer ca Connections-Providence, www.mcprovidence.org/matriarch/default.asp services atcommunity based-organi and financial institutions, community residents, Income TaxCredit.Thecoalit The The Chatham Estates The forWomen(NEW) New Economics Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative Neighborhood Dudley Street New OrleansJobsInitiative(NOJI) BuildingProvidence Asset Coalition(PABC), www.neweconomicsforwomen.org/home.html (Chester, PA)isa150-unit public housing program witha nationally w-income residents,community portunities theyneedtobecome self-sufficient. ensures thatlow-income nts’ senseofbelongingandeconomic prospects. offered by NEW, includingPara offered by NEW, an affordable home,familiesen osperity. NEW takes a holistic a takes aholistic NEW osperity. ion, composed ofrepresentatives from community groups,

families moveto self-sufficiency through employment services, that employslocalresidents. zations throughout Providence. rategies contributetoneighborhoods’ toconvert a brownfieldsite intoan l ventures through its NEWConnect Business to owning a home or successfulbusiness. Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping inLosAngeles aimsto overcome poverty and

ts/docs/Files%20for%20CA%20Website/LA- reer-ladder opportunities, andprovide benefits. wellness programs,and after-school learning trains volunteer tax pr recreational programs for children, and connectsunskilledinner-cityresidentswith health care,and office jobsectors, allof familiesapplyfor and receivetheEarned collaboratedwith severalcityand private organizations, businessleaders, aprogram of Making ter acomprehensive management MiFutura Family Resource

www.dsni.org pproach toan array of family

eparers who offer their

5-5 Actions & Examples neighborhood-building activities engaging residentsandpromoting home Local partnershipsbuildsocialconnecti neighborhoods. neighborhoods morestable, andsh ould alsoinvolveco of residentialstreetstocreate“defensiblesp and first-timehomeownership initiatives. that a high levelof citizen participationis police, community developmen arranges forstreet crossing sidewalk repairs,community garden projects, and renovations ofcommunity centers. MII also and more pleasant neighborhood forresident Foundation. Itspurposeistohelplimited Homebuyers Centerin July 2002 witha $ www.laofamilynet.org center helped twodozen families buyhousesan immigrant andrefugeefamiliesbuyth to makethe neighborhood safer. partner, has organized a 23rd Avenue Neighbors group that conducts clean-up days and works that relieson proactive, prevention-oriented, neig and police voice concerns issues thatconcernresidents, Trained officers assignedto small beatsget supp cooperation isfosteredthrough “beat meetings” whereresidents, Five OaksandDunbarManorCommunities The The One of the aims ofSan Jose’s The Lao Family Development,Inc. Community LISC CommunitySafetyInitiative East BayAsianYouthCenter Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy(CAPS) www.lisc.org/section/aboutus/mission

andsetpriorities. aidsandstreetlights. such as graffiti andabandoned Mayfair Improvement Initiative(MII)istocreateasafer Mayfair Improvement t corporations,andlocalre

www.ebayc.org promote neighborhoodsafety. eir first housesinthis countr crucial atevery stage of efforts tomake ons andmakeneighborhoodsmore stableby 35,000 seed from grant 35,000 -English-proficient, low- , an Oakland Making Connections community www.defensiblespace.com/book.htm ownership. Community policingand ace” in the neighborhood Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping www.ncjrs.org/pdffile s by organizing neighborhood-wides clean-ups, helpslocal groups build partnerships among d hadanother four dozenactivelylooking. ort fromcityagencies

www.mayfairneighborhood.org hborhood-based strategies (Oakland,CA)startedaMultilingual

(Dayton, OH) reorganized an urban grid de enforcement, spec sidents tocreatesafer cars. Communityinvolvement and isacommunity policing model theAnnie E. Casey to moderate-income districtadvisorycommittees, y. Initsfirst18 months, the s1/nij/189909.pdf . The project showed so theycan respond to ial policeattention, tosolveproblems.

5-6 Actions & Examples

magazines, billboards, the Internet). manner, using everydaycommunicationmedi public awarenesscampaigns reachouttolarg and cognitivedevelopment ofchildren.To importance ofpreventingchildabuseandnegl National andlocalgroupscampaign toin emotional developmentinits new high school students.Alocal uni sexual abuse. and to recognize help adults medical personne enforcement and who work with children including childcareprovid age four. with thelocal PTA, todevelop two-day sexual abuse. Stop It Now! oper Stop sexual abuse. program targets adults, andnotchildren, about le particularly effectiveindifferent culturalgr www.preventchildabuse.org/about_us/reframing/index.shtml engagement in prevention, including behavior change. compare alternative frames for behaviors towardtheirownch and neglect sothat people betterunderstandsoci in the campaign agencies, and government launched a citywide attention to thesocial and emotional und STOP ITNOW! In partnership withthe FrameW Community leadersinDadeCoun In Chicago, a high-profile group ofrepresenta Reframing Project . With matchingfundsfromlocalfoun www.stopitnow.com isapublicawareness program agains acknowledge harmful behaviors andoffered resources to stop , aprocessfor figuring outhow reframe to theissue of childabuse ildren andfamiliesintheirco moving the public beyond awareness and concern to actual

ates a national Helpline and offe versity joinedthecampaignby orks Institute, PreventChild

certification program for teache ty (FL) spearheaded several ef ty (FL)spearheadedseveral l. StopIt Now!’s targeted advertisingand mediacampaigns Heartawareness training sessions Start erpinnings of cognitive achievement. oups because of the differentiated messages.The fluence communitynorms regardingthe Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping influence societalbeliefsaboutparenting, tives fromthemedia, business, service direct Heart Start public awareness Heart Startpublicawareness e numbers ofindividualsinaconsistent a (e.g.television,radio,newspapers, ect andpromoting thesocial,emotional, arning the toolstorecognizeand stop child etal solutions and re-examine their personal dations andbusinesse ers, fosterparents,teachers, clinicians,law t childsexual abusethat has been mmunities. Projectmaterials

Abuse America hasbeenengaged including content on social and rs trainingsforprofessionals forts, includingcollaboration rs ofchildren from birthto s, thegroupdrew for for 5-7 Actions & Examples “Social capital”referstoindividu SIGNIFICANCE • • explained why differentneighborhoods withequi so that found (1992) Kostelny and Garbarino by determinant ofthe quality oflifefor the childrenan other socialstructures. Researchers believethat a • gatherings, and celebrations; opportunities forleader that promote healthy development and family fu environmentsCommunity offeranarray of formalservices,inform DEFINITION development andfamilyfunctioning 1. Communityenvironments support healthychild • MEASURES and high-quality healthand human servic and theirchildren’sfuture. canactcollectively residents reflectabeliefthat to Neighborhoods Neighborhoods fostersocial tiesamong residents. Community providers families with healthy environments, distinguished bythe: withhealthyenvironments,distinguished Community providersfamilies needed tomaximizehealthyfam Community hascapacity to make available, accessi o o o o o o o o o o o o o Presence of neighborhoodPresence watchprogra Absence of physical toxins (e.g., Absence of neighborhood violence Absence of concentrated poverty Transportation Domestic violence su Food andnutrition Child careandearlychildhoodeducation Housing Substance abuse andment Family planningservices Prenatal and childbearing services Child healthservices Caring andResponsive Indicators

als’ ability tobenefit fromtheirme als’ ability pport and services and pport ily functioning,including: al healthtreatment : CommunitiesAre es thatareresponsive tofamilies. lead, poisoned air, unsafewater) nctioning.community Theevents, haspublic cial disorganizationwas thekey factor that Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping valent socioeconomic profileshad dramatically d familiesthatlivethere.A widelycitedstudy community’s level of social ship andcivicparticipatio m, neighborhood association, etc. ble, and affordable th al supports, and opportunities al supports, mbership insocialnetworks or improve theirwell-being e high-qualityservices n; safe public spaces; capitalisacritical

5-8 Actions &Indicators Examples as the preschool years because of Researchers alsohaveconcludedthatsocial capital hasan impact available and there were very strong formal maltreatment rates “there were moreservicesav community leadersdescribedhighlevels of is different ratesof child abuse and neglect. risk children(Runyan, etal.,1998). itsimpactondevelopmental an In areaswheremaltreatmentrateswere high, andinformal socialsupport networks.” olation and depression; in areaswithlower Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ailable, thesubjects knew more about whatwas d behavioral outcomesforhigh- on children’s well-beingasearly 5-9 Actions &Indicators Examples • • Excerpts from:Schorr,L.B.(1997).Purpose. NewYork:RandomHouse. Common • • interventions community INGREDIENTS: “Goldstandard”foralleffective specific strategiesorprograms. for thePreventionofChildAbuseandNeglect These cross-cutting KeyIngredientsaresumm categorized asfollows: thata Key IngredientsofEffectiveness whether theyareprovided. interventions areimplemented andhowserv effective inhelpingtoprevent child a Key Ingredientsaretheunderlyingelements that make certainservicesandsupports • • • • Implementers believe inthe intervention Respectful relationships Interactive components take Interactive components Significant front-line fl • • • • • • • • Multiple componentsrespond Intake and recruitmentinto programs are under localcontrol,within Program andinterventionde Work andstrategiesevolve Funding Sustainability Community EngagementandSocialNetworks Connections toandacrossServicesSupports Results Orientation Effective Management High Quality Accessibility Caring andResponsive Ingredients exibility withinestablis and other hard-to-measure attributes areemphasized in response to experience and changing conditions health, social, andeducat sign reflectlocal strengths, needs,preferences to childreninfamily,peer, : CommunitiesAre buse andneglect.Theymatter becausehow pply toallelements ofthePathway are Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping hed qualityparameters ices areprovided isasimportant as arized inthe OverviewtothePathway . EachgoalcontainsKeyIngredientsfor ional needs into account and neighborhood contexts broadparameters

5-10 Ingredients

• • • • • • • • • http://www.nccev.org/pdfs/Annua Demonstration Project, January through December 2004, http://www.nccev.org/pdfs/Annua Demonstration Project, January through December 2004,

Excerpts from:Association • • exposed toviolence service providerswhotreatyoungchildrenandfamilies INGREDIENTS: Capacitiesoforganizations andpoint-of- Excerpts from:Association • • • • INGREDIENTS: SafeStartcollaborations Specific knowledge in andskills Relationships with other organizations in th other organizations Relationships with credible Relationships with Sensitivity andresponsivenessto Ability tocultivatealearningco Support forthe knowledge and skilldeve organizations andproviders Willingness andabilitytoengage A cultureorspirit ofcollaborationexists( together prior toSafeStart). Agency and organizational representatives atvariou state-of-the-art interventiontechniques Willingness andabilitytoshareconfidentialWillingness Understanding of and commitment tochangi Project directorshavecapacitytoma Collaboration leadersorkey members have capacity to influence and engage. A formal operating structure exists. Diverse sectorsarerepresented. exposed to violence for the StudyandDevelopment ofCommunity(2005). for the StudyandDevelopmentofCommunity(2005). andtheirfamilies lprocessreport-VI_FINAL.pdf lprocessreport-VI_FINAL.pdf and trustedcommunityinstitutionsentry points working with youngchildren ex mmunity within the organization’s mmunity within indiscussion and construc differentcultural norms re nage, educate,support, and communicate. vols. IandII.Gaithersburg, MD: Author. Available onlineat: vols. IandII.Gaithersburg, MD: Author.Available onlineat: lopment ofpoint-of-servicestaff i.e., positiverelationship Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping e systemof care fo information and cases acrossorganizations ng traditionalrespon

s levelsofinfluence tive disagreementwith other lated tofamilyviolence r children andfamilies r children posed to violence,including National Evaluation of theSafe Start National Evaluation of theSafe Start ses to youngchildren staffand among its partners s, historyofworking and power participate.

5-11 Ingredients pro-social norms and participatio crime andsocial disorder”(Skogan, apt toguardagainst victimization. abletorecognizestrangersand more theyarebetter because control grows form localsocialties, When residents associations. Residential stability va promotes a 2005). ofCommunity, Development and children's cognitivestimulation,ph cause parents toprotect their childrenby restri reduce thesomeofstressesth emotional distress, immature behavi putschildrenathigherri violence that Neighborhood safety, stability, and suppo

for graderepetitionandlowereduc 1996; Rohe & Stewart, 1996). Conversely, childrenin participation community ownership canprovideimprovedleve Programs that integrate parenting co neighborhood context factors andexternal stre enoughintentionsaloneparenting may notbe are lessprone tochildmaltreatment. If families have informalsupports thatdovetailwithformalized services, they neglect]” (Leventhal& Brooks-Gunn, 2003). delinquency, low birth weights, infa racialminorities of concentrations behavior and communities characterizedby “hig found that neighborhood conditions, particularlypo socioeconomic disparitiesbecause ties helpat-riskfamilies.Neighborhood resources have child abuse potential, st therefore, Changes instressand support ties andparticipationinlocalso stability community level,residential friendships, attachment tothe community, and part maintenance, neighborhood stability, maintenance, Home ownershipis positively linked to (Tolan et al, 2004) family situationprovides familieswithconcrete family skills.Emphasizingissues families andfriendsprovide a more "Atthe individuallevel,length of reside Caring andResponsive Rationale (PewPartnershipfor Civic Change, 2001,citingRossi &Weber, cial activities" and supportpotentials n intheresidents' council is arelikelytoexposeresidents ysical fitness, andsenseof auto at interferewithgoodparenting. a family’s resources constrain wh resources constrain a family’s nt mortality, morbidity,domestic 1986)."Informalsocializing wi stable, long-termsupportsystem ational attainment (Wood, Halfon, ncerns withinmultiplelevelsof has significantcontextual effects appeartohavesignific : CommunitiesAre Thus "networks of friends rong support networks andneighborhood rong supportnetworks riety of social networks andlocal riety ofsocialnetworks (Sampson, 2000). to prevent neglect or abuse because of or, andpoorschoolperformance. and increased civic participation. Researchhasfound that ls ofneighborhood stability and Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping tools fordeveloping and utilizing support networks. their capacity for community social their capacityforcommunity sses (Gorman-Smith, Tolan, & Henry, 2000). cting theirmovement,whic cting h poverty, residential h poverty,residential sk forpsychiatricproblems, aggression, family stability, improved property icipation inlocalsocial verty and violence, areassociated withparental rtiveness can reduce exposure tothe reduceexposure rtiveness can unstable living conditio unstable that arerelevantto nce has a positive relationship withlocal positive nce hasa associated with better building asignificantimpact on nomy (Association of the Study to threatsof… crime, juvenile ant affectsonchangesin th neighbors…along withstrong It canreduce thefears that support, including networks of violence, and child abuse [and ere theylive. Studieshave on an individual'slocalsocial than focusingso instability, andhigh et al.,1993; Aquilino, 1996). are associated withreduced whilecritical, good activities.Atthe h may negatively affect the context ofeach ns are atgreaterrisk lely onintra- Home Itcan

5-12 Rationale constitutes effective parenting may, in effectiveparentingmay, constitutes Low-income andinner-cityfamiliesmay 2006). conditions andlowerlevelsof cr from different ethnicgroups et al,2004)Research comparing family parentingpracticessugg 1999). Incities,familyloyalty comfort levelsaremore effectiv interventions must highlight and about instances aboutwhich they have heard(F recognize abusevaries.Latinosw abuse (Fontes, 2002; Tolan et al,2004). Addition behavior, loyaltyandautonomyin overall family theconflictbetweenauthor well-being. Similarly, parenting by adolescent mothers but that this Combs-Orme, 2005). Father support, whether co households also create tension that can lead adjustment difficulties(Gee & Rhodes,2003). especially for young single mo including child care,material assistance,andemot environmental stresses(Tolan et al, 2004; Krishnakamur & Black, 2003). Support networks, withasystemofkinshi often operate Low-income families in general,andAfrican families American in particular, would lead up toitinthefirst place. strong familiesandsupports fa parenting skills,embeddedin theco and childwelfaredollarsinto co Significant barriers existtointegrating federal substance abuse, me resources (toolsandfunds)foranin Risk factors donotexistinisolation, among individualsandfamilies”(K also asa type of ‘socialenvironment’ thatis characterized bythe quality of in theirowncommunities. itmo of childabuseandneglectbecause violenceprev Community-based someone who can help get what he/she needs. Services Assembly,2005). produce more resilient,goal-oriented,andbette Through neighborhood action, the health, produce betteroutcomesfor children, community and familyviolence (Carter, 2003). imperative for community violence prevention. Stud which areessentialfor strongfamilies. involvementestablishessupport Community grandmothers whoactina gatekeeper capacity (Gee & Rhodes, 2003). The more contacts apersonhas,themore likely itishe/shewillknow and socioeconomic backgrounds thers associalsupporthelps and obedienceare valued over auto milies intimesof need. mmunity efforts, however (Knitzer,2000). The development of e in preventing childabuseand work from their population’suni ime thanbuildingswithlesssoci A community isdefined not only ill share personal disclo the Latino culture frequently otch, Muller &Blakely,1999). social and interpersonal support networks grow strongerand mmunity, iscrucial for creating ention isthebestprotectionagainstall ention forms to incidentsofchild abuseand neglect (Cain & tegrated responsetofamilies’needs. involvementisoften socommunitiesmusthaveadequate However, kinshipcare andthree-generation and stimulatelocaleconomicdevelopment. p carethatactsasabufferagainst Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ontes, 2001). Therefore, tobeeffective, Neighborhood action can reduce crime,improve Amobilizedandengagedcommunityis fact, setting. depend muchonthe r adaptedtoyoungpe ally, how differentethnic groups talk about and ional support,arecrucial forallparents,and -residing or not, cont tivates individualstobecomeinvolved not havelessskills but thatwhat ies haveshownsocial is ive social tiesandrelationships, sures and African Americans tendtotalk sures andAfricanAmericans mitigate potentialpostpartum (Avenevoli, Sessa,&Steinberg, itarian parenting,protective ests differences among families neglect, and understanding what leads to misunderstandingsabout al capital”(Anderson& Milligan, que strengths,practices,and nomy for reasons of safety and ntal health,domesticviolence, limited bymaternal an environmentthatpromotes by itsgeographiclocation “but ople (National Human ributes toimproved relationships maintained relationships olation to belinked

(Tolan 5-13 Rationale safety, trust,reliability, andreciprocity. withat-riskpopulations, working includinggeographicaccessibility, when effortsmustconsiderthe Prevention network needed tohelp pare informal partnershipsamongfam stigmatization (both internally and from others) of were singlewomenandchildren (MariGallagh announced the closure of 14grocerystores inth fast-foodoptionsplace withbutnonearby their offspring.Nonetheless, high-quality, nutritiousfoodsare neighborhoods. Access togoodnutritionisanimport cognitive stimulationandabilit their children byrestricting movement (Lipsey 2000; National ResearchCouncil, limit interactionsamong each other out of fear for personal safety (KIDS COUNT Data Book, reluctant togather in parks and playgrounds orve perception ofdangerhas good parenting bycr protecttheirchildren and nurture Neighborhood conditionsthatincreasestressmayaffect parents’ability to (Domingues & Watkins,2003). develo languageto face culturaland barriers individual supportsnestedin patterns before theyreachacris effective and positive parents, whilecommunity involvement helps to change individual behavior the individualandcommunitylevels. child abuseandEfforts toprevent neglect (Furstenburg & Hughes, 1994; Korbin, 1994). In poor communities, the Research suggests that child-bearing women who have low or no access to a cleareffect on the interactionsof familiesand neighbors. Familiesare abroadernetworkofservices nts buildhealthy families. Chicago had roughly 500,000 people livinginthe “food desert”—a y to establish asense y toestablish of is point(McElhaney& Effley, 19 ilies, organizations,and multiple government agencies createthe more likely to pass ondiet-relat 2000). Parents inunsafe ne grocery stores—in 2007 when amajor retailer ping consistent, effective support networks Strong social networks help parents become more er Research and Consulting Group, 2007). ant attributeofcaring,responsive & Wilson,1993),whichmayaffectthe child's intangible aspects ofsupport networks Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping e metroarea. Mostoftheaffectedresidents eating anxieties that interfere with eating anxietiesthatinterfere In immigrantfamilies particular, low-income using these services(Dar nture outafterdark withchildren, and neighbors requirechange andsupportatboth autonomy (Oso can help familiesavoidthe ighborhoods mayprotect their 99). For high-riskfamilies, ed diseasesandconditionsto fsky, 1995). o, 2002). Formal and 5-14 Rationale 1997). In three CDChousing communities, coordi counterparts inamatche had significantly largeracquaint residents inneighborhood-level organizing forsafety in a publicsquare and thesurrounding area, Residents intheUrban Edge Community Deve 2006, citing Seagert & Winkel,1998). likely tobeinvolvedincommuni organization oftheirco-ops felt community at large, because tenants “who weremo Involving tenants inbuilding ownership and management alsohad positive effects on the acquaintance networks (Cordero-Guzman &Auspos safety andlandusehave been especiallyeffe Efforts toinvolve tenants in building management status intheshort term” (LaPrade &Auspos, 2006 one’s life”—attributes thatcould be community showed “increased educational aspi A prototype comprehensive servicecenter forpublic other indicatorsofchild well-being (Ho and achieved a reduction in reportedchild abuse women and young children. Since implementing th and Individualshavegreatly expand In Vermont,regional partnershi Sayre, 2003). communication kindergarten; the there was communication between home and positive academic andsocial adjustmentstoschool. Teachers got toknow children faster because school. Familiesvaluedthe assi more positiveandsupportive, and programming expectations. Relationships among kindergarten te participants, regardlessoftheir professional family, schools,teachers,peers,andwidercomm residents’ accesstoemployment services but demonstrated thata systematic The National Center for Early Development an

maintained or whetherthe servic Mueller, 1997). Caring andResponsive Evidence d comparisonlocation(LaPrade&Auspos, 2006,ci anceship networks atthe neig stance duringtransitionsandre approach emphasizing long-ter ps underthe direction of thestate’sTeamforChildren,Families more confidentoftheir socialpa ty organizations” and more likely to vote (LaPrade & Auspos, es were effective(LaPrade& es also established avehicle for ed the availability offamilysu rations, higherself-esteem,and : CommunitiesAre gan, 2001). 2001). gan, ctive at expandingresidents’casualtiesand role, acknowledgedashiftinapproachesand did not determine whet kindergarten andbetween preschool and lopment Corporation (CDC),which involved d Learning’s Kindergarte Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping was more integrated, acrosspreschool and assets—but “no evidence ofhighereconomic “no assets—but unity benefits allstakeholders.Almost or in neighborhood-wide efforts toimprove and neglectrates,alongwithimprovements in , citing Shlay, 1993 and Bratt & Keyes, 1997). & and Bratt 1993 Keyes,1997). Shlay, , citing ese partnerships, the stateexpanded services achers, familyworkers,andprincipalswere nation of services wi re engaged inthe formal and informal social , 2006,citing Briggs &Mueller,1997). housing residents in found that center thatcenter users found residentsin housing hborhood level than didtheir m relationshipsamongthechild, Auspos, 2006, citing Briggs & ported thattheir children had problem solving (Pianta &Kraft- pport services forallpregnant rticipation skillsandweremore a greater sense of control oversense of a greater her participation was th housing increased n Transition Project ting Briggs &Mueller,

5-15 Evidence Ku spaces (Brunson, systematically lowerin neighborhood spaces withtreesandgr Sullivan, etal.,2001).Ininner-ci violent crimes.Even modest amountsof greenery levels ofgreenery had 52% fewer totalcrimes, in Community policingefforts have where they now work (Cordero-Guzman &Auspos, 2006, citingMolina, 1998). networks among community residentswhosaidthey had not previously known about the business jobs, improvedrelationshipsbe increased capacity inthe organizat barriers intojobsthatpay more thanthemini effective in placing low-income First SourceprogramsinPortland,ORandBerkel of green….Comparedwith apartment and greenery in a Chicago public housing developm Public green space can contribute tolower crimera community’s legalrigh for the conversion ofliquor outletsto other uses by undertaking needsassessments,providingtestim Residents ofSouthCentral Los Angelesreduced necessarily reducelevelsof crime and relationships between policeandcommunitiimprove other evaluations suggestthat decline inseveraltypesofcrime, 2002). Similarly,awell-organized,paidwalking problem solving forneighbo community policy program involves trainingfor po o &Sullivan,1996). ts (Themba, 1999). rhood concerns, andimproved access while community policing tacticscan decrease fear of crime, tween employers and neighborhood groups, and expanded job community residentswithlimited ty Chicago,graffiti, vandalism, noise,andother incivilities were reduced crime and/or percep especiallyburglary and auto theft (Rosenbaum, 1988). However, ions responsible for recruiting disorder (Schuck &Rosenbaum, 2006). buildings thathadlittleorno mum wage. Thestudyalsofound evidenceof patrol in Columbus, OHwas associated witha Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping cluding 48% fewer property crimes and 56% fewer the numberofliquorstoresintheircommunity that needs,anddefendingthe met residents’ ey, CA found thatjob linkage programs can be lice personnel, civiceducation, beat meetings, were associated with lo ent are dramaticallysafe onials atpublicandmediaforums, advocating tes. “Apartment buildings surrounded by trees es, andimprove police a ass thanincomparable barren tions ofsafety. Chicago’s workhistoriesandmultiple and referringlocalresidentsfor to cityservices (Skogan, et al., vegetation, buildingswithhigh wer crime rates”(Kuo, r than buildings devoid ttitudes, theydonot 5-16 Evidence GOAL

Vulnerable Communities Have Capacity To Respond

Services and supports target Promising community-based populations in communities organizations achieve geographic with concentrated risk saturation with interventions and factors supports to respond to a wide range of needs

Actions Examples Indicators Ingredients Rationale Evidence specifi c strategies, program and measures for elements of research-based research activities, or steps policy initiatives targeting and how actions are reasons to documenting taken to impact illustrating monitoring the implemented believe that that identifi ed the quality and how actions impact of actions that make them identifi ed actions actions contribute capacity of local have worked and documenting effective are likely to to achieving the services and elsewhere progress toward contribute to targeted outcome supports, the the outcome the desired or conditions availability of outcome that lead to the resources, or the outcome policy contexts that contribute to the outcome GOAL resources. organizational infrastructure, increase the information networks,cap increase thesocialandeconomic capacityof affordable housing,andhigh-quality goodsandservices. The combined effortsaim to challenges suchaspoverty,violence, poor Interventions andstrategies are targeted to with concentrated riskfactors A. Servicesandsupportstargetpopulationsincommunities services; workincentives(based residents; andlocalservice providers. Prog we housing, of collaboratives through operate and earnings and to create mixed-income neighborhoods with joblessness andpublicassistance. networks. that pays a livingwage and offershealthbene ultimately, improvetheirhealth st The goal isto increase low-in collaboratives, which are expected (CWBH) California Works forBetterHealth initiative availableto a Dayton, Los Angeles, St.Paul, Jobs-Plus CommunityRevitalization Initiative The DE) uses social supportto reduce isolation am The decision-making skills,familycohesion build onstrengthandresilienc areas. FACET empowers parents tobecome equal www.familyandworkplace.org/pro high-risk neighborhoods. Family transition tofirst grade.Partic issues, establishconnections other parents and pr www.modelprograms.samhsa.gov/pdfs/model/SAFE.pdf and theirchildren keep pace withnati Families and Centers Empowered Together (FACET) program (FACET) Families andCentersEmpoweredTogether SAFE ChildrenProgram www.hud.gov/progdesc/jobsplus.cfm Communities HaveCapacity ToRespond Actions withExamples ll publichousingresidents italize onconcurrenteffortstoimprove physicaland come people’s accesstoregional ipants maintain ahighlevelof y families.Outcomesinclude Seattle) isacomprehensive, neighborhood-based employment

groupmeetings helpcaregive on incomeandeligibilit Itsgoals areto substantially increase employment, retention, viders/provider.facet.asp atus. Inthiscontex works with familiesoffirst- toimprove health through jo onal academicachievementlevels. , communication, and coping skills.coping , communication,and rams combine employment, training,and support tax base,andstrengthenconnectionsto impact geographic areasthatface multiple fits. Effortsincludeinitiatives toreduce health, and lackofaccesstogood jobs, Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping lfare, and workforce ong families inurban, neighborhoods,engageresidents,mobilize

in sevensites,allofwh ovide mutual support, andhelptheirchildren ovide mutual partners inthecareof t, a goodjobis one inasafeenvironment

isestablishingcommunity-based y rules);and efforts to (Baltimore, Chattanooga, Cleveland,

: Vulnerable enthusiasm forsc increases inparentefficacy, out displacement.Programs rs manage normalparenting rs economicopportunitiesand, graders who attend schoolsin b-development in development agencies; high-risk, low-income ich have high levels of ich havelevels high their children and to hool involvement strengthensocial terventions. (Wilmington, use and Neglect 6-1 Neglect use and

Actions & Examples interventions andsupportsth Community-based organizationsachieve respond toanarray ofneeds geographic saturationwithinterventionsand supportsthat B. Promising community-based organizationsachieve Hope Streetrespondstotheva California HospitalMedical Center. Health of Department County staff,andfundingand agreementstosharefacilities, withtheLosAngelesSchoolDistrict, the and services development programs program aims to enhance and optimizechild outc focuses onbo the Center Bureau, with a researchandde 1992 in city. Founded comprehensive childcare and preschool educatio FamilyCenter Hope Street caregiver recoveringfromsubstance abuse problems to special needschild,liveininadequate housingwithlittle decrease thestressandisolationoffamilies. visit thesame family everyweek toincrease thesocialsupport and sense ofwell beingand matches a older adultmentor withan at-risk fa Intergenerational Learning and theSupportive Family Friends in high-poverty urban and rura The U.S.Department of Labor established benefits. Language) and toencourage employers to prov employment barriers (e.g.,through vocationally family. Family Friendsmatchcontinuesaslong as it re www.doleta.gov/youth_services/ cross-site casemanagement featured aweb-basedsystemthatfosteredcolla states. TheLos Angelesgrant focused on 26 in operated 36 grants 21.In2002, and 14 theagesof between youth out-of-school and youth development services.The The Harlem and focuses on blending many activities truancy prevention program. Itisnow connecte Harlem Children’s Zone www.templecil.org/family_friends www.mdrc.org/proje (formerly HomeFriends), ajoint project between the Center for , using the city's online case management , usingthecity'sonline system. at respondflexiblytoawiderangeofneeds. ct_15_45.html l communitieswithavariety of Services, theUniversityofCa ried needsoffamilieswithyoung

grants totaled$250millionan th childandfamilyas well as (LosAngeles)isa public-private partnership that provides tostrengthen family stability (HCZ, New York, NY) began as an after-school and www.healthychild.ucla.edu/Ho

the Boyle Heights andWattscommunities;it Youth OpportunityGrants geographic saturation withcoherent

Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping Participating familiesusually haveatleast one monstration grant from the federal Head Start mains mutuallysatisfying Child/Adult Networkin thePhiladelphia area, mily inthe neighborhood. Trained volunteers ide safe working environments and health boration with communityandenabled boration partners oriented instructionin Englishas a Second intoacoherent community-building strategy. omes byproviding high-quality childand youth n to nearly 2,000 young children in theinner d toaspecific 24-square-block area in central . There isno cost to no employment, and have a lifornia-Los Angeles,andthe employment, education, and the socialenvironment. The nually andreachedin-school childrenthrough partnerships and economicself-sufficiency. peStreetFamilyCenter.asp tothevolunteerand eligible families anda toprovide youth use and Neglect 6-2 Neglect use and

Actions & Examples to succeed. program is based onthe notion that an entire government, public schools, parksdepartment, confidence, perseverance, teamwo confidence, perseverance, to influencetheirchildren’sac launched by journalistandOkolonanative Willia gives parents information on earlychildhood educ closely withschool superintende Baby Steps The youth (many of whom arefirst- orsecond-gen enterprise efforts. LAYC’s programs span th sensitive socialsupports, learningand empl community-based organization that school opportunities foradolesce programs in 24 neighborhoods. ASM engages Chic ASMengages neighborhoods. in24 programs responsibility overtheirASM sites. based operation to a neighborhood-based one, alongside mentors, gainjob experi center where children can go afterschool an communications. Forexample, th activities thathelpthemdevelopmarketable housing agency,and child welfare youth population with other inst many of whom wereonce LAYC youth particip central tothe effort. Youth pursue individual case management,leadershipde educational enhancements, small communities. LAYC offers more than 40 pr learn practicallifeskills,andbecomeskilled prepare youth fortheworkplace. HCZ ( HCZ programs help theirfamilies support childrenfrominfanc The non-profit • • • • • Latin American Youth Center Center Youth Latin American Harlem Peacemakers, whichrecruitscollege-a Two charter schools thatwill eventuallyreach 1,300 K-12 students families incrisis A FamilySupportCenterthatoffersmedicalcare, a dentalclinic,and towalk-in assistance violence prevention;italso activities tofosteracademic TRUCE (The Renaissance University for Commu twoincluding Beacons programs Internet access, employment training,job successfully in thejob market through comput An Employment and Technology Center that teaches young adults how to compete www.okolona.org/odfc/babysteps.html (Okolona, MS) seeksto enhance parents’ ro After SchoolMatters(ASM) ademic successandtoteachth operates after-schooland velopment, andadvocacy. Connections between programs are itutions, including schools,th itutions, nts, the University of Mississ growth and career readiness among 12- to 19-year-olds business development, counseling, substance abuse treatment, nts. Thoseinstitutionsand and juvenilejust e initiativetransformedan em ence, andearnmoney. ASMis rk, responsibility)that canbetaught athome.Working provides youthandfamilieswi www.afterschoolmatters.com www.hcz.org (LAYC, Washington, DC)is amulticultural, oyment opportunities, at advocatingforthemselves andtheir ograms, including housin d where youth explore new interests,work job skillsinthearts, e entireyouth engagement continuum by helping Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping developmental pathswith mentoring fromstaff, town needs torallyaro eration immigrants) get referrals, andone-on-o and publiclibra ants. LAYC alsoadvocates for itshigh-risk giving local communities morediscretionand m Raspberrytobuildonthe power of parents ice systems. ation, child motivation, ation, child ago public high school students in hands-on

ge young people to organization partners withChicago’s city er classes,awalk-i nity Education), which uses media literacy ) includes: les intheirchildren’slearning.It was summer enrichmentprograms, ippi, andteachers,BabySteps e fundamental skills(e.g.,self- local businesses e policedepartment,the public ry systemtoexpandout-of- www.layc-dc.org y throughearlyadulthood and pty cityblock into an arts transitioningfroma program- technology, sports,and advocacy, and socialadvocacy, and

th comprehensive,culturally g, charterschools, n computer lab with und itschildrenforthem ne career counselingne career their basic needs met, work inschools on and role-playing.The jointly formed jointly use and Neglect 6-3 Neglect use and

Actions & Examples “Social capital”referstoindividu SIGNIFICANCE • • determinant ofthe quality oflifefor the childrenan other socialstructures. Researchers believethat a • gatherings, and celebrations; opportunities forleader that promote healthy development and family fu environmentsCommunity offeranarray of formalservices,inform DEFINITION development andfamilyfunctioning 1. Communityenvironments support healthychild • MEASURES and high-quality healthand human servic and theirchildren’sfuture. canactcollectively residents reflectabeliefthat to Neighborhoods Neighborhoods fostersocial tiesamong residents. Community providers families with healthy environments, distinguished bythe: withhealthyenvironments,distinguished Community providersfamilies needed tomaximizehealthyfam Community hascapacity to make available, accessi o o o o o o o o o o o o o Presence of neighborhoodPresence watchprogra Absence of physical toxins (e.g., Absence of neighborhood violence Absence of concentrated poverty Transportation Domestic violence su Food andnutrition Child careandearlychildhoodeducation Housing Substance abuse andment Family planningservices Prenatal and childbearing services Child healthservices Have CapacityToRespond Indicators

als’ ability tobenefit fromtheirme als’ ability pport and services and pport ily functioning,including: al healthtreatment : VulnerableCommunities es thatareresponsive tofamilies. lead, poisoned air, unsafewater) nctioning.community Theevents, haspublic Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping d familiesthatlivethere.A widelycitedstudy community’s level of social ship andcivicparticipatio m, neighborhood association, etc. ble, and affordable th al supports, and opportunities al supports, mbership insocialnetworks or improve theirwell-being e high-qualityservices n; safe public spaces; capitalisacritical use and Neglect 6-4 Neglect use and

Indicators as the preschool years because of Researchers alsohaveconcludedthatsocial capital hasan impact available and there were very strong formal maltreatment rates “there were moreservicesav community leadersdescribedhighlevels of is different ratesof child abuse and neglect. explained why differentneighborhoods withequi so that found (1992) Kostelny and Garbarino by risk children(Runyan, etal.,1998). itsimpactondevelopmental an In areaswheremaltreatmentrateswere high, andinformal socialsupport networks.” olation and depression; in areaswithlower cial disorganizationwas thekey factor that Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping valent socioeconomic profileshad dramatically ailable, thesubjects knew more about whatwas d behavioral outcomesforhigh- on children’s well-beingasearly use and Neglect 6-5 Neglect use and

Indicators • • • INGREDIENTS: CommunityChangeInitiatives specific strategiesorprograms. the PreventionofChildAbuseandNeglect. These cross-cutting KeyIngredientsaresummar categorized asfollows: thata Key IngredientsofEffectiveness they areprovided. interventions areimplemented andhowservices effective inhelpingtoprevent child a Key Ingredientsaretheunderlyingelements that make certainservicesandsupports a broadstrategicplan, and a cl initiatives thataimto help re Neighborhood capacity building from categorical planning and implementation, te comprehensive approach possible include: aflexib tool thatliberates stakeholders fromcate neighborhood withoutsideresources,rather initiatives focus onsocialrelati residents’ formalandinformalsocial networks. Efforts tostrengthen a useful way to frame long-term obje to mostcommunityinitiatives. sectors) has proved toobroad and,from apracti individual, family,neighborhood Comprehensiveness. • • • • • • • • Funding Sustainability Community EngagementandSocialNetworks Connections toandacrossServicesSupports Results Orientation Effective Management High Quality Accessibility Capacity ToRespond Ingredients The principle of comprehensiven Theprincipleof sidents collectivelysolvetheir ow ear starting point foraction. onships out of a belief that neighborhood-level socialforces can A comprehensive and well-articulated visionfor change can be , andsystemschangeinthe ctives, however, as longit : VulnerableCommunitiesHave buse andneglect.Theymatter becausehow pply toallelements ofthePathway are . Efforts to build capacityare akey component of gorical constraints. Factorsthatmake a Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping than to address a discrete issue. thantoaddressadiscrete EachgoalcontainsKeyIngredientsfor chnical supportto build cal standpoint,toodifficu areprovided isasimportant aswhether le fundingbase,localca ized inthe OverviewtothePathwayfor physical, economic, and social ess (i.e.,attemptingto achieve n problems and to connect the the to connect and n problems is treatedasanidealor a linksacross projects, pacity to moveaway pacity lt toapply effectively use and Neglect 6-6 Neglect use and Some

Ingredients • •

• • • • Policy and Practice. Excerpts from:Turner,M.A.andRawlings, L.(July, 2005) • • INGREDIENTS: EmploymentforPublicHousingResidents www.aspeninstitute.org/atf/cf/%7BDEB6F227-659B onlineat: Available Institute. Voices FromThe FieldII:Reflections onComprehensiveCommunity Change. Washington, DC: TheAspen R,Fulbright-Anderson,Excerpts from:Kubisch,A.C., Chaskin, Auspos,P.,Brown, K.,andHamilton,R.(2002) distressed communities. distressed Educate the public about high rates of employment and work effort among residentsof Help residents remaininthe development(r their perceivedabilitytoinfluence housing. Allow sufficient timefor program Reach outto provide servicesto and the surrounding community. Make itaprioritytoreducethelevelofcrim people through the slowprocess of building co community-building process.So role inimprovingthelifecircumst Leadership development.developmentisa Provide workable transportation assistance (po Help newly employed residentsretain also isavehicle toimproveindi ties (socialsupports,accessto ties (theemotional and psychological support they get from relationsh affect individual outcomes. In thiscase,neighb communication, trust,an this important aspectof An Washington, DC:TheUrban Institute. d collectiveaction. work involves building cro information, accesstoopportunit vidual lives.Otherinitiativesai me initiativesdefineleadershipdevelopment as"supporting men, evenifthey are not offici ances of individualsandbecause design and start-up,sustainservices overmultipleyears. events that affecttheirlives. -4EC8-8F84-8DF23CA704F5%7D/VOICESIIBOOK.PDF their jobsovertimeand advance. Overcoming Concentrated Poverty andIsolation: Ten Lessonsfor Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping ather than moving) ifthey want tostay. e andviolence in public orhood-level change may be an end in itselfbut nfidence and self-estee nfidence and ssibly cars) toreducethe cost of working. ss-racial andcross-cultural Key Ingredient because of its m tostrengthen both affective al residents intargeted public y, and soon) between people. it isacentralaspectofthe housing developments housing m" and strengthening ips) andinstrumental

use and Neglect 6-7 Neglect use and

Ingredients important aschildrenenterschool. Exposure torelativelymoreaffl ineffective, and youngpeople seefew op these neighborhoods, crime an challenges asthey attempt to leave welfare, earn Low-income familiesthatlivein high-povertyneighbo distressed, lif thelong-term undermines communities A growing body of social scienceresear and beyond theinfluenceof than 10% povertyappearsto predict morefavorabl problems, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. In poverty areas are atgreater risk oflow birth-we perception of danger inpoorcommunities has a clear effecton anxieties that interfere withgoodparenting drug selling,maydirectlyaffectparents’ability negative relationships. interactions withchildren andraisest Living in poverty presentsmultiple, on-g beyond family characteristics (ChildTrends, 2000). appear to be influenced by thelevel of male unemployment intheir neighborhood, above and terms ofschoolreadinessand Neighborhood povertyisassociatedwith families. the network necessary tosupport partnerships between families, organizations,andmu promotes strongfamiliesandsupports Promoting parenting skillsembeddedinthe community environment’ that ischaracterized by the quality community is defined not only by itsgeographi neighborhoods may protect theirchildren by rest libraries, andchildren’sprograms (NationalResearchCouncil, development because itaffectspa (KIDS COUNT Data Book, 2000). Perceived ne limit children, and neighbors with neighbors. Familiesarereluctanttogatherin neglect systems,theymust haveth families” (Kotch, Muller&Blakely,1999). For motivation ofindividuals tobecome against allformsofchildabuseandneglectbecausethe protection Community-based violence preventione Have CapacityToRespond Rationale Neighborhood conditions that in family characteristics. (Nat d violence are common, jobs arescarce, schoolsareoften rents’ willingnesstotakeadvantag interactions among each other out of fear for personal safety the effort necessaryto support parents inbuilding healthy e toolsandfundstocr long-term academic achievement. long-term academic : Vulnerable Communities uent neighbors becomes increasingly uent neighborsbecomes portunities for success. (Turner, 2005) Young children’s behavior (Furstenburg & Hughes,(Furstenburg 1994;& The Korbin, 1994). involvedintheirowncommunities. communities tobuildeffectivechildabuseand parks and playgrounds or parks and to nurtureand protect theirchildrenbycreating c location, “butalso as atype of ‘social in times of in times need. Both formal and informal he potential for punitive or otherwise otherwise he potentialforpunitiveor an adequate livingand ra Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping ight, infantmortality, ighborhood safety isimportant for child ch indicates thatliv of relationships maintain ricting theirmovement, contrast, residenceina neighborhood with less fforts willultimately bethebest oing challenges that threaten positive oing challengesthatthreaten e scoresontestsofco poorchildandyouthoutcomesin ltiple disciplinarygovernment agenciescreate e chances offamiliesandchildren. ional Research Council,2000) iscrucialtocreating eate innovative partnerships for families. eate innovativepartnershipsforfamilies. crease suchasstress, crimeand 2000). Parentsin unsafe the interactions rhoods face especially daunting e of resourcessuch as parks, child abuse, behavior al and physical outcomes venture out afterdark ed among individualsand ing in high-poverty ing in ise theirchildren.In which may affect the gnitive abilities, above gnitive abilities, anenvironmentthat of familiesand Childreninhigh- use and Neglect 6-8 Neglect use and A

Rationale neighborhood reapsthebenefits; programs embed servicesto parents within ne interventions encourage positive interventions encourage opportunities friendshipsisanimportant for familiestobuild numbers of friends (Coohey, 2001; Dominguez & Research consistently findsthat from sourcesbeyondthefamily’scontrol come resourcesandbecausethreats has scarce,unreliable the environment to their supportnetworksbecause face uniquechallenges Inner-city families the timeofserv solely onintra-familyskills.Th involved in thesystem. to becoming federalorstatewelfareprior 85,000children)received welfare system(about Development Division reported thatst In 2002,theCalifornia Departmentof 1995). Osofsky, child’s cognitivestimulationand rate, unemployment Rates ofinvolvementin statewide whohadreceivedAidtoFamilieswith and friends” (Tolan, et al.,2004 T Council, 2000;Fenich child outcomes, L and 9. entered the child welfaresystemaf incorporate multiplelevelsofsu (Gorman-Smith,Tolan & factors andexternalstresses Henry, 2000). Thus programs that sufficient on their ownto prevent neglect orabus their children. supports that dovetailwithformalized se An ecologicalviewofsocialnetworks outcomes for residents (MDRC,2007). the interventions,these economic developmentwithstrate combining multipleprogramin infrastructure, increasethe tax ba neighborhoods andcapitalize on concurrent effo urban communities.Such efforts seektoincr based employment strategiestoreversethe effe poverty initiativeshaveemphasiz prospects forresidentsoflow-income neighborhoods. resources—presents specialchallenges and high-quality goodsservices, andeconomicaffordable housing, andpolitical ower levels ofparentalstressand fa ower levels he concentration of poverty—and an associated lack of access to good jobs, jobs, ofaccesstogood lack anassociated ofpoverty—and he concentration ice involvement. Research concludes that good parenting intentions are essentialbut may not be includingsocialability,literacy,an el &Mann, 2002). the childwelfare system could be predicted bytheAFDC/CalWORKs use initiatives aimto harne family poverty rate,and county popu terventions inemployment, housing, crime prevention, and e broader focus promotes skills an skills e broaderfocuspromotes ) provide a more stable support more ) providea pport and “embed parenting concer and “embedparenting pport abusive mothers do not feelthey ability to establish asenseof au ed a combination of community re development ratherthan fixing this inturnleadstostrong se, and strengthen connections to jobs and otherresources. By gies tomobilizeresidentsandin ter receiving state public assistance werebetween the ages of 5 ease the social andeconomiccapacity of mily conflictareconnectedtopositive tworks of family andfriends, theentire That child population repres ss neighborhoods’ assetson behalf of better Social Services Research and SocialServicesResearch suggests thatfamilies whohaveinformal foreffortstoimproveeconomic cts of concentrated povertywithin low-income Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping rts toimprovethe phys DependentChildrenor atewide, 60%of children inthechild e, because of the role played by neighborhood Watkins, 2003). Thus the creation of (Tolan,et al., 2004; Ro rvices willbeless pronetomistreat d school readiness(National Research er families,especiallywhen intervention strategy. When lation size. Mostchildrenwho tonomy (Lipsey & Wilson, 1993; system thanprograms focused problems (Tolan, et al.,2004). d supportsthat continue beyond have sufficient support from or formation networkstosupport vitalization strategiesand place- ns within networks of families Since the early 1990s,anti- ical andorganizational CalWORKs since 1993. y, 2004; Winter, 1994). ented 2%of all children use and Neglect 6-9 Neglect use and

Rationale help familiestransformtheirlives. be focused,butno Interventions haveto networks.” more about what was available an in areaswithlower maltreatment rates“there we programmatic boundariesare necessary maltreatment rates werehigh, community leaders de socioeconomic profileshad dramatically differentra disorganization wasthe key factor thatexplaine (Turner, 2005) focusing exclusivelyonemployme Opportunities, Jobs-Plus,andtheBridges to for residentchildrenandfamilies. levelof socialA community’s capital isakey determinant ofthequalitylife nt andearningswould d there were verystrongformal tohelpfamiliesovercomemult Garbarino and Kosteiny (1 Complexinitiativesthat Word demonstration projects recognized that Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping d why different neighborhoods with equivalent re moreservicesavaila t one-dimensional, ifthey t one-dimensional, intend to tes of childabuse and neglect. In areaswhere scribed high levels of overlook barriersfamiliesface. critical and informalsocial support cutacrossconventional 992) found thatsocial iple challenges.Moving to ble, thesubjectsknew isolation and depression; isolation and use and Neglect 6-10 Neglect use and

Rationale populations, Jobs-Plus’searnings were smallerandlessconsistentth members oftwo-parent Southeast Asianmen in St.Paulby $2,129 (21% increased the average annual earnings of Los Angele Hispanic menin Jobs-Plus’ effects on employment were positive at effects on community well-being. (Turner, 2005, Bloom, 2005) renovation project. However,theincreased individualearnings sites butdisappearedatthe fourth when its re Washington, DC whoare awaiting tr The Latin American Youth Center’s Evening Repo 200 into part-time orfulltimeemployment level seventh grade. The program already moved young people (of 2,800contacted). The average age By the end of 2001, the Los Angeles Youth Opportunities Grant program had enrolled 2,200

away) relativetothecomparisongr Jobs-Plus markedly increased theearnings ofre target of completing 90%ofall subjects. Theafter-school comp writing skillsbyatleast one letter grade,and13 in-school component served 153 the mainLAYC siteandat in-school and after-sch some instancestoadultswhowant LAYC participants. Programmingisoffered tostudents inkindergarten through high school, and in The Latin American Youth Center’s Educational show up attheircourtappearance achieved by any alternative detention program inth participants werere-arrestedwh opportunities, anddinnerinasupervised setting. homework assistance, computer training, mental a verylowrate ofrecidivismamongparticipants Capacity ToRespond Evidence families (Bloom,2005). assigned homework on time (Latin impacts were exceptionally larg onent 186elementary school students; 74%met or exceeded the ile participating in the30-45 elementary schoolstudents; 27% an the effects on earnings. In to continue theireducation. Education services are offered at (Latin AmericanYouthCenter, 2007). oup infoursites.Thisimpact : VulnerableCommunitiesHave ial withan alternative tojuven (American Youth PolicyForum, 2002). sidents weredisplacedbya federal HOPEVI sidents (including those who eventually moved ). Almost allthese men were immigrantsand Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping % improvedbyatleast onelettergradein both . Youth are picked up afterschool andreceive health counseling,ar Enhancement Division serves about 50% of all of 50% servesabout Division Enhancement During the first half of 2006, only 4% ofhalf of2006, only4% the first During sites that fully implem sitesthat ool programs on school campuses. In 2006, the rting Center (ERC) offers young people in 350 enrollees into post-secondary education and and education post-secondary into enrollees 350 e District ofColumbia),e District andonly 1% failed to of participants was 17and the average reading day program (the lowest rate did nottranslateintopositive e for immigrantmen. Jobs-Plus the two sites with sizable male American Youth Center, 2007). held overtime at threeofthe improvedtheirreading or ile detention. The program has s by$3,248 (28%) and ts andrecreational ented theinitiativebut use and Neglect 6-11 Neglect use and

Evidence knowledge anduseofparenta significant reduction Families participatinginHomeFriend families remainedwithinthe experienced significant mental healthimprovemen experiences significantimprovemen in the neighborhood the conditionof improved housing vouchers andsearch assistance. A rand public and assistedhousing developments infive Moving ToOutcomes for FairHousing(MTO) pr in Caregivers parental distressscore. same central-cityschool l, childcare,and food reso ts in both mentalandphysical s reportareductionintotal pa which participating families lived.Adults Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofChild Ab Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping om-assignment evaluation found MTO dramatically cities tohealthy,low-poverty neighborhoods with oject helpedfamiliesmo ts and engagedinlessriskybehavior.Most district. (Turner, 2005) urces. (HomeFriends, 2005) also report asubstantialincreasein health.GirlsinMTOfamilies rental stressandastatistically ver from high-poverty, use and Neglect 6-12 Neglect use and

Evidence use ofthisinformationelsewhere. learn experience from the of others working to In thefuture,thesetoolsmaybecataloguedand The “HotTopics”sectionisintendedtobea integrate thePathwayframew encouragedtoadap others–are evaluators, and and purposes. Intermediaries -includingtraine To beusedeffectively, inth the“rawmaterial” alonethePath standing that suggests resources infras buildthe programs, policies, implement how tomakethisre neglect. Anassessmentof aboutwhatcont research, practice,andtheory body “Notebook”containsarich This Pathway • • • • • • Logic models Logic models tools Funding andsustainabilityplanning Quality assessmenttools Resource mappingtools Community scans Strategy briefsandcross-cutting issuepapers ork intolargerefforts. Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping tructure, establish connections, and allocate andallocate establishconnections, tructure, place to hold customized resources, such as: suchas: resources, place toholdcustomized e Notebook can be tailored to specific audiences audiences tospecific e Notebookcanbe tailored rs, technicalassistanceproviders, planners, ributes tothepreventionofchildabuseand of information aboutwhatweknowfrom ofinformation way is unlikely to have significant impact. way isunlikelytohavesignificant source mostusefultothoseactingchange source prevent childabuseandneglecttheeffective t the information and to develop thetoolsto t theinformationandtodevelop made available electronically so changeagentscan so made availableelectronically HT-1

Hot Topics

All ofthesePathwaysaredesignedto: Success. In additiontheAnnieE.Casey Foundationdirect Pathways: three constructed With support oftheAnnie E.CaseyFoundat appears promising. whatisworkingnow,and knowledge aboutwhathasworkedelsewhere, accumulated with oflocalcircumstances understanding andtheir wisdom effectively whentheycancombinelocal will beabletoactmost communities a blankslateorunaided, scrounge, communi PMI's work isbasedontheconvictionthat effective implementation. contextual frameworkthatconnectsactivitiesto theorybut includinglessonsfrom andpractice. aboutwhatworksbydrawingno current findings developed withsupportand initiallyfrom TheAnni PMI wasestablishedin2000aspart oftheProject onEffectiveInterventions atHarvard University youth andfamilies. children, outcomes for vulnerable actiontoimprove as abasisfor a provides The PathwaysMappingInitiative(PMI) • • • • • • •

APPENDIX 1:THEPATHWAYS MAPPINGINITIATIVE the PathwaytoPreventionofChildAbuseandNeglect the PathwaytoTransition the PathwaytoThirdGradeSchoolSuccess. majority of citizens consider important. important. consider ofcitizens majority toachiev thatpromise and jurisdictions, disciplines across -- therefore toleverageinvestmentofbothenergyandresources foranarrayofstakeholders Make iteasier modify theknowledgebase. Create through aforum which communityexperience cancontinuouslyinformand families. and children for outcomes toimprove coherently and strategically actmore and Give philanthropic funders newwaysofund disinvested neighborhoods. in living childrenfamilies,especiallythose outcomes for and opportunities toimprove these userscancombinewiththeirun guidanceabout reliable Give communities to uncover therichlessonslearned byothers. Webelievethat "actionable intelligence" from outside --- the "actionable intelligence"fromoutside to SuccessfulYoungAdulthood ion andtheW.K.KelloggFoundation,PMIhas Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping It organizes these findings in a coherent, findingsina Itorganizesthese ly constructed a Pathway to Family Economic Economic Pathway toFamily ly constructeda intended impacts, and provides data to support support intended impacts,andprovides datato t aloneonthetraditionalevaluationliterature broad, deep, and coherent bodyofinformation broad, deep,and derstanding of local conditions and localconditions of derstanding e E. CaseyFoundation.Itextendsthewealthof e thechildandfamilyoutcomesthat ties and funders should not have tostartwith ties andfundersshouldnot what has worked elsewhere --information what hasworkedelsewhere to agree on plausible strategies –and on plausiblestrategies toagree erstanding whatworkssotheycanthink erstanding A1-1

Pathways

Mental mappinghasallowedustoidentify: experience and fromth accumulated apreponde to plausible interpretations and reasonable judgments have proventheireffectiveness.Instead,the mental mapping process systematicallyapplies move beyondreliance onisolatedpiecesofevid Institutes ofHealth.Bothare attemptsto Consensus ConferencesconvenedbytheNational built onaprocess wecall"mentalmapping."Thementalsimilar mappingprocess tothe is whatworksis bodyofknowledgeabout Our approachtoharvestingtheextensive andgrowing The Pathways works" than other approaches, much of what we do builds on other well-known work: wedobuildsonother muchofwhat works" thanotherapproaches, Initiativedraws Although the Pathways Mapping outcomes. improved areoftenthekeysto effortsthat thecommunity-wide and connections amongprograms, the works” thatgoesbeyondindividualprograms andpractices,toincludethestrategies, intentional intheir efforts.Mentalmappingha solutions thatare nowcapturing thebulk ofattent We believethatsomuchofwhatneeds doingisnotamenabletotheprogramby program • • • • • • • • other sources onthechangeprocess. al ofPathways change, becausemostusers supports or undermines localaction outcomes. explicit thelinksamongactions,contex aspects of the aspects ofthe engagement, andsimilar community of governance, importance Although we recognize the The Pathwaysinclude the identifi ingredients Many oftheactionsandkey Like the and theimplicationsthisholds of effectiveness Key ingredients account Actions thattake helping systems from formal supports community informal include that Actions thatcontributetoanoutcome. inalldomains include actions systemsandsilos Actions across within a larger, outcome-based context. context. outcome-based within alarger, ofinformation aboutbest sources from most reliable, and relatively easy for communities to assemble. toassemble. for communities relatively easy reliable, and best practices theory of change theory of Approach process ofchange and promising practices identified identified andpromisingpractices indicators ofprogress indicators

eory – as well as from research. research. from –aswell eory approach to program design and evaluation, PMI makes PMI designandevaluation, toprogram approach for results and for "scaling up" up" for"scaling and results for of policies and funding policiesandfunding of , PMI focusesonthe , Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping s allowed us to assemble information about“what information ustoassemble s allowed ence and a narrow rangeofinterventionsthat and anarrow ence , with a focus on how actions are implemented withafocusonhowactionsareimplemented , from a larger universeofknowledgeabout"what alarger from , cuttingacross conventionalboundaries to ion from those who are trying tobecomemore who aretrying ion fromthose ready have access to assistance from many from assistance access to have ready ts in which actions occur, andintended ts inwhichactionsoccur, practices inthat theyplacethepractices practices ed as effective by Pathways are similar to byPathwaysare ed aseffective toward theoutcomethatare significant, toward elsewhere. PMI’s Pathways differ Pathways elsewhere. PMI’s rance ofevidenceculledfrom content -- the broader context that broadercontext -- the as well ascontributions as rather thanthe process of A1-2

Pathways

1 ofeffectivestrategies.” discussions inform broader from diversebodiesofliterature andfor ensuri Conferences, whichare “avehiclefor movingbe Na Mental Mappingisaprocess similar tothe MAPPING PROCESS? WHAT THEMENTAL IS experimental methods.Wesoughttostrike a promising efforts, goingbeyondthecircumsc Our challengehasbeento develo them. not on influence effectiveness. emphasisis The contexts that the communityandpolicy makethoseactionseffective,and(3) ingredients that about (1)thecombinationof to thinkcoherentlyandsystematical communities developed, is PMI’sinformation strong theory. bothaccumulatedexpe of evidence”—culledfrom “what works” byapplyingreasonable judgments offers anal The PathwaysMappingInitiative(PMI) interventionwork. made the really severely limited from a isderived late; arrives too knowledge,however, ofthat neighborhoods. Most thelifechancesofindi can acttoimprove practiti and researchers decade, During thelast including researchers andpractition including researchers To dotheMentalMapping, weconvenegroups of coherently. rationally and work more useful information butalsotomakeiteasier for policyandprogram people childhood development. balance. represents that TheMentalMappingprocess morethanachampion’sanecdotalaccounts. amount tolittle cross-cutting that areapoorfitwithcomplex, adulthood)? sc grade third of schoolreadiness, higher rates to achiev mostlikely exposed towhatactionsare there theevidencefrom question, considering reach Partic consideration. theoutcomeunder make and to add tothefindingsfromresearch, their perspectivesandbeliefs.Drawingonthei

Shonkoff, J.P., & Phillips, D.A. (Eds.). (2000). From APPENDIX 2:MENTALMAPPINGASATOOLFORIMPROVING

Washington, DC: NationalAcademy Press. actions needed to produce a desired outcome,(2)thekey actions neededtoproduceadesired

p criteria and methods foridenti andmethods p criteria

ers, whoaresteepedintheirre OUTCOMES ribed programs thatcanbeevaluatedwith ribed programs Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping viduals and families who live in America’s tough tough wholiveinAmerica’s viduals andfamilies tional Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus (NIH)Consensus tional InstitutesofHealth , community basedinitiatives,andeffortsthat , community neurons toneighborhoods: thescience ofearly hool success, or successful transition to young successfultransitiontoyoung success, or hool search, theory, and experiences youhave been theory,and search, organized, and presented inawaythathelps andpresented organized, balance between assessing r accumulated wisdom, we ask them to review and them toreview wisdom,weask r accumulated ng the unbiased synthesis of findings that can unbiasedsynthesisoffindingsthatcan ng the oners havelearned much ipants are asked to respond initially tothe respondinitially ipants areaskedto explicit their “mental maps” of what works to whatworks maps”of explicit their“mental specific programs but on actions that cut across butonactionsthatcutacross specific programs and plausible interpretations to“apreponderanceplausible interpretations and yond thepiecemeal presentationofevidence ly, across systemic and disciplinary boundaries, boundaries, anddisciplinary systemic ly, across ternative. Itbroadenstheknowledgebaseabout ternative. e the specific outcome under consideration (e.g., consideration e thespecificoutcomeunder rience andevaluationfindings—coupledwith range ofinterventions;andfailstoidentifywhat xperienced individuals, highly knowledgeable,experiencedindividuals, 1 comes in small, isolated, and disjointed pieces; anddisjointed isolated, insmall, comes notonlytoelicit The goaloftheprocessis

fying credible evidenceabout fying credible spective fields and diverse in diverse spective fieldsand about howcommunities what works by methods what worksbymethods tothinkabouttheir A2-1

Mental Mapping The Pathwayssharefivedistinctivefeatures: of ChildAbuseandNeglect. Succ SchoolSuccess,to Grade Third Readiness and We haveusedtheMentalMappingprocess tocons THEMENTALMAPPINGFINDINGS? DONE WITH WHAT HASPMI andrelevant. useful, understood, readily make sureitis Wealsofield-test gaps. to fillanyremaining PMI supplementstheinformation genera thelatter. andwediscard pointofview, an idiosyncratic a singlepr consensus, aredrawn exclusivelyfrom thatfailtostimulate fromthose which thereisstrong consensus We distinguishclaimsfor Mapping participants,bias. wehavebeenable toprotect boththeprocessandproductfrom Because wetakegreatcaretoensurearich about. of achildtheyareconcerned support toimprovetheirskills,or training and routine makeiteasierandmore institutions, to programs new recommend notprimarily did they families, disadvantaged thehighest-risk,most outcomes for what sessions schoolreadiness participants in forgingsupports connectionsbetweenthem. and neglected; wewanttohighlighttheimportance WewantPathwaysto hidden. otherwise remain weencourageparticipantsto As theyrespond, Pathways identify easy-to-use indi Pathwaysidentify easy-to-use 3. 2. 1. outcomes. timed pregnancies.” that co listedunderservices the firstaction to andacceptable that areeffective,affordable, outcome. F organize theseactionsandstrategiesbytheir frontlines,atthecommunity actions onthe thatarelikelytoachiev other interventions) specifiedoutcomes. achieving and actions Pathways identifythe explore thosewhichare most usefultothem. Consequently,see themanyways Pathwaysusers atdiscip meant wewerenolongerlooking of MentalMappingparticipants, diversity drawing arefewframeworksfor there But school. for ready children toget programs preschool more thanthepolicetokeepneighborhoods familie strengthen services to bridge disciplines. Pathways . Rather,theyemphasizedthe

such cross-cutting conclusions,apartfr such cross-cutting or example, “providing a wide range of family planning services and methods and planningservices rangeoffamily awide example,“providing or In laying out indicators that asse that Inlayingout indicators s, morethanchildwelfarese connections ted byMentalMappingmeetings

People know it takes more than family support family support People knowit takes morethan mix ofbackgroundsandoutlooksamongMental the information withgroupsofpotentialusers the information Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping interventions weremost We identify specific actions (services, supports, and We identifyspecificactions dig deep andputon thetableissuesthatmight deep dig of filling gaps among interventions, services, and and interventions,services, gapsamong of filling for child care staff, for example, toobtainthe forexample, staff, care for child and the mandate to think across boundaries, and themandatetothinkacross beabletomobilizede ogram or organization’s experience, or represent represent experience,or ororganization’s ogram For example,when weaskedMentalMapping stimulate action in areas that are typically are typically inareasthat action stimulate linary domains and systems in isolation. inisolation. andsystems domains linary strategies that contribute to to strategies thatcontribute truct Pathways to three outcomes: to School to threeoutcomes:School truct Pathways that mustbebuilt intoexistingprograms and cators of progress toward specified specified toward of progress cators essful Young Adulthood, and to the Prevention essful YoungAdulthood,andtothePrevention ntribute tohigher rates of“intended,well- e thestipulatedgoalsandoutcomes,including level, and at the policy and systems level.We andsystems level, andatthepolicy free of violence, and more thangood free ofviolence,and hypothetical contributionstoachievingthe

a variety of actual and potential users” is and potential users” ofactual avariety ss progress toward the desired outcome, desiredoutcome, the toward ss progress om the Mental Mapping process. The om theMentalMappingprocess. that communities canacteffectivelyand communities that rvices to keep childrensafe, to rvices likely to helpchange to likely velopmental assessments velopmental assessments

asking other experts

to A2-2

Mental Mapping

4. Pathways identify attributes—key Pathways identify the elem the Pathwaysidentify 5. by a definition, a description of why it’s important, and advice on how to collect it. onhowtocollect advice ofwhyit’simportant,and adescription by adefinition, thanonceintheprevio who havemovedmore “percent ofparentswhoreadtotheirchild “percent ofchildren inexpected heightand outcome indicators that measure school read outcome indicatorsthatmeasureschool the visionforchange.The19 Readiness,forexample,includes Pathway toSchool merely tooutcomes and initiatives programs totailor resist pressure alsoto we seektohelpcommunitiesquantifyimpacts,and work thatcutsacrossdomains. indi of helpstoclarifythelimitations analysis thatunderliemore institutional characteristics ta groupsto andcommunity organizations oraccountability funding, hostile regulatory, asing butdon’tattachto improving outcomes successfu transported scale or more makesit absence ofabsolutecertainty, able todescribetheessentialwith elements knowledge notonlyabout our information broadens communi which interventionsarefamily-centered, effective or traits,thatseemtocharacterize actions effective. Mental Mapping process identifies community Mental Mappingprocess infrastructures that and support su TheMentalMappingprocess helps lly to new environments. lly tonew ents of community and system and ofcommunity ents Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChildInitiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping ke effective action or to develop the ke effectiveactionorto ingredients—that makespecific ingredients—that ren inthepastweek,”“percentofchildren precision andinsomedepth,even inthe weight range”) and 28 interim indicators (e.g., and28interimindicators weight range”) stain effective change over time. over stain effectivechange vidual programs and illuminate synergyinthe illuminate and vidual programs climate can seriously undermine theabilityof can seriously climate interventions. Examplesincludetheextentto interventions. that are easy to document, which can distort whichcandistort easy todocument, that are likely thatpromisingeffortscanbetakento iness at the time of school entry (e.g., thetimeofschoolentry(e.g., iness at le program or intervention. Forinstance,a intervention. or le program and policy contexts thatareessentialto and policycontexts successful programs. Thisdeeperlevelof programs. successful us year”). Each indicator is accompanied accompanied is Eachindicator us year”). ty-based, and culturally sensitive. This sensitive. culturally and ty-based, what us identifythekeyingredients, works but how it works.Being The A2-3

Mental Mapping EXAMPLE Dudley Street NeighborhoodInitiative Dudley Street Curiosity Corner Crossway Community Crisis NurseryProg Contra CostaCounty Community Services Planning Community Partnerships for Pr Community Changefor YouthDevelopment (CUPS) Project Upstream Children’s Children’s Services Council Child AbusePrevention Councils Strategy(CAPS) Policing Chicago Alternative Chatham Estates Center for FamilyLifeinSunsetPark MulticulturalLear Calvary Bilingual Health(CWBH) Better for California Works (Cal-SAHF) Families andHealthy California Safe BUILD Initiative Breaking TheCycle Departmentof PediatricsBoston MedicalCenter’s Project Birth-to-Five Alliance Policy Birth ToFive (BBBS) Big Sisters Big Brothers Beyond Shelter’s HousingFirst Program Care Cal Managed inMedi- Provider by Primary Screening andTreatment Emotional Developmental, Best-PCP-Behavioral, United for SafetyandEmpowerment) KidsCount! BECAUSE (BuildandEnhancingCommunityAlliances Beacons multiple Baby Steps DevelopmentProject Avancé ChildandFamily Center Ashe CountyPartnership for Children FamilySupport Another RoadtoSafety(ARS) Allegheny CountyEarlyChildhoodInitia Excel (ACE) All Children (ASM) Matters After School CenterAddison CountyParent/Child Program Abandoned InfantsAssistance

Project HEALTH HEALTH Project Medical-Legal Partnership for Children

rams Iowa rams APPENDIX 3:LISTOFEXAMPLES Council otecting Children ning Center tive (ECI)

Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofCh Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping LOCATION ACTION multiple locations Palm BeachCounty,FL multiple locations Washington, DC Kensington, MD CA Sacramento, MN Ramsey County, CA Contra CostaCounty, California California Boston, MA Texas Allegheny County,PA NM Los Pasos, Iowa Vermont Chester, PA California multiple locations Okolona, MS Ashe County,NC Brooklyn, NY Brooklyn, NY Illinois California Alameda County,CA multiple locations multiple locations Toronto, Canada multiple locations Boston, MA California multiple locations Chicago, IL Chicago, IL VT Middlebury,

locations locations ild Abuse and Neglect A3- Neglect and ild Abuse GOAL/ 1B 4A 5A 2A 3C 5A 6B 5A 1B 1C 5A 5A 1A 5A 2B 2B 1B 3B 1A 5B 3C 3B 5C 2A 1B 3A 3A 6A 1C 3B 1C, 6B 2B, 3A 4A 4B 5C 1B 5C

1

List of Examples

LISC CommunitySafetyInitiative Latin American YouthCenter DevelopmentInc. Lao FamilyCommunity Invests inDe KIDS Now(Kentucky Jobs-Plus Demonstration (ICAN) Interagency CouncilonChild AbuseandNeglect Families Interagency Coordinating Council forBuildingHealthy Hope Street FamilyCenter Program Training Head Start Hilton/Early Help MeGrow Public Awarene Heart Start Heart Start Awareness TrainingSessions Project HomePartners At Head Start Healthy StepsforYoungChildren Arizona Healthy Families Harlem Children’s Zone Partnership Families Hampton, Hampton Healthy Hampton Coalitionfor Youth Centers Play andCare Beginnings Alliance Good (YES) Empowerment Solutionsfor PeacefulCommunities Flint YouthViolence Prevention Center’s Youth Dunbar Manor Communities Five Oaksand Initiative SchoolReadiness First 5California Fund Prevention Family Violence Program andToddler Family, Infant, Family Support Initiative Children Family Support Center, AsheCountyPartnership for Family Reclaim Family Friends Family Connections Program Family Builders (F Schools Together and Families Centers EmpoweredToge and Families Response Family Access Exodus Compton, Educare Centers ECD MappingProject East BayAsianYouthCenter (EDSI) Screening Early Developmental Early ChildhoodMentalHealth EXAMPLE

ss Campaign ss Campaign Project & InterventionInitiative AST) multiple veloping Success)

ther (FACET) Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofCh Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping LOCATION ACTION Connecticut DE Wilmington, Washington, DC Washington, multiple locations Harlem, NY PA Philadelphia, multiple locations multiple locations Dade County,FL Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles, Arizona Hawaii multiple locations CA County, Los Angeles Texas Cambridge, MA Michigan Ashe County,NC MD Baltimore, Canada CA Los Angeles, CA Kentucky multiple locations California Multiple locations San Francisco County, multiple locations multiple locations Columbia, British Chicago, IL Hampton, VA Vermont Rhode Island Oakland, CA Minnesota Dayton, OH Arizona Oakland, CA Oakland, CA locations locations VA CA ild Abuse and Neglect A3- Neglect and ild Abuse GOAL/ 1A, 3B 5C 6A 2A 6B 6A 1B 1B 1A 3C 2A 4B 3C 1B 6A 5A 1B 3C 1B 1B 3B 5C 1B 5C 5C 2B 4A 3A 1B 5A 4B 3A 5C 1C 5B 6B 6B 1C 5C

2

List of Examples

Zero to Three Zero toThree YouthBuild multiple Youth Opportunity Grants Pr Parenting Triple P(Positive Thrive byFiveWashington Making,CAChild Team Decision StrongChildren Communitiesfor inth STRIVE Stop ItNow! EarlyCare Strengthening Familiesthrough Starting EarlyStarting Smar St. LouisNeighborhood Network Smart Start County GreenbookInitiative Santa Clara Program Violence Family Hospital San DiegoChildren’s of Community Initiatives San AntonioDepartment Project Safe StartDemonstration Safe Passages Program SAFE Children Institute Reframing Project,Frameworks Coalition (PABC) Building Asset Providence PROKids Hartford, Relationship Project Project BEFORE Caregivers forInfant/Toddler Program Prevent ChildAbuseIowa Initiative Prenatal toThree Sentencing Program Act ParentingPregnant Women’sAlternative and Parents Anonymous Children Together(PACT) and Parents Ounce ofPreventionFund Operation PAR One RhodeIsland Coalitio Treatment andRecovery inSubstanceAbuse forFamilies Nurturing Program Partnership Nurse-Family New OrleansJobInitiative(NOJI) New Economicsfor Women(NEW) Missouri DivisionofFamily Minding TheBaby Project Collaboration Violence Domestic First: Michigan Families Mayfair ImprovementInitiative Maryland FamilySupportCenters Network EXAMPLE

n Services t (SESS) ogram) multiple ogram) Welfare Services Welfare Services e Golden Strip & Education & Education Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofCh Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping LOCATION ACTION multiple locations Kansas multiple locations multiple locations New York City,NY Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles, Washington St. Louis,MO CA Santa Clara, Honolulu, HI Florida Missouri Haven, CT Fair multiple locations multiple locations Rhode Island San Jose,CA multiple locations multiple locations multiple locations Maryland CA Los Angeles, California multiple locations Solano County,CA Michigan 4B Maryland South Carolina Iowa multiple locations California North Carolina multiple locations multiple locations multiple locations multiple locations Oakland, CA California San MateoCounty,CA San Diego, CA San Diego,CA RI Providence, New Orleans,LA San Antonio,TX locations locations locations locations CT ild Abuse and Neglect A3- Neglect and ild Abuse GOAL/ 3A 3A 1B, 5A 2B 2A 6A 4B 4A 3B 3B 5B 5A 1A, 4A 5C 4B 2C 1B 3A 6A 4B 1B 2A 4A 2A 2A 5B 5C 5A 3B 4B 5A 3B 5C 2A 2C, 5C 4B 1B 4B 2C, 5C 5A 5C

3

List of Examples

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Working paper no.05-19-FF. Princeton, NJ: Bendheim-Thoman Center for Child AbuseandNeglect10 Kids CountDataBook2000. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development. Development. and Child Psychiatry Annual ProgressinChild mmittee onChildren with Disabilities andCommittee onChild Abuse www.futureofchildren.org APPENDIX 4:SOURCES aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;108/2/508 lbaum Associates, 65–92. 65–92. Associates, lbaum Journal of Marriage and the Family58 andthe Marriage Journal of California Department ofSocial Services. Available online Assessing Parenting Behaviors across Racial Groups:Implications acrossRacial Assessing ParentingBehaviors childabuse:Anumber Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect and ofChild Initiative: Prevention Abuse Pathways Mapping Youth Policy Forumevent. Available online at:

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Child Abuse and Neglect, including the following: Child AbuseandNeglect, websites havebeen particularly idea deeper explorationintothe need.TheextensivelinksembeddedinthePathwayareintendedtofacilitate decision-makers andthattogether knowledge-building projects effective actiontoimproveoutcomesinthis manage notaloneinoureffortto Lastly, weare Pathway. Services for theirboth financialandasacti support, totheOffice ofChildAbuse Pr We aregrateful nuances ofCalifornia, particularlyregardin Monterey andthefolks State atCalifornia Project helped ustokeepthe voicesoftheusersinmind Communications Groupa practical provided perspe and evaluationexperience. Kris Kurtenbach DavidMooreand oftheCollaborative insights ofDebora guidance and thegentle from Webenefitedgreatly factors. protective benefits forfamiliesofpromoting thestor measuresthattell define andimplement continuetobekey Strengthening FamiliesInitiative of SocialPolicy’s theCenterforStudy of NiloferAhsan name justafew.JudyLangfordand and impressions theirinsights, generously shared The developmentofthePathwayrequiredextensiv provides thefoundationuponwh about thechallenges theyfaceandaboutthe unexplored intersectionsamongdifferent fields theirkn Theirwillingnesstoshare listed below. the PathwaytoPr meetings associatedwith First, wewanttoacknowledgethecontributio captured inthePathway. givenwhatweknowcanwork more effectively thatencouragesto seenewfa build aresource users theworkofmanyothers.Weappr compilation of organizin and assembling The Pathwaysapproachto ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Prevent ChildAbuseAmerica, Child Trends, Child Trends, FRIENDS NationalResourceCenter, Finance Project, National Center for Children in Poverty, National CenterforChildreninPoverty, Child WelfareInformationGateway,

APPENDIX 5:CONTRIBUTORS ANDACKNOWLEDGEMENTS www.childtrends.org www.financeproject.org h Daro, a Chapin Hall Research a ChapinHall h Daro, useful inthedevelopmentofPathwaytoPrevention of s, strategies, and literature described. In addition, several Inaddition, described. andliterature strategies, s, ich webuiltthePathway. www.preventchildabuse.org g innovationshappening at thecountylevel.

arena. Ourarena. hopeisthatweenhance other www.childwelfare.gov www.friendsnrc.org n ofparticipants inthetwoMental Mapping we offer may “doors” totheknowledgethat we offermay“doors” evention ofChildAbuseandNeglect;theyare evention of the California Department ofSocial evention oftheCaliforniaDepartment based onthe research, e based owledge andtheirwillingn information to inform strategic investment and investmentand strategic information toinform

y of effective prevention efforts and the direct effective preventioneffortsandthedirect y of . Jerry Endres of the Family Development Matrix oftheFamilyDevelopment . JerryEndres reactions as the work progressed. We want to Wewant work progressed. asthe reactions www.nccp.org Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofCh Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping at Strategies shared at Strategiesshared th partners as they workwithstakeholdersto as they partners eciate their contributions. Our intentis to eciate theircontributions.Our ve participants intheprocess ofdevelopingthe e on-going consultation with colleagues who withcolleagueswho on-goingconsultation e g knowledge allows us to display anextensive knowledgeallowsustodisplay g ctive onthecomplexityofPathwayand cets ofexistingworkandopportunitiestoact

Fellow withextensive expertise

xperience, and analyses xperience, andanalyses eir understandingofthe ess to thinkoutloud ess to ild Abuse and Neglect A5- Neglect and ild Abuse 1 Contributors Latifu Munirah, Office of Child A ofChild Office Munirah, Latifu Scott Moak,Prevent Child Abuse California, Child Abuse Prevention Center John Meermans, San MateoCounty Human Services Agency Jacquelyn McCroskey,University ofSouthe Annette Marcus, Strategies Project, Interface Children Family Services Leticia Lara,Zero toThree Western Office Judy Langford, Center fortheStudyofSocialPolicy Mark Lane,San Mateo County Human Services Agency Susan Kaplan, Friends ofthe Family Linda Hockman, Office ofChild Abuse Prevention, De Betsy Gowan, Youth forChange Dr. Wanjiru Golly, Psychologist Specializi Nina Goldman, S.H. Cowell Foundation Sid Gardner, Childrenand FamilyFutures Dr. Vincent Felitti, CAInstitute ofPreventive Medicine Jerry Endres,InstituteforCommunity Co Marva Edwards,TheSan Francisco Child Abuse Prevention Center Angela Carter, LACountyDepartment of Children and FamilyServices Deborah Bremond, Family Support Services, William Bettencourt, Family to FamilyInitiative, Annie E.Casey Foundation Kathy Armstrong, Independent Consultant Leticia Alejandrez, California Family Resource Association Beatriz Stotzer, NewEconomics ForWomen Co Smart,RN,MSN,LosAngeles Jeanne Greg Rose,Office ofChild Abuse Prevention, Department ofSocial Services, State ofCalifornia Ken Patterson, Stanislaus County Community Services Agency Stuart Oppenheim, Child and Family Policy Institute ofCalifornia Dr. BarbaraNeedell,Center for SocialServices CONTRIBUTORS Wanda Newell,Centerforthe StudyofSocialPolicy Cheryl Mitchell, Education Department, University of Vermont for Center Meltzer, Judith Jean McIntosh, Centerforth Judy Langford, Center forthe StudyofSocialPolicy Olivia Golden, The Urban Institute Amy Fine, Health Policy/ ProgramConsultant Michelle Elaine, Northeast Children’s Services HeadStart Elisabet Eklind, HIPPYUSA Deborah Daro, ChapinHallCenterforChildren Rosemary Chalk, BoardonChildren, Yo Janet Carter,Family Violence Prevention Fund Melissa LimBrodowski,Office onChildAbuseandNeglect, Children's Bureau, ACF, US DHHS Nilofer Ahsan, CenterfortheStudyofSocialPolicy Pathway to the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect andNeglect Abuse Child of thePrevention Pathway to Pathway to the Prevention of Child Absue and Neglect Absue andNeglect Child of thePrevention Pathway to the StudyofSocialPolicy Mental Mapping Meeting Participants Mental Mapping MeetingParticipants Mental Mapping Meeting Participants Mental Mapping MeetingParticipants e StudyofSocialPolicy Washington, DC;February15-16, 2006 buse Prevention, Department ofSoci Sacramento, CA,July25-26, 2006 uth, andFamilies, National Academies unty Department of Health Services of Health unty Department ng in Refugee and Immigrant Populations llaborative Studies, CSU Monterey Bay rn CaliforniaSchoolofSocial Work First 5Alameda County Every ChildCounts Research, University of California atBerkeley partment ofSocial Services, State of California

Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofCh Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping al Services, State of CaliforniaState of al Services, ild Abuse and Neglect A5- Neglect and ild Abuse 2 Contributors Marian Urquilla, Columbia Heights/Shaw FamilyStrengthening Collaborative Lisa Schreiber, PreventChild Abuse America Mary Anne Snyder, Children's TrustFund Edward L.Schor, MD, TheCommonwealth Fund Janet Saul, Division ofViolence Prevention, Centers forDisease Control Susan Notkin, Center forCommunity Partnerships in Child Welfare, Centerfor the Study ofSocial Policy Steve Goggin, Children and Youth andFamilies at Sid Gardner, Childrenand FamilyFutures Katherine Fulton, Monitor Institute Mark Friedman, FiscalPolicies Institute Frank Farrow, Annie ECaseyFoundation and Centerfor the Study ofSocial Policy Kathleen Enright, Grantmakers forEffective Organizations Carol Emig, Child Trends Peter Edelman, Georgetown University Law Center Xavier deSouza Briggs,Dept. ofUrbanPlanning, MIT Steve Crawford, National Governors Association Judy Chynoweth, California Foundations Consortium Ted Chen, W.K. Kellogg Foundation Rosemary Chalk, BoardonChildren, Elizabeth Burke Bryant, Kids Count RI Geoff Biggs,Interface Family Children Services Cindy Ballard, Coalition ofCommunity Foundations forYouth Tom Backer, Human Interaction Research Institute Mitch Arnowitz, Tuvel Communications Leon Andrews, National League of Cities ActKnowledge Anderson, Andrea timeofparticipation.) affiliation atthe reflect thecontributors’ effectively contributetomeetingthoseneeds.(Or understand theinformationneedsoffield,and fo grateful tothefollowingindividuals We arealso Department of Childand FamilyServices staff &commu Stewart Wakeling, Evelyn and WalterHaas, Jr. Fund Cindy Stoops, Exceptional Parents Unlimited Steve Sanders, Child Development andFamily Services, Kern County, California Teresa Rafael, National Alliance ofChildren’s Trustand Prevention Funds Judy Lev, Chapin Hall Center for Children Laurel Leslie, Institute forClinical Research and He Garrison Kurz,ThriveBy California Southern of Bureau Children’s Guillean, Anthony Anne Chekal, independent consultant Jill DuerrBerrick, UCBerkeley Bonnie Armstrong, Child Abuse Prevention Center Cindy Amber, Santa ClaraCounty Contributors Other Catherine Nolan, Office on

Extension Service Obispo, andHumbolt Counties Five Washington State Child Abuse and Neglect, Chil Neglect, and Abuse Child SchoolofSocialWelfare YouthFamilies, NationalAcademies and RiskProgram Initiative, USDA Cooperative alth Policy Studies, Tufts- Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofCh Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping r their generous assistanceinour explorations to how thePathwaysMappingInitiativecouldmost nity partners from Stanislaus, Sacramento, San Luis ganizations are listed for identification onlyand identification listed for are ganizations dren’s Bureau, ACF,USDHHS New England MedicalCenter ild Abuse and Neglect A5- Neglect and ild Abuse 3 Contributors Ruth Wooden, President, Public Agenda Ellen Winiarcyk, ETR Associates Harry Wilson, Adminstration for Children and Fami Heather Weiss, HavardFamilyResearchProject Liz Wainger, LizWain Kim Syman,New ProfitInc. Calvin Street, EastBaltimore Development, Inc. Nan Stone,Bridgespan Group Stacey Stewart, Fannie Mae Foundation Ralph Smith, Annie E. CaseyFoundation Greg Shaw, Gates Foundation Harold Richman, Chapin Hall Center forChildren Elizabeth Reisner, PolicyStudies Associates Bill Porter, Grantmakers forEducation Bonnie Politz, AED Center for Youth Development andPolicy Research Karen Pittman, Forum forYouth Investment Marion Pines, Johns Hopkins University Jolie Bain Pillsbury, Sherbrooke Consulting, Inc. Stephen Page,University of Washington Mark Ouellette, TheDCChildrenand Connie Nelson, Public Strategies Group Debra Natenshon, The Center forWhat Works Mario Morino, VenturePhilanthropy Partners Mark Moore,HauserCenter, Kenn Kristin Moore, ChildTrends David Moore,Collaborative Communications Group John Monahan, Annie ECaseyFoundation Matthew Melmed, Zeroto Three MetroUnited Way Howard Mason, Luba Lynch, Mailman Foundation Paul Light, Brookings Institutions andNew York University Flora Lazar,Chapin Hall Center forChildren David Lawrence, Jr.The Early Childhood Initiative Foundation Garrison Kurtz,Foundati Kris Kurtenbach, Collaborative Communications Group Change onCommunity Roundtable Kubisch, Anne Jane Knitzer, National Center forChildren inPoverty Thomas Kern, Annie E. CaseyFoundation Lori MKaplan,LatinAmerican YouthCenter Lucas Held, Wallace Knowledge Center Claudia Harrison, Ventura County First 5 Ralph Hamilton, Chapin Hall Center forChildren Neal Halfon, UCLA Centeron Children Amy Haile, Children’s Board of Hillsborough County Allen Grossman, HarvardBusiness School Susan Golonka, National Governors Association ger Communications on forEarlyLearning edy School, HarvardUniversity Youth Investment Trust Corporation Trust Investment Youth

lies, US Dept. ofHealth andHuman Services Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofCh Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping ild Abuse and Neglect A5- Neglect and ild Abuse 4 Contributors Vicky Marchand, SeniorAssociate Ruth Anne Keister, Finance Manager Deborah Harbin, ResearchAssistant Design the Glover, Bill Leila Fiester, Editor Lisbeth B.Schorr,Director University Harvard at EffectiveInterventions on Project Staff and Consultants of the Pathways Mapping Initiative, Partnership, Designer

Pathways Mapping Initiative: Prevention ofCh Initiative: Prevention Pathways Mapping ild Abuse and Neglect A5- Neglect and ild Abuse 5 Contributors