SOILS OF’ THE ACADIAN PENINSULA GLOUCESTER COUNTY, NEW BRUNSWICK
New Brunswick Soi1Survey Report No. 18
K. Michalica’ (retired), H. W. Rees’, M. J. Dillon’, P. J. Loro’, P. M. Toner’, R. G. Donald3 and J. J. Parks3
‘Land ResourceBranch New Brunswick Departmentof Agriculture, Fisheriesand Aquaculture Fredericton, New Brunswick
2PotatoResearch Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Cariada Fredericton, New Brunswick
3JacquesWhitford Environment Limited Fredericton, New Brunswick
Land ResourceBranch New Brunswick Departmentof Agriculture, Fisheriesand Aquaculture Fredericton, New Brunswick 2000 Copies of this report are available f?om:
Land Resource Branch New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture P. 0. Box 6000 Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5H1
- Potato Research Centre Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada P.O. Box 20280,850 Lincoln Road -- Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 427
Cette publication est disponible en français sous le titre : Sols de la péninsule acadienne, Comté de Gloucester, Nouveau-Brunswick.
Correct citation as follows:
Michalica, K., Rees, H. W., Dillon, M. J., Loro, P. J., Toner, P. M., Donald, R. G. and Parka, J. J. 2000. Soils of the Acadian Peninsula, Gloucester County, New Brunswick. New Brunswick Soi1 Survey Report No. 18. New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquacuhure, Fredericton, N.B. 120 pp. with maps. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ,.,...... vii
INTRODUCTION ...... __...... ix
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SURVEYED AREA ...... 1 Location and Extent ...... 1 Clirnate ...... 1 Hydrology and Drainage...... 5 Geology ...... 5 Vegetation...... 8 Forest Vegetation...... 8 Ground Vegetation ...... a
SOIL DEVELOPMENT AND CLASSIFICATION ...... 9 Soi1Development ...... 9 Soi1 Classification ...... 9
SOIL SURVEY AND MAPPING METHODS ...... 11 Methods of Investigation...... 11 Intensity of Soi1Survey and Precision of the Soi1 Map ...... 11
MAP LEGEND ...... 13 Soi1 Map Symbol ...... 13 Correlation With Previously Mapped Soi1 Units ...... 17 Key to Soi1Association Parent Material ...... 19
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND LAND TYPES ...... 23 Baie Du Vin Association (Bv) ...... 24 Barrieau Association (Ba) ...... 26 Black Rock Association (Br) ...... 28 BuctoucheAssociation (Bu) ...... 30 CaraquetAssociation (Cr) ...... 32 GagetownAssociation (Gt) ...... 34 Guimond River Association (Gr) ...... 36 Harcourt Association (Ht) ...... 38 Interval Association (In) ...... 40 Lord And Foy Association (Lf) ...... 42 Mount Hope Association (Mh) ...... 44 ReeceAssociation (Re) ...... 46 Richibucto Association (Rb) ...... 48 Stony Brook Association (Sb)...... 50 Sunbury Association (Sn)...... 52 Tracadie Association (Td) ...... 54 Upper CaraquetAssociation (UC)...... 56
LAND TYPES ...... , ...... 59
. . . 111 ELECTRONIC DATA FILES ...... 61 File Structure ...... 62 The Project File (PF) ...... 62 The Polygon Attribu[e Table File (PAT) ...... 62 The Soi1 Map Unit File (SMUF) ...... 62 The Soi1 Names File (SNF) ...... 63 The Soi1 Layer File (SLF) ...... *...... 63
SOIL INTERPRETATIONS ...... 65 Interpretation of Soi1 Map Units for Agriculture...... 65 Canada Land Inventory Soi1 Capability for Agriculture ...... 65 Soi1 Suitability for Selected Crops and Management Practices ...... 66 Interpretation of Soi1 Map Units for Forestry ...... 80 Tree Production ...... 80
LIST OF REFERENCES ...... 93
APPENDIX 1. PLANT ASSOCIATIONS ...... 95
APPENDIX 2. MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SOIL ASSOCIATION MEMBERS ...... 97
APPENDIX 3. EXPLANATION OF SOIL AND LANDSCAPE PROPERTIES USED IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY INTERPRETATIONS...... 113
GLOSSARY ...... <...... 117
iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
Figure 1 Location of Study Area...... 2 Figure 2 Index of the study area maps...... 3 Figure 3 Bedrock geology of the study area ...... 6 Figure 4 Sketch of landscape relationships between Baie-du-Vin and Richibucto associations and associated soilscapes...... 24 Figure 5 Sketch of landscape relationships among the Barrieau, Buctouche and Richibucto associations and associated soilscapes...... 26 Figure 6 Sketch of landscape relationships among Stony Brook, Barrieau or Upper Caraquet, Black Rock, and Mount Hope associations ...... 28 Figure 7 Sketch of possible landscape relationships among Buctouche, Stony Brook and Richibucto associations ...... 30 Figure 8 Sketch of landscape relationships among Caraquet, Tracadie and Richibucto associations...... 32 Figure 9 Sketch of possible landscape relationship behveen Gagetown Association and Interval Association...... 34 Figure 10 Sketch of possible landscape positions for Gagetown, Richibucto and Guimond River associations...... 36 Figure 11 Sketch of possible landscape relationships among Harcourt, Sunbury and Stony Brook associations...... 38 Figure 12 Sketch of possible landscape relationships among Interval, Richibucto and Stony Brook associations...... 40 Figure 13 Sketch of possible landscape relationships among Richibucto, Lord and Foy and Guimond River associations ...... 42 Figure 14 Sketch of possible landscape relationship along a stream valley of Mount Hope Association with Stony Brook Association...... 44 Figure 15 Sketch of landscape relationships between Reece and Sunbury associations...... 46 Figure 16 Soilscape of the Richibucto Association showing possible presence of ortstein...... 48 Figure 17 Landscape sketch of Stony Brook Association drainages...... 50 Figure 18 Sketch of landscape showing Sunbury Association with shallow and moderately shallow to bedrock phases...... 52 Figure 19 Landscape sketch showing characteristics of, and relationships among, Buctouche, Motmt Hope and Tracadie associations...... 54 Figure 20 Sketch of possible landscape relationships among Upper Caraquet, Caraquet and Tracadie associations...... 5 6 LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
1. Selectedclimatic conditions for weather stations located close to the survey area...... 4 2. Description of soi1associations ...... 14 3. Description of land types...... 15 4. Correlation of soi1associations with establishedsoi1 series ...... 18 5. Soi1Suitability for alfalfa...... 68 6. Soi1 suitability for apples...... 68 7. Soi1 suitability for spring cereals...... 68 8. Soi1 suitability for winter cereals...... 69 9. Soi1 suitability for forages...... 69 - 10 Soi1 suitability for vegetables...... 69 11 Soi1 suitability for subsurfacedrainage ...... 70 12 Soi1 suitability for deep ripping...... ;y 13 Agriculture interpretationsof soi1map units...... 14 Soi1 suitability for production of balsam fir/white spruce...... 82 15. Soi1 suitability for production of black spruce...... 82 16. Soi1 suitability for production of eastem white cedar...... 82 -, 17. Soi1 suitability for production of jack pine/red pine...... 83 18. Soi1 suitability for production of white pine...... 83 19. Soi1 suitability for production of sugar maple...... 83 20. Soi1 suitability for production of white ash...... 84 21. Soi1 suitability for production of yellow birch...... 84 22. Soi1 suitability for production of trembling aspen...... 84 23. Forestry interpretationsof soi1 map units ...... 85
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was carried out in two distinct Environment Limited, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. phases, beginning in the 1970’s and ending in Update of soi1 maps was done by J. J. Parks of 2000. In the fïrst phase, appreciation is Jacques Whitford Environment Limited, extended to a11who participated and assisted Fredericton, New Brunswick. Digital base with the project and in particular to the maps were prepared by G. Walker, following: Dr. 1. Ghanem, then Head of Land Cartographer,N.B. Department of Agriculture. Resources Division, N.B. Department of Management of the project, reviews and Agriculture and Rural Development, for his comments on drafts were provided by Dr. M. guidanceand assistancethroughout the duration J. Dillon, P. J. Loro and P. M. Toner of the of the project; H. W. Rees of Agriculture and N.B. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Agri-Food Canada and J. G. Losier then with Aquaculture, and H. W. Rees of Agriculture the N.B. Department of Agriculture and Rural and Agri-Food Canada. Development, for the assistancein development of the soi1 legend and the system of soi1 Many thanks to 1. Mayr of Jacques Whitford interpretations. Also thanks to R. Brown, Soi1 Environment Limited, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Surveyor and M. R. Cook, Soi1 Technician, who translated the final report in French, to L. who assisted during field survey and Lamontagne, Soi1 Data Quality Specialist of the preparation of a preliminary report. In the Centre de recherche et de développementsur preliminary report a section on climate was les sols et grandes cultures, Agriculture et written by G. S. Read, then Climatologist, Agroalimentaire Canada, in Ste-Foy, Quebec, N.B. Department of Agriculture and Rural for his help in ensuring the accuracy of the Development, a section on soi1 suitability translation of technical terms; and fmally, to classification for forestry was prepared by H. Dr. C. Karemangingo, from the Land Resource W. Rees, Senior Pedologist with Agriculture Branch, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Agri-Food Canada and a section on socio- and Aquaculture, New Brunswick, for his economic characteristics was written by J. G. revision of the final French report. Losier. The initial soi1 maps were preparedby the Maritime Resource Management Service, Financial assistancefor the fïrst phase of the Amherst, Nova Scotia, and G. Walker of N.B. project came from N.B. Department of Department of Agriculture and Rural Municipal Affairs and for the second phase Development; the Agricultural Laboratory of from the Canada/NewBrunswick Regional the N. B. Department of Agriculture and Rural Economie Development Agreement. Development performed analysis of the soi1 Applications for funding, which resulted in d-ris samples. publication, were initiated and prepared by D. A. Lobb, formerly with the N.B. Department The 1999 update of the field work was carried of Agriculture and Rural Development. out by Dr. R. G. Donald of JacquesWhitford
vii -
INTRODUCTION
This study was initiated with the airn of were completed during the winter 1999-00 and presenting uniform information on soils, their the final report in 2ooO. characteristics, distribution and their capability for agricultural and non-agriculturaluses. The Keeping in mind the requirements of the prime need for this information was identified by users of thesedata, the information presentedin agricultural producers, as well as extension this report is oriented towards technical advice personnel and planners of N.B. Department of on soi1 and landscape properties that are Agriculture and Rural Development and N.B. relevant to the development and improvement Departmentof Municipal Affairs. of the soi1resource. The choice of data and the form of presentationwere selected to allow for Field soi1 survey work was conducted from easyusage. For this reason, the theoretical part 1976 to 1979. Initial cartographie work was was kept to a minimum and details, such as soi1 carried out from 1980 to 1983. In the fa11of profile descriptions and analysis are presented 1999 the soi1survey data were verified during a in the Appendices, brief field program. The final report and maps
ix GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SURVEYED AREA
The annual average accumulation of 1,000 mm LOCATION AND EXTENT is received at the toast and increases to 1,100 mm inland. Slightly higher values are received The study area, approximateIy 1069 km*, at higher elevations. This difference is caused extendsfrom the north-eastcoastline of Miscou by depletion of the moisture before the air and Shippegan Islands to an irregular western masses, moving from west to east, reach the boundary from Pokeshawto St. Isidore. In the toast. The average May to Septemberrainfall south the study area extends to the Gloucester for this area is 400 mm increasing to 450 mm County line (Figure 1). Figure 2 shows the moving westward. Snow precipitation values index of 1:20,000 scale maps for the study are higher inland in comparison to coastal areas area. and snow caver remains longer on the ground in the inland areas. This is of importance to survival of perennial crops. CLIMATE Temperature extremes and heat unit values Long term records from the Bathurst and accumulated between the same calendar dates Belledune weather stations (Environment are lower on the toast. However, heat unit Canada 1982) provide the best indication of the totals that are accumulated betsveenspring and chrnatefor the study area (Table 1). fa11frost dates, are higher along the toast in comparison to inland areas. Extreme maximum As the topography of the study area is relatively air temperaturesin July range between 3OOC- flat, topographie modification to both 34K. January extreme minimum air temperatureand precipitation values are small. temperatures range between -308c near the The major variations in climate of this area are toast and -400C at inland sites. Topography the result of the marine influence on both the cari alter these values, with low lying frost north and east toasts. This effect extends pockets receiving cooler temperatures. inIand, depending upon the topography and vegetative caver, approximately ten (10) Frost-free periods along the toast may range kilometers and is strongest immediately off the from 130 to 150 days with the average date of toast. The direction of prevailing winds and last spring frost about May 25 and the average weather systems in summer is generally from date of first fa11frost about October 1. The ice the west and southwest for this area. This in Chaleur Bay and Northumberland Strait does results in an air mass that passesover land, not not favor an early spring; however, late falls sea, before it reaches the study area. As a are a result of these large water bodies acting as . . result, the marine influence is not as a heat source. Frost- free periods inland may pronounced as might have been expected. In only range from 100 to 120 days. winter, the prevailing wind direction is from the north and northeast. However, both Finally, although no wind data is available, the Chaleur Bay and Northumberland Strait are study area, particularly me coastal region, is frozen in winter and the winter extremes are affected by wind. The higher the frequency similar to other parts of northem New and velocity of the wind the higher the Brunswick. evapotranspiration rate and risk of possible physical damageto plants. Precipitation is lighter in the coastal areas in comparison to inland within the study area. 8 4770 520 \ 4765652 4 47606530 1 47606520 47606510 1\47606500 ( 47w 6480
47556530
47506520 47506510 I YI\
47456510 47456i 56480
1 47406500 1780
Figure 2 Index of the study area maps.
3 Table 1 Selecred climatic conditions for weather stations located close to the sut-vey area.
BATHURST BELLEDUNE
Mean temp. Total pptn. Snow-fall Mean temp. Total pptn. Snow-fall Month ec mm cm 6c mm cm
Jalll.l~ -10.0 97.8 66.5 -10.1 90.8 72.3 February -9.2 70.9 56.6 -9.3 82.8 67.1 March -3.8 94.0 69.8 -4.5 98.0 69.8 April 2.5 77.4 29.4 1.6 71.7 31.5 May 9.4 74.3 1.8 8.1 76.1 2.0 June 16.0 68.1 0.0 14.9 72.3 0.0 J’Y 19.2 81.1 0.0 18.4 78.0 0.0 August 17.8 91.9 0.0 17.1 78.7 0.0 September 13.2 67.2 0.0 12.6 72.7 0.0 October 7.4 87.9 1.5 6.8 78.4 0.8 November 1.2 sa.5 23.8 0.9 83.2 22.0 December -7.1 100.0 68.7 -6.7 115.7 74.3
Year 4.7 999.1 318.1 4.2 998.4 339.8
Growing season ( > 5°C) beginning April 21 April25 end November 5 November 3 duration 199 days 193 days Growing degree days (> SOC) 1704.7 1649.5 Average date Iast frost (spring) May 27 May 22 fïrst frost (fall) September 19 September 24 Frosr-free period ( > 0°C) 114 days 124 days mudstone, occur along the northeastem and HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGE southeasternshores.
Three watershedsoccur within the study area. The bedrock geology of the area is thus The northern coastal area is drained by the generally quite uniform, excluding the volcanic Caraquet River into the Chaleur Bay. The flow of material that formed the “Caraquet remainder of the study area is drained by the Dyke”, which is composed of grey to black Pokemoucheand Tracadie Rivers into the Gulf basalt and diabase. The dyke forms a of St. Lawrence. continuous straight line from Pacquetville to Caraquet(Figure 3). The uppermost bedrock strata is fracmred and has high permeability; however, due to the Surjïcial geology: The entire study area was level to slightly undulating topography, a large affected by glaciation during the Wisconsin ice portion of the study area has slow surface flows. Glacial movement is documentedby the drainage. This fact, in combination with the presence of glacial deposits such as lodgment occurrence of slowly permeable fine-textured till (up to 20 meters thick), ablational till and marine and basa1till sediments, has resulted in glaciofluvial sediments (up to 40 meters thick). formation of inland wetlands, mainly raised The prevalent orientation of glacial deposits is peat bogs. south and southwestem (Gauthier and Cormier 1973). Among other deposits found in the area Also of importance to the hydrology of the are marine deposits, saprolite (bedrock study area are saltwater intrusions in the deltaic weatheredin situ) and alluvium (up to 5 meters outflows of the watershedsystems. The extent thick). to which Salt-water invades these outflows is directly proportional to the magnitude of Many ice-contact sediments are found within topographicalrelief. the upland portion of the area. The increased amounts of glacial till formations within the The igneous intrusion known as the “Caraquet Bois Gagnon, St. Isidore and Gauvreau areas Dyke” is believed to inhibit the movement of were formed from stagnated, melting ice ground water across it (Figure 3). This has sheets. Morainal deposits, glacial outwashes, caused formation of wetland areas from eskers and kame terraces are found frequently Caraquetto beyond Pacquetville. throughout this area (New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources1976).
GEOLOGY The coastal zone occupies a significant portion of the study area and non-consolidatedmarine Bedrock geology: The study area is located on (sandy and clayey) sedimentsof frequently poor what is known as the Maritime Plain drainage are comrnonly found. Recent coarse physiographic division (Bostock 1970). The marine deposits occur within the three main plain is composed of flat-lying Permian and watershed areas. Tbese are believed to have Carboniferous rocks including shales, originated from submerged grave1 deposits in sandstonesand conglomerates. More specific tbe Gulf of St. Lawrence and are composed of to the study area, the bedrock geology consists 30% grave1 and 70% Sand fractions. These of Pennsylvanianera red and grey sandstone, deposits are found as high as 30 m above sea conglomerateand siltstone of the Pictou group. level (AMSL) and are 3-4 m thick. High Outcrops of Clifton Formations composed of soluble salt content resulted in formation of sandstoneimpregnated with siltstone, shale and intertidal zones, characterized by slow water movement and low soi1fertility. LEGEND PENNSYLVANIAN RE0 TO GREY SANDSTONE. 0 CONGLOMERATE. SILTSTONE
TRIASSIC MAFIC VOLCANIC FLOWS SILLS AN0 DYKES (MAY BE YOUNGER)
Figure 3 Bedrock geology of the study area. Inland geology, the result of sandstonebedrock Gravelly (sandy-skeletal) glaciofluvial deposits and glacial retreat, resulted in undulating were mapped as either members of the topography and the presence of ablational Gagetown, Guimond River or Lord and Foy soi1 morainal and lodgment tills. Slow melting of associations,depending upon degree of sorting glacier ice sheetsand lack of glacial movement and petrology of the coarse fragments. Sandy resulted in deposition of glaciofluvial materials. glaciofluvial deposits commonly occur along the After the retreat of the ice sheets from New toast and were mapped as part of the Richibucto Brunswick, the seainundated the lowlands. Post and Baie du Vin Associations, which were glacial sealevels may have rangedfrom 10 to as differentiated on the basis of thickness over much as 90 m (300 ft) above presentday levels. bedrock. Marine reworking of these Marine submergenceof soils occurred as far glaciofluvial deposits is cornmon and is the inland as the North and Southwest branchesof reason why glaciofluvial and marine sediments the CaraquetRiver (30 km). were groupedinto one category.
Parent materials: Glacial till of varying Post glacial marine submergence resulted in thickness was depositedas either ablation till or sandsof varying thiclmesses being deposited on lodgment (basal) till. Lodgment tills are dense the tills and a general reworking of surficial and compact due to the pressureapplied by the materials. Since glacial ice was retreating inland weight of the glacial ice that plasteredthem in during this period, these sediments include place and subsequentlyoverrode them. Stony componentsof “glaciomarine” deposits. Where Brook soils occur where the parent materials the sandy depositsexceed one metre, Richibucto consist of a combination of gray-green soils were mapped. Where the sands are less sandstone in a matrix of reddish brown than one metre, the soils were classifïed as sedimentsformed fiom weatheredred shalesand members of either the Barrieau or Buctouche siltstones. Reece soils occur where the gray- Associations. Barrieau and Buctouche soils green sandstonesdominate. Ablation till is the have till materials underlying the sandy material carried on top of or within the glacier sediments. and is generally stonier and usually not compacted. It is releasedf?om the glacier in the Marine-lacustrine silts and clays were also ablation zone, the areawhere melting occurs at a deposited during this period of submergence. greaterrate than accumulation. As the ice melts Clayey (Tracadie Association) depositsare often or “ablates”, materials are released from the found well above present day sea levels. In glacier. Members of the Stinbury Soi1 some instances sandy Richibucto materials Association were mapped in these areas.In the overlie the clayey or loamy marine sediments. survey area, there is often a thin capping of These units were mapped as either the Caraquet ablational sedimentsno more than 0.5 m thick, or Upper Caraquet Association, depending on over the lodgment till. These form the basis for the thickness of the overlying sand. soils of the Harcourt Association. In other instances,the silts and clays deposited Glaciofluvial matexials were transported by during marine submergencewere subsequently glacial meltwaters. Soils which have developed reworked by later glacial activity, resulting in on glaciofluvial deposits are usually well soils having both till and marine features. These drained. These deposits consist of stratifïed soils were classifïed as either members of the sands and gravels and exhibit some degree of Mount Hope Association (clayey sediments) or sorting, depending on the amount of water Black Rock Association (fine loamy sediments). working to which they have been subjected. Their particle size ranges from coarse-loamyto Alluvial parent materials consist of silt and very sandy-skeletal. fine sand deposits along present-day flood
7 sediments) or Black Rock Association (fine as the Pokemouche, Big Tracadie and loamy sediments), Tabusintac Rivers. The well-drained sites support pure and mixed stands of red and white Alluvial parent materials consist of silt and very spruce, hemlock, white pine, beech, yellow fine sand deposits along present-day flood birch and red maple. Pure standsof jack pine, plains. The soils forming on these materials jack pine-black spruce, red spruce and inferior were mapped as Interval Association members. balsam fïr are prominent on older burnt areas. Pin cherry, white and grey birch, and aspen flourish where repeated recent burning has VEGETATION occurred. Sugar maple is dominant in the field as a regenerating species in association with Forest Vegetation beech and yellow birch.
In 1981, a report prepared by the Maritime The Northumberland Shore District stretches Resource Management Service, for the along me toast of the Northumberland Strait Commission d’aménagementet de planification from Chaleur Bay to just beyond Pictou de la péninsule acadienne, describes the forest Harbour in Nova Scotia. The coastal forests caver for the Acadian Peninsula as divided into are dommated by short, windswept white three general types, which relate predominately spruce with minor inclusions of balsam fïr, to the soi1 moisture regimes of the regional: (1) black spruce and larch. Further inland, away white pine, red pine and jack pine dominate the from the coastal winds, the forest assumes a drier sandy plains and ridges; (2) black spruce, more normal growth with black spruce, jack northern white cedar and larch (locally called pine, white spruce, red spruce, balsam fir and tamarack, hackmatack, or juniper) have red maple as the dominant species. Beech and invaded the poorly drained areas, swamps and sugar maple occur on the gently undulating hills bogs; (3) red spruce, white spruce and balsam and the slopes that flank the major water tir dominate elevated flats and slopes in courses. northeasternareas.
Basedon Loucks’ (1962) classification of forest Ground Vegetation types, the Acadian Peninsula cari best be describedby dividing it into two forest districts, Also contained in the Maritime Resource the Allardville and Northumberland Shore Management Service’s Report is a description Forest Districts. The Allardville District is an of the various plant associations found on the inland, broad, elevated flat between Miramichi Acadian Peninsula. A table summarizing these Bay and Chaleur Bay. Scatteredthroughout are plants cari be found in Appendix 1. gently rolling hills and deep-cuttingrivers such SOIL DEVELOPMENT AND CLASSIFICATION Soils of the Gleysolic order have properties that SOIL DEVELOPMENT indicate prolonged periods of intermittent or continuous saturation with water and reducing Soi1 has been defined as, “the naturally conditions during their formation. Saturation occurring, unconsolidated minerai or organic with water is due to either a high groundwater material at least 10 cm thick that occurs at the table or to temporary accumulation of water earth’s surface and is capable of supporting above a relatively impermeable layer, or both. plant growth” (Agriculture Canada Expert Unless artificially drained, these soiis are Committee on Soi1Survey 1987). usually poorly or very poorly drained.
Soi1is a dynamic natural body that continuously Soils of the Luvisolic order have illuvial B develops and differentiates itself. Climate, horizons in which silicate clay has accumulated. vegetation and organisms, topography These soils develop characteristically in well to (drainage),parent material and time are the five imperfectly drained sites. most important factors that contribute to the processesof soi1formation (Brady 1974). Each Soils of the Organic order are composed of these soi1 forming factors has a varied largely of organic materials - mosses, sedges, importance in creating the properties of a soil. and other hydrophytic vegetation. Organic In differentiating the various soils found in the soils contain 17% or more organic carbon (30% survey area, two soi1forming criteria were used organic matter) by weight and have at least 40 more than others. These were parent material cm of organic material accumulation over the and drainage. The other soi1 forming criteria - minera1 soil. They include most of the soils climate, vegetation/organismsand age, played commonly referred to as peat, muck, and bog lesser roles in differentiating tbe soils due to: 1) soils. Organic soils are saturated with water the small size and constant elevation of the for prolonged periods and occur in very poorly area, which have resulted in relatively uniform drained depressionsand level areas. climatic and vegetative covers; and 2) me glacial activity that affected the entire region Soils of the Podzolic order have B horizons in has established a more or less uniform time which the dominant accumulation product is zero for most of the soils in the survey area, amorphous material composed mainly of with the exception of organic and freshwater humified organic matter combmed in varying and marine alluvial deposits. degreeswith Al and Fe. Typically Podzols are well to imperfectly drained, but minor areas of wet poorly drained sandy sites do occur. SOIL CLASSIFICATION Podzols are easily recognized in the field by the presence of a light ashy-coloured Ae horizon Soils in this report are classified according to with an abrupt lower boundary over the the Canadian System of Soi1 Classification characteristic reddish brown coloured Bf (Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soi1 horizon. (Note: These horizon sequencesare Survey 1987). Six soi1 orders are represented. somewhat masked by the reddish hue of some Gleysols, Luvisols, Organics, Podzols and soi1 parent materials. They are also obliterated Regosols occur under virgin or forested when the soi1 is plowed.) Podzolization, alone conditions. Where cultivation has obliterated or in combination with some other soi1 forming the natural sequenceof horizons, Brunisols or process, is the dominant regional soi1 Brunisolic intergradesare the rule. developmentprocess. RegosoIs are too weakly developed to have become Brunisols because of the “lest” horizons that meet the requirements of any diagnostic Bf horizon. other Order. Their lack of genetic horizons is due to the youthfulness of the materiai. For definition of the technical terms used in this Examples are found in recent alluvium along report the reader is referred to: “The Canada streams and in tidal deposits. Regosolic soils Soi1 Information System (CanSIS) Manuai for are generally well to imperfectly drained. describing soils in the field” (Day 1982); “Canadian System of Soi1 Classification” Soils of the Brunisolic order have sufficient (Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soi1 development to exclude them from the Survey 1987); and “Glossary of terms in Soi1 Regosolic order, but they iack the degree or Science” (Research Branch, Canada Dept of kind of horizon development specified for soils Agriculture 1976). of other Orders. When cultivated, many of the soils that were originally classified as Podzols
10 SOIL SURVEY AND MAPPING METHODS
individual soi1 profile was classified according METHODS OF INVESTIGATION to the soi1legend. In the next stage, lines were drawn on aerial photographs indicating During the initial stages of the study, existing boundaries behveen contrasting soi1 data was collected on the geology, hydrology characteristics. Each individual area, and geomorphologyof the study area. Analysis completely enclosed by the line (soi1 boundary) of this information combined with the results of was assigned a soi1 symbol and called a map exploratory field examinations of the different unit. Soi1 boundaries and symbols were soi1 types, provided a base for a tentative soi1 transferredonto plastic overlays and from these legend. A numerical soi1 designation was to preliminary maps. The preliminary or draft developedand organized into a field soi1 legend maps were produced on 1: 10,000 orthophotos. SO that soils of the same origin would be This data was subsequentlydigitized for use in indicated by the same number. Eight groups of electronic format with the intent of publishing soils with similar origins were established.This at a scale of 1:20,000. legend was continuously modified as new data were collected on the origin and distribution of During the later part of the soi1 survey, the soils until a finalized legend was achieved. representative soi1 profiles were selected, The final legend was then converted into described and samples collected and analyzed. categories, codes and symbols consistent with The descriptions of soi1 profiles and results of other soi1surveys in the province. soi1analyses are presentedin Appendix 2.
Routine soi1 survey started with interpretation In the course of developing and conducting this of aerial photographs(1: 12,500). At this stage, soi1 survey, the goal was to compile practical similar and contrasting features in information relevant to the interpretation of the geomorphology and vegetation caver and soi1 units for various uses and optimum density that would be helpful during field methods of soi1 management. Soi1 physical and investigationsand mapping, were noted. Field chemical analyseswere conducted with the aim observation locations were based on the “free- to confirm information observed in the field as mapping” approach,whereby strategic locations well as to obtain further data important to in the landscape (crests, mid-slopes, foot optimum use and managementof the soils. The slopes, depressions, etc.) were selected and analyses conducted on samples from selected examined. The control section, or depth of sites included such properties as organic matter observation, for this suwey, was 1 m. Field content, mechanical composition (texture), observationsconsisted of pits dug by shovel or coarse fragment content, soi1 acidity (pH), auger hole borings. Soi1 characteristics were available soi1 nutrient content (P, K, Ca, Mg), described and measured and where required, bulk density, moisture retention, and pore soi1 samples collected for laboratory analysis. space. Data relevant to the origin and type of profile development,moisture regime, depth of the soi1 profile to bedrock, water table or impervious INTENSITY OF SOIL SURVEY AN-D layer, thickness of individual horizons (layers), PRECISION OF THE SOIL MAP particle size (texture), content of coarse fragments (grave], stones), presence of The scale at which a soils map is to be cemented and compacted horizons, biological published ultimately determines the minimum activity and soi1use were collected. Also, each size area that cari be depicted. On a map scale
11 of 1:20,000, a map area of 0.5 cm’ represents1 mapping units establishedwithin this portion of ha of land. This is the smallest area that is the study area were “simple” map units; they identifted on the maps, and it is only used to representonly one unique soi1 and are defined indicate highly contrasting soi1 and landscape by a single soi1 association symbol. differences. Occasionally a “complex” map unit was mapped in which two distinct soils occurred Inclusions are areas of unspecified soi1 or within the one mapping unit. It was indicated nonsoil bodies that occur within delineatedmap by two soi1 association symbols with a ” +” units. Typically up to 20% of a mapped sign in between. polygon may consist of inclusions of different soi1materials. A medium intensity soi1 survey was carried out throughout the forested parts of the study area. Two levels of intensity were applied during the Here the soi1 profile description or observation field soi1 survey of the study area. The highest density was decreased. On average, one soi1 intensity survey was conducted throughout profile observation was made for every 25 ha of cleared portions of the area. On average, one forested land. Any distinctive area larger than soi1 profile or observation was made for every 5 ha was defined and delineated. Both 10 ha of cleared land. However, an attempt “simple” and “complex” mapping units were was made to defme and delineateany distinctive delineatedwithin this portion of the study area. area larger than 1 ha. The vast majority of the
12 MAP LEGEND Many of the soi1 associations mapped in this Included in this section is a description of the study consist of stratified parent materials, for soi1map symbol, and a soi1 key which explains example, Barrieau, Buctouche, Caraquet, thesesoils in greater detail. Harcourt, Reece and Upper Caraquet a11have developed in two-tiered depositions. Barrieau and Buctouche soils consist of sandy marine SOIL MAP SYMBOL sediments over fine loamy lodgment till; Caraquet and Upper Caraquet soils consist of The soi1 map symbol is best described by the sandy marine sediments over clayey marine illustration below: sediments;and Harcourt and Reece soils consist of coarse loamy ablational till over fine loamy Soil Association (Phase) Drainage Texture lodgment till . Slope In some instances, different combinations of Example: Sn(s)lls stratified soi1 parent materials were identified, b but they were not extensiveenough to warrant a special soi1 association name. In these Where two soi1 associationsare mapped in the instances the two soi1 association parent same unit, each soi1 occupies approximately materials were listed with the Upper material as 50% of the mapped polygon. Complex map the “numerator” and the lower material as the units are used when the pattem of soi1 “denominator”, An example of this is: Mount distribution made separation into individual Hope (Mh) parent material over Guimond River homogeneous map units impossible. An (Gr) parent material. This would be indicated example of a complex map symbol is given as Mh/Gr in the associationposition of the map below: symbol . This convention was only used in situations where the Upper material was at least Example: Gtlls+Bv (m)lgls 50 cm thick. Infrequently occurring a combinations with surficial deposits less than 50 cm thick were designated according to the Seventeenminera1 soi1 associationsand twelve underlying soi1 parent material association land types are differentiated on the soi1 maps. name and the appropriate surface texture In this report, a soi1 associationis consideredas assigned. a natural grouping of soils basedon similarities in parent materials (petrology, mode of Natural or human-made units in the landscape deposition, texture, consistence, color, and that are either highly variable in content, have other special features). Soi1 associatesvary in: little or no natural soil, or are excessively wet surface texture; drainage; and slope; and in are referred to as land types. Connotative some cases by a phase of the modal concept - names have been used to indicate the kind of such as depth to bedrock, thickness of the soils and/or nonsoil materials present. Where a surface organic layer, subsoil texture or land type has been mapped, no additional information is provided on the surface texture, - presence of a cemented layer. Soi1 Associationsare listed in Table 2. slope, drainage etc. Land types are listed in Table 3.
13 Table 2 Description of soi1associations
Soi1Association Map Symbol Soi1 Consistency,Parent Material & Classification (well drained)
Baie du Vin Bv 10-100 cm of loose, loamy sand glaciofluvial, marine, or lacustrine sedimentsover sandstonebedrock, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Barrieau Ba 20 cm of loose loamy sand glaciofluvial, marine or lacustrine sediments over very fit-m loam to clay loam lodgment till, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Black Rock Br > 100 cm of firm to very fïrm loam to silt loam glacial modifted marine sediments, Brunisoiic Gray Luvisol Buctouche Bu 50-100 cm of loose, loamy sand to sand glaciofluvial, marine or lacustrine sediments over very firm loam to clay loam lodgment till, Orthic Humo- Ferric Podzol Caraquet Cr 50-100 cm of loose, loamy sand to sand glaciofluvial, marine or lacustrine sedimentsover vety firm silty clay loam to clay marine sediments, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Gagetown Gt > 100 cm of loose grave1to very gravelly sand or loamy sand glaciofluvial or marine sediments, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Guimond River Gr > 100 cm of loose grave1to very gravelly sand to loamy Sand,glaciofluvial or marine sediments, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Harcourt Ht > 100 cm of very fit-m loam to clay loam lodgment till with a surficial layer 30-50 cm thick of friable sandy loam ablational till, Podzolic Gray Luvisol Interval In > 100 cm of silt loam to very fine sandy loam alluvium, Orthic Regosol Lord and Foy Lf > 100 cm of loose poorly sorted gravelly and cobbly Sandglaciofluvial or marine sediments,Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Mount Hope Mh > 100 cm of very firm clay loam to clay, glacial modified marine sediments,Brunisolic Gray Luvisol Reece Re > 100 cm of fit-m to very firm sandy loam to loam lodgment till with a surficial layer 40-60 cm thick of friable sandy loam ablational till, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Richibucto Rb > 100 cm of loose, loamy sand to Sand, glaciofluvial, marine or lacustrine, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Stony Brook Sb > 100 cm of very fïrm loam to clay loam lodgment till, Podzolic Gray Luvisol Sunbury Sn > 100 cm of friable sandy loam ablation till, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Tracadie Td > 100 cm of very firm silty clay loam to clay marine sediments, Brunisolic Gray Luvisol Upper Caraquet UC 20-50 cm of loose, loamy sand glaciofluvial, marine or lacustrine sedimentsover very fit-m silty clay loam to clay marine sediments, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol
14 Table 3 Description of land types
Land Type MaP Description Symbol
Coastal beach CB Sandy and gravelly marine beaches Escarpment ES Long continuoussteep slope ( >45%) Grave1pit GP Sites used for extracting grave1 Man made land ML Non-natural soi1deposits Stream complex SC Complexes of bottomland and adjacentupland soils occurring by stream coursesand waterways Sand dune SD Low ridges of loose windblown Sandalong the toast Sait marsh SM Undifferentiated marine depositsalong toast or tidal river, submergedat high tide by Salt water Sand pit SP Sites used for extracting Sand Stone quarry SQ Bedrock extraction site Water WA Fresh water bodies Organic soi1 os Undifferentiated organic soils, primarily bogs and fens Rock outcrop RO Locations where bedrock is exposedat soi1 surface
15 Slope - landscape gradient is indicated by its Phase - Phases have been used where a slope in ter-r-n.9of percent inclination. The signifkant percentage (more than 33%) of the following classeshave been mapped: map unit soi1association varies from the central or modal concept of that soil. Six phases are Slope Class % Slope identified on the accompanying maps:
a o-o.5 Phase Description 0.5-2 b s Shallow to bedrock, 10-50 cm 2-5 C i Ortstein, cemented layer in B horizon d 5-9 m Moderately shallow to bedrock, 50-100 e 9-15 cm Peaty, 15-40 cm thick organic surface f 15-30 P layer g Fragipan, cemented layer in subsoil Drainage - Soi1 drainage is defmed in terms of f Finer-texmred than usual in subsoil the actual moisture content in excess of field moisture capacity, and the extent of the period during which such excess water is present in Surface texture - The average texture for the the plant-root zone. Permeability, level of friable Upper 25 cm of the solum (usually the A ground water and seepage,are a11factors. The and part of the B horizons) is listed here. rate at which water is removed from me soi1 in T’hirteen soi1texture classeshave been mapped. relation to supply is classifïed from ‘rapid’ to ‘very poor’. Six drainage classes have been Texture Description mapped: fs fme Sand Drainage Glass Drainage fsl fine sandy loam as gravelly loamy Sand 1 Rapid g s gravelly Sand 2 Well @l gravelly sandy loam 3 Moderately Well 1 loam 4 Imperfect Ifs loamy fine Sand 5 Poor 1s loamy Sand 6 Very Poor ms medium Sand
S Sand sic1 silty clay loam
Si1 silt loam sl sandy loam
16 CORRELATION WITH PREVIOUSLY the Cork soi1 series is the poorly drained MAPPED SOIL UNITS member of the Sunbury association. The relationship between the old soi1 series names Soi1 associationshave been used to name the and the new soi1association names are provided mapped soils in this report as they have been in Table 4. used in the “Soils of the Chipman-Minto- Harcourt region of New Brunswick” (Rees et The central concepts for some of the soi1 al. 1992) and “Soils of the Rogersville- associationsused in this report have also been Richibucto Region of New Brunswick” (Wang altered from their original defînitions. For and Rees 1983). However, soi1 series names example, the Reece soi1 association as defined were included in the mapping units reported in in this report also includes members of the St. some of the earlier works, such as “Soi1 Survey Michael association. Similarly the Harcourt of SoutheastemNew Brunswick” (Aalund and soi1 association includes members of the Wicklund 1949), and “Descriptions of sandy Pokeshaw association, and the Tracadie soi1 soils in cleared areas of coastal Kent and associationincludes members of the Sewellville southern Northumberland Counties, N.B. soi1 association. These included soils occurred (Langmaid et al. 1964). A soi1 series is the in such small total area as to make their equivalent of a given drainage member of a soi1 identification irrelevant. associationused in this report. For example,
17 Table 4 Coi-relation of soi1 associations with established soi1 series. Soil Series
Association Rapid Well Mod. well Imperfect Poor to very poor Baie du Vin Baie du Vin Napan Fontaine Chockpish Caissie Galloway Smelt Brook Briggs Brook Babineau Barrieau Barrieau Cote d’Or Shediac Black Rock Black Rock Buctouche Buctouche Michaud Neguac Bretagneville St. Charles Caraquet Caraquet Middle Caraquet Neguac
Gagetown Gagetown Geary Guimond River Guimond River St. Oliver St. Theodule Cocagne Harcourt Harcourt Coal Branch Grangeville Pokeshaw Inter-val Interval Waasis East Canaan Lord and Foy Lord and Foy Mount Hope Mount Hope Boland Cambridge Reece Reece Chipman Pangbum St. Michael Richibucto Richibucto Cap Lumiere Nevers Road Kouchibouguac Potters Mills Vautour Stony Brook Queens Kings Cambridge Stony Brook Blackville Shinnickburn St. Gabriel North Forks North Forks Sunbury Sunbury Hoyt Cork Tracadie Tracadie Bouleau Sheila Sewellville Upper Caraquet Upper Caraquet Little Shippegan Shediac
18 KEY TO SOIL ASSOCIATION commonly accentuatesthe contact between the PARENT MATERIAL two materials.
Minera1 Soils (organic surface materials less (b) Dark reddish brown subsoil with very few than 40 cm thick) coarsefragments ( < 5 %)
1. Glacial till deposits Black Rock (Br): the parent material consists of C-m or very firm, dark reddish brown, A. Friable to very friable subsoil; sandy weakly acidic, loam to silt loam or occasionally ( < 10% clay) to coarse-loamy (lO-18% clay) clay loam or silty clay loam with < 5 % coarse subsoil fragments.
Sunbury (Sn): the parent material consists (c) Yellowish brown to dark brown subsoil of friable or very friable, yellowish brown to light olive brown, acidic, loamy sand to sandy Reece (Re): the Upper parent material consists loam, ablational till with lO-35% by volume, of 40-60 cm of friable or very friable, strong flat gravel- and cobble-sized sandstonecoarse brown to yellowish brown, acidic, sandy loam fragments. ablational till with 5-25% flat to angular, gravel- and cobble-sized sandstone coarse B. Firm to very firm subsoil fragments. The lower material is firm to very firm, yellowish brown to dark brown, acidic, 1. Fine-loamy (18-35% clay) subsoil sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam, lodgment till, with 5-25% flat to angular, (a) Dark reddish brown subsoil with abundant gravel- and cobble-sized sandstone coarse coarsefragments (5-25%) fragments. (Differentiation of the two till materials may be difftcult given that the (i) One parent material primai-y difference is compactness.)
Stony Brook (Sb): the parent material consists 2. Fine-clayey (35-60% clay) subsoil of fïrm or very fïrrn, dark reddish brown, acidic, loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam, Moud Hope (Mh): the parent material consists lodgment till, with 5-25% flat to angular, of fïrm or very firm, dark reddish brown, gravel- and cobble-sized sandstone coarse acidic to neutral, clay to clay loam or silty clay fragments. loam with up to 5% gravel- and cobble-sized sandstonecoarse fragments of varied shape. (ii) Two parent materials II. Glaciofluvial and/or Marine deposits Harcourt (Ht): the Upper parent material consists of 30-50 cm of friable or very friable, A. Sandy-skeletal( < 10% clay; > 35% grave1 strong brown to yellowish brown, acidic, sandy and/or cobbles) subsoil loam ablationaltill with lO-30% flat to angular, gravel- and cobble-sized sandstone coarse 1. Petrology: mixed igneous, metamorphic, and fragments. The lower material is firm or very sedimentaryrocks firrn, dark reddish brown, acidic, loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam, lodgment till, with 5- Gagetown (Gt): the parent material consists of 25% flat to angular, gravel- and cobble-sized loose, yellowish brown, acidic, sand or loamy sandstonecoarse fragments. A stoneline Sand, with 35-70% rounded, gravel- and some cobble-sizedcoarse fragments.
19 2. Petrology: gray-greensandstone rocks 1. Coarse-fragmentfree, calcareoussubsoil (80 cm +) (a) Predominantly grave]-sized coarse fragments Tracadie (Td): the parent material consists of firm or very firm, dark reddish brown, neutral, Guimond River (Gr): the parent material clay to clay loam or silty clay loam with no consists of loose, yellowish brown, acidic, coarsefragments. sand or loamy Sand, with 3570% rounded, gravel- and some cobble-sized coarse 2. Some coarse-fragments, non-calcareous fragments. subsoil
(b) Predominantly cobble-sized coarse Mount Hope (Mh): the parent material consists fragments of firrn or very fïrm, dark reddish brown, acidic to neutral, clay to clay loam or silty clay Lord and Foy (Lf): the parent material loam with up to 5% grave]- and cobble-sized consists of loose, yellowish brown, acidic, sandstonecoarse fragments of varied shape. sand or loamy Sand, with 35-70% rounded, cobble- and some gravel-sized coarse III. Sandy glaciofluvial and/or marine deposits fragments. over glacial till deposits
B. Sandy ( < 10% clay) subsoil A. 20-50 cm of sandy glaciofluvial and/or marine sediments 1. Greater than 100 cm of soi1 Barrieau (Ba): The Upper 20-50 cm consists of Richibucto (Rb): the parent material consists loose or very friable, yellowish brown to olive of loose or very friable, yellowish brown to brown, acidic, sandy loam or loamy Sand, with olive brown, acidic, loamy sand or sand with less than 20% (typically < 2%) rounded gravel- less than 20% (typically ~2%) rounded, sized sandstonecoarse fragments. The lower grave]-sized, soft gray-green sandstonecoarse material is a fit-m or very firm, dark reddish fragments. brown, acidic, loam, clay loam or sandy clay loam, witb 5-25% flat to angular gravel- and 2. 10-100cm of soi1over sandstonebedrock cobble-sizedsandstone coarse fragments.
Baie du Vin: the parent material consists of B. 50-100 cm of sandy glaciofluvial and/or loose or very friable, yellowish brown to olive marine sediments brown, acidic, loamy sand or sand with less than 20% (typically < 2%) rounded, gravel- Buctouche (Bu): The Upper 50-100 cm consists sized, soft gray-green sandstone coarse of loose or very friable, yellowish brown to fragments. olive brown, acidic, loamy sand or Sand, with less than 20% (typically < 2%) rounded gravel- C. Loamy (10-35% clay) subsoil sized sandstonecoarse fragments. The lower material is a firm or very fin-n, dark reddish Black Rock (Br): the parent material consists brown, acidic, loam, clay loam or sandy clay of firm or very firm, dark reddish brown, loam, with 5-25% flat to angular gravel- and weakly acidic, loam to silt loam or occasionally cobble-sizedsandstone coarse fragments. clay loam or silty clay loam with <5 % coarse fragments. IV. Sandy glaciofluvial or marine deposits over loamy to fine-clayey (10-60% clay) marine D. Fine-clayey ( 35-60% clay) subsoil and/or lacustrine deposits
20 A. 20-50 cm of sandy sediments olive brown, acidic, loamy sand or Sand, with less than 20% (typically < 2 %) rounded gravel- Upper Caraquet (UC): The upper 20-50 cm sized sandstonecoarse fragments. The lower consists of loose or very friable, yellowish material is firm or very C-m, dark reddish brown to olive brown, acidic, sandy loam to brown, acidic to neutral, clay loam, silty clay loamy Sand, with less than 20% (typically loam or clay with no coarse fragments. < 2 %) rounded gravel-sized sandstonecoarse fragments. The lower material is firm or very IV. Alluvial deposits firm, dark reddish brown, acidic to neutral, clay loam, silty clay loam or clay with no Interval (In): the parent material consists of a coarsefragments. friable or very friable, yellowish brown to olive brown, acidic, silt loam to fine sandy loam, B. 50-100 cm of sandy sediments free of coarse fragments other than the occasional random grave1 of varied shape and Caraquet (Cr): The Upper 50-100 cm consists origin. of loose or very friable, yellowish brown to
21 GENERAL CHARACTEFWTICS OF SOIL ASSOCIATIONS AND LAND TYPES conductivity (permeability); available water Information about the soi1 associationsused on holding capacity; pH; organic carbon; and the accompanying soi1 maps is provided in the electrical conductivity. Terminology used is following pages. This includes a general explained in the glossary at the end of the description of the soi1 in terms of drainage, report. A summary of hectarage values and color, reaction, texture, inherent fertility, mode percentagesfor association map unit drainage of deposition, location, permeability, classesis also provided. Profile characteristics consistence, available rooting zone, coarse and related soils and differentiating criteria are fragment content (i.e. gravels, cobbles, stones) discussed. Detail physical and chemical data and slope. This is followed by a summary for the major soi1 associations mapped in this which includes: extent in hectares, and number study are presented in Appendix 2. Where of individual map sheet polygons in which the detailed profile data were missing, information soi1 association occurs; percentage of the for profile characteristics was extracted from surveyed area occupied by the association; soi1 survey reports for other areas on the mode of origin (mode of deposition); family Maritime Plain, such as: “Soils of the particle size class; petrology; topography(slope Chipman-Minto-Harcourt region of New ranges);drainages mapped; and classification in Brunswick” (Rees et al. 1992); “Soils of the the Canadian System of Soi1 Classification Rogersville-Richibucto Region of New (Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soi1 Brunswick” (Wang and Rees 1983); Survey 1987) for the dominant soi1 association “Descriptions of sandy soils in cleared areas of member, based on hectaresmapped. Detailed coastal Kent and southern Northumberland profile characteristicsare also provided for the Counties, N.B. (Langrnaid et al. 1964); and Upper and subsoil materials: thickness; color; “Soils of selected agricultural areas of Shediac %sand, silt and clay, and texture; coarse and Botsford Parishes, Westmorland County, fragments; consistency; bulk density, with total New Brunswick” (Rees et al. 1996). porosity and macro pores; saturated hydraulic
23 BAIE DU VIN ASSOCIATION (Bv)
GENERAL DESCRIPTIOS OF THE SOIL
Baie du Vin is a very common soi1 occurring throughout the coastal areas on level to slightly undulating topography. It is usually a rapidly drained, shallow to very shallow soi1 that has formed in 10-100 cm of loose, coarse textured sandy marine or marine-mfluenced glaciofluvial material overlying sandstone bedrock. Moderately shallow (m) and shallow (s) phases have been mapped with 50-100 and 10-50 cm of soi1 over bedrock, respecrively. The parent material consisrs of a yellowish brown to light olive brown, acidic, loose or very friable, rapidly permeable, loamy sand or Sand while the surface textures range from sand to sandy loam with the occasional loam. Baie du Vin soils have very low inherent fertility. Sandstone coarse fragments typically are less than 2% but increase with proximity to the underlying bedrock. Surface stones (greater than 25 cm dia.) are not present. Some gravelly surface textures were mapped where thin flat sandstone gravels make up in excess of 15% of the soi1 volume. A cemented layer called ortstein that ranges from 10-60 cm thick may be found from 20 to 30 cm from the soi1 surface. Where these cemented layers occur, the soil has been mapped with an “i” phase. Although the ortstein is impenetrable to roots, it is usually discontinuous and slowly permeable to water. With exception of a few small localities in the northem portion of the study area that have been mapped as fmer- textured phases (designated by “f” phases), the soi1 has very low water and nutrient holding capacities. In general, the major limitations for agriculture are droughtiness and shallowness to bedrock. Proper soil-water management, particularly practices related to soi1 moisture conservation, is imperative for viable agricultural trop production.
I I I Baie du Vin Association Richibucto Association I I I I Moderately shallow (m) phase Shallow (s) phase > 100 cm of marine or outwzh sand I 1 50-100 cm manne or IMO cm of maiine o( I outwash sand over bedrock outwash sand over bedrock , I I I
& ! .’ .‘.: :. , ..‘. . AZ., 4
l.Om t 1 Sm 2.0m Eedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 2.0m 2.5m
2.5m 3.0m : i h- 3.0m
Figure 4 Sketch of landscape relationships between Baie-du-Vin and Richibucto associations and associated soilscapes. Extent: 15228 ha, 576 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 14.3 % Mode of Origin: Marine or marine-modifted glaciofluvial Family Particle Size Class: Sandy Petrology (Parent Material): Glaciofluvial or marine sand over weathered sandstone bedrock Topography: Nearly level to undulating (0.5-5 %) Drainages Mapped: Very rapid to poor Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (rapidly drained member)
24 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DKFFERENTLATING Friable Upper Soil Material CRITERIA
Thickness: 30 cm Baie du Vin (Bv) soils are found commonly with soils of Color: 7.5 YR to 10 YR hue the Richibucto (Rb) Association and to a lesser degree Sand, Sih and Clay; Texture: S=80%, Si=12% with soils of the Barrieau (Ba) and Buctouche (BU) C=8%; LS associations. Al1 three soi1 associations have a common Coarse Fragments: <2 C/c “numerator” in that they have developed on coarse Consistency: Very friable textured marine deposits along the toast. Whereas the Bulk Density: 1.32 g/cm3 Baie du Vin Association soils are moderately shaliow to Total Porosity: 46.0 % shallow above the lithic layer, bedrock is deeper than 1 m Macro Pores: 31.3% from the minera1 soi1 surface in soils of the Richibucto Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 27.5 cmh Association. The Barrieau and Buctouche associations Available Water: 0.09 cm/cm differ from the Baie du Vin Association in that a second pH (HZO): 4.4 material, a loam, clay loam or sandy clay loam iodgment Organic Matter: 1.21 % till, is found in place of the bedrock component. During Electrical Conducrivity: 0.03 mS/cm postglacial submergence thin deposits of lodgment till were pat-tially eroded by wave action leaving some Subsoil Matet-ial bedrock surfacesexposed to direct deposition (Baie du Vin Association). Areas less severely eroded, or which had Thickness: 0 - 45 cm thicker till deposits to begin with, retained some till Color: 1OYRto 2.5 Y hue material upon which the marine sediments form caps Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=90%, Si=ïW (Barrieau or Buctouche associations). C=3%; s Coarse fragments: 2-5 % Where pieces of dislodged bedrock increase the coarse- Consistency: Loose fragment content, the Baie du Vin parent material Bulk Density: 1.55 g/cm3 resemblesan ablational till and, tberefore, might possibly Total Porosity: 37.7 % be confused with the Sunbury (Sn) Association. Macro Pores: 30.2 % Ablational till soils, however, have an abundance (lO- Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 33.3 cmh 30%) of angular cobbles and gravels, occupy areas of Available Water: 0.03 cm/cm more pronounced surface expression and are seldom found pH (HZ~): 5.3 in such close proxirnity to the toast. Organic Matter: 0.36 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm Baie du Vin soils have been mapped in complexes with a number of other soi1 associationsin which the soils are SO Bedrock intimately interspersed tbat tbey cannot be separatedout as unique soi1 polygons at the 1:20,000 scale. These soils Type: Sandstone include: Caraquet (Cr), Gagetown (Gt), Guimond River Depth: < lm from minera1 soi1 (Gr), Richibucto, Tracadie (Td), and Upper Caraquet surface WC). SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS
Area for Different Drainage Classes Drainage Class Ha 76
Rapid 1 12152 19.8
Weil 2 42 0.3
Moderately well 3 81 0.5
Imperfect 4 1146 7.5
Poor 5 1029 6.8
Very poor 6 778 5.1
TOTAL 15228 100.0
25 BAFWEAU ASSOCIATION (Ba)
GENERAL DESCRIPTIOIV OF THE SOIL
Barrieau soils occupy a small portion of the coastal region of the study area. They are associated with level fo gently undulating topography and imperfect to poor drainage. They are developed from stratified material consisting of 20-50 cm of loose, olive brown colored marine or marine-modifïed glaciofluvial material derived from grey-green sandstone over a compact, reddish-brown colored glacial till derived from red shale and grey- green sandstone. Essentially, Barrieau soils consist of 20-50 cm of Richibucto parent material over a subsoil of Stony Brook soi1 parent material. Texture of the subsoil ranges from loam to silty clay loam. Texture of the soi1 surface is usually sandy loam. There is only a small amount of coarse fragments present in me soi1 surface (usually less than 2%). Surface stones are typically not present. The amount of grave1 in the subsoil ranges from 5 to 25 % Their capacity to hold water and nutrients, as well as natural fertility and pH are low. Conductivity for water through the sandy surface layer is high. Conductivity through the subsoil is slow to extremely slow. Compactness of the subsoil and impeded soi1 drainage are the major limitations of these soils to agriculrural production. Under good soi1 moisture management, particularly drainage, these soils have a high potential for agricultural development within the study area
Stony Brook 1 Barrieau Association f Buctouche 1 Richibudo Association 1 Baie du Vin Association ; I Association 1 I 1 Association I 0 l I I I EGlOOcm ; ] 10.IOOcm 1 100 cm Mgment til 1 2050 cm manne IX outwash I mannerx , >lOO cm manne or outwdsh sand I maineor f Sand owltigment bll I outwashsand 1 1 ouhvashsancf I werlodgment I I wwbe&ock
O.Om 05m- o Lodgment Till 0.5m 10m - 1 Om 15m -- 15m 20m Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 2.0m 25m 25m 30m 3.0m Figure 5 Sketch of Iandscape relationships among the Barrieau, Buctouche and Richibucto associations and associated soilscapes.
Extent : 1047 ha, 62 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 1.0% Mode of Origin: Marine or marine-modifïed glaciofluvial over till Family Particle Size Class: Sandy over fine loamy Petrology (Parent Material): Grey-green sandstone over grey-green sandstone and disintegrated red shale/siltstone Topography: Undulating, 2-9 % slopes but predominantly 2-5 % Drainages Mapped: Well to very poor Classification: Orthic Gleysol (poorly drained member)
26 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTIATIlriG CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1 Material Barrieau (Ba) soils are most comrnonly found with soils of Thickness: 35 cm the Buctouche (Bu), Richibucto (Rb) and Stony Brook Color: 7SYR to 1OYRhue (Sb) associations and to a lesser degree with soils of the Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=72%, Si=lo%, Baie du Vin (Bv) Association. Barrieau soils have C=12%; SL developed on deposits that consist of stratified deposits of Coarse Fragments: 2% coarse textured marine sediments, Richibucto parent Consistency: Very friable material, over glacial till, Stony Brook parent material. Bulk Density: 1.32 g/cm3 Thickness of the Upper coarse textured marine sediments Total Porosity: 49.2 % is the differentiating criteria between Buctouche soils and Macro Pores: 29.0 % Barrieau soils. Barrieau soils have 20-50 cm of the coarse Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 22.6 cmhr textured marine sediments while Buctouche soils have 5O- Available Water: 0.11 cm/cm 100 cm of the coarse textured marine sediments. The pH (H20): 4.9 underlying till material is the same in both cases. Organic Matter: 1.61 % Richibucto soils were mapped where the coarse textured Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm marine sediments are in excess of 1 m thick. Some complexes of Richibucto and Barrieau have been mapped Subsoil Material where the two soils are too intricately interspersed to be able to separate out as unique delineations at the 1:20,000 Color: SYR hue scale. Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=53%, Si=23%, C=24%; SCL Since Barrieau soils are commonly found in association Coarse fragments: 20 % witb soils developed on eitber of their two components, it Consistency: Very fïrm is natural that they are also associated with loam to clay Bulk Density: 1.89 g/cm3 loam textured compact lodgment tills soils such as Stony Total Porosity: 23.3 % Brook. Separation of the Barrieau soils from the Stony Macro Pores: 2.0 % Brook till soi1 is only diffïcult where the overburden of Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.09 cmhr marine or marine-modified glaciofluvial sediments is Available Water: 0.06 cm/cm relatively thin and some intermixing of the two materials pH (H20): 5.0 bas taken place as a result of frost action, windtbrow and Organic Matter: 0.29 % deep tillage. In these instancesthe soi1 was grouped with Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm the Stony Brook Association. The Barrieau designation was reserved for soils with obvious cappings of water- SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS deposited mater&.
Area for Different Drainage Classes During postglacial submergence thin deposits of lodgment till were partially eroded by wave action leaving some Drainage Class Ha A bedrock surfaces exposed to direct deposition, thus Areas less Rapid 1 resulting in Baie du Vin Association soils. severely eroded, or which had thicker till deposits to begin Weil 2 a 0.8 with. retained some till material upon which the marine sediments formed caps, thus resulting in Barrieau Moderately well 3 Association soils. As a result of this, the two soils, Barrieau and Baie du Vin, are sometimes in close Imperfecr 4 383 36.6 proximity .
Poor 5 533 50.9
Very poor 6 123 11.7
TOTAL 1047 100.0
27 BLACK ROCK ASSOCIATION (Br)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL
Black Rock soils occupy a small area adjacent to the settlement of Black Rock. Tbese soils have developed on level to slightly undulating topography. Drainage ranges from well to poor. The soils are of similar characteristics to Mount Hope soils, but of a lighter texture with higher silt and lower clay contents. They are low to medium in natural fertility and have formed in glacier reworked or modifïed silt and clay sediments that were deposited during glacial marine/lacustrine submergence. The surface soi1 has a texture of loam to silt loam with very few coarse fragments (usually less than 5%) and is usually 30 to 50 cm deep. At worst these soils are only slightly stony with the occasional surface stone. The subsoil is compacted silt loam to loam with similar low coarse fragment content (less than 5%). Although the subsoil is fit-m and restricts water movement, the bulk density is only slightly over 1.60 g/cm3. Uniformity of particle size (i.e. mostly silts and ciays) does not allow for close packing. The pH usually increases with depth from an acid surface to a weakly acid subsoil at 1 m. Water holding capacity is relatively high. A major limitation to agricultural production is the fine-textured, compacted subsoil and related impeded drainage. This soi1 is suitable for trop production but requires special attention to the aforementioned problems.
I Barrieau / I or I I Mo~nt Hope Stony Brook Association Black Rock Association I Upper I 1 Association ’ caraquet ’ I Association I /
O.Om - o.om 0.5m - 0.5m 1 .Om - 1.ch-n 1.5m - 1.5m 20m - 2.0m 2.5m - 2.5m 3.0m Sandstone Bedrczk - 3.Om
Figure 6 Sketch of landscaperelationships among Stony Brook, Barrieau or Upper Caraquet, Black Rock, and Mount Hope associations.
Extent: 888 ha, 31 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 0.8% Mode of Origin: Reworked glaciomarine or glaciolacustrine or possibly lodgment till Family Particle Size Glass: LoamY Petrology: Disintegrated red shale and fine-grained sandstone Topography: Level to slightly undulating, O-5 % slopes Drainages Mapped: Well to very poor Classification: Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Luvisol (imperfectly drained member)
28 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1 Material Black Rock (Br) soiis are most often found in low lying Thickness: 4Ocm and depressional positions in tbe landscape, or they are Color: 5 YR hue associated with tidal rivers and streams. As glacial Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=38%, Si=42%, reworked marine sediments, they are associated with bath C=20%; L water deposited and till fine loamy to clayey materials. Coarse Fragments: <2 % Mount Hope (h4h) are similar to Black Rock soils in that Consistency: Friable both associations consist of relatively fine marine Bulk Density: 1.34 glcm3 sediments that have been reworked by glacial activity. Total Porosity: 48.6 R The two associations are separated on tbe basis of clay Macro Pores: 12.8 O/c content. Mount Hope soils are fine-clayey, with more Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 6.7 cmlhr than 35% clay in the parent material. Black Rock soils Available Water: 0.20 cmlcm are fine-loamy with less tban 35% clay in their subsoils. pH (HZ~): 4.9 usually 15-25 % clay. The two associations are very Organic Matter: 3.03 w similar in most other respects - consistency, coarse Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm fragment content, reaction, organic matter content, etc.
Subsoil Material Black Rock soils may also be associated with Stony Brook (Sb) soils which have formed on lodgment tills. These Color: 5YR hue two soils are readily separated on the basis of coarse Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=37%, Si=44%, fragment content. Stony Brook soils typically have 5-25 W c= 19%; L gravel- and cobbe-sized angular coarse fragments whereas Coarse fragments: 3% Black Rock soils seldom have 5 % coarse fragments. Consistency: Very fïrm Bulk Density: 1.65 g/cm3 Total Porosity: 37.0 % Macro Pores: 8.0 % Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.05 cmh Available Water: 0.15 cm/cm pH (H20): 7.0 Organic Matter: 0.17 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.06 mS/cm
SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS
Area for Different Drainage Classes Drainage Class Ha 96
Rapid 1
Weil 2 268 30.2
Moderately well 3 52 5.9
Imperfect 4 401 45.1
Poor 5 166 18.7
Very poor 6 1 0.1
TOTAL 888 100.0
29 BUCTOUCHE ASSOCIATION (Bu)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL
Buctouche soils are well to very poorly drained, deep, acid, and low in natural fertility. They have formed in deposits consisting of a moderately thick (50-100 cm) surficial mantle of marine or marine-modified glaciofluvial sandy material generally derived from grey green sandstone, over a loamy glacial till derived from red shale and gray green sandstone. In essence, Buctouche soils consist of Richibucto fluvial deposirs over Stony Brook-type morainal lodgment tills and are the deeper equivalents of the Barrieau Association. The Upper material is a yellowish to olive brown or reddish brown, loose, rapidly permeable sandy loam which grades into a loamy sand to sand with depth, and is usually free of coarse fragments. Surface stones are not present. The second or lower material is dark reddish brown, compact, extremely to very slowly permeable loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam containing 5-25% coarse fragments of subangular gravels and cobbles. Buctouche soils are comrnonly found close to either stream courses or the ocean, on slopes ranging from almost level to undulating.
Sony Brook Buctouche Association Richibucto Association Association 50-100 cm manne or outwash sand over lcdgment till
1 Om
1 .Om 2cm
2.0m 3.ch-n
Bedrock - 3.0m
Figure 7 Sketch of possible landscape relationships among Buctouche, Stony Brook and Richibucto associations.
Extent: 159 ha, 14 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 0.2% Mode of Origin: Marine or marine-modified glaciofluvial over lodgment till Family Particle Class: Sandy over fine loamy Petrology (Parent Material): Grey-green sandstone over grey-green sandstone and disintegrated red shale/siltstone Topography: Almost level to undulating, 0.5-5% slopes Drainages Mapped: Well to very poor Classification: Gleyed Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (imperfectly to poorly drained member)
30 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS NMMARY OF MAP UNITS
Friable Upper Soi1 Material Area for Different Drainage Classes Drainage Glass Ha % Thickness: 35 cm Color: 7SYRto 10YRhue Rapid 1 Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=73%, Si=18%, C=9%; SL Weil 2 13 8.1 Coarse Fragments: <2% Consistency: Very friable Moderately well 3 Bulk Density: 1.20 g/cm3 Total Porosity: 55.0 % hnperfect 4 54 33.9 Macro Pores: 31.1 % Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 38.1 cmlhr POor 5 86 54.0 0.13 cm/cm Available Water: Very par 6 7 4.4 pH (HZ~): 4.9 Organic Matter: 2.33 % TOTAL 159 100.0 Electrical Conductivity: 0.05 mS/cm
Subsoil Material #l RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTIATING CRITERL4 Thickness: 40 cm Color: 10 YR to 2.5 Y hue Buctouche (Bu) soils are most commonly found with soils Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=91%, Si=5%, of the Barrieau (Ba), Richibucto (Rb) and Stony Brook C=4%; s (Sb) associations (see Figure 5). Buctouche soils have Coarse fragments: C2% developed on deposits that consist of stratifled deposits of Consistency: Very friable to loose coarse textured marine sediments, Richibucto parent Bulk Density: 1.47 g/cm3 material, over glacial till, Stony Brook parent material. Total Porosity: 41.2 % Tbickness of tbe Upper coarse textured marine sediments Macro Pores: 33.6 % is the differentiating criteria between Buctouche soils and Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 38.6 cmh Barrieau soils. Buctouche soils have 50-100 cm of the Available Water: 0.03 cm/cm coarse textured marine sediments while Barrieau soils pH (HZ~): 5.1 have only 20-50 cm of the coarse textured marine Organic Matter: 0.51 % sediments. The underlying till material is the same in Electrical Conductivity: 0.03 mS/cm bah cases. Richibucto soils were mapped where the coarse textured marine sediments are in excess of 1 m Subsoil MaterlaI #2 thick.
Color: 5 YR hue Since Buctouche soils are commonly found in association Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=57%, Si=20%, with soils developed on either of their two components, it C=23%; L is natural that tbey are also associated with loam to clay Coarse fragments: 20 % loam textured compact lodgment till soils such as Stony Consistency: Very fïrm Brook. Separation of tbe Buctouche soils from the Stony Bulk Density: 1.90 g/cm3 Brook till soi1 is not a problem since Buctouche soils have Total Porosity: 23.0 % 50-100 cm of coarse textured marine or marine-modified Macro Pores: 3.0 % glaciofluvial overburden. At most the Stony Brook soils Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.10 cm/hr only have a thin discontinuous surface layer of 10-20 cm Available Water: 0.06 cm/cm of coarse textured water deposited sediments and typically pH (HZ~): 5.2 they have no capping at all. Organic Matter: 0.17 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm Buctouche and Caraquet (Cr) soils bath have 50-100 cm surfïcial cappings of sandy material. They differ in that the underlying material in the Buctouche association is a loamy till material with abundant coarse fragments (gravels, cobbles, stones), while the underlying material in tbe Caraquet association is coarse fragment-free clayey marine sediments.
31 CARAQUET ASSOCIATION (Cr)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL
Caraquet soils are well to very poorly drained, deep, acid, and low in natural fenil@. They have formed in deposits consisting of a moderately thick (50-100 cm) surficial mantle of well sorted marine or marine-modified glaciofluvial sandy material derived from grey-green sandstone, over a clayey marine or lacustrine deposited material consisting mostly of silts, clays and some fme to very fine sands. Essentially Caraquet soils consist of Richibucto sand deposits over Tracadie silt and clay sediments. The Upper material is a yellowish to olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable sandy loam to loamy Sand, 50-100 cm thick, and free of coarse fragments. Surface stones are not present. The surface texture is typically a sandy loam but ranges from sand to silt loam. The second or lower material is reddish brown, compact, slowly to extremely slowly permeable silty clay loarn and also free of coarse fragments. They are predominately found on 0.55% slopes. Imperfectly to poorly drained sites are common. Their capacity to hold water and nutrients are low. Compactness of the subsoil, irnpeded drainage and potential droughtiness are the major limitations that these soils have to agricultural production. Under good soi1 moisture management, these soils are among the ones with highest potential for agriculmral development within the study area.
I I I I I I I 1 I Caraquet Association 1 Richibucto Association Tracadie Association I > 100cm mannea I XL103 cm manne or outwash sand over I >lKlcmmanneor I manne 01 lacushne slts and clays I ouhuash sand lacushne slts and clays I I O.Om
0.5m - O.Om i.Om - OSm
1.5m r l.Om 2.0m 1.5m 2.5m 2.Om 1 3.0m L 2Sm Bedrock - 3.0m
Figure 8 Sketch of landscape relationships among Caraquet, Tracadie and Richibucto associations.
Extent: 2996 ha, 174 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 2.8 % Mode of Origin: Marine or marine-modified glaciofluvial over marine or lacustrine Family Particle Size Class: Sandy over clayey Petrology (Parent Material): Grey-green sandstone over disintegrated red shale and fine-grained red sandstone Topography : Undulating to rolling, O-15 % slopes but predominantly 0.5-5 % Drainages Mapped: Well to very poor Classification: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol (imperfectly drained member)
32 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1Material Thickness: 35 cm Caraquet (Cr) soils have been mapped in complexes with Color: 7.5 YR to 10 YR hue Richibucto (Rb), Tracadie (Td) and Baie du Vin @v) Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=75%, Si=l6%, soils. In these complex units the soils are too intricately C=9%; SL interspersed to be able to separate out as unique CoarseFragments: <2% delineations at the 1:20,000 scale. Botb soils occur in Consistency: Very friable approximately equal proportions. Bulk Density: 1.19 gicm3 Total Porosity 54.2 % The association of Caraquet soils with either of their two Macro Pores: 32.5 % constituents, sandy marine or marine-modified Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 39.2 cmh glaciofluvial deposits of Richibucto sands, or fine-textured Available Water: 0.11 cm/cm compact marine-lacustrine deposits of Tracadie silts and PH (H0 4.9 clays, is a natural relationship. Differentiation of Organic Matter: 2.09 % Caraquet soils from the aforementioned sandy soi] is Electrical Conductivity: 0.08 mS/cm relatively easily done based on thickness and consistence of the overlying Sand. Richibucto soils have in excess of Subsoil Material #l 100 cm of loose loamy sand to Sand, while Caraquet soils Thickness: 40 cm are underlain by a compact fine-textured subsoil which Color: 10YR to 2.5 Y hue occurs somewhere between 50 and 100 cm below the soi1 Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=90%, Si=6%, surface. C=4%; s Coarse fragments: <2 % Separation of Caraquet soils from Tracadie soils is easily Consistency: 1.5 1 g/cm3 done. Tracadie soils lack any surficial capping of olive Total Porosity: 42.7 % brown colored sandy water-deposited sediments on tbe soi] Macro Pores: 35.7 % surface. Tracadie soils are heavy textured (silty clay Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 36.8 cmh loams, clay loams, etc.) and reddish brown throughout tbe Available Water: 0.03 cm/cm profile. pH (HZ~): 5.2 Organic Mat(er: 0.49 % While Caraquet soils have been mapped witb Baie du Vin Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm soils, the relationship is net that common. Both soils have a surfïcial mantle of coarse textured water deposited Subsoil Material#2 sediments,but Baie du Vin soils are underlain by bedrock. Color: 2SYR to 5YR hue Sand, Silt and Clay Texture: S=l8%, Si=47%, Caraquet soils are also likely to be associated with Upper C=35%; S:CL Caraquet soils. Thickness of the Upper coarse textured Coarse fragments: <5 % marine sediments is the differentiating criteria between Consistency: Firm Caraquet soils and Upper Caraquet soils (see Figure 20). Bulk Density: 1.80 g/cm3 Caraquet soils have 50-100 cm of the coarse textured Total Porosity: 32.0 % marine sediments while Upper Caraquet soils have only Macro Pores: 3.0 % 20-50 cm of the coarse textured marine sediments. The Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.05 cmh underlying clayey marine or lacustrine material is the Available Water: 0.08 cm/cm same in botb cases. pH (HZ~): 5.5 Organic Matter: 0.17 % Caraquet and Buctouche (Bu) soils both have 50-100 cm Electrical Conductivity: 0.03 mS/cm surficial cappings of sandy material. They differ in that tbe underlying material in the Buctouche association is a SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS loamy till material witb abundant coarse fragments (gravels, cobbles, stones), while the underlying material in Area for Different Drainage Classes tbe Caraquet association is a coarse fragment-fie clayey Drainage Glass Ha % marine sediment. Rapid 1 Weil 2 297 9.9 Moderatelywell 3 152 5.1 Imperfect 4 1072 35.8 Poor 5 794 26.5 Very poor 6 681 22.7 TOTAL 2996 100.0
33 GAGETOWN ASSOCIATION (Gt)
GEh!XRAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL
Gagetown frequently occurs in small localities throughout the study area on crest and upper slope positions. Developed on thick (greater than lm) well sorted glaciofluvial or marine materials associated with landforms such as outwash plains, river ter-races, kart-tes and eskers. Gagetown soils are coarse-textured (gravelly loamy sand over very gravelly Sand), with coarse fragments derived from mixed igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Throughout its entire depth the soi1 is a very friable to loose, rapidly perrneable material which grades from a sandy loam surface texture into a very gravelly loamy sand to sand subsoil. Subsoil coarse fragment content average 35-70% rounded gravels dominated by hard rocks such as quartz, granite, gneiss, schist and diorite, with only minor amounts of softer Pennsylvanian sandstone, siltstone and shale. Surface stones are rare. The soi1 is extremely acid with high water conductivity but very low holding capacity for water and nutrients and has low natural fertility. Gagetown soils often contain a chemically cemented (orstein) layer that is 10-60 cm thick and occurs within 20 to 30 cm of the soi1 surface. Where these cemented layers occur, the soi1 has been mapped with an “i” phase. Although the ortstein is impenetrable to roots, it is usually discontinuous and slowly permeable to water. Gagetown soils occupy mostly short complex slopes of 2-9% associated with the aforementioned landform types. Gagetown deposits tend to be some of the thicker soi1 materiais in the study area. Most sites are rapidly drained. Where impeded drainage occurs (imperfect or poor), the sites are either depressional or affected by restricted permeabilities of underlying materials, usually lodgment till. Droughtiness and presence of cemented layers are major limitations to agricultural production. Gagetown soils are not suitable for agricultural production, but are sources of high quality gravel. I Gagetown Association 1 Interval Association
I I Rapidly to Weil Drained Poorty Drained I I I 1 I Om . L I 1 l
- Om
:, -. ._-.;-. . . *--:.--. me-:..--**-.-- . .- -::. ---. ~“~s~or~a~“e~~“~,~,‘.“.‘.“.‘. . . .- .* ::\. Alluvtal SOCS - lm
- 2m
LodgnNxlt TII - A 5 Q 4m- c? 0 V - 3m
Bedrock 5m- -4m
Figure 9 Sketch of possible landscaperelationship between GagetownAssociation and Interval Association. Extent : 3440 ha, 194 Polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 3.2 % Mode of Origin: Glaciofluvial or marine Family Particle Size Class: Sandy-skeletal Petrology (parent material): Mixed igneous and metamorphic, with some sandstone Topography : Undulating to ridged, 0.5-15% slopes, but predominantly 0.5-5% Drainages Mapped: Rapid to Poor, but mostly rapid Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (rapidly drained member)
34 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1Material Gagetown (Gt) soils have developed on deep water Thickness: 40 cm deposited gravels. As such, they are most comrnomy Color: 7.5 YR to 10YR hue associated with other water deposited coarse textured soi1 Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=85%, Si=B, materials. These associated soils include Richibucto (Rb), C=7%;Is Guimond River (Gr) and Lord and Foy &f, soi1 CoarseFragments: 20% associations (see Figure 10). Gagetown and Richibucto Consistency: Loose soiis are differentiated on the basis of coarse- fragment Bulk Density: 1.29 g/cm3 content. Richibucto soils, unbke those of the Gagetown Total Porosity: 42.0 % Association, contain less than 20% coarse fragments, with Macro Pores: 27.4 % average contents of O-2% in the subsoil. Gagetown Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 32.1 cmhr subsoilshave in excess of 50% grave1 content. Available Water: 0.07 cmkm pH (HzO): 4.9 Gagetown soils are most similar in physical and chemical Organic Matter: 1.68 % properties to soils of the Guimond River Association. Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm Both soi1 types have developed on coarse textured gravelly water deposited sediments. They are differentiated on the Subsoil Material basis of petrology. Gagetown soils have “hard” gravels consisting of mostly quartz, granite, gneiss, schist and Coior: 10 YR to 2.5 Y hue diorite, whereas Guimond River soils are dominated by Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=90%, Si=6% “soft” gravels of Pennsylvanian sandstone origin. Lord C=4%;S and Foy soils are similar to Guimond River soils but their Coarse fragments: 63 % coarse fragment content is dominated by larger sized Consistency: Loose cobbles rather than gravels. Bulk Density: 1.52 g/cm3 Total Porosity: 15.9 % During postglacial marine submergence, thin deposits of Macro Pores: 12.9 % iodgment till were partially eroded by wave action leaving Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 43.5 cmh some bedrock surfaces exposed to direct deposition. Baie Available Water: 0.01 cm/cm du Vin soils were mapped where these depositions were pH (HZ~): 4.8 primarily sands. Where the depositions were coarser Organic Matter: 0.38 % textured, such as beach ridges, with a predominance of Electrical Conductivity: 0.2 mS/cm hard gravels of igneous and metamorphic origins, Gagetown soi1 parent mater& were formed. SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS In some lower terrace positions, Gagetown soils may be Area for Different Drainage Classes associatedwith Interval soils. Interval soils bave silt loam to fine sandy loam textures free of most coarse fragments Drainage Glass Ha % and weak soi1 profile development (Regosol) that Rapid 1 3329 96.8 differentiates them from Gagetown soils.
Well 2 29 0.8
Moderarely well 3 3 0.1
Imperfecf 4 66 1.9
Poor 5 14 0.4
TOTAL 3440.072 100.0
35 GUIMOND RIVER ASSOCIATION (Gr)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL
Guimond River occupies crest and upper slope positions scattered throughout the study area. The soils are gravelly and coarse textured and have developed from water deposited material. Throughout its entire depth (greater than 1 m) the soi1 is a very friable to loose, rapidly permeable material. The texture of Guimond River surface soi1 is loamy sand to gravelly loamy sand while the subsoil is a very gravelly sand to loamy Sand. The coarse fragment content (mostly sandstone) ranges from 35 to 70%. Surface stones are rare. This soi1 is droughty, extremely acid and has very low natural fertility. It has extremely low water and nutrient-holding capacity and high conductivity for water. Guimond River soils may contain a chemically cemented (orstein) layer that is 10-60 cm thick and usually occurs within 20 to 30 cm from the soi1 surface. Where these cemented layers occur, the soi1 has been mapped with an “i” phase. Although the ortstein is impenetrable to roots, it is usually discontinuous and slowly permeable to water. Guimond River soils occupy mostly short complex slopes of 2-15% associated with glaciofluvial features such as eskers, kames, and outwash plains. Guimond River deposits tend to be some of the thicker soi1 mater& in the study area. However, some moderately shallow to bedrock phases (m) have been mapped. Most sites tend to be rapidly drained. Where impeded drainage occurs (imperfect or poor), the sites are either depressional or are affected by restricted permeabilities of underlying materials, usually lodgment till. Droughtiness is a major limitation to agricultural production. The potential for agricultural use is considered extremely low. Guimond River soils are sources of poor quality gravel.
Guimond River, Grgetown or Richibucto Associations / ! Guimond River, Gagetown j : or Richibucto Associations
4m-
5m-
6m-
Badmk (Pennsyhanm Sandstone)
Figure 10 Sketch of possible landscape positions for Gagetown, Richibucto and Guimond River associations.
Extent: 1055 ha, 122 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 1.0% Mode of Origin: Glaciofluvial or marine Family Particle Size Class: Sandy skeletal Petrology (parent material): Grey-green sandstone Topography: Undulating to humrnocky, slopes of 0.5-30%, but mostly 2-15 % Drainages Mapped: Rapid to poor, but mostly rapid Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (rapidly drained member)
36 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFFZENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1 MateriaI Guimond River (Gr) soils have been mapped in complexes Thickness: 40 cm with Lord and Foy (Lf), Sunbury (Sn) and Baie du Vin Color: 7.5 YR to 10YR hue (Bv) soils. In these complex units the soils are too Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=83%, Si=9% intricately interspersed to be able to separate ouf as unique C=8%; Ls delineations at the 1:20,000 scale. Both soils occur in Coarse Fragments: 17 % approximately equal proportions. Consistency: Very friable Bulk Density: 1.30 g/cm3 Lord and Foy soils are similar to Guimond River soils in Total Porosity: 42.3 % most physical, chemical and petrological characteristics Macro Pores: 25.8 % but their coarse fragment content is dominated by larger Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 33.0 cmh sized cobbles ramer than gravels. Available Water: 0.08 cm/cm pH (H20): 4.9 Sunbury soils have developed on coarse textured Organic Matter: 1.93 % ablational till materials. As such they are loose and Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm friable throughout the profile, much as are Guimond River soils. Both soils also have coarse fragments of soft Subsoil Mater-ml Petmsylvanian sandstone. Sunbury soils are slightly heavier textured than Guimond River soils, but tbe most Color: 10 YR to 2.5 Y hue prominent differentiating criteria is coarse fragment size Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=92%; Si=5% and shape. Sunbury coarse fragments are mostly angular C=3%; s cobbles while Guimond River coarse fragments are Coarse fragments: 64% rounded gravels. Consistency: Loose Bulk Density: 1.54 g/cm3 During postglacial marine submergence, thin deposits of Total Porosity: 15.3 % lodgment till were partially eroded by wave action leaving Macro Pores: 12.4 % some bedrock surfaces exposed to direct deposition. Baie Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 40.1 cmhr du Vin soils were mapped where these depositions were Available Water: 0.01 cmlcm primarily sands. Where the deposits were coarser pH (HZ~): 5.0 textured, such as beach ridges, and the gravels were Organic Matter: 0.36 % predominately soft sandstone, Guimond River soi1 parent Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm materials were formed.
SUMhURY OF MAP UNITS Guimond River soils may also be found in close proximity to soils of the Richibucto Association. Both soils have Area for Different Drainage Classes formed on coarse textured water deposited sediments. Drainage Glass Ha % Richibucto soils typically have less than 2% grave1 content throughout the profile while Guimond River soils have Rapid 1 937 88.8 grave1contents of up to 70%.
Weil 2 5 0.5 Guimond River soils are most similar in physical and chemical properties to soils of the Gagetown Association. Moderatelywell 3 2 0.1 Both soi1 types have developed on coarse textured gravelly water deposited sediments. They are differentiated on tbe Imperfect 4 51 4.9 basis of petrology. Gagetown soils have “hard” gravels consisting of mostly quartz, granite, gneiss, schist and Poor 5 60 5.1 diorite, whereas Guimond River soils are dominated by “soft” gravels of Pennsylvaniansandstone origin. Very poor 6 In some lower terrace positions, Guimond River soils may TOTAL 1055 100.0 be associated with Interval soils. Interval soils bave silt loam to fine sandy loam textures free of most coarse fragments and weak soi1 profile development (Regosol) that differentiates them from Guimond River soils.
37 HARCOURT ASSOCIATION (Ht)
GENERAL DESCRII’TIOK OF THE SOIL
Harcourt soils commonly occur within tbe study area on lands of undulating to level topography. They bave developed on stratifïed parent materials consisting of 30-50 cm of ablationaI till over lodgment till. The surficial capping of ablational till is a yeliowish brown in color, friable and coarser textured than the underlymg lodgment till. It is typically sandy loam (but may range from loamy sand to loam) while the underlying lodgment till is dark reddish brown in color, very compact and ranges from a loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam. Frequently the boundary between the two materials is marked by an accumulation of stones forming a “stoneline”. Coarse fragments of flat to angular grave1 and cobble-sized soft sandstones make up 525% of the profile. The ablational till is dominated by Pennsylvanian grey-green sandstone derived materials while the lodgment till is from a combination of Permsylvanian grey-green sandstone and red siltstone and shale. Inherent fertility is low. Surface stoniness is slight with stones greater than 25 cm diameter occurring 8-24m apart. Harcourt soils are occasionally shallow or moderately shallow to the sandstone bedrock. Drainage conditions range from well to very poorly drained. Compaction and slow water conductivity are the major limiting characteristics of mis soil. In depressions, excess water collects above the compacted subsoil and causes poor drainage conditions. Some very poorly dramed sites have thicker than normal surface organic layers. These soils have been designated with a “p” phase for peaty. With adequate soi1 drainage, Harcourt soils are suitable for production of a variety of agricultural and forestry crops. I I I Sony Brook I Harcourt Association / Sunbury Association I I Association I I I I ~100cmlcdgrrenttilt I SO-50 cm tiabond 181ovef ldgment tilt 1 >lCBl cm atiabond til I 1 I 1 I I I I OOm
05m
1 Om
1%
20m
25m
Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 30m
Figure 11 Sketch of possible landscape relationships among Harcourt, Sunbury and Stony Brook associations.
Extent: 14203 ha, 793 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 13.3% Mode of Origm: Ablational till over lodgment till Family Particle Size Class: Coarse loamy over fine loamy Petrology (parent material): Grey-green sandstone over grey-green sandstone and disintegrated red shale and siltstone Topography: Undulating to rolling, 0.530% slopes, but predominately 0.5-9% Drainages Mapped: Well to very poor Classification: Podzolic Gray Luvisol (well drained member)
38 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AN-D DIFFERENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1Material Harcout-t (Ht) soils have been mapped in complexes with Thickness: 40 cm Reece (Re) and Sunbury (Sn) soils. In these complex Color: 7.5 YR to 10 YR units the soils are too intricately interspersed to be able to Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=64%, Si=22% separate out as unique delineations at the 1:2O,ooOscale. C=14%; SL Both soils occur in approximately equal proportions. Coarse Fragments: 11% Consistency: Very friable Reece soils are similar to Harcourt soils in that they both Bulk Density: 1.14 g/cm3 have friable surface soils over dense compact subsoilsand Total Porosity: 52.1 % are composed of till materials throughout. Reece soils Macro Pores: 28.6 % have slightly lighter texmred and less compact subsoils. Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 11.6 crn/hr The most observable difference between the two Available Water: 0.15 cm/cm associationsis subsoil color. Reece soils are olive brown pH (HZO): 4.6 while Harcourt soils are reddish brown. Organic Matter: 2.32 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.06 mS/cm Harcourt soils have developed on two-tier deposits, SO they occur in association with soils that have developed on Subsoil Mater-ml either of the two materials individually. Thus, the Sunbury and Stony Book (Sb) associations are commonly found in Color: 5YR hue conjunction with the Harcourt Association. In fact, Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=47%, Si=27% Harcourt soils cari be described as consisting of Sunbury C=26%; L-SCL ablational till over Stony Brook lodgment till. The Coarse fragments: 17% Sunbury Association consists of a thick (> lm) deposit of Consistency: Very firm ablational till and is somewhat coarser than the Upper Bulk Density: 1.84 g/cm3 ablational material of the Harcourt Association. Textural Total Porosity: 26.1% differences are explained by fluctuations in meltwater Macro Pores: 2.2 % activity during ablation. Sunbury soils also have more Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.06 cmhr surface stoniness and are found on hummocky to more Available Water: 0.10 cm/cm strongly undulating landscapes. Soils of the Stony Brook pH (HZ~): 4.7 Association have developed directly on the lodgment till. Organic Matter: 0.43 % Any thin ablational material that may have been present on Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm the Stony Brook soi1 surface has been incorporated into the soi1 profile. Stony Brook surface textures are usually SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS finer, averaging a loam, and the soil color is reddish throughout. Area for Different Drainage Classes Drainage Glass Ha 3% Organic soi1 land types may be associated with poorly and very poorly drained members of the Harcourt Association. Rapid 1 8 0.1 They are differentiated on the basis of thickness of organic material. TO be considered an organic soi1 land type, the Weil 2 10209 71.9 thicknessof organic material must be greater than 40 cm.
Moderately well 3 551 3.9 Although Barrieau soils are not common associates, they may at times be difficult to differentiate from Harcourt Imperfect 4 2416 17.0 soils. The thin marine or marine-modified glaciofluvial depositsof some Barrieau soils closely resemble ablational POOr 5 830 5.8 tills and require close scrutiny to resolve. Field classification is often determined by the predominance of Very poor 6 189 1.3 surrounding soi1 types.
TOTAL 14203 100.0
39 INTERVAL ASSOCIATION (In)
GENERAL DESClUPTION OF THE SOIL
Interval soils are predominantly poorly to very poorly drained, deep, yellowish brown to olive brown, acid, coarse-silty to coarse-loamy soils, high in natural fertility, which have formed in freshwarer alluvial deposits. The entire depth of me profile is a friable to very friable, permeable, stratified material of fine sands and silts with virtually no coarse fragments. Surface textures are typically loam, but may include some silt loams and sandy loams. Interval soils are found on level to gently undulating (mostly 0.52% slope) stream terraces and flood plains along waterways. Most Inter-val soils have been mapped in long narrow riparian strips. When properly drained or landformed, and protected from flooding, Interval soils are very productive.
/ I , Rlchlbucto Association / Interval Association Stony Brook Association : / l / I / I / I / / I 8 / / I
Bedrock
Figure 12 Sketch of possible landscaperelationships among Interval, Richibucto and Stony Brook associations.
Extent : 46 ha, 3 Polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 40 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1Material Interval (In) soils may be found in association with Thickness: 30 cm Gagetown (Gt) soils. Both associations may occupy Color: 10YR to 7SYR hue similar geographic positions on river terraces. They are Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=4.5%, Si=41%, easily separated on the basis of texture and profile C=14%; L development. Gagetown soils are gravelly sand to very CoarseFragments: 0% gravelly sand Podzols, compared to Interval soils, which Consistency: Very friable are silt loam to fine sandy loam Rego Gleysols. Bulk Density: 1.17 glcmj Total Porosity: 56 % Interval soils are commonly found along narrow riparian Macro Pores: 22% stream and river valley bottoms that are surrounded by till Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 14.0 cm/hr soils on both sides. In many instancesthese deposits were Availabie Water: 0.23 cm/cm too narrow to identify as distinct units. pH (HzO): 5.7 Organic Matter: 4.59 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm Subsoil Material Color: 10YR to 2.5Y hue Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=33%, Si=52%, c= 15%; SIL Coarse fragments: 0% Consistency: Friable to very friable Bulk Density: 1.20 g/cm3 Total Porosity: 55% Macro Pores: 23% Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 2.0 cmh Available Water: 0.25 cm/cm pH (H20): 5.9 Organic Matter: 1.55 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS Area for Different Drainage Classes Drainage Class Ha % Rapid 1 Weil 2 Moderately well 3 Imperfect 4 Pcxx 5 3 5.5 Very poor 6 44 94.5 TOTAL 41 100.0 41 LORD AND FOY ASSOCIATION (Lf-) GENERAL DESCRPTION OF THE SOIL Lord and Foy soils occur in small localities in the western portion of the study area. They occupy crests and slopes of distinctively hummocky-like topography (2-30% slope) typically associated with glaciofluvial features such as eskers, kames, and outwash plains. The soils are cobbly and very coarse textured, having developed on poorly sorted water deposited materials. Throughout its entire depth (greater than 1 m) the soi1 is a very friable to loose, rapidly permeable material. Lord and Foy surface soi1 is loamy sand to gravelly loamy sand while the subsoil is a very cobbly sand to loamy Sand. The coarse fragment content (mostly sandstone) ranges from 35 to 70%. Surface stones are rare. This soi1 is very droughty, extremeiy acid and has very low natural fertility. Lord and Foy deposits tend to be some of the thicker soi1 mater& in the study area. Most sites are rapidly drained as a result of their topographical expressions and high interna1 permeabilities. Where impeded drainage occurs (irnperfect drainage), the sites are either depressional or affected by restricted permeabilities of underlying materials, usuahy lodgment till. Droughtiness is a major limitation to agricultural production. Lord and Foy soils have extremely low water and nutrient-holding capacities and high conductivities for water. They are not suitable for agricultural use. Guimond River Richibucto Lord and Foy Association Association , Association 1 Om Figure 13 Sketch of possible landscape relationships among Richibucto, Lord and Foy and Guimond River associations Extent: 229 ha, 16 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 0.2% Mode of Origin: Glaciofluvial or marine Family Particle Size Class: Sandy skeletal Petrology (parent material): Grey-green sandstone Topography: Undulating to rolling, 2-30% slopes Drainages Mapped: Rapid to imperfect, but mostly rapid Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (rapidly drained member) 42 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTLATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1 Material Lord and Foy (Lf) soils have been mapped in complexes Thickness: 35 cm with Guimond River (Gr) soils. In these complex units Colour: 7SYR to 10 YR the soils are too intricately interspersed to be able to Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=82%, Si=lo%, separate out as unique delineations at the 1:20,000 scale. C=8%; Ls Both soils occur in approximately equal proportions. Coarse Fragments: 10 % Consistency: Very friable Guimond River soiis are similar to Lord and Foy soils in Bulk Density: 1.21 g/cm3 most physical, chemical and petrological characteristics Total Porosity: 49.3 % but their coarse fragment content is dominated by smaller Macro Pores: 29.8 % sized gravels rather than cobbles. Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 44.2 cmh Available Water: 0.11 cm/cm Lord and Foy soils may also be found in close proximity pH (HZ~): 4.8 to soils of the Richibucto (Rb) Association. Both soils Organic Matter: 2.06 % have formed on coarse textured water deposited Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm sediments. Richibucto soils typically have less than 2% grave1 content throughout the profile while Lord and Foy Subsoil Material soiis have cobble contents of up to 70%. Color: 10 YR to 2.5 Y hue Lord and Foy soils are similar in physical and chemical Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=89%, Si=6% properties to soils of the Gagetown (Gt) Association in C=i?%; Ls that both associations have developed on coarse textured Coarse fragments: 60% water deposited materials. They are differentiated on the Consistency: Loose basis of petrology and coarse fragment size. Gagetown Bulk Density: 1.48 g/cm3 soils have “hard” gravels consisting of mostly quartz, Total Porosity: 17.5 % granite, gneiss, schist and diorite, whereas Lord and Foy Macro Pores: 14.5 % soils are dominated by “soft” cobbles of Pennsylvanian Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 50.0 cmhr sandstoneorigin. - Available Water: 0.02 cm/cm pH (HZ~): 4.8 Organic Matter: 0.26 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS Area for Different Drainage Classes Drainage Class Ha % Rapid 1 227 99.2 Weil 2 Moderately well 3 Imperfect 4 2 0.8 Poor 5 Very poor 6 TOTAL 229 100.0 43 MOUNT HOPE ASSOCIATION (Mh) GENERAL DESCRLPTIOK OF THE SOIL Mount Hope soils occupy mostly Upper and middle slope positions on undulating topography within the inland portion of the study area. Mount Hope are well to very poorly drained, deep, dark reddish brown, acid to sometimes near neutral (increasing in pH with depth) soils that have developed from reworked marine deposits and lodgment till. The parent material has been derived mainly from red shale with lesser amounts of grey-green and some red sandstone. Mount Hope soils are low in natural fertility. The texture of the surface soi1 is usually loam but with the occasional silt loam and silty clay loam and the subsoil is clay loam. The thickness of relatively friable surface soi1 over compacted subsoil ranges from 30 to 40 cm. Coarse fragments of grave1 and cobble sized soft sandstone are sparsely scattered at random throughout the profile, ranging from 2 to lO%, but usually less than 5% in total. Surface stones are not present. Capacity for holding water and nutrients is high. Conductivity for water is very low. Some peaty (p) phases have been mapped where surface organic materials have accumulated to 15-40 cm in thickness. The major limitations of this soi1 for agricultural production are compactness of the subsoil and low conductivity for water that often results in impeded drainage. The fine texture of the soi1 surface reduces trafficability and keeps soi1 surfaces cold in the spring. Mount Hope Association Om -0m -1 m -2m -3m -4m -5m 7m- -6m -7m -8m Bedrock Figure 14 Sketch of possible landscape relationship along a stream valiey of Mount Hope Association with Stony Brook Association. Extent: 11707 ha, 599 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 11.0 % Mode of Origin: Reworked glaciomarine-glaciolacustrine or possibly lodgment till Family Particle Size Class: Clayey Petrology (parent material): Red shale and sandstone Topography: Undulating to gently rolling, O-30% slopes, but predominantly 2-9% Drainages Mapped: Well to very poor Classification: Podzolic Gray Luvisol (moderately well drained member) 44 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTLATING CRITERL4 Friable Upper Soi1 Material Mount Hope soils are only one of two clayey soils found Thickness: 35 cm in the study area. This becomes a distinguishing feature Color: 5YR to 7.5YR hue in their identification. The other clayey soi1 is Tracadie, a Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=34%, Si=38%, soi1 developed on calcareous, coarse fragment free, C=28%; L-CL marine- lacustrine sediments. They are differentiated on Coarse Fragments: 3% the basis of the calcareousnessof their parent materiais Consistency: Very friable and on the presence of coarse fragments. Mount Hope Bulk Density: 1.45 g/cm3 soils are noncalcareous. They also usually have 5% Total Porosity: 44.1 % coarse fragments in comparison to the coarse fragment- Macro Pores: 16.5 % free Tracadie soils. Although not a differentiating Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 6.4 cm/hr criteria, Tracadie soils are usually fïner textured, with Available Water: 0.12 cm/cm higher clay contents. Botb soils are almost identical in pH (I-bO): 4.7 color, being a dark red to reddish brown in the subsoil. Organic Matter: 1.44 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm Mount Hope soils also occupy similar landscape positions as many fine-loamy till soils. In terms of similarity, Subsoil Material Mount Hope soils most closely resemble Stony Brook soils. Both soils are reddish brown in color and have Color: 5YR to 2.5 YR hue densecompact subsoils. The major differentiating feature Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=28%, Si=36%, is clay content in the parent material. Mount Hope soils C=36%; CL have in excess of 35% clay in their illuvial Bt horizons Coarse fragments: c5% while Stony Brook soils have less, with 18-35% clay, and Consistency: Very firm usually about 25%. Where fines have accumulated in Bulk Density: 1.93 g/cm3 depressionalsites, clay contents of some Stony Brook soils Total Porosity: 25.6 % approach the lower limit for Mount Hope soils. Stony Macro Pores: 1% Brook soils also have a greater content of coarse Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.02 cmh fragments, with 5-25 % gravels and cobbles. Available Water: 0.04 cmkm pH (H20): 5.2 In some instancesclayey Mount Hope soi1 parent material Organic Matter: 0.21 % was deposited over gravelly Guimond River soi1 parent Electrical Conductivity: 0.06 mS/cm material. These soils were mapped as Mh/Gr. The surficial capping of Mount Hope material was SUMTHARY OF MAP UNITS approximately 75 cm thick. Area for Different Drainage Chsses Drainage Class Ha ??Y Rapid 1 Well 2 1841 15.7 Moderatelywell 3 4571 39.1 Imperfect 4 3188 27.2 Poor 5 1670 14.3 Vw poor 6 437 3.7 .. TOTAL 11707 100.0 45 REECE ASSOCIATION (Re) GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL The Reece Association consist of soils that have developed on a thin mantle of moderately coarse textured ablational or water-reworked lodgment till, over moderately fine textured lodgment till. Both materials have originated from grey-green sandstone with the lower material having a higher percentage of weathered brown shale and siltstone. The upper friable layer varies from 40-60 cm in depth. It is a yellowish brown, acidic, rapidly permeable sandy loam with the occasional loamy sand or silt loam. The underlying lodgment till is a yellowish to dark brown, acidic, fïrm or very firm, slowly permeable loarn to sandy clay loam. Reece soils have medium to low natural fertility. Coarse fragments of gravel- and cobble-sized sandstone range from 5-25%, usually increasing in abundance with depth. Surface sroniness is slight with stones greater than 25 cm diameter occurring 8-24m apart. Reece soils usually occupy Upper to middle slope positions in undulating landscapes with 0.59% slope. Drainage tends to be well to imperfect. Cemented layers called fragipans (indicated by a “g” phase) may occur within the Reece soi1 profile at a depth of from 30-60 cm from the soi1 surface. Clay acts as a bonding agent. Fragipan formation is better expressed in well drained sites (40-60 cm thick) and becomes weaker as drainage deteriorates. Reece soils have a moderate capacity to hold water. With adequate soi1 drainage, Reece soils are suited for production of a relatively wide range of agricultural and forestry crops. Sunbury Association l Reece Association I Nole surfic~al manle of ablation 111or rewked lo3gment hll and presence of fmgym 05m 10m 15m OOm 7nm 0.5m 25m lb-n 30m 15m i :*** Fraglpan Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 20m I 2.5m Figure 15 Sketch of landscape relationships between Reece and Sunbuty associations. Extent : 2404 ha, 112 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 2.3% Mode of Origin: Ablational or water-reworked lodgment till over lodgment till Family Particle Size Class: Loamy Petrology (parent mater&): Grey-green sandstone over grey-green sandstone and brown shaleisiltstone Topography: Undulating, 0.5-9 % slopes Drainages Mapped: Well to poor, but mostly well to imperfect Classification: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol (imperfectly drained member) 46 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS REILATED SOILS AND DIFFJBENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1Material Reece (Re) soils have been mapped in complexes with Thickness: 50 cm Sunbury (Sn) and Harcourt (Ht) soils. In these complex Color: 7.5YR to 10YR hue units the soils are too intricately interspersed to be abie to Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=60%, Si=28% separate out as unique delineations at the 1:2O,ooOscale. C=l2%; SL Both soils occur in approximately equal proportions. Coarse Fragments: 10% Consistency: Very friable Well-drained Reece soils are commonly associated with Bulk Density: 1.26 g/cm3 Sunbury soils. The surflcial mantle of material in Reece Total Porosity: 57.4 % soils is Sunbury ablational till. Sunbury soils differ in that Macro Pores: 22.7 % tbey have friable, sandy loam or loamy sand ablational till Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 17.6 cmh subsoils in comparison to the compact, loam, sandy clay Available Water: 0.16 cm/cm loam, or clay loam lodgment till Reece subsoils. Sunbury pH (HZ~): 4.6 soils also lack fragipan development, have more coarse Organic Matter: 2.25 % fragments and surface stones, and a hummocky meso- Electrical Conductivity: 0.03 mS/cm topography surface expression. Subsoil Material Harcourt soils are similar to Reece soils in tbat they both have friable surface soils over dense compact subsoilsand Color: 7.5YR hue are composed of till materials throughout. Harcourt soils Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=54%, Si=26% have slightly heavier textured and more compact subsoils. C=20%; SCL The most observable difference between the two Coarse fragments: 18 % associations is subsoil color. Harcoun soils are reddish Consistency: Firm to very firm brown while Reece soils are olive brown. Bulk Density: 1.80 g/cm3 Total Porosity: 26.5 % Poorly drained Reece soils may be associated witb organic Macro Pores: 3.5 % soi1 land types, They are differentiated on tbe basis of Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.31 cmh organic material tbickness. Reece soils have less than 15 Available Water: 0.11 cm/cm cm of organic material on tbeir surfaces while organic soi1 pH (HZO): 4.9 land types have in excessof 40 cm. Organic Matter: 0.42 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.03 mS/cm SUMMARY OF hlAP UNITS Area for Different Drainage Classes Drainage Class Ha % Rapid 1 Weil 2 1119 46.5 Moderatelywell 3 140 5.8 Imperfect 4 1125 44.8 Poor 5 20 0.9 Verypcor 6 TOTAL 2404 100.0 47 FUCHIBUCTO ASSOCIATION (Rb) GENERAL DESCRWTION OF THE SOIL Richibucto soils commonly occurs throughout the coastal area on level to nearly level topography (0.55% slopes). It has formed in deep (greater than lm), loose, yellowish to olive brown, sandy, marine or marine reworked glaciofluvial deposits derived primarily from sedimentary rocks of Pennsylvanian grey-green sanstone. The soi1 profile consists of rapidly permeable material that grades from a typically loamy sand surface texture into a loamy sand to sand subsoil, and is often layered or stratified. Some sand and sandy loam surface textures also occur. The amount of coarse fragments (mostly rounded sandstone gravels) is usually less than 2% throughout the profile, but some gravelly surface textures have been mapped with up to 20% coarse fragments by volume. No surface stones are present. Drainage varies from rapid to very poor. Because of their coarse-textured rapidly permeable subsoils, drainage conditions tend to be the extremes, with soils being either rapidly drained or poorly to very poorly drained. Those sites mapped as poorly to very poorly drained are the result of high ground water tables in level to very gently undulating lower slope and depressional site positions. Some very poorly drained sites have peaty surfaces with 15-40 cm of organic materials. A cemented layer that is 10-60 cm thick and occurs within 20 to 30 cm from the soi1 surface, may be present in some profiles. It is called orstein and is indicated by an “i” phase. Although the ortstein is impenetrable to roots, it is usually discontinuous and slowly permeable to water. Ortstein tends to be more strongly expressed in the more poorly drained sites. In general, the soi1 has a low capacity to hold water and nutrients, very low natural fertility, high conductivity for water and is strongly acid. Droughtiness is the major limitation to agricultural production. Proper soil-water management, particularly practices related to soi1 moisture conservation, is imperative for viable agricultural trop production. Richibucto Association Rapidly Drained j lmperfecny / Poorly Drained I Drained / O.Om 0.5m l.Om 1.5m 3.0m 1 Bedrock (Pennsytvanian Sandstone) f 2.0m Lodgment Till 2.5m Figure 16 Soilscape of the Richibucto Association showing possible presence of ortstein. Extent : 11,359 ha, 653 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 10.6% Mode of Origin: Marine or marine-modified glaciofluvial Family Particle Size Glass: Sandy Petrology (parent material): Grey-green sandstone Topography: Almost level to undulating, 0.5-5 % slopes, but some rolling to steep slopes of up to 15 % on river terraces, etc. Drainages Mapped: Rapid to very poor Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (rapidly drained member) 48 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1 Material Richibucto (Rb) soils have been mapped in complexes Thickness: 40 cm with Baie du Vin (Bv), Barrieau (Ba), Caraquet (Cr), Color: 7.5YR to 10YR hue Gagetown (Gt), Tracadie (Td) and Upper Caraquet (UC) Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=80%, Si=12%, soils. In these complex units the soils are too intricately C=g%; LS interspersed to be able to separate out as unique Coarse Fragments: <2 % delineations at the 1:20,000 scale. Both soils occur in Consistency: Very friable approximately equal proportions. Bulk Density: 1.20 g/cm3 Total Porosity: 50.9 % It is only logical that Richibucto soils are commonly Macro Pores: 33.7 % associated with other soils developed wholly or partly on Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 44.9 cmhr marine or marine-reworked glaciofluvial sands, such as Available Water: 0.09 cm/cm Baie du Vin, Barrieau, Caraquet and Upper Caraquet. pH (HI~): 5.0 While Richibucto consists of more than 1 m of sandy Organic Matter: 1.93 % material, the latter soils are all underlain by a second Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm material. Baie du Vin soils have bedrock within 10-100 cm of the soil surface; Barrieau soils have dense compact Subsoil Material clay loam till within 20-50 cm of the soi1 surface; and Caraquet and Upper Caraquet have dense compact clayey Color: 10 YR to 2.5 Y hue marine sediments with 50-100 and 20-50 cm of the soi1 Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=91%, Si=O% surface, respectively. Although not mapped in a complex C=3%; s with Richibucto, Buctouche soils with 50-100 cm of sandy Coarse fragments: <2 % marine or manne-reworked glaciofluvial sediments over Consistency: Loose dense compact clay loam lodgment till, are also to be Bulk Density: 1.53 g/cm3 expected in close proximity. Total Porosity: 39.9 % Macro Pores: 32.4 % Gagetown and Richibucto soils are differentiated on the Sac.Hydraulic Conductivity: 36.7 cmh basis of coarse-fragment content. Richibucto soils Available Water: 0.03 cm/cm typically have less than 2% gravels in the subsoil while pH (HZ~): 5.3 Gagetown subsoilshave in excessof 50% grave1 content. Organic Matter: 0.40 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mS/cm Tracadie soils are totally dissimilar to Richibucto soils. Both soils are marine influenced, but Tracadie soils are SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS dark reddish brown, dense, compact, clay loams to clays in comparison to Richibucto soils that are yellowish Area for Different Drainage Classes brown, loose sands. Drainage Glass Ha 5% Rapid 1 4720 41.5 Weil 2 460 4.1 Moderatelywell 3 145 1.3 Imperfect 4 2469 21.7 POOT 5 2364 20.8 Very poor 6 1200 10.6 TOTAL 11359 100.0 49 STONY BROOK ASSOCIATION (Sb) GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL Stony Brook soils occupy mostly Upper and middle slope positions in undulating landscapes (2-5% slope) of the inland portion of the study area. They have formed in deep deposits of reddish brown compact lodgment till derived mainiy from weathered red shale and gray green sandstone. Drainages range from well to very poor. They consist of 30-40 cm of friable, permeable loam over dense compact very slowly permeable loam to clay loam subsoil. Coarse fragments (mostly sandstone gravels and cobbles) range from 5 to 25%. Ability to hold water and nutrients is high while conductivity for water is very low. Natural fertility is low with acidic pH levels. Some peaty phases with 15-40 cm of surface organic materials have been mapped in very poorly drained units. Although Stony Brook is a till soil, surface stones are not a problem with stones greater than 25 cm diameter estimated to occur 8-24m apart. Impeded drainage associated with compactness of the subsoil is the major limitation to agricultural production. Due to the shallowness of the topsoil and very slow permeability of the subsoil, these soils are easily saturated by heavy rainfalls or seepage. Timing for tillage and other operations may be a problem. Where soils are well drained or wetness problems have been corrected, these soils are suitable for a wide range of grain and forage crops. I Harcourt ; / Stony Brook Association Association , I I I I I Imperfectly Drained : Moderately Weil Drained\ Impetfectly Drained ; Poorly to Very / I Poorlyor ,ained I I I I Om -0m Im hv ----1 m 2m 1 -2m Bedrock 3m -3m 4m i Figure 17 Landscape sketch of Stony Brook Association drainages. Extent: 1518 ha, 62 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 1.4 % Mode of Origin: Lodgment till Family Particle Size Class: Fine-loamy Petrology (parent material): Grey-green sandstone and disintegrated red shale/siltstone Topography: Undulating to rolling, 0.5-30% slopes, but predominantly 2-5% Drainages Mapped: Well to very poor Classification: Podzolic Gray Luvisol (well drained member) 50 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTLATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1Material Stony Brook (Sb) soils are similar to three other soi1 Thickness: 35 cm associations - Harcourt (Ht), Mount Hope (Mh) and Color: 5YR hue Barrieau (Ba). Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=47%, Si=33%, C=20%; L Stony Brook, Harcourt and Barrieau a11 have the same CoarseFragments: 8% reddish brown, compact loam to clay loam or sandy clay Consistency: Friable loam lodgment till subsoil. They are differentiated on the Bulk Density: 1.35 g/cm’ basis of their respective surface soils. Harcourt soils have Total Porosity: 46.0 % a surficial capping 30-50 cm thick of yellowish brown Macro Pores: 20.0 % sandy loam ablational till. Barrieau soils have a 20- 50 Sat. Hydrauiic Conductivity: 11.5 cm!hr cm surfïcial capping of yellowish brown loamy sand Available Water: 0.15 cm/cm marine or marine-reworked glaciofluvial sediments. pH (HZ~): 4.6 Stony Brook soils have a friable surficial Iayer of 30-40 Organic Matter: 1.74 % cm of loam material with a reddish brown hue that has Electrical Conductivity: 0.06 mS/cm resulted f?om soi1 formation witbin tbe lodgment till. Subsoil Material Mount Hope soils are similar in color and profile morphology to Stony Brook. However, Mount Hope soils Color: SYR hue are heavier textured being clay loams to occasionally clays Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=40%, Si=32%, and typically bave less tban 5 % gravels and cobbles. C=28%; L-CL Coarsefragments: 15 % Very poorly drained Stony Brook soils may be associated Consistency: Firm to very firm with organic soi1 land types. They are differentiated on Bulk Density: 1.82 g/cm3 the basis of organic material thickness. Stony Brook soils Total Porosity: 27.7 % have less tban 15 cm of organic materials on their Macro Pores: 2.6 % surfaces, and Stony Brook soils with peaty phases have Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.08 cmhr less tban 40 cm of organic materials on their surfaces, Available Water: 0.07 cm/cm while organic soi1 land types have in excess of 40 cm of pH (HI~): 5.0 organic materials. Organic Matter: 0.30 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS Area for Different Drainage Classes Drainage Class Ha % Rapid 1 Well 2 857 56.4 Mcderately well 3 161 10.6 Imperfect 4 460 30.3 POOr 5 17 1.2 - Very poor 6 24 1.6 TOTAL 1518 100.0 51 SUNBUFtY ASSOCIATION (Sn) GENERAL DE!KRIPTION OF TED3 SOIL Sunbury soils area scattered throughout the entire inland portion of the survey area on strongly undulating landforms with slopes of 2-9%. Soi1 development has taken place on non-compacted ablation till or weathered bedrock that is primarily Pennsylvanian grey-green sandstone in origin. The soi1 profile is a yellowish brown, permeable loamy sand throughout. Coarse fragment content ranges from 10 to 30%, usually increasing in abundance with depth. Sunbury soils have low water and nutrient retention. As well, pH and natural fenility are low. Conductivity for water is high throughout the profile. Most sites are rapidly to moderateiy well drained. Due to the soiI’s predominately loarny sand texture and rapid intemal permeability, droughtiness is a problem. Enough surface stones are present to cause some interference with cultivation (stones greater than 25 cm in diameter occur l-8 m apart). Sunbury soils are frequently either shallow (10-50 cm) or moderately shallow (50- 100 cm) to the sandstone bedrock. A cemented layer called orstein that is 10-60 cm thick and occurs within 20 to 30 cm from the soi1 surface, may be present in some profiles. Although ortstein is impenetrable to roots, it is usually discontinuous and slowly permeable to water. An “i” phase is used to indicate the presence of ortstein. Low water-holding capacity, low pH, low fertiliry and stoniness are the main limitations to agricultural development. Additions of organic materials or green manure, liming and irrigation are the most effective, or possible, ameliorative measures. Sunbury Association Moderatety shallow (m) phase Shallow (s) phase 50-100 cm ablatlonal till 10-50 cm ablational till >lOO cm ablahonal 1111 over bedrock over bedrock OCm 0.5m 1Ckll 15-n 2cm Bedrock (Pennsylvanian Sandstone) 25-n 3.h Figure 18 Sketch of landscape showing Sunbury Association with shallow and moderately shallow to bedrock phases. Extent: 15 18 ha, 62 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 1.4% Mode of Origin: Ablational till Farnily Particle Size Class: Sandy to coarse loamy Petrology (parent material): Grey-green sandstone Topography: Strongly undulating, 0.5-30% slopes, but mostly 2-9% slopes DrainagesMapped: Rapid to very poor, but mostly rapid to moderately well Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (rapidly drained member) 52 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTLATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1 Material Sunbury (Sb) soiis have been mapped in complexes with Thickness: 40 cm Harcourt (Ht), Reece (Re) and Guimond River (Gr) soils. Color: 7.5 YR to IOYR hue In these complex units the soils are too intricately Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=77%, Si=l4% interspersed to be able to separate out as unique C=9%; SL-LS delineations at the 1:20,000 scale. Both soils occur in Coarse Fragments: 13 % approximately equal proportions. Consistency: Very friable Bulk Density: 1.16 g/cm3 Sunbury soils are cormnonly associated with well-drained Total Porosity: 50.2 % Reece soils. The surficial mantle of material in Reece Macro Pores: 30.4 % soils is Sunbury ablational till. While subsoil color of both Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 37.1 cm/hr Sunbmy and Reece soils is yellowish brown, Sunbury Available Water: 0.13 cm/cm soils differ in that they have friable, sandy loam or loamy pH (HZ~): 4.7 Sandablational till subsoils in comparison to the compact, Organic Matter: 2.41 % loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam lodgment till Reece Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm subsoils. Reece soils also have less coarse fragments and surface stones, and occupy more gently undulating Subsoil Material topography. Sunbury occurs on more hummocky meso- topography surface expressions. Color: 10 YR to 2.5Y hue Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=74%,Si=18% Harcourt soils have developed on two-tiered deposits, C=g%; SL-LS Sunbury parent material over Stony Brook parent Coarse fragments: 29 % material, thus it is natural that Harcourt and Sunbury soils Consistency: Very friable occur together. Harcourt soils consistsof a thin (less than Bulk Density: 1.60 g/cm3 50 cm) deposition of ablational till over a dense, compact, Total Porosity: 29.9 % reddish brown, loam to clay loam or sandy clay loam Macro Pores: 17.8 % lodgment till, whereas Sunbury soils are a very friable, Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 12.6 cmh yellowish brown, sandy loam to loamy sand to greater Available Water: 0.09 cm/cm than 1 m in depth. pH (HZ~): 4.8 Organic Matter: 0.37 % Guimond River soils have developed on sandy textured Electrical Conductivity: 0.02 mSlcm marine and marine-modified glaciofluvial sediments. As such they are loose and friable throughout the profile, SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS much as are Sunbury soils. Both soils also have coarse fragments of soft Pennsylvanian sandstone. Guimond Area for Different Drainage Classes River soils are slightly lighter textured than Sunbury soils, Drainage Class Ha ok but the most prominent differentiating criteria is coarse fragment size and shape. Guimond River coarse Rapid 1 9829 88.9 fragments are rounded gravels while Sunbury coarse fragments are mostly angular cobbles. Weil 2 734 6.6 Moderatelywell 3 96 0.9 Imperfect 4 375 3.4 Pcor 5 12 0.1 Verypoor 6 3 0.1 TOTAL 11048 100.0 53 TFUCADIE ASSOCIATION (Td) GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL Tracadie soils occur along the coastal areas mostly on level to gently undulating topography. but also occasionally on more rolling conditions associated with tidal rivers. They have formed in deep, reddish brown to dusky red, compact, silty clay loam to clay, marine deposits that are virtually free of coarse fragments. There are no surface stones. The deposits consist of silt and clay sediments that were deposited during postglacial marine submergence. They are thought to have originated from red shale and lesser quantities of fine-grained red sandstone. Tracadie soils consist of 20-40 cm of friable, moderately permeable loam to silt loam or occasionally silty clay loam surface material over a firm, extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam to clay subsoil. The pH usually increases with depth from an acidic surface to being calcareous at 1 m. Sites range from well to very poorly drained with a preponderance of ill-drained conditions (imperfect or worse). Tracadie soils have very high capacity for holding water and nutrients. Conductivity of water though the subsoil is very slow. The soi1 is considered to be medium in namral fenil@. The major factors limiting agricuhural production are fme texture and slow permeability. Since impeded soi1 drainage is common, timing for tiliage and other operations is diffïcult on this soil. Surface soils with high silt and clay contents require special attention to minimize structural degradation, such as clodding, and other problems associated with working the soi1 when moisture conditions are less than optimal, i.e., too wet. t I I I I I I I L I 8 Buctouche Association 1 Mount Hope Association : Tracadie Association I Om 6m] Sandstone Bedrock 8mi 2m 4m Figure 19 Landscape sketch showing characteristics of, and relationships among, Buctouche, Mount Hope and Tracadie associations. Extent: 6134 ha, 316 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 5.7 % Mode of Origin: Marine or possibly lacustrine Family Particle Size Glass: Clayey Petrology (parent mater&): Disintegrated red shale and fme grained red sandstone Topography: Undulating to gently rolling, 0.530% slopes, but mostly 055% slopes Drainages Mapped: Well to very poor Classification: Orthic Luvic Gleysol (poorly drained member) 54 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1 Material Tracadie (Td) soils have been mapped in complexes with Thickness: 30 cm Baie du Vin (Bv), Caraquet (Cr), Upper Caraquet (UC) Color: 5 YR to 2.5 YR hue and Richibucto (Rb) soils. In these complex umts the soils Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=33%, Si=43%, are too intricately interspersed to be able to separate out as C=24%; L unique delineations at the 1:20,000 scale. Both soils Coarse Fragments: 0% occur in approximately equal proportions. Consistency: Friable Bulk Density: 1.42 g/cm3 Some Tracadie soils are found along tidal rivers and Total Porosity: 46.7 % streams where relief is more pronounced than would be Macro Pores: 11.9 % expected for a marine-lacustrine deposition. Being water Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 6.37 cmhr deposited sediments, Tracadie soils are associated witb Available Water: 0.19 cmcm other water deposited materials occupying similar pH (HzO): 4.9 landscape positions. Where sandy fluvial materials overly Organic Matter: 2.28 % Tracadie clays, Caraquet and Upper Caraquet soils have Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm been mapped. Tbese two associations are readily differentiated from Tracadie based on tbe Sand capping, Subsoil Material 50-100 cm in the Caraquet Association and 20-50 cm in tbe Upper Caraquet Association. Separation of Upper Color: 5 YR to 2.5 YR hue Caraquet soils from Tracadie soils may be difficult where Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=18%, Si=46%, tbe overburden of sandy sediments is relatively shallow C=36%; SICL and some intermixing of the two materials has taken place Coarse fragments: 0% as a result of frost action, windthrow and/or deep tillage. Consistency: Firm Bulk Density: 1.89 g/cm3 The occurrence of Baie du Vin and Richibucto soils in Total Porosity: 28.6 % complexes witb Tracadie soils is coincidental otber tban Macro Pores: 2.6 % that botb are marine sediments. Richibucto soils are deep Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.04 cmh (greater than 1 m), loose, yellowisb brown sandy Available Water: 0.08 cm/cm materials while Baie du Vin soils are veneers (10-100 cm) pH (HZ~): 6.3 of loose, yellowish b:own sandy material over sandstone Organic Matter: 0.24 % bedrock. Electrical Conductivity: 0.05 mS/cm Tbe only other clayey soi1 found in the study area otber SUMMARY OF MAP UNITS than Tracadie is Mount Hope. They are differentiated on tbe basis of tbe calcareousnessof tbeir parent materials Area for Different Drainage Classes and on tbe presence of coarse fragments. Mount Hope Drainage Glass Ha % soils are non- calcareous. They also usually have 5% coarse fragments in comparison to tbe coarse fragment- Rapid 1 free Tracadie soil. Altbough not a differentiating criteria, Tracadie soils are usually fïner textured, witb higher clay Weil 2 353 5.8 contents. Moderatelywell 3 797 13.0 Imperfect 4 1848 30.1 Poor 5 1809 29.5 Verypour 6 1326 21.6 TOTAL 6134 100.0 55 UPPER CARAQUET ASSOCIATION (UC) GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL Upper Caraquet soils are well to very poorly drained, deep, and low in natural fertility. They have formed in deposits consisting of a moderately min (20-50 cm) surficial mantle of well sorted marine or marine-modifïed glaciofluvial sandy material derived from grey-green sandstone, over a clayey marine or lacusrrme deposited material consisting mostly of silts, clays and some fine to very fme sands. Essentially Caraquet soils consist of Richibucto sand deposits over Tracadie silt and clay sediments. The Upper 20-50 cm is yellowish to olive brown, loose, rapidly permeable, and free of coarse fragments. Surface stones are not a problem. The surface texture is typically a sandy loam but also includes loamy sands and sands. The second or lower material is reddish brown, compact, slowly to extremely slowly permeable silty clay loam and ako free of coarse fragments. The overlying sand is acidic; the underlying silty clay loam is acidic at the interface but becomes slightly acid to neutral with depth (usually below 1 m). Upper Caraquet soils are predominately found on 0.5-5% slopes. Imperfectly to poorly drained sites are common. Their capacity to hold water and nutrients are moderately low, however the slow permeability of the subsoil may at tïmes be beneficial in retaining soi1 moisture. Compactness of the subsoil, impeded drainage and potential moisture excess/defïciency are the major limitations that these soils have to agricultural production. Under good soi1 moisture management, these soils are potentially suitable for a wide range of agricultural crops. Upper Caraquet Association I 1 Canquet Association Tracadie Association I / Upper Caraquet, Tracadie I, I 1 Association ; Association > 100 cm manne or lacushne / 50-100 cm manne a ouhvash / B-50 cm manne i sd ts & clays , sand over marine crlacushne I aouhvash sartd I i wermanneor i I lacustnne slts 8 1 O.Om T- I 1 dw I I I 05m I I O.Om l.Om 05m 1.5m 1.Om 20m 2.5m 20m 30m 2.5m 30m B&ock (Pennsylvanian Sandatone) Figure 20 Sketch of possible landscaperelationships among Upper Caraquet, Caraquetand Tracadie associations. Extent: 13096 ha, 700 polygons Percentage of Mapped Area: 12.3 % Mode of Origin: Marine or marine-modifïed glaciofluvial over marine or lacustrine Family Particle Size Class: Sandy over clayey Petrology (parent material): Grey-green sandstone over disintegrated red shale and fine grained red sandstone Topography: Undulating to gently rolling, 0.515% slopes, but usually 0.55% slopes Drainages Mapped: Well to very poor Classification: Orthic Gleysol (poorly drained member) 56 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED SOILS AND DIFFERENTIATING CRITERIA Friable Upper Soi1 Material Upper Caraquet (UC) soils have been mapped in Thickness: 20-50 cm complexes with Baie du Vin (Bv), Richibucto (Rb) and Color: 7.5 YR to 10 YR hue Tracadie (Td) soils. In these complex units the soils are Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=74%, Si=17%, too intricately interspersed to be able to separate out as C=9%; SL unique delineations at the 1:20,000 scale. Bath soils CoarseFragments: 2% occur in approximately equal proportions. Consistency: Very friable Bulk Density: 1.22 g/cm3 Upper Caraquet soils consist of 20-50 cm of Richibucto Total Porosity: 53.2 % marine or marine-modifled glaciofluvial sands over Macro Pores: 29.3 7% Tracadie marine clays and silts. Richibucto soils consist Sat. Hydrauhc Conductivity: 35.2 cmh of greater than 1 m of marine or marine-modified sands Available Water: 0.13 cm/cm while Tracadie soils consist of greater than 1 m of marine pH (BO): 5.0 clays and silts. Organic Carbon:. 2.12 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.06 mS/cm During postglacial marine submergence, thin deposits of marine silts and clays were partially eroded by wave Subsoil Material action leaving some bedrock surfaces exposed to direct deposition, thus resulting in Baie du Vin Association soils. Color: 2.5 YR to 5 YR hue Areas less severely eroded, or which had thicker clayey Sand, Silt and Clay; Texture: S=l5%, Si=47%, marine depositsto begin with, retained some of these flner C=38% SiCL sediments upon which the sandy marine sediments formed Coarsefragments: 1% caps, thus the Upper Caraquet Association. For this Consistency: Firm reason, the two soils, Upper Caraquet and Baie du Vin, Bulk Density: 1.83 g/cm3 are sometimes in close proximity. Total Porosity: 31.0 % Macro Pores: 3.0 % Sat. Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.04 cmh Available Water: 0.08 cm/cm pH (HZ~): 5.8 Organic Carbon: 0.26 % Electrical Conductivity: 0.04 mS/cm SUMMARY OF MAP UNIT Area for Different Drainage Classes Drainage Class Ha % Rapid 1 Weil 2 1899 14.5 Moderately well 3 468 3.6 Imperfect 4 2983 22.8 Poor 5 5357 40.9 Very poor 6 2389 18.2 TOTAL 13097 100.0 57 LAND TYPES Coastal Beach (CB) Stream Complex (SC) Coastal beach cons& of recent, non-stable Stream complexes consist of narrowly shaped sandy and gravelly deposits distributed along recent alluvial deposits with widely ranging the toast. They consist of the land area from textures and drainages. They occur adjacent to the waters edge inland to the extent affected by streams. They are frequently flooded. Stream wave action. While most of the toast line has Complex comprises 134 polygons, 25 11.8 some beach, only areas wide and long enough hectares, and 2.35 percent of the total mapped to be mapped at the 1:20,000 scale are area. identified. Coastal Beach comprises 32 polygons, 331.9 hectares, and 0.31 percent of Sand Dune (SD) the total mappedarea. Sand dunes consist of loose sand deposited by Escarpment (ES) wind action into ridge-like piles. They are located above high tide level along the toast. Escarpmentsare long, more or less continuous, Sand dunes occur only in small isolated relatively steep slopes usually facing in one localities on the northem and eastem toast and direction, which breakup the general continuity are extremely vulnerable to degradation due to of the undulating to rolling landscape. Slopes misuse. Sand Dune comprises 7 polygons, are normally greater than 45% and frequently 30.67 hectares, and 0.03 percent of the total greater than 75 % . The soils in these areasare mappedarea. often shallow to bedrock and bedrock exposures are common. Escarpment comprises 11 Salt Marsh (SM) polygons, 15.0 hectares, and 0.01 percent of the total mappedarea. Salt marsh represents those areas of undifferentiated marine deposits along the toast Grave1 Pit (GP) or tidal rivers which are submergedat high tide by brackish to strongly saline water. They Grave1pits are those areaswhich have been, or consist of flat very poorly drained land that is are presently being, used for the extraction of usually covered by a thick mat of sait tolerant gravel. Grave1 Pit comprises 52 polygons, water-loving plants and plant debris. Salt 44.0 hectares, and 0.04 percent of the total Marsh comprises 170 polygons, 1773.4 mappedarea. hectares, and 1.66 percent of the total mapped area. Man-Made Land (ML) Sand Pit (SP) Man-made land includes areas where the soi1 surface has been completely removed or Sand pits are those areas which have been, or irreversibly changed through construction are presently being, used for the extraction of activities. Man-Made Land comprises 16 Sand. Sand-Pit comprises 1 polygons, 0.5 polygons, 65.0 hectares, and 0.06 percent of hectares, and less than 0.01 percent of the total the total mapped area. mapped area. 59 Stone Quarry (SQ) throughout the study area and caver a large portion of Shippeganand Miscou Islands. They Sandstone quarries are exposed pits of consist primarily of raised sphagnum bogs, sandstonebedrock. Stone Quarry comprises 93 some of which are being excavated to gather polygons, 72.4 hectares, and 0.07 percent of horticultural peat. Fens are also included as an the total mapped area. organic soil. Organic Soi1 comprises 153 polygons, 5419.1 hectares, and 5.07 percent of Water (WA) the total mapped area. Fresh water bodies. Water comprises 112 Rock Outcrop (RO) polygons, 205 hectares,and 0.19 percent of the total mapped area. Rock outcrop includes areas where the bedrock is exposed or the soi1 is shallower than 10 cm Organic Soil (OS) to the bedrock. Rock Outcrop comprises 2 polygons, 0.5 hectares, and less than 0.01 Organic soi1 includes areasor deposits in which percent of the total mapped area. organic matter content exceeds 30 percent. Large deposits of organic soils are situated 60 ELECTRONIC DATA FILES The conventional product of a soi1 survey, such information cari be easily transferred back and as Soils of the Acadian Peninsula, Gloucester forth. These systems are also compatible with County, New Brunswick, consists of a high most other land information systems. quality paper map with legend, and an accompanying report, like this one. The soi1 Polygon data is essentially line information to map portrays the extent and location of the soils define the map polygon boundaries and and the soi1 report provides detailed technical location. It is stored in a series of x-y information about the soils and land surface. coordinates referenced to a base map. This With the increased application of computer defmes the geographic location aspect of the technologiesto data handling, a secondproduct map polygon. Each polygon has an associated is also available - soi1 survey information, both reference to link it with map attribute files that polygon lines and map unit attribute data, in describe the polygon. As a system serving electronic format. This allows for greater agriculmral, forestry, and environmental needs, ability to manipulate and apply the information the information stored in these attribute files is in a consistentand timely manner. primarily concemed with the biological productivity of the soils. Biological The polygon and map attribute data in this and productivity is controlled by the availability of previous reports are stored nationally in the energy, water, and nutrients. Since energy National Soils DataBase (NSDB) in the availability is controlled by atmospheric Canadian Soi1 Information System (CanSIS), climate, it is most suitably handled separately. and provincially in the New Brunswick Plant nutrient supply is manipulated by Agricultural Land Information System management, especially in agriculture. (NB’ALIS’). CanSIS is maintained by the Therefore, the ability of soils to supply water to Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, growing plants is the focal point of these files. Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food This does not preclude their use for other Canada, in Ottawa. NB’ALIS’ is a joint applications, but rather indicates that they may federal-provincial governmentsystem located in at times be lacking in some specifïc properties the Land Resource Branch, New Brunswick required to make an assessment. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture, in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Core properties of these attribute files consist of Both CanSIS and NB’ALIS’ are based on the following features: commercially available geographic information systems(GIS). - drainage - water table GIS is designedto manageand manipulate large - rooting depth volumes of information that are spatially - texture oriented. The ability to handle relationships - organic matter among locations is the geographic feature of a -PI-I GIS that sets it apart from a standarddata base - basesaturation information system. It also has analytical - cation exchangecapacity capabilities. CanSIS uses ARUINFO software - water holding capacity while NB’ALIS’ uses CARIS (Computer Aided - saturatedhydraulic conductivity Resource Information System) software. Data - bulk density exchange protocols have been established - electrical conductivity between the MO systems to ensure that - slope 61 - stoniness - taxonomy to the Subgrouplevel The Polygon Attribute Table File @‘AT) - state of decomposition (Organic soils) - wood content (Organic soils) The purpose of the polygon attribute table file is to link polygon numbers to soi1 map units. For the purpose of this discussion, a soi1 map FILE STRUCTURE unit is the entire symbol found within a polygon drawn on the soi1 map. An example of a soi1 The data is stored in five related files: map unit from this report area is given in the Soi1 Map Symbol section. Project File (PF) - documentation on specifications, etc. from the soi1survey report. The list of attributes for the PAT file is as follows: Polygon Attribute Table File (PAT) - links Field Field Name' VF= Width Dec map polygons to soi1map units. ____- -_.--.____ ---- ______1 AREA FLOATING 4 3 Soil Map Unit File (SMUF) - links soi1 map 2 PERIMETER FLOATING 4 3 3 SOIL# BINARY 4 units to soi1names and landscapemodifiers. 4 SOIL-ID BINARY 4 5 MAPUNITNOM CHAR 60 Soil Names File (SNF) - links soi1 names to attributes that pertain to the whole soil. ' PAT file field name descriptions are listed below. Soil Layer File (SLF) - links soi1 names to AREA Area of polygon in square meters attributes that vary in the vertical direction. PERIMETER Perimeter of polygon in meters son.# Internai system number SOLID Polygon numtxr MAPUNITNOM Map symbol The Project File (PF) The following information is included in the PF The Soil Map Unit File (SMUF) file: A record in the SMUF file is unique with - survey intensity level respectto the following fieids: - publication scale - photographyscale PROVINCE - sampling/observationstrategy (free, MAPUNITNOM transect, grid, etc.) - symbol configuration including concept of soi1 map unit “building blocks” (series, association,etc.) - authors and contributors - publication date - analytical methods - estimate of reliability - ARC/INFO library - date of last revision 62 The list of attributes for the SMUF file is as The list of attributes for the SNF file is as follows: follows: Field Field Name’ ‘9-P Width Dec Field Field Name' ‘9-P Width Dec ______------___- _ _ _ _ - - - - _-___ __-_-_---- ______-__ --- 1 PROVINCE CHAR 2 1 PROVINCE CHAR 2 MAPUNITNOM CHAR 60 2 SOILNAME CHAR 24 3 SOIL-CODE1 CHAR 3 3 SOIL-CODE CHAR 3 4 MODIFIER1 CHAR 3 MODIFIER CHAR 5 EXTENTl NUMERIC 3 5 LU CHAR 1 6 SOIL-CODE2 CHAR 3 6 KIND CHAR 1 7 MODIFIER2 CHAR 3 WATERTBL 2 a EXTENT2 NUMERIC 2 a ROOTRESTRI 9 SOIL-CODE3 CHAR 3 9 RESTR-TYPE 2 10 MODIFIER3 CHAR 3 10 DRAINAGE 2 11 EXTENT3 NUMERIC 2 11 MDEPl 4 12 SLOPEPl NUMERIC 5 1 12 MDEPZ 4 13 SLOPEPI NUMERIC 5 1 13 MDEP3 4 14 SLOPEP3 NUMERIC 5 1 14 ORDER 2 15 STONEl CHAR 1 15 S-GROUP 4 16 STONEL CHAR 1 16 G-GROUP CHAR 3 17 STONE3 CHAR 1 17 PROFILE CHAR 14 18 DATE DATE a YY.MM.DD 18 DATE DATE a 19 SLFNA CHAR 1 SMUF file field name descriptions are listed below. 1 SNF file field name descriptions are listed below. PROVINCE Code for province, i.e., NB for New Brunswick PROVINCE See SOIL MAP UNIT FILE MAPUNITNOM Soi1 map unit symbol as coded in CanSIS SOILNAME Assigned soi1 name i.e., Harcourt from the original paper map SO-CODE See SOU, MAP UNIT FILE SOIL-CODE Three character code for the soil name MODIFIER See SOIL MAP UNIT FILE (SO-CODEl, SOIL-CODE2, LU Land use (agriculture or native) SOIL-CODE3) KIND Kind of soil (mineral, organic. etc.) MODIFIER Three character codeto show soil WATERTJ3L Water table characteristics variations. The modifier applies to the soil ROOTRE-STRI Soil layer that resticts root growth name and the soi1 code (MODIFIERl. RESTR-TYPE Type of root restricting layer MODIFIEW, MODIFIER3) DRAINAGE Soi1 drainage class EXTENT Percent of the map unit occupied by a MDEP Mode of deposition (MDEPI, MDEP2, specific soil MDEP3) SLOPE Slope steepness in percent (SLOPEPI, ORDER Soi1 Order (Canadian System of Soil SLOPEP2, SLOPEP3) Classification, CSSC) STONE Stoniness class (STONEl. STONE2, S-GROUP Soi1 Subgroup (CSSC) STONE3) G-GROUP Soi1 Great Group (CSSC) DATE Date of last revision PROFILE Representative soi1 profile reference DATE Date of last revision SLFNA Denotes presence of soi1 layer file records The Soil Names File (SNF) The Soil Layer File (SLF) This file contains information that applies to the entire soil. This file is designed to handle attributes which vary in a vertical direction, i.e., soi1 profile A record in the SNF file is unique with respect information. The mean value is reported for to the following fields: each attribute. The method of analysis is listed in the project file. PROVINCE SOIL-CODE A record in the SLF file is unique with respect MODIFIER to the following fields: LU 63 PROVINCE HZN-LIT Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC) horizon lithological disconrinuity SOIL-CODE HZN MAS CSSC master horizon (Upper case) MODIFIER HZN-SUF CSSC horizon suffix (lower case) LAYER-NO HZN-MOD CSSC horizon modifier UDEkH Upper horizon deprh (cm) LU LDEPTH Lower horizon depth (cm) COFRAG Coarse fragments (W by volume) DOMSAND Dominant sand fraction size The list of attribuces for the SLF file is as VFSAND Very fine sand (Cn by weight) follows: TSAND Total sand (% by weight) TSILT Total silt (76 by weight) Total clay (74 by weight) Field' Field Name' Type Width Dec TCLAY ___------. ____ _- ORGCARB Organic carbon (% by weight) PHCA pH in calcium chloride 1 PROVINCE CHAR 2 2 SOIL-CODE CHAR 3 PH2 pH in water 3 MODIFIER CHAR 3 BASES Base saruration (%) 4 LU CHAR 1 CEC Cation exchange capaciry (meq/lOO g) 5 LAYER-NO CHAR 1 KSAT Saturated hydraulic conductiviry (cm/h) 6 HZN-LIT CHAR 1 KPO Water retention at 0 kilopascals J HZN MAS CHAR 3 KPlO Water retention ar 10 kilopascals 8 HZN-SUF CHAR 5 KP33 Water retention at 33 kilopascals 9 HZN-MOD CHAR 1 KP 1500 Water retention at 1500 kilopascals 10 UDEPTH NUMERIC 3 BD Bulk densiry of the soi1 matrix (g/cm’) 11 LDEPTH NUMERIC 3 EC Electrical conductivity (dS/m) 12 COFRAG NUMERIC 3 CAC03 Calcium carbonate equivalent (%) 13 DOMSANE CHAR 2 VONPOST van Post estimate of decomposition 14 VFSAND NUMERIC 3 WOOD Volume (R) of woody material 15 TSAND NUMERIC 3 DATE Date of last revision 16 TSILT NUMERIC 3 17 TCLAY NUMERIC 3 18 ORGCARB NUMERIC 5 1 The fïve files for the Soils of the Acadian 19 PHCA NUMERIC 4 1 20 PH2 NUMERIC 4 1 Peninsula, Gloucester County, New Brunswick 21 BASES NUMERIC 2 are stored as the following: 22 CEC NUMERIC 3 23 KSAT NUMERIC 6 3 24 KPO NUMERIC 3 Name Format 25 KPlO NUMERIC 3 26 KP33 NUMERIC 3 27 KP1500 NUMERIC 3 PFACAD.TXT ASCII Format 28 BD NUMERIC 4 2 29 EC NUMERIC 3 PATACAD.DBF dBaseFormat 30 CAC03 NUMERIC 2 SMUFACAD.DBF dBaseFormat 31 VONPOST NUMERIC 2 32 WOOD NUMERIC 2 SNFACAD.DBF dBase Format 33 DATE DATE 8 YY.MM.DD SLFACAD.DBF dBaseFormat ' Note: For fields 12 and 14-32, a three While application of the data sets using a GIS digit numeric field for the number of allows for the ability to display results observations is optional. A code of zero (0) indicates an estimate. geographically , i. e. , on maps, lack of such a system does not preclude analyses of the * SLF file field name descriptions are listed below follow. attribute file information. These data files are easily uploaded to a persona1computer and cari PROVINCE See SOIL MAP UNIT FILE be analyzed with any number of commercial SOIL-CODE See SOIL MAP UNIT FILE MODIFIER See SOIL MAP UNIT FILE databasemanagement software programs. The LU See SOIL NAMES FILE interpretations presented in the next section of LAYER-NO 1-9, Horizon number this report are basedon these files. 64 SOIL INTERPRETATIONS Soi1 survey interpretations are predictions of INTERPRETATION OF SOIL MAP UN-ITS soi1 behaviour for specified land uses and FOR AGRICULTURE managementpractices. They are based on soi1 and site properties that directly influence me Canada Land Inventory Soil Capability for specified use of the land and should be Agriculture considered a “best approximation”. Soi1 map unit interpretations for some selected In the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) soi1 agriculture and forestry uses are listed in this capability for agriculture classification, minera1 section of the report. The interpretive methods soils are grouped into seven classes according used are outlined below. to their potentialities and limitations for agricultural use (Canada Land Inventory 1972). As soil-use interactions and implications The fïrst three classesare consideredcapable of become better known, new technologies may sustained production of common cultivated changethe impacts of soils on trop yields and crops, me fourth is marginal for sustained managementpractices. The interpretive ratings arable culture, the fifth is capable of use only may also change as refïnements in the for permanent pasture and hay, the sixth is interpretive algorithms and guidelines are capable of use only for wild pasture, while the implemented. The ratings provided herein are seventh class is for soils and land types a sampling of some potential applications and considered incapable of use for arable culture are by no means a complete listing of a11 or permanentpasture. possible interpretations. The soils data presented in this report cari be used to make Soils in Classes 1 to 4 are capable of use for better land use decisions for a much larger perennial forage crops. Trees, fruit trees, array of activities, including such other uses as cranberries, blueberries, and ornamental plants suitability for septic systems, housing that require little or no cultivation are not (basements), local roads and streets, athletic consideredas cultivated or common field crops. fïelds and sourcesfor Sand,grave1 and topsoil. Good soi1 management practices that are feasible and practical under a largely Soi1 maps remain usefùl long after the soi1 mechanized system of agriculture are assumed. interpretations published with them have This includes the proper use of fertilizers, become outdated. It should also be liming, and trop protection (weed and pest remembered that these interpretations are not control) . Soils considered feasible for recommendations,but rather are indications of improvement by drainage, by removing stones, potential difficulties, or conversely, potential or by altering soi1 structure are classified opportunities, that the land base offers to according to their continuing limitations or various uses. On-site investigation is required hazards in use after the improvements have prior to any actual usageof the land. been made. Distance to market, kind of roads, location, size of farms, characteristics of land ownership and cultural patterns, and me ski11or resources of individual operators are not considered. This interpretive soi1 capability classification is not applied to organic soils. 65 The CL1 capability classification consistsof two suitability of each map unit for production of main categories: alfalfa, apples, spring cereals, winter cereals, forages, and vegetables. The ratings for spring (1) the capability class cereals are valid for barley, oats. and spring (2) the capability subclass. wheat while the ratings for vegetables cari be applied to other similar crops such as potatoes. The capability class indicates the general The soi1 map units are also rated for some suitability of the soils for agricultural use. The potential agricultural engineering or land limitations or hazards become progressively management applications: soi1 suitability for greater from Class 1 to Class 7. The soils subsurfacedrainage and soi1 suitability for deep within a capability class are similar with respect ripping . The interpretations are based on to degree but not kind of limitations in use for guidelines established in Compendium of Soi1 agricultural purposes. Survey Interpretive Guides used in the Atlantic Provinces (Atlantic Advisory Committee on The subclass is a grouping of soils with similar Soi1 Survey 1987) and modified in Rees et al. kinds of limitations and hazards. It provides (1998). Guidelines for assessingthe soi1 and information on the kind of limitation or landscapesuitability for the selected crops and conservation problem. The following soi1 and managementpractices are provided in Tables 5 landscapelimitations may occur in the surveyed to 12. The major soi1 and landscapeproperties area: influencing the given use are listed along with four degreesof soi1 suitability - good (G), fair - adverseclimate (C) (F), poor (P) and unsuitable (U). - undesirable soi1 structure and/or low permeability (D) Good (G) - The soi1 is relatively free of - low fertility (F) problems that hinder trop production and soi1 - inundation by streams, rivers, and management, or the limitations that do occur lakes (1) cari be easily overcome. - moisture limitation (M) - stoniness(P) Fair (F’) - Moderate soi1 and/or landscape - consolidatedbedrock (R) limitations exist, but they car-~be overcome with - topography (T) good trop management and improvement - excesswater (W) practices or special techniques. - cumulative adversecharacteristics (X) Poor (P) - Severe soi1 and/or landscape Guidelines presented in Patterson et al. (1989) limitations exist which Will be difficult and were used for consistent application of the CL1 costly to overcome. Crop production is classesand subclasses. For more information severely hindered and the efficacy of land on CL1 classes and subclasses,the reader is improvement practices is low . referred to Appendix 3. Unsuitable (U) - The inputs required to utilize or improve these soils for trop production is Soil Suitability for Selected Crops and too great to justify under existing economic Management Practices conditions. In this section, the soi1 map units are Where soi1 conditions are favourable and the interpreted for agricultural crops and improvement (subsurface drainage or deep managementpractices of economic importance. ripping) is not required, the rating is designated Soi1 and site criteria were used to establish the as ‘N’ for ‘not required’. 66 The degree of soi1 suitability is determined by Ratings of soi1 suitability for alfalfa, apples, the most restrictive (least suitable) rating spring cereals, winter cereals, forages, assignedto any of the listed soi1 properties. If vegetables, subsurface drainage, and deep the degree of suitability is “good” for a11but ripping are provided in Table 13, along with an one soi1 property and that one soi1 property is assessmentof the Canada Land Inventory soi1 rated “poor”, then the overall rating of the soi1 suitability for agriculture. The major soi1 is “poor”. The cumulative effect of individual properties influencing use are also provided soi1 properties may also act to further along with the degreeof soi1suitability: downgradea soi1or map unit. - drainage or wemess (w) Class Iimits of the individual soil/landscape - surface soi1texture (x) properties are set to compensatefor the fact that - thickness of friable soi1(d) a11soi1 properties are not of equal importance - slope or topography (t) for a given use. This essentially allows for a - rockiness or bedrock exposures(r) relative weighting of each property. - stoniness(p) - flooding or inundation (i) These guidelines are intended to be applied to - subsoil texture class (u) soils as they presently exist. The rating is - depth to bedrock (b) based on soi1 and landscapecriteria only. It indicates the degreeof suitability, or conversely These properties, and the suitability class the severity of the limitation, if the soi1 is used symbols used in Tables 5 to 13, are described without corrective or precautionary measures. in detail in Appendix 3. Socioeconomic factors such as neamess to municipal areas, market accessibility, size of the area, etc. are not taken into account. 67 Table 5 Soi1Suitability for alfalfa. Degree of sunability Major soil propernes influencing use Good Fair PoiX Unsuitable Slope in % (t) 2-9 <2, 9-15 15-30 >30 Drainage (w) W R. MW 1 P. VP Depth of friable soi1 in cm (d) 2.50 20-50’ <20 Friable soi1 texture’ (x) 1. sil, si SC1 ls, s. SIC1 Stoniness (p) SO. SI. s2 53 s4, s5 Rockmess (r) Rl R2 R3. R4. R5 Floodmg (i) N 0 F. VF ’ Soi1 properties and suitability class symbols are described m Appendix 3. ’ Upgrade to Fair if R, W or MW drainage. 3 Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 20 A. Mcdifïed from Holmstrom (1986) and Patterson and Thompson (1989) Table 6 Soi1 suitability for apples Degree of suitability Major SOil PrOpertleS’ mfluencing use Gocd Fair Poor Unsuitable Slope in 70 (t) <9 9-15 15-30 >30 Drainage (w) W R, MW 1 P, VP Depth of friable soi1 in cm (d) >75 SO-75 20-50 <20 Friable soi1 texture’ (x) 1, sil, sl 1s. sel s, sic1 Stoniness (p) SO, Sl, s2 s3 s4, SS Rockiness (r) RO RI R2 R3, R4, R5 Flooding (i) N 0, F, VF ’ Soi1 properties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendtx 3. ’ Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 35 46. Moditïed from Panerson and Thompson (1989) Table 7 Soi1 suitability for spring cereals. Degree of suitability Major soi1 properties’ intluencing use GO4 Fair Poor Unsuitable Slope in % (t) C5 5-9 9-15 >15 Drainage (w) W. MW R. 1 P VP Depth of friable soi1 m cm (d) >50 20-502 <20 Friable soi1 texture3 (x) 1. sil, sl 1s. sel. sic1 Stoniness (p) SO, Sl, s2 :3 s4, SS Rockiness (r) RO Rl R2, R3, R4, R5 Flooding (i) N 0 F VF ’ Soi1 propenies and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3. * Upgrade to Good if W or MW drainage. 3 Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 20%. Modified from Holmsaom (1986). Patterson and Thompson (1989). and Webb (1990) 68 Table 8 Soi1 suitability for winter cereals. Degree of suitability Major soil propertiesi influencing use GOOd Fair Poor Unsuitable Slope in % (t) 2-5 <2, 5-9 9-15 > 15 Drainage (w) R, W. MW 1 P VP Depth of friable soil in cm (d) >50 20-50’ <20 Friable soil texture3 (x) 1. sil, sl 1s. SC1 s, sic1 Stoniness (p) SO, Sl, s2 s3 s4, s5 Rockiness (r) RO Rl R2, R3, R4, R5 Flooding (i) N 0 F VF ’ Soi1 properties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3. 2Upgrade to Fair if R, W or MW drainage. ‘Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 20 %. Modified from Holmsnom (1986). Patterson and Thompson (1989) and Webb (1990). Table 9 Soi1suitability for forages. Degree of suitability Major soil properties’. . iniluencing use Good Fair Poor Unsuitable Slow in % (0 <9 9-15 15-30 >30 Drainage (wj’ W, MW 1, R P VP Depth of friable soil in cm (d) >20 <20 Friable soil texture* (x) 1, sil, SI 1s. sel. sic1 S Stoniness (p) SO, Sl, s2 s3 s4. s5 Rockiness (r) RO RI R2, R3, R4. R5 Flooding (i) N, 0 F VF ’ Soil properties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3. ‘Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 35 % . Modified from Patterson and Tbompson (1989) Table 10 Soi1 suitability for vegetables. Degree of suitability Major soi1 properties’ influencing use GOOd Fair Poor Unsuitable Slope in 36 (t) <5 5-9 >9 Drainage (w) R, W, MW 1 P VP Deptb of friable soi1 in cm (d) >50 20-50 <20 Friable soil texture* (x) 1, sil. sl 1s s, sd, sic1 Stoniness (p) SO,Sl s2 s3 s4, SS Rockiness (r) RO Rl R2, R3. R4, R5 Flooding (i) N 0 F VF ’ Soil properties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3. * Downgrade one class for coarse fragments >20%. Modified from Patterson and Thompson (1989) 69 Table 11 Soi1 suitability for subsurface drainage*. Degree of suitability Major soil properties’ influencing operation Good Fair Poor Unsuitable Slope in % (t) 2-9 <2. 9-15 > 15 Drainage (w) MW’. 1. P VP Deptb in cm of soi1 with >.50 20-50 <20 permeability > 1.O cm/hr (d) Depth to bedrock m cm (b) >75 <75 Rockiness (r) RO Rl R2 R3. R4. R5 Stoniness (p) SO. Sl. s2 s3 s4. s5 Flooding (i) N 0 F, VF ’ R (rapidly) and W (well) drained soils do not require subsurface dramage. 2 Soil prop&ties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendtx 3. 3 Draining of MW (mcderately well) drained soils Will expand the number of cropping options to include less tolerant groups. Modified from Fahmy and Rees (1996) Table 12 Soi1 suitability for deep ripping. Degree of suitability Major soi1 properties’ influencing operauon GOCKi Fair Poor Unsuitable Slope in % (t) <9 9-15 > 15 Drainage (w) R, W. MW 1, P VP Depth of friable soi1 in cm (d) <50 50-75 >75’ Texture of compact subsoil (x) 1, ls, sil. SI. s cl, sd, sic1 sic, c Depth to bedrock in cm (b) >75 <75 Rockiness (r) RO Rl w R3 R4, R5 Stoniness (p) SO. Sl, s2 S3 s4, s5 Flooding (i) N 0 F VF ’ Soi1 properties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3. ’ Subsoilmg is not required. Modifïed from Fahmy and Rees (1996) 70 Table 13. Agriculture interpretationsof soi1map units Canada Land Inventory (CLI) Soil Capability for Agriculture Class Subclass Glass 1. Not found in New Brunswick C - Adverse climate Glass2. Moderate limitations D - Undesirable soi1structure and/or low Class 3. Moderately severelimitations permeability Class 4. Severelimitations F - Low fertility Class 5. Very severelimitations 1 - Inundationby streams, rivers, and lakes Class 6. No soils classified in this category M - Moisture limitation Class 7. No capability for arable culture P - Stoniness R - Consolidatedbedrock T - Topography W - Excesswater X - Cumulative adversecharacteristics Suitability for Crop Production of: alfalfa, apples, spring cereals, wiuter cereals, forages, and vegetables G - Good - Relatively free of problems w - drainage or wemess F - Fair - Moderate soi1and/or landscapelimitations x - averagetexture of friable soi1 P - Poor - Severe soi1and/or landscapelimitations d - thicknessof friable soi1with BD U - Unsuitable - Inputs required restrict use c 1.6 g/cm3 t - slope or topography r - rockiness p - stoniness i - flooding or inundation Limitations to Agricultural Engineering Uses: subsurface drainage and deep ripping G - Good - Relatively free of problems w - drainage or wemess F - Fair - Moderate soi1and/or landscapelimitations b - deptb to bedrock P - Poor - Severesoi1 and/or landscapelimitations u - averagetexture of subsoil U - Unsuitable - Inputs required restrict use d - thickness of friable soi1 with N - Not Required BD < 1.6 g/cm3 t - slope or topography r - rockiness p - stoniness i - flooding or inundation 71 BE ;k‘ ru, UK uw uw UV PW P” Ba>p, 6si/b 1 5k‘ 3v “W -; .“. uu UV “‘X Pi; ?Y FO H TU Ba2sl/c 5 33 Fd PC û id G Ba2s?/d 3 37 Fd Pd Ft Ed ; Pi N 2 Balsllb 13 4K Pwd P”C FWî Pd FV Sd F-C F?G” BZ.lSl/C 253 32 Pwd ?XC FWd Pd FU Fxd F, FVU Ba451+Sa5s1/5 ::7 4k' Pwd Piid FWW- Pd Fw Fïd FTC FWJ FF2 &355l,'a 26 jti uw uii P*- Pwd PU PC F:a 6.3iSl/b 409 5w uu u, PW Pud Pu PY FZC .Fwr tiais::c 33 4w 12v üu PU Pwd PV PW FC FWï Ba5slLBa6s?/b 6; 5w UV L’U Pli Pud PW PV Ftd FW, ûaisl;a 35 5w üw üw Uii üw UU '2 Y PU ?i 3aEs1/s i 511 uw 2, Ui> 3w UV üw ?bZ PU 3:21/o 109 32 Ftd Pd G Fid G Ed K G Biîl:c 159 30 Ed 33 G Fd G Fd N G BZ31,'b 37 3c Ffwd 33 G Ftd ; Fd Ftd G 9:3;:c 15 3c Fwd Pd G Fd G Fd Fd G Br41/b 231 4DW Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd F" Fwd Ftd FW Br41/C 153 4DW PWC ?Wd Ewd Pd F‘I Ewd Fa Fii .3:4sl:/b 16 4DW Pwd PWd Fwd Pd FV Fvd Ffd fk BKi1/3 :6E 5DW UV Uii PV Pwd PU PV ._r-d FW Br6i/a 5DW "W "V "W uw üi' .ü Y PV PU E Cr3sl/b 86 3M Ftw Fwd G Ft G G Ft N cr3s1/c 47 3M Fw Fwd G G G G G N Cr3sl/d 20 3M FU Fwd Ft Ft G Pt G N Cr 73 Ftw '~4Sl*C~SSl/~ 7E Ftv Cr4si+Crssl:3 20 Ftw CrSgs/b u PWX CrSsllb 63E PV CrSsilc ii PW CrSsl'Cr6s1/0 2; Pu Cr6S:/a ?? UV crés;/s 23‘ UV zs :5 G? 44 G?+SV 4 GT(;: IlS/b i2 4?! PX FL.2 Fwx F-X Fux FX N s Gr :1: :is/c 2: ‘lu PX -WY. Fwx FX Fux FX N A Gr!i!:Is/d 2 4M PX FUX Ftwx F?X Fwx PZ N N G:tillisie 25 4K PX 'iVX Pf Pf FEVX ut N N Gr11141sic 1: 4X :Db%! ?WdX PWd Fwdx Pd FWX Fwdx Fd Fn ürtmi 5is-6v!ir.i5çlsit 10 5X.DWAj "W UV PV Pud PV PW Ftd Fw :rilmlS?s*Bv;l~:5is:a 49 5XiDMWi un UV PV Pwd pï PU Ftd F% ür fin, Ilsle 5 4xT PX Ftvdx Pt Pt Ftwx ut h‘ N cir?l*/b 44 4H PX PAX FUX Ftx Fux FX N N ür;:s/c 245 4% PX Fwx FWX FX Fvx FX N N Gr?ls/d 306 4b! PX Fwwx Ftwx Ftx Fux Pt N N Grils/d+e 6 CH ?X Fwx Ft"X Ftx Fux Pf N N GZ:lS/e 195 4K PX Ftwx P: Pt FZWX ut N N Gr:i~/e+f 17 4K PX Ftwx Pt Pt FtWX ut N N Grlls/f 29 5.7 PtX Pt Ut Ut Pi Ut N N Grlls+Lflls/f 20 5? PtX Pt Ut ut Pt Ut N N GrZls/c 5 4H PX FX FX FX FX rx N N Gr3is/d 1 3H PX FWX FtX FtX FX P? G N Grlls/b 14 3Mw PWX PW Fwx Ftwx Fwx Fwx Ft N ir4ls/c 26 3!4w PWX PU Fwx Fwx Fwx iùx G N Gr51slb : 4w uw üw PW PW PU PV Ft N Gt(illgs/d 6 4M ux PX PX PX PX "X N N Gtll)?lfs/c 14 4M PX Fwx Fhx Fx Fwx FX N N Grtillis/b 2 4M PX FWX Fwx Ftx FUX FX A N GffllllS/C 165 4" PX FWX Fwx FX Fwx FX N N Gtfi)lls/d 15 4M PX FUU rtwx Ftx Fwx PL N N :tt:!lls-Rbtll?ls,b 32 4M PX FWX Fwx Ftx Fwx FX N N Gt::;Sls/b 14 5XlDMwl UV UV PU Pud PU PW Ftd FV G: lmi 11sIc 217 4w PX FWc3.X Fwx FX Fwx FX N N Gt~mlllstBvlm)lgls/c 156 4H PX Fvx Fwx FX Fwx FX N N Gtimllls+Bv(m:lgls/d 29 4M PX FWX FtWX Ftx Fwx Pt N N :t:1s/a 16 4H PX FWX Fwx Ftx Fwx FX N N Gt:ls/b :c5 4M PX Fwx Fwx FtX FWX FX N N Gt:?S/C 1447 4H PX Fwx Fwx FX Fwx FX N N Gtl?s/d 94C 41* PX Fwx FtWX Ftx FWX Pt N N Gtlls/e 7: 4M Px Ftwx Pt P+C FtWX Ut N N GtZls/b 1 4N PX FX FX Ftx FX FX N N GtZls/c il 4N PX FX FX FX FX FX N N Gt31s/c 3 3M PX Fux FX FX FX FX G N Gtlls/c 47 3!a+ Pwx PW Rrx Fkx Fwx Fwx G N Gtlls/d 19 IXCMWT) Pux PV Ftux Ftvx FUX Pt G N Ht(ml2;s/f 6 5T PtX Ptd ut ut Pt Ut N Pt Htlmi3s?/c 1 3DR Fud Pd G Fd G Fd Fd G Htlpt6ls/a 0 5w UV UV UV UV uw UV PW PW HtCpl6s:/a 3 5w "W UV VU UV uw UW PV PU HtCp)6sl/b 5 5w "54 U" "U uw "" uw PW PU Htis)2sl/d Ii 4R Fd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt N Ub Htlsl2sl/e 8 4TR Ftd Pd Pt Pt Ft Ut N Ub Ht:s:/e 8 4T Ftud Pd Pt et Ftw Ut N Fz Ht?fsl/c 45 30 Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N G HtZgsl/c 34 3D Fdx Pd G Fd G Fdx N G Ht2gsl/d 5 37 Fdx Pd Ft Ftd G Pt N G HtZl/c 19 3D k-d Pd G Fd G Fd N G Htîl/d 6 3T Fd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt N G Ht2lfs/c 26 3D PX Pd FX FdX FX Fdx N G iit21s/c 21 3D PX Pd FX FdX FX FdX N G HtPls/d 2 3T PX Pd Ftx Ftdx FX Pf N G Ht2sl/b 1128 3D Ftd Pd G Ftd G Fd N G HtZsl/b 13 3D Ftd Pd G Ftd G Fd N G GI sprng wrnter vege- Deep Nap Cnlt Name Area (hz.1 AFFlSS Forages Drainage (Agr;.! Alfalfa CSKSSlS CerEZilS tables Ïcppf?S !it2s1/c 6478 3D Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N G HtZslld 2058 3T Fd Pd F: ?td G Pt N G HtZsl/d 2 3T Fd Pd F: Ftd G Pt N G ztzs;/e 244 4T Ftd Pd PC PK fr ut N Ft HtZs:/f 13 5T Pt Ptd Ut ut Pt V: N Pt K:2s?/f 1 5T et Ptd ut ut Pt vi N Pf H:Zsl+Ht3sl/c 14 3D Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N G H'ZS1+Ht4sl/c 68 3D Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N G HtlfSi/b 3 3D Ftwa Pd G Ftd G Fd FCd G Ht3sl/b 162 3D Ftwd Pd G Ftd G Fd F:d G Ht3sl/c 378 3D Fwd Pd G Fd G Fd Fd G H:3sl/d 8 3T Fwd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt Fd G !?t4gs:/b 2 4W Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd k-k Fwdx Ftd F" i+t4gs1/c 5 3D Pud Pwd R>d Pd Ri Fwdx Fd F" Ht4sl/b 648 4W Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd Eh Fwd Ftd Ri Ht4sl/b 36 4W Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd hi R*d Ftd Fw ilt4s1/c 1401 3D Pud Pwd E-wd Pd Fw Fwd Fd F-d !tt4s1/c 8 3D Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd Fw E'wd Fd F" Ht4s:/d 155 3DT Pwd Pwd Ftwd Pd F-w Pt Fd F% !it4s1/e 18 4T Pud Pud Pt Ptd F-t" ut Ftd Ft" Htlsl+HtSsl/b 62 PW Pwd Pwd R*d Pd Fw Fwd Ftd F" Ht4sl+HzSsi/c 34 3D Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd m Fwd Fd F" HtiSl+Re4S1/C 47 3D Pwd Pwd lkd Pd Fw Fwd Fd Fw HtSSl/a 3 5W UV U" P" Pwd P" P" Ftd Fv Htjsl/b 454 5w "W U" PV Pwd P" PW Ffd F" Htjsl/c 358 4W UV VU P" Pwd P" P" Fd Ri HtSsl/d 13 4w vu VU P" Pwd PW Pt" Fd Fw At5sl/e 1 4TW VU vu Pt" Ptud P" ut Ftd Ftw Ht6sl/a 6 5w V" VU Il" UV V" uw PU P" Ht6sllb 174 5w V" V" U" V" V" U" P" P" InSl/d 3 51W Vwi Vwi PU1 Pwi P" Ptwi Vi N Inol/a 44 5WI ""1 Il"1 Vwi Vwi Vwi Vwi Vi N LfllS/C 38 4M PX Fwx Fux Fx Fwx Fx N N Lfl?s/d 112 4M PX Fwx Ftwx Ftx Fwx Pt N N Lfl;S/e 71 4n-I PX Ftwx Pt Pt Ftwx ut N N LfllS/f 6 5T PCS Pt Ut ut Pt ut N N Lf4?S/C 2 3hw P"X P" Fwx Fwx hix Fwx G N Mh,m,61/a 2 5DW U" V" UV UV UV V" PU PU t'hlp)61/a 17 5DW vu "W U" V" V" vu PU PU Mhlpl61/b 25 5DW V" U" UV vu U" UV PU PU Mh/GrZl/c 4 3D Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N Fu M!!/Gr2l/d 3 3T Fd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt N Fu "h/GrZl/e 1 4T Ftd Pd Pt et Ft ut N Ftu !+h2fsl/b 30 3D Ftd Pd G Ftd G Fd N Fu Yh2l/b 25 3D Ftd Pd G Ftd G Fd N Fu MhZl/c 1304 3D Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N Fu MhZl/a 321 3T Fd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt N nl MhZl/S 105 4T Ftd Pd Pt Pt Ft ut N Ftu MhZi/f 1: 5T Pt Ptd Ut ut Pt ut N Pt Mh21+M431/c 16 3D Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N Fu .k,h21+~0,41/4 6 3T Fd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt N Fu MhZSlcl/d 14 3T PX PdX Fttx PX FX PtX N Fu Mh3l/b 867 3D Ftwd Pd G Ftd G Fd Ftd Fu Mh3l/c 3115 3D Fwd Pd G Fd G Fd Fd Fu Mh3l/d 445 3T Fwd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt Fd Fu Mh3l.+m41/c 13 3D Fwd Pd G Fd G Fd Fd Fu Mh3sil/c 130 3D Fwd Pd G Fd G Fd Fd Eh Mh41/a 16 4DW Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd Fw Fwd Ftd F-du Mhll/b 1285 4DW Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd F" Fwd Ftd Fwu Mh4l/c 1526 4DW Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd F" Fwd Fd Fwu Mh4i/d 243 4DW Pwd Pwd Ftwd Pd F" Pt Fd Fwu Mh41+Mh51/b 17 4DW Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd Fw Fwd Ftd Fwu Mh41+Mh51/c 54 4DW Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd P.4 Fwd Fd F-.N Mhtslcl/b 2 4DW Pwdx PUdX Fwdx Pdx Fwx PX Ftd n.-J MhlS1Cl/C 32 4DW PWdX PWdX Fwdx PdX Fwx PX Fd F-du Mhls;l/b 14 4DW Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd F" Fwd Ftd Fwu MtSl/a 39 5DW UV VU P" Pwd P" P" Ftd Fwu MhSl/b 1302 SDW V" VU P" Pwd P" PV Ftd Fuu MhSl/c 323 5DW UV VU P" Pwd P" PV Fd Fwu MhSl/d 6 5DW U" U" P" Pwd PW Pt" Fd Fwu MhSl+Kh6l/b 70 5DW V" V" PV Pwd PV P" Ftd F"U 75 U% *61:t “W HL N=i Surveyed ïo Ud UC Pd OS 5:19 .kblltlqls/c ?? 34 f?4* FX ?X s PbIlllg1S/d 7 3?iT F.tWX FfX PTX N Rtli! IlS/C 249 3u FWWX FTX ‘X s Rb(lil:sic 245 3H Fux FX FX N PA,>; ?is/c. 4: 3K Ftvx Ftx ?: N til11415/0 a 4Xi'pn'Dl Fkix Pd .Fwax :tc R-I~141S/C 4- iY'FW3 E-40x Pd FWdX :Ci P.h!1)5$!iS/b 3c. ix PW PWd PWX 'rd Rbl1!51S/b l5 jr) P" Pud PV ?td P.btlIs?s/c 5 5u Pu Pwd PW rd RbrLi61s/a 15 5H UV UV il" PW Rbip.Sislb 1 5x PU PV PV Fr RbiPiElS/d 383 5w "U UV "W PV Rb.p;fJls/b 0 iii UV UV UV PV m,pi6ms/a 27 5w "" UW UV PV Rblqlslb 41c 3b! FM, FL? PX N Rî?qis/c 22s 3H Fwx FX PX s Fblgls/d ?a6 3MT Ft"X Ftx etx N Rbl$llS/e 19 4.7 et Pt ut N RDo:ls/b 1706 3c! FUX FtX FX s P.AJlls/c 13û4 3k! FUX FX FX s PBLiS/d 305 3tc rtwx Ftx Pt s RD:?s/e 2 4.7 Pi et ut N Rb2qls/b 9 3b! FX FtX PX N Rb2gls/c 66 3M Fx FX PX N RbZls/b 138 3M FX FfX FX N Sb21s/c 149 3n FX FX FX N Rb2ls*Rb4ls/b il 3E: FX FtX Fx s Rb2is+RbCls;c 9 3k! Fx Fx FX N RbZsi/b 38 3M G Ft G N Rbzsl/c 39 3H G G G N Rb3glsIb 6 3M Fx Ft% PX Ft P.b31s/a :c 3e FX Ftx FX Ft Rii3?s/b 5: 3H FX Fe FX Ft Rb3lS/C 31 3H FX FX FX ‘ Rb3s/b 5 3H PX PX PX Ft Rb3sl/c 4: 3x G G G G wJ4fs/c 20 3t.!w PX PX PX G Rb4fs/c 2 3tG PX PX PX G Pb4qls/b 36 3mi Fwx Ftwx PX Ft KD4q1s/c 60 3Mw Fwx FWX PX G Rblgls+TdSl:b 7 ! 3Mk‘ Fwx Ftwx PX Ft xb41fS/C 35 3nw FVX FVX L*x G %41s/b 1022 3w FVX Ftwx Fwx Ft Rb41s/b+c 27 3w FVX Ftwx Fwx Ft P.D4;5/c 718 3i 76 uw UV PV PU PW PV P.b5Sl/C 17 3w “W “W Pu PW PW PU G K Rb6fS/b 2 SW uw “U UV uw UW UW PU N Rb6is/a 253 5w “W “U uu UV UW UV PU N Rbbls/b 470 5W uw UV UW uw UW UW PV N Rb6sl/a 34 5W UW UW UW uw uw uw Pi: N Rbos:/b 3 SW UV UW UW UW UW UW PW N Re!g:Zsl/c 317 3c Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N Pd ieZSi?/d 11 3? Fd Pd Ft Ffd G Pt N Pd I?eZsl/c 773 3D Fd ?d G Fd G Fd N Pd ReZsl/d 21 3T Fd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt N Id k3Sl/C 139 3D Fud Pd G Fd G id Fd Pd Re3s;/d 2 3T Fud Pd Ft Ffd G Pt Fd Pd Re4lfs/t 26 4w PWdX Pwd Fwdx Pd Fwx Fwdx Ftd Pd Re4si/b 8 4w Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd Fw Fwd Ftd Pd Re4sl/c 1023 3D Pwd PWd Fwd Pd Fw Fwd M Pd Re4s;/d 8 3DT Pwd Pwd Ftwd Pd Fw Pf Fd Pd Xelsl+ReSs;/c 60 3D Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd FW Fwd Fd Pd ReSsl/b 12 5w "W UU PV Pwd PU PW Ftd Pd ReSsl/c 8 CW UW "U PU Pwd PW PW Fd Pd RO 0 Sbipl6l/b 0 5DW "W UU UW uw UW "W PW PW SbZl/c 704 3D Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N FU Sb2l/d 136 31 Fd Pd Ft Ftd ‘ et N Fu SbZl/e 3 4: Ftd Pd Pt et Ft ut N FtU SbZl,f 14 5T Pt Ptd ut Ut Pt ut N et Sb3l/b 63 3D Ftwd Pd G Ftd G Fd Ftd Fu Sb3>/C 72 3D FWd Pd G Fd G Fd Fd h Sb3l/d 26 3T Fwd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt Fd FU Sb41/b E8 4DW Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd F-4 Fwd Ftd mu Sb4l/c 372 4DW Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd Fw Fwd Fd Fwx SbSl/b 16 5DW UW UV PV Pwd PW PV Ftd FMI SbSi/c 1 5DW UV UV PU Pwd PW PV Fd Fnu Sb6l/b 24 5DW UW uw uu UW uw U" PW PV SC 2512 SCIPI 44 SD 31 St4 1773 sn Il 1 lls/c 41 3M PX Fwx pvx FX Fwx FXP N N S~(I: ?is/d 17 3MT PX FWX Ftwx Ftx Fwx Pt N N Sclil?is+GrCiilis/d 79 3MT PX FWX Ftwx Ftx Fwx Pt N N Sciimills/d 67 3RT PX Fwdx Ftwx Ftx Fwx Pt N N __ sr.:1n; 11s/e 12 4T PX Fcwdx Pt Pt Ftwx ut N N Snl~mllls+Grl~m~lls/b 55 3R PX FWdX Fwx Ftx Fkwx FXP N N Sn!is)Z?fs/c 54 4R PX Pd Fx Fdx FX Fdxp N Ub Sn~m)lls/c 1508 3R PX Fwdx F-44 FX Fwx FXP N N SnImIlls/d 1196 3RT PX FWdX Ftwx Ftx Fwx Pt N N Snlm: Ilsle 26) 4T PX FtWdX Pt Pt Ftwx Ut N N Snlm!2?stRe~mi2sl:c 108 3R PX Fdx FX FX FX -P N N Sr,lmlCls/e 6 4T PWCIX Pwd ?t Ptd Ftwx Ut Ftd Ftw Snisl?ls/b 288 4R PX Pd FWdX Ftdx Fwx F~P N Ub SntSlllS/C 114 4R PX Pd Fwdx FdX Fwx F~P N Ub SnCsllls/d 71 4R PX Pd Ftwdx Ftdx Fwx Pt N Ub snisi11s/e 41 4TR PX Pd Pt Pt Ftwx ut N Ub sn1gs1/c 61 3M Fwx FW Fw G FW FXP N N Snlgsl/d 40 3MT FWX Fw Ftw Ft Fw Pt N N Snlls/b 232 3H PX FHX Fwx Ftx FWX FXP N N SrIllS/C 2863 3H PX Fwx Fwx FX FWX FXP N N sn11s/a 2363 3MT PX Fwx FtwX Ftx Fwx Pt N N sn11s/e 415 4T PX Ftux et et Ftwx ut N N Snlls+Grlls/d 41 3MT PX FI.% Ftwx Ftx mx Pt N N Snlls+Grlls/e 5 4T PX Ftwx et et Ftwx ut N N SnZls/d 11 3MT PX FX Ftx Ftx FX Pt N N Sn2ls+Ht25l/c 196 3M PX FX FX FX Ek F~P N N SnLls+ReZsl/b 45 3M PX FX FX Ftx FX FXP N N SnZls+Re2sl/c 233 3M PX FX FX FX FX FXP N N SnZls+ReZsl/d 61 3MT PX FX Ftx Ftx FX et N N snzs1/c 28 311 G G G G G Fp N N sn31s/c 9 3H PX FUX FX FX Fx FXP G N Sn3ls+Htlsl/b 78 3H PX FWX FX Ftx FX FXP Ft N Sn3ls+Re3sl/c 9 3H PX FUX FX FX Fx F~P G N 77 - sn41s/c 9?CiS,‘C %ClS:C Sn:1s~Re:slic Snj?s/D SCSlS/C SnÉislî SnLls.'f S? SAY TS.F'i:/b 534 s 54 “W PV Pwd PV PW Ft3 Tz:o,El/a 349 j!Az 'J ii LIS 3 v UW u* uu PV Td!F,h?/D _/ 5kii z w “‘W UV "U ui' uw PU ?dî:/b 27 4: ._7-3 SC G FfC G Fd s Yi.l/C 232 42 Fd Pd G CC G Fd s TC21 :c 22 4: Fd ?d G rd G Fd N T-21 /d Ci :: F, ?d Ft Fx d 2 ?: N Td2l/e 11 4X F:d ?d P: Pt Ft .Jf N Td3l:b 3:i 4: k"d Fd G Ftd G Td F-c Td3i/c 314 4ç Fwd Pd G Fd i Fd '3 Yd31/Z 1: 4c FWC Pd G Fd G F3 Fd Td?l/d 124 4c FWC Pd Ft Ftd i ?: Cd Td3slc?/c 2: 4c PX ?dx FX PX FX Px Fd :d3sl+Td4sl/o :2 40 FtWd Pd G Ftd G Fd Frd Td4l/b 695 4021 Pwd Pud Sd Pd Fw Fwd Ed Td4l!c 427 4cw Pwd ?"d Fwd Pd FW Fwd Fd Td4i/a 63 4DW Pwd ?wd Ft ,Gd Pd FW Pt Fd Tdll/e E SXIDk‘Ti Pwd Pwd Pt Rd Ftw 2 t Rd ?dCl/f 5T PfWd P'ud "f Ut Pt II: UE TdEi+CrSsl/a 48: 4DW Pwd Pvd Fwd Pd FW Fwd Ftd TdC;+Td5;/b 17 4DW P"C3 PWd Fwd Pd FW Fwd FiB Td41+Uc(iI4sl/b 1”5 aow Pwd Pwd Fwd Pd Fw Fwd F-d Td4sicl/c 43 4311‘ PVdX Pwdx Fwdx PdX FVX PX id Td4511/b 2 4Dii Pwd Pwd Fud Pd Ri Fwd Ftd Td5fsi/a 40 5DW UV UW Pc; Pwd PV PU Fid TdSl/a 254 5DW uw UV PK Pwd PW PU Ftd TdS1,'b 1102 5DW uu uu PV Pwd PW PU Ftd Tdjllc 74 5DW UV UW PW Pwd PV PV Fd Td51ld 21 5x4 UV ïw PW Pvd PW PtU Fd X5:-Tdi:/b 40 5Dk‘ uw 3 w Pi; Pwd PV Pu Ftd Tdi:*Uc5sl:o 217 5DG; UV 'UV PV Pwd PV PW Ftd Ydjs:::3 54 5Dn UV C" PV Pwd PV PV Ftd Td61:a 96 SWD U" UV uw "W uw üv PV Tdhi/b 751 5w5 UV UV "" "U uw "" PW TdD;-Uchsl/a 74 5w3 UU UV UV UW üw UV PW Tdis;i/b 5 5w3 UU UG UV UV UV 254 PU L’c:::zs:/c 6 3c Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N Ucii:3sl+Uci:)4sl/c 9 3E Sd Pd G Fd G Fd Fd !Jc (III: 6s1/a 6 5K uu IJW UW Ll" IJW UV PW UC ,p: &/a 89 sk‘ UU "W UV UW UW UV PV UClp!651/a 1267 5w UV "W UV UV "W uw PV tiz!pi6sl/b 83 5w "W "W UV u-4 UV UV P" Uc2fs+Uc4fs/b 112 3c PX Pdx PX PX PX PX N lC21lC 87 35 Fd Pd G Fd ü Fd N ZC21fS,‘C 119 3s PX Pd FX Fdx FX FdX N Ycîs/b 35 33 PX Pd.X PX PX PX PX N ücîsl/b 461 3f Ftd Pd G Ftd G Fd N UCîS?/C 843 30 fd Pd G Fd G Fd N ucîslid 208 3DT Fd Pd Ft Ftd G et N LlcZsl/e 4 4? Ftd Pd Pt Pt Ft ut N UcZs?+Uc4sl/c 24 3D Fd Pd G Fd G Fd N Uc3lfs/b 16 3D Px Pd FX FTdx FX Fdx Ftd Uc3s:/b 87 3D Ftwd Pd G Ftd G Fd Ftd UC3SllC 329 3D Fwd Pd G Fd G Fd Fd Uc3sl/d 26 3DT Fwd Pd Ft Ftd G Pt Fd Uc4gs/b 15 3D "X Pwdx PX PdX PX "X Ftd UClSl/.a l! 4w Pvd Pvd Fwd Pd E-w Fwd Rd Uc4sl/b :261 4w Pvd Pwd Pwd Pd FV Fud Ftd CC4Sl/C 1456 3D Pwd Pvd Fwd Pd FW Fwd Fd UcIsl/d 35 3DT Pwd Pwd Ftvd Pd Fw Pt Fd UC4Sl/e 8 47 Pwd Pud Pt Ptd FtW Ut Ftd 78 43 PWd ?Sd Pd FW Fwd Fd Fwu 45 “id "U PWBX PVX PVX Ftd FUU 573 UW u, PWS PW PW Ftd Fwï 3934 "U "U Pwd PW PV FCd FWJ 554 UW uw Pwd PW PW Fd Fwu 251 U" UW Pwd PV Pii Ft a FL% 547 "W uw uw "W uw PW PV 396 "i; "U W uw UV Pi; Pli 37636 79 material or bedrock). Good drainage has INTERPRETATION OF SOIL MAP benefïcial effects on soi1 temperatures and UNITS FOR FORESTRY aeration. Deeper rooting is promoted which in turn enhancesaccess to nutrients and moisture. As presentedby Mark Colpitts (New Brunswick Department of Natural Resourcesand Energy) Soils mat have parent materials with a relatively in Fahmy and Rees ( 1996). high pH tend to support large and diverse populations of soi1 organisms. High levels of biological activity in soils enhance organic Tree Production matter decomposition and the availability of nutrients for use by plants. The moist, cool climate of the Atlantic Region, by promoting In this section of the report the soi1 map units rapid leaching of nutrients and slow are interpreted for growth and operational replacement of freshly weathered products, is limitations for selected forest tree species of the basic reason for the acidity and relatively economic importance. The inherent low fertility of the soils in the surveyed area. productivity or porential growth rate of forest tree speciesare determined by the interaction of Mineralogy or petrographic origin of the soi1 physical, chemical, and biological factors that materials is anotherdetermining factor in forest create a range of conditions of varying site nutrient status. The composition of parent suitability for each species. The physical and rock materials contributes largely to the chemical factors cari be interpreted using soi1 chemical characteristics and pH of soil. Some and site criteria such as soi1 parent material rock types are rich in bases and weather lithology or inherent fertility, drainage, soi1 rapidly, resulting in soils with potentially high texture, depth of friable soil, slope, rockiness, nutrient stams. Other rocks contain few bases and stoniness. These criteria are closely related or are more resistant to weathering and release to soi1 aeration, available moisture and nutrients more sparingly. For a more detailed nutrients, and depth and ease of mot discussion on soils and plant nutrient supply in penetration, which in tum affect tree growth. forestry, the reader is referred to Forest soils of New Brunswick by Colpitts et al. (199.5). Al1 tree species, without exception, show best growth on deep fertile moist sites. Growth While natural or inherent fertility of the soi1 is rates tend to decreaseas soi1 and site conditions deviate from this optimum. However, some to a large degree a fùnction of soi1 mineralogy, it also relates to soi1 nutrient retention. species are more able to tolerate deficiencies Coarser-texmred soils that are low in clay than are other species. For example, jack pine is more tolerant of droughty conditions than content tend to be more easily leached of nutrients than finer-texhtred soils. The inherent sugar maple. The ability of the desired species to compete with undesirable species is another fertility rating is an estimate of the soi1 nutrient criterion related to soil/site suitability . status based on the anticipated cumulative effects of the above listed factors. Soi1 drainage is probably the most important site factor affecting tree growth and forest Soi1 moisture (deficit/excess) and nutrient productivity. Drainage pertains to the length of availabiliry are most often the limiting factors time it takes for water to be removed from the in forest growth. Soi1 texture and depth of soi1 in relation to supply. Soi1 drainage is available friable soi1 material over a compact influenced by climate, topographie position, layer or bedrock are conditions which impact on moisture and nutrient regimes. slope, aspect, soi1 texture and consistence, and Slope, depth to a restricting layer (compacted soi1 rockiness (bedrock exposures), and stoniness (surface stones) also affect moisture and 80 nutrient availability but are more important in (Atlantic Advisory Committee on Soi1 Survey terms of site operability. Based on these 1987): considerations, the following key variables were identifïed for use in soi1 evaluation for Good (G) - The soi1 has a good potential for forest production: tree growth and is relatively free of limitations that hinder forest production. - drainage(w) - inherent fertility (f) Fair (F) - The soi1 has a fair potential for tree - soi1texture (x) growth and moderate soil/site limitations exist - depth of friable soi1(d) that hinder forest production. Limitations cari - slope (t) be overcome with more intensive management - rockiness(r) practices. - stoniness(p) Poor (P) - The soi1 has poor potential for tree Each soi1 (mapping) unit has been interpreted growth and severe soil/site limitations must be for its capability to support the growth of tree overcome for satisfactory forest production, species common to the region: balsam fÎr Limitations cause severe difficulties in trop (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce harvesting, reforestation andlor forest (Picea glauca (Moench) VO~S), black spruce management. (Picea mariuna (Mill.) BSP.), eastem white cedar (I?rzuja occidentalis L.), jack pine (Pinus Unsuitable (U) - The soi1 is unsuitable for banksianu Lamb.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa merchantable tree growth. Lnputs required to Ait.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.), sugar utilize these soils/sites for tree production are maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), white ash too great to justify under existing economic (Fraxinus americanu L.), yellow birch (Betula conditions. alleghaniensis Brin), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). These The degree of soi1 suitability is determined by interpretations are listed in Table 23. the most restrictive (least suitable) rating Suitabiliry classeswere defined by relating the assigned to any of the rated soil/Iandscape silvics of these major tree species to the key properties. It must be kept in mind that growth soi1 variables listed above. They are described requirements and nutrient demands of tree in Tables 14 to 22 and further summarized in species are distinctly different from those of Appendix 3. most agricultural crops. Long periods of time, in excess of 40 years, are required for trees to Four classes of suitability were establishedto reach merchantablesize, and large variations in rate the selected species (caver types). They nutrient demand may occur over their life are described below. Class defmitions were cycle. The intensive managementpractised on modifïed from those reported in the agricultural soils to enhance nutrient status is Compendium of soi1 survey interpretive not feasible on forest soils. guidelines used in the Atlantic Provinces 81 Table 14 Soi1 suitability for production of balsam fîr/white spruce. Major soi1 propenies’ Suitability class’ influencing use Good Fan Poor Unsuitable Drainage (w) W. MW 1 R. P VP Inherenr fertility (f) high medium low very low Average texture’ of 1. si]. sel SI. cl, sicl 1s s, SIC, c friable soi1 (x) Thickness (cm) of friable >40 204 <20 __ soi1 V&I BD < 1.6 g/cm’ (d) Slope in R (t) c9 9-15 > 15 __ Rockiness (r) RO. RI RI R3 R4, R-5 Stoniness (p) SO. SI, s2 s3 s4 S5 ’ Soi1 propenies and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3 ’ Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 50%. Modified from Fabmy and Rees (1996) Table 15 Soi1 suitability for production of black spruce. Major soil propenies’ Suitability class’ influencing use GOOd Fair Poor Unsuitable Drainage (w) W, MW 1. P R, VP __ Inberent fenility (f) high, medium low very low __ Average textureTe of 1, sil, sel sl, cl, sic1 IS s, sic, c friable soil (x) Thickness (cm) of friable >40 2040 <20 __ soi1 with BD < 1.6 g/cm3 (d) Slope in % (t) c9 9-15 > 15 __ Rockiness (r) RO, RI R2 R3 R4. R5 Stoniness (p) SO. Sl, s2 s3 s4 S5 ’ Soil propenies and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3. ’ Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 50%. Modified from Fahmy and Rees (1996) Table 16 Soi1 suitability for production of eastem white cedar. Major soi1 properties’ Suitability class’ influencing use GOOd Fair Poor Unsuitable Drainage (w) MW. 1 W P VP, R Inherent fertility (f) ka medium low, very low -- Average texture’ of 1. sil. sel cl, sic1 sl. sic, c s, 1s friable soil (x) Thickness (cm) of friable >4CJ 20-40 <20 __ soi1 with BD < 1.6 g/cm’ (d) Slope in R (t) <9 9-15 > 15 __ Rockiness (r) RO, Rl R2 R3 R4, R5 Stoniness (p) SO. Sl, s2 s3 s4 s5 ’ Soi1 properties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3 ’ Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 50% Modified from Fahmy and Rees (1996) x2 Table 17 Soi1 suitability for production of jack pine/red pine. Major soil properties’ Suitabiltty class’ influencing use Good Fair Poor Unsuitable Drainage (w) W MW, R 1 P, VP Inherent fettility (f) high, medium low, very low -- __ Average texture’ of SI, 1s sil, 1. sel cl, sic], s sic. c friable sou (x) Thickness (cm) of friable >60 40-60 <40 -_ soi1 with BD < 1.6 g/cm’ (d) Slope in % (t) <9 9-15 > 15 __ Rockiness (r) RO. Rl R2 R3 R4, R5 Stoniness (p) SO, Sl. s2 s3 s4 S5 ’ Soi1 properties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3 ? Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 50%. Modifïed from Fahmy and Rees (1996) Table 18 Soi1suitability for production of white pine. Major soi1 properties’ Suitability class’ itttluencing use GOCd Fair Poor Unsuitable Drainage (w) W, MW 1 R. P VP Inherent fertility (0 high, medium low very low -_ Average texture: of 1, sil, sl. 1s sd, cl, sic1 S sic, c friable soi1 (x) Thickness (cm) of friable >50 30-50 <30 __ soi1 with BD < 1.6 g/cm’ (d) Slope in % (t) <9 9-15 > 15 -_ Rockiness (r) RO, Rl R2 R3 R4. R5 Stoniness (p) SO, Sl. s2 s3 s4 s5 ’ Soil properties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3. * Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 50%. Modified from Fahmy and Rees (1996) Table 19 Soi1suitability for production of sugar maple. Major soil properties’ Suitabiiity class’ influencing use GOOd Fair Poor Unsuitable Drainage (w) w, Mw __ 1. R P, VP Inherent fertility (fj hgh medium low very low Average texture’ of sl, 1, sil sel, cl, sic1 -- s, Is, sic, c friable soi1 (x) Thickness (cm) of friable >50 30-50 <30 soi1 with BD < 1.6 g/cm’ (d) Slope in R (t) <9 9-15 > 15 Rockiness (r) RO, Rl R2 R3 R4. R5 Stoniness (p) SO. Sl, s2 s3 s4 S5 ’ Soil propenies and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3 * Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 50%. Modified from Faltmy and Rees (1996) a3 Table 20 Soi1 suitability for production of white ash Major soil properties’ Suitabilq class’ influencing use GOOd Fair Poor Unsuitable Drainage (w) W. MW R. 1. P VP Inherent fertility (f) high medium low very low Average texture’ of 1. si1 SI. sd. cl, sic1 -- 5. 1s. sic, c frtable soi1 (x) Thrckness (cm) of friable >60 30-60 c30 -_ soi1 with BD < 1.6 @cm’ (d) Slop-e in Q (t) <9 9-15 > 15 -. Rockiness (r) RO. Rl R2 R3 R4. R5 Stoniness (p) SO. Sl, s2 s3 s4 S5 ’ Soi1 propenies and suitability class symbols are descrihed in Appendix 3 ’ Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 50%. Modifïed from Fahmy and Rees (1996) Table 21 Soi1 suitabiliq for production of yellow birch. Major soi1 properties’ Suitability class’ influencine use Good Fair Poor Unsuitable Drainage (w) W, MW 1 R. P VP Inherent fertility (f) b@ medium low, very low -- Average texture’ of 1. sil. SI sd, cl. sic1 __ s, 1s. sic. c friable soil (x) Thickness (cm) of friable >40 30-40 <30 __ soi1 with BD < 1.6 g/cmr (d) Slope in W (1) <9 9-15 > 15 __ Rockiness (r) RO, Rl R2 R3 R4, R5 Stomness (p) SO. Sl, s2 s3 s4 SS ’ Soi1 propenies and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3 ’ Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 50%. Mcdified from Fahmy and Rees (1996) Table 22 Soi1 suitability for production of trembling aspen. Major soi1 properties’ Suitability class’ influencing use Good Fair Poor Unsuitable Drainage (w) W MW. 1 R. P VP Inherent fertility (f) high medium low very low __ Average texture’ of SI. 1. sil sel, cl, sic1 IS s, sic, c friable soi1 (x) Thickness (cm) of friable >40 20-40 <20 __ soi1 with BD < 1.6 g/cm3 (d) Slope in % (t) <9 9-1.5 > 15 __ Rockiness (r) RO. Rl R2 R3 R4, R5 Stoniness (p) SO, SI, ST! s3 s4 S5 ’ Soi1 properties and suitability class symbols are described in Appendix 3 ’ Downgrade one class for coarse fragments > 50 % Modifïed from Fahmy and Rees (1996) 84 Table 23 Forestry interpretationsof soi1map units Tree Production for: balsam fir/white spruce, black spruce, eastern white cedar, jack pine/red pine, white pine, sugar maple, white ash, yellow birch, and trembling aspen G - Good - Relatively free of problems w - drainageor wetness F - Fair - Moderate soil/site limitations f - fertility P - Poor - Severesoil/site limitations x - averagetexture of friable soi1 U - Unsuitable - Inputs required are too great d - thickness of friable soi1 with BD < 1.6 g/cm3 t - slope or topography r - rockiness p - stoniness 85 86 Area Balsam Fil FAstern BhCk Jack Prne sugar YellOW Tembling wap ““JC *are d White WIllte Whirx Pine White Rsh (ha) Spruce 6 Red Pine Haple B1TCh &PC-" Spr"Ce Cedar PXf B"Crn)31S,d 6 “f Pxf ux Fwf Pf UXf “Xf UX kif B" ICli 491S/b 42 Uf PXf ux PV Pf “Xf Llxf “X PXf BY IfIl) 4CJIS/C 162 Uf PXf “X PU Pf UXf “Xf ux PXf Bvlm) 87 Area Balsam hr EaSter" Yellov Trembllng 6 White Bl?.Ck Willte Jack Plne White Pine .S"gX Mite A*h Waple BIZCh ASPfCl ILS) spruce spruce Cedar 6 bd PL!x Cr6sl/b 297 uw pu UV UV UV UV UV ES 15 - GP 14 - GPtSQ ç - ‘r,1,11s/b 12 “f PWXf Fuf PWf "Xf UXf UX PWXf Gr Ci) lls/c 21 “f Pvxf Fwf PWf "Xf "Xf UX PWXf GZ (1) Il*/d 2 “f PWXf Fvf PWf UXf "Xf UX PWXf Gr Ci) Il*/e 25 “f PWXf Ftvf PWf "Xf "Xi UX PWXf Grlilills/c 11 "f PXf bd Pf "Xf UXf ux PXf Gr llm) 51s+Bvlm)Sqls/b 10 "f PXf UV Pudf "Wf UXf VX PWXf Gr~~m~5ls+B",rm,51s/a 49 "f PXf UV Pwdf "WXf UXf vx PWXf Grun,lls/e 9 "f PWXf Ftw: PUf UXf Uxf "X PUXf Grlls/b 41 Uf PWXf Fvf PWf UXf UXf UX P!.fXf Crlls/c 245 “f PWXf Pwf PUf UXf UXf UX Puxf ‘rlls/d 306 “f PWXf @.ff PWf "Xf UXf "X PWXf Grlls/d+e 6 Uf PWXf Fwf PVf UXf UXf UX PWXf Grlls/e 199 “f P"Xf Fcuf PWf UXf "Xf UX P"Xf Grlls/e+f 17 “f P%if FWf PWf "Xf UXf "X PWXf GIllS/f 29 "f Ptvxf Pt Ptvf "Xf UXf ux Ptuxf G:lis+L.fils/f 20 "f W"Xf Pt Ptuf "Xf UXf "X Ptuxf GrZlS/C 5 "f PXf Ff Pf “Xf UXf "X PYf GI3k,d 1 Uf PXf Fwf Pf UXf UXf "X PXf Gi-41S/b :4 "f PXf PV Pf "Xf UXf "X PXf C24l*,c 26 Uf PXf PW Pf UXf "Xf UX PXf Gr51s/b 1 Uf PXf UV PWf "WXf vxe "X PWXf Gt (1,lCp./d 6 UX "X PX PYX "X ux "X UX Gt(l)llfs/c 14 PVXf BVY Fwf PV UX "X VX PYY GC (1) Ils/b 2 PWXf PVX Fvf PU UX UX “X PUX Gt (1) llS/C 165 PWXf PVX fwf PW UX “X UX PYX Gtti)Ils/d 15 PWXf PUX Fwf PW "X “X UX PVX Gc~i~lis+Rb~i~lls/b 92 PWXf PUX Fwf PV UX UX "X PYX tt ,i) 51s,b 14 PWXf PX "W PYd UVX UX UX PVX tt Cm) ilS,C 217 PWXf PUY. Fwf PU UX ux UX PVX Gt ml) 11s+sv Inl) lgls,c 156 PWXf PVX Fwf PY UX "X UX PVX GL cm) ~h+~~m iQils,d 29 PWXf PVX Fwf PV UX UX "X PVX ‘tlls/a PVX Fwf PV UX ux UX PVX ‘tlls,b PYX Fwf PV "X UX UX PYX tti1s/c PVX hif PV ux ux "X PVX Gtlls/d PVX Fwf PV "X “X UX PVX Gtlls/e PVX Ftvf PV "X “X UX PVX Gt21s,b PX Ff Ff "X UX "X PX Grzls,c PX Ff Ff UX "X UX PX Gt31S/C PX Fwf Ff “X "X "X PX Gt4ls,c ex PV Fwf “X UX UX PX Gt41s/d PX PV Fuf UX "X UX PX "c,m,*ls,f Pr.X Pt PC "X UX "X FTX Hr LIT, 3SllC FdXf Fwdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fwdf Hr tp) 61sla PUX UU UV uvx uwx UWK UU Ht (PI 6sl,a PV UY "U UV UV "U UV Ht(p)hsl/b PY UV UV UV UV UV UV Ht,S)Z*l,d Fdxf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf HC,S)ZS?,CZ Ftdxf Pd Ftdf Pf Pf Pf Ftdf Ht!Sl,e PV Ftvdf PV Puf PWf PWf PU HtZ:Sl,C Mxf Fdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf HtZg*l/C Pdxf Fdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf HtZgSl/d FdXf Fdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf Ht.Zl/C Fdf Fdxf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf Ht*l/d Fdf PdXf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf Ht2lfs/c PX Fdf Fdf UX "X "W PX HCZlS/C PX Fdf Fdf UX "X "X PX HtZ:s,d ex Fdf Fdf UX "X "X PX HtZsl/b Fdxf Fdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf HtZ’i:/b Fdxf Pdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf “C:*:/C FdXf Pdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Pdf Htzslld Fdxf Fdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf HiZslld Fdxf Fdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf HtZSlle Ftdxf Ft.df Ftdf Pf Pf Pf Ftdf HtZs*/f Pt Pt Pr Ptf Ptf Ptf Pt Hczsl,f Pr Pt Pf Pef Ptf Rf Pt HtZsl+Ht3sl/c FdXf Fdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf tit2*1+"t4*1,C FdXf Fdf Fdf Pf Pf PI Wf "t3fsllb FdXf Fwdf fdf Pf Pf Pf Fwdf Htkl/b FdXf fvvdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fwdf Ht3sllc FdXf Fwdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fwdf Hf3sl/d Fdxf Fwdf Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fudf 88 Area Balsam Fir Black Eastern Jack Pine sugar Yello" Trembling Map Unit Name b Mite White Whlte Pine White Ash Birch Aspen (ha) spruce speuce Cedar 6 Red Pine t4aple 2 Pf Fvdxf PXf PU PWf Htlgsllc 5 Pf FwdXf PXf ev Fvdf PWf P"f Pf Fwdf Htlsl/b 648 Pf Fudxf PXf PV Fvdf PWf P"f Pf Fwdf Ht4slfb 36 Pf Fwdxf Pxf PV Fudf P"f PUf Pf Fwdf W4SlfC 1401 Pf Fudxf PXf PV Rrdf PWf P"f Pf Fwdf HC4Sl/C 8 Pf Fvdxf PXf PU Fvdf P"f PWf Pf Fvdf Ht4sl/d 155 Pf Fvdxf PXf PV Fvdf P"f P"f Pf Fwdf tk4s1/e 1* Pf Ftwdxf PXf PV Ftvdf P”f P"f Pf Prudf - HrIsl+HfSsl,b 62 Pf Fvdnf PXP PV hrdf P"f P"f Pf Fwdf Hf4sl+Ht5Sl/C 34 Pf F"dXf PXf PV hrdf P"f PWf Pf Fwdf Ht4s1+Re4sl,c 47 Pf Rrdxf PXf P" Ekdf P”f PWf Pf t-wdf t!t551/a 3 P"f hrdxf P"Xf "W PU "W P"f P"f PV HtSsl/b 454 PWf Fvdxf P"Xf UV PU UV P"f P"f PV Ht551/C 358 PWf Fudxf P"Xf UV PU UV PWf PWf PV HtSsl/d 13 PWf Fwdxf Pwxf UV P" "W P"f Pwf PV lfr5511e 1 P"f Ftvdxf P"Xf "W PW "W P"f P"f PU HC6sl/a 6 "W PV "W UV "U UV "U "W "" Hf&l/b 174 “W PV "W UV "W "W "W "W "U InSl/d 3 PV Fu PV UV PV UV PV PV PU h61,.3 44 UV PU "W "W "W "W "W "W "W LfllS/C 38 "f P"Xf "WX Fwf P"f UXf UXf "X P"Xf Lflls/d 112 "f Puxf "VX nif P"f UXf "Xf "X PWXf Lfll.S/e 71 Uf P"Xf "WX Ftwf PWf UXf IJrf "X P"Xf Lfll.S/f 6 "f Ptvxf ""X Pt Pt"f "Xf "Xf "X PWXf Lf4lS/C 2 Uf PXf "X PU Pf UXf UXf "X PXI Mh cm, 61,a 2 UV PV "W "W "W UV UV UV "W Mh(pl61/a 17 UV PV "W "U "W "U "W "W "W HhCp)6l/b 25 UV PV "W "U "W "W "W "U "U Mh,Gr*l,c 4 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Mf Pf Pf Pf Fdf Mh,CrZl,d 3 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Mf Pf Pf Pf Fdf Mn/GrZl/e 1 Pf Ftdf Pf Pd Ftdf Pf Pf Pf Ftdf MhZfsl/b 30 Pf Fdxf PXf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf MhZl/b 25 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf MhZl/c 1304 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf MhZlld 321 Pf Wf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf NhZl/e 105 Pf Ftdf Pf Pd Ftdf Pf Pf Pf FtdE MhZl/f 11 Ptf Pt Ptf Prd Pt Ptf Ptf Ptf Pt MhZl+Mh3l/c 16 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf Mh2l+Hh4i/d 6 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf MhZsicl/d 14 Pf Pdxf Pf Pdx Fdxf Pf . Pf Pf Fdxf Mh31,b 867 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fwdf Mh31,C 3115 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fwdf MhS:,d 445 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Rrdf Mh3l+Mhll/c 13 Pf Pdf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fudf Hh3sil/c 130 Pf Fdf Pf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fudf Hhll/a 16 Pf Pvdf Pf Pwd Fwdf P"f P"f Pf F'adf Mn41/b 1285 Pf Fwdf Pf Pvd Fvdf P"f hrf Pf Fudf Mhlllc 1526 pf Fvdf Pf Pwd Fwdf P"f P"f Pf hrdf Hhllld 243 Pf Fwdf Pf Pud Fwdf P"f Pwf Pf Fwdf Mh41+MhSl/b 17 Pf k-wdf Pf Pud Fwdf PWf P"f Pf Fwdf Mh4l+Mh51/c 54 Pf Fvdf Pf Pud Fwdf P"f P"f Pf Fvdf Hh4sxc?/b 2 Pf Fvdxf Pf Pudx t-wdxf P"f P"f Pf hrdxf Nh4sicl/c 32 Pf F"dxf Pf Pudx Fvdxf P"f P"f Pf Fwdxf Elh4s11,b 14 Pf Fwdf Pf Pud F"df P"f PWf Pf Rrdf MhSl,a 39 P"f Fwdf P"f “U PV "U P"f P”f PU MhSl/b 1302 P"f Fwdf P"f “W PV "U P"f PUf PU MhSl/C 323 P"f Fvdf P"f “W PV "U PWf Pwf PU MhSl/d 6 P"f Fwdf P"f “U PV "W P"f PWf PU HhSl+MhSl/b 70 P"f hrdf P"f “W PV "W P”f P"f PV Mh61,a 216 "U PV "U “W "" "W UV "W "W Hh6l,b 107 "" Pu VU “W "W "W UV "W "W ML 65 - Net Surveyed 29386 Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd os 5419 - Rbir)lgls/c 19 "f P"Xf "VX F"f P"f “xf Llxf "U P"Xf Rb,il Iglsld 7 "f P"Xf "VX Fwf P"f “Xf UXf "X P"Xf Rb,r, Iis/b 249 "f PWXf ""X Fwf P"f "Xf "Xf "X Puxf FS(i) lls/c 240 uf P"Xf "VX Rif Pur "Xf "xf "X PWXf Rb~i,lls/d 41 "f P"Xf "VX Fuf P"f UXf UXf "X Pvxf F&(i, 4lslb 9 "f PXf "X Pvd Pf UXf "Xf "X PXf P.b(114lS/C 47 "f PXf "X Pvd Pf UXf UXf "X PXf R~(I, 5gls/b 39 "f PXf "X “W Pwdf ""Xf UXf "X P"Xf RblilSls/b 15 Uf PXf "X “U Pwdf ""Xf "Xf "X PWXf Pb,~~5lS,C 5 "f PXf "X “U Pvdf ""Xf UXf ux. 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SP 72 - Td,,zl51/b 7 PV Fud PW UV PW "W PV PW PV Td,p, 61/a 349 “bd PV "U UV "U UV UV UV "U Tdtp, 6?/0 11 UV PV "Il UV "U UV UV "W UV TdZl,b 27 Fdf Fd Fwdf Pd Fd Fdf Fdf Fdf Fd TdZl/c 232 Fdf Fd Fwdf Pd Fd Fdf Fdf Fdf Fd TdZllc 22 Fdf Fd Fwdf Pd Fd Fdf Fdf Fdf Fd TdZl,d 61 Fdf Fd FVdf Pd Fd Fdf Fdf Fdf Fd TdZl/e 11 Ftdf Ftd Fttudf Pd Ftd Ftdf Ftdf Ftdf Ftd Td3l,b 315 Fdf Fd Fdf Pd Fd Fdf Fdf Fdf Fwd Td3l,C 314 Fdf Fd Fdf Pd Fd Fdf Fdf Fdf Rrd Td3l,c 11 Fdf Fd Fdf Pd Fd Fdf Fdf Fdf Fnd Td,l,d 124 Fdf Fd Fdf m Fd Fdf Fdf Fdf Fud Td3sicl/c 21 Fdxf Fdx Fdxf Pdx Fddx Fdxf Fdxf Fdxf hrdx Td3sl+Td4sl,b 12 Fdxf Fdx PX Pd Fd FOL Fdxf Fdf Fwd 91 Area Balsam Flr mack. ascern Jack Pine suyar Yellou Trembllny Map Unit Name 6 White Whlce Mite Pine White Ash (ha) SpZ"Ce Spr"Ce Cedar 6 bd PLne M@e Birch ASpen Fwd Pvd Rrd PV PV Fwdf Fud Tdll/C 427 hrdf Fwd Fdf Pvd hrd PV PV Fwdf F"d Tdll,d 63 t-vdf Fwd Fdf Pvd F-ad PV PV Fvdf Fvd Tdll/e 8 Ftwdf Ftvd Ftdf Pwd Ftvd PV PV Ftvdf Ftvd Td41,f 2 PC Pt PL Ptvd Pt Pt" PW Pt Pt Tdll+CrSsl,a 487 Fwdf Fwd Fdf Pwd Fwd PW PV Fwdf Fvd Td41+TdSl,b 17 Fwdf hrd Fdf Pud Fud PV PW F”df Fud Td41+UÇ(l, 4Sl/b 105 Fwdf hrd Fdf Pud Fwd PV PV Fvdf Fud Td4SiCl/C 43 Fwdxf Fwdx Fdxf PWdx Fvdx PV PV Pwdxf F"dx Tdlsil/b 2 Fwdf Fwd Fdf Pud fvd PU PV hrdf Fwd TdSfsl/a 40 PW hrdx PVU "V PV "W PV PW PW Td51,a 254 PU Fwd PV "U PV "W PV PW PW Td51,b 1102 pu Fwd PV "W PW "U PW PV PW Td51,C 74 PY Fwd PW "U PV "W PV PV PV Td51,d 21 PU Fwd PV "U PU UV PV PY PV Td5lrTd61,b 40 PY Fvd PV UV PW UV PU PV PV TdSl+UcSsl/b 217 PU F"d PW UV PV uu PU PV PV TdSSll,b 54 PW Fvd PY UV PV "U PU PY PU Tdbl/.3 96 UW PV "U UV "U "U "U "U "U Td61,b 79i UV PV "U UV UU UV "V "W "U Tdol+"c&l,a 7G UV PW UV UV VU UU UV UW VU Td6sil/b 5 UV PV "U UV UV UW UU UV UV UC(i) 2SllC 6 Pf Fdxf PXf Pd Fdf Pf PI Pf Fdf k(l) 3*1+Uc(il4*1/c 9 Pf Fdxf PXf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fvdf UC (Ill) bl/a 6 UV PU UV UV UV UV UV UV "U "C(P) 6s/a 89 uwx "X UVX UV UV "WX UUX "VX "VX UC tp, 6sl/a 1267 "V PW UV "W UV UV UV "W UV UC cp, 651,b 83 "W PU UV UV UV UV "W UV UV "CZfS+"ClfS,b 112 "X "X UX Pdx PX "X "X "X UX UCZl/C 87 Pf Fdf PI Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf "cZlfs,c 119 PXf PX "X Pd Fdf "X UX "X PX "cZs/b 35 "X “X "X Pdx PX ux ux "X UX "c2sl/b 461 Pf Fdxf PXf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf "C2Sl/C 843 Pf Fdxf PXf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf UcZslld 208 Pf Fdxf PXf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf uc251/e 4 Pf Ftdxf PXf Pd Ftdf Pf Pf Pf Ftdf Uc2sl+"clrl/c 24 Pf Fdxf PXf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fdf "C,lfS,b 16 PXf PX UX Pd Fdf ux UX "X PX "c3sl/b 87 Pf Fdwf PXf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf hrdf "C3SllC 329 Pf Fdxf PXf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fwdf Uc3sl,d 26 Pf Fdxf PXf Pd Fdf Pf Pf Pf Fwdf "c4ys,b 15 UX "X "X Pudx PX "X "X UX "X "ckl,a 11 Pf Fwdxf PXf Pvd Fwdf PWf PVf Pf Fwdf "cJsl/b 1261 Pf hrdxf PXf Pvd nidf PWf P%ff Pf hrdf UC4Sl/C 1456 pf Fwdxf PXf Pvd Fwdf PWf P%if Pf Fwdf "c4s1,d 35 Pf Fwdxf Pxf Pvd Fvdf Puf PWf Pf Wdf uc151/e 8 Pf Frudxf PXf Pud Ftvdf PWf PWf Pf Ffudf "c4s1+"c5s:,b 154 PI hrdxf PXf Pvd Fwdf PWf PVf Pf Fwdf "c4sl+UcSsi/c 43 Pf Fwdxf PXf Pvd Fwdf PWf P"f Pf Fvdf "Ch/= 45 UX "X "X UV PYX "VX "X "X UX "CSSl,.3 573 PWf Fwdxf PWXf UV PV UV PWf P"f PV "cSsl/b 3934 PVf hrdxf PWXf "Y PY UV PWf PWf PV "C551,C 554 PWf Fwdxf Pvxf UV PW UV P"f PWf PU "cSsl+Uc6sl,b 251 PVf Fwdxf Ptwf "U PV UV PWf PMf PU uc5*1,a 547 UV PV UV UU UV UV UV UV UV "&sl/b 396 “u PU UV UU "U UV "U "U "U WA 37638 - 92 LIST OF REFERENCES Fahmy, S.H. and Rees, H.W. 1996. Soils of the Aalund, H., and Wicklund, R.E. 1949. Soi1 Survey Woodstock-Florenceville Area, Carleton County, Report of Southeastern New Brunswick - Third New Brunswick. Volume 3. New Brunswick Soi1 Report of the New Brunswick Soi1 Survey. Survey Report No. 14. CLBRR Contribution No. Dominion Department of Agriculture, Fredericton, 96-02. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 93 p. New Brunswick. 108 p. (maps included). Gauthier, R.C. et Cormier, V. Catographie des Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soi1 Depots Superficiels, Peninsula Nord-Est du Survey. 1987. The Canadian system of soi1 Nouveau Brunswick. classification. 2nd ed. Agric. Can. Publ. 1646. 164 P. Holmstrom, D.A. 1986. Soils of the Sussex Area of New Brunswick. Tenth Report of the New Atlantic Advisory Committee on Soi1 Survey. 1987. Brunswick Soi1 Survey. LRRC Contr. No. 83-38. Compendium of soi1 survey interpretive guides used Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 151 p. (maps in the Atlantic Provinces. 149 pages. included). Bostock, H.S. 1970. A provisional physiographic Langmaid, K.K., MacMill& J.K., Losier, J.G. and map of Canada. Geol. Surv. of Can., Paper 64-35, Millette, J.F.G. 1964. Descriptions of sandy soils 1964; and Geol. Surv. of Can. Map 1245A. in cleared areas of coastal Kent and southem Northumberland Counties, N.B. Sixth Report of the Brady, N.C. 1974. The nature and properties of New Brunswick Soi1 Survey. Research Branch, soils. 8th Edition. MacMillan Publishing CO., Inc, Agriculture Canada and New Brunswick Dept of New York. 639 p. Agriculture, Fredericton, N.B. 35 p. Canada Land Inventory. 1972. Soi1 Capability Loucks, O.L. 1962. A Forest Classification of the Classification for Agriculture, Canada Land Maritime Provinces. Canada Department of Inventory Report No. 2 (1965, reprinted 1972). Forestry, Forest Research Branch, Reprinted from: Information Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Catalogue The Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of No. Fo63-211972. 16 p. Science, Volume 25, Part 2, 1959-60. 167 p. Colpitts, M.C., Fahmy, S.H., MacDougall, J.E., Maritime Resource Management Service. 1981. La Ng, T.T.M., McInnis, B.G., and Zelazny, V.F. Commission d’Amenagement et de Planification de 1995. Forest soils of New Brunswick. Timber la Peninsule Acadienne. Management Branch, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Fredericton, N.B. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Loose Granular Resources of the Tracadie Day, J.H. 1982 Revised. The Canada Soi1 Centered Region, Topical Reports, (#76-4) pp, 74- Information System (CanSIS). Manual for 76. describing soils in the field. Compiled by the Working Group on Soi1 Survey Data, Canada Expert Patterson, G.T., and Thompson, B.L. 1989. Soils Committee on Soi1 Survey. LRRI Contribution No. of the Northumberland Shore Area of Nova Scotia. 82-52, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Report No. 24, Nova Scotia Soi1 Survey, Ottawa, Ontario. 97 p. Agriculture Development Branch, Agriculture Canada, Truro, Nova Scotia. 98 p. (with maps). Environment Canada 1982. Canadian Climate Normals , 1951-1980. Temperature and Rees, H. W., Duff, J.P., Soley, T., and Chow, T.L. Precipitation. Atlantic Provinces. Atmospheric 1998. Soils of selected agricultural areas of Environment Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Dorchester Parish, Westmorland County, New Ontario. 136 p. Brunswick. New Brunswick Soil Survey Report No. 17. Potato Research Centre, Research Branch, 93 Agriculture Canada, Fredericton, N.B., Ont. 97 pp. Sheldrick, B.H. 1984. Analytical Methods Manual + maps. 1984. LRRJ Cont. No. 84-30. Land Resource Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Rees, H.W., Duff, J.P., Soley, T., Colville, S. and Canada, Ottawa. Chow, T.L. 1996. Soils of selected agricultural areas of Shediac and Botsford Parishes, USDA, (United States Department of Agriculture), Westmorland County, New Brunswick. New Soil Conservation Service. 1962. Soi1 survey Brunswick Soil Survey Report No. 16. Centre for manual. Agriculture Handbook No. 18, United Land and Biological Resources Research, Research States Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. 127 pp. 503 p. + maps. Wang, C. and Rees, H.W. 1983. Soils of the Rees, H.W., Langmaid, K.K., Losier, J.G., Veer, Rogersville-Richibucto Region of New Brunswick. C., Wang, C., Wells, R.E. and Fahmy, S.H. 1992. Ninth Report of the New Brunswick Soi1 Survey. Soils of the Chipman-Minto-Harcourt region of New Research Branch, Agriculture Canada and New Brunswick. New Brunswick Soi1 Survey Report No. Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Rural 11. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Development, Fredericton, New Brunswick. 239 p. Ont. 317p. + 4 maps. Webb, K.T. 1990. Soils of Pictou County, Nova Research Branch, Canada Dept of Agriculture 1976 Scotia. Report No. 18, Nova Scotia Soi1 Survey. (Revised). Glossary of terms in soi1 science. LRRC Contr. No. 85-44. Research Branch, Information Division, Canada Department of Agriculture Canada. 183 p. (maps included). Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario. Publication 1459. 44p. 94 ( ( ( ( i ’ ( t i ( ( ! i ( ( ( ( (( ci ( (\ i ! ( ( i (( ! ( ( i ( { i ( i ! ! ( I, i ( ! ( ( ( i i i APPENDIX 1. PLANT ASSOCIATIONS PLANT ASSOCIATIONS Plant Association Dominant Species Characteristic Species Occurrence Comparative Associations of Various Studies Tourbe, Kahnia à feuilles Suhagnum, spp., Chamaedaphne Primary peat mire Kejimkujik (1973) étroites, Rosage-Sphagnum Kalmia angustifolia Calyculata Scheuchzeria - Mass, Lambkill, Rhodora Rhodora canadense Cladonia spp. SphagnumlHeath-Cladonia (L) Torr. Kalmia polifolia CBH ( 1978) Sphagnum- cranberry Fundy (1978) Sphangetum Morais salé-tord-grass Spartina altemiflora Salt marsh Loisel. Mousse Schreber, Pleurozium schreberi Cornus canadensis Linnaea Undissected flats to low, Kijimkujik (1973) Pteridium Kalmia à feuilles étroites - (Brid.) Mil?., borealis elongated ridges with CBH ( 1978) Bracken Fem - Schrebers Moss, Lambkill Kalmia anaustifolia Vaccinium angust-folium intervening depressional areas. Sheep Laurel Sub-Assoc. Usually covered with spruce Fundy (1978) Piceetum. and larch. Grande fougère-Bracken Pteridium Pleurozium schreberi Undulating topography to low, Kejimkujik (1973) Pteridium (a) Grande Fougère Bracken acruilinum (L). Kihn. Dicranum spp. elongated ridges with CBH (1978) Bracken Fem Comum canadensis intervening depressional areas Aub-Assoc. Maianthemum canadense/ and stream courses. Mainly Fundy ( 1978) Coptis trifolia Intolerant Hardwoods. Trientalis borealis Vaccinium angustifolium 95 (b) Kalmia à feuilles étroites- Kalmia angustifolia Pleurozium schreberi Fiat to undulating topography Kejimkujik (1973) Pteridium Lambkill 6.) Vaccinium angustifolium with depressional areas and CBH (1978) Sheep Laurel Aralia nudicaulis intervening stream and mires. Sub-Assoc. Coptis tribolia Softwoods dominate Fundy ( 1978) Cornus canadensis Dicranum spp. Fougère, Erable de Drvoderis spinulosa Lycopodium lucidulum Steep-sided knolls and dome- Kejimkujik (1973) Dryopteris Pennsylvanie (O.F. Muell.) Watt Taxus canadensis shaped areas tolerant Fundy (1978) Drypoterieturn/ Fems, Striped Maple Acer pensvlvanicum Pyrola spps. hardwood dominant Dryopterietum violetosum L. Chimaphila umbellata Sub-Assoc. Polvstichum Trientalis Borealis CBH ( 1978) Fer - Striped acrostichoides Maple (Mi&.) Schott Drvopteris spp. Tourbe, Sphagnum spp. Chamaedaphne calyculata Secondard and tertiary peat CBH (1978) Sphagnum - Canneberge- Vaccinium Cladonia spp. ires. cranberry Sphagnum Mass, Cranberry oxYcocus Kalmia polifolia Fundy (1978) Sphagnetum Kejimkujik (1973) Scheuchzeria-Sphagnumi Heath-Caladonia. From: Maritime Resource Management Service, 1981, La Commission d’aménagement et de planification de la péninsule acadienne, Ecological Land Classification. APPENDIX 2. MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SOIL ASSOCIATION MEMBERS (Sheldrick 1984). The analytical procedures used -. This section of the report lists, in alphabetical order, are as follows: profiIe descriptions with physical and chemical data for some of the soi1 association members mapped in PH (HZ~) 2.1 84-001 the survey area. P205, GO, Ca, Mg Bray for P, The soi1 description format and terminology used Ammonium are according to the ‘Manual for describing soils in acetate for K the field’ (Day 1982). The sample site is described in terms of classification at the subgroup level Organic car-bon Walkley-Black according to the Canadian System of Soi1 (organic matter) method Classification (Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soi1 Survey 1987), map unit code, location, parent material, vegetation, latitude, Particle size: 3.1 84-026 longitude, elevation, slope, drainage class, aspect, (Sand, silt, & clay position, permeability and stoniness. with Sand fractions) VC - very coarse Profile descriptions typically include horizon C - coarse designations with depths; colors (Munsell color M - medium notations); texture; mottle descriptions; structure; F-fine consistence; clay films (where present); roots; VF - very fine) coarse fragments; and horizon botmdaries. Bulk density (Bulk Dens.) 3.2 84-029 Chemical and physical analyses were conducted on loose (disturbed) and tore (undisturbed) samples for Water retention at: selected properties. Methods used for soi1 sampling 10 cm H20, 50 cm Hz0 3.4 84-035 and analyses are outlined in the ‘Analytical Methods 33 kPa, 1500 kPa 3.4 84-036 Manual 1984, Land Resource Research Institute’ 97 Soil Name Baie Du Vin (Bv), moderately shallow to bedrock, ortstein phase Sample No. GI/77 Soi1 Subgroup Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol Map Unit Bv(mi) Location Boishebert Parent Material Marine Sand overlying grey-green sandstone bedrock Vegetation White spruce, jack pine, white pine, grass and herbaceous species (abandoned farmland) Latitude 47O 33’ 35” Longitude 640 55’ 07” Elevation 27 m Slope 2% Drainage Class Rapidly drained Aspect East Position Mid slone Permeability (USDA 1962) Very ra$d/rapid Stoniness SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description LF 5-o Black (10 YR 2/1 m) raw and semi-decomposedorganic matter; abundant roots; abrupt, smooth boundary. AP o-15 Brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/3 m) sandy loam; very fine granular; very friable; 2% gravel; abrupt, wavy boundary, pH 4.3. Ae 15-20 Pinkish gray (5 YR 6/2 m) loamy Sand; single grain; very friable; abundant roots; 2% gravel; abrupt, wavy boundary; pH 4.9. Bf 20-30 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6 m) loamy Sand; very fine granular; friable; abundant roots; 2% gravel; gradua1boundary; pH 4.9. Bfcl 30-40 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8 m) fine Sand; massive; very fïrm; very few, fine roots; 2% of gravel; diffuse boundary; pH 5.3. Bfc2 40-55 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4 m) fine Sand; massive; very firm; very few, fine roots; 2% gravel; diffuse boundary; pH 5.4. BC 55-80 Reddish brown (2.5 YR 4/4 m) sandy loam; single grain; friable; 10% gravel; diffuse boundary; pH 5.2. C 80-95 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/4 m) gravelly mairne Sandwith weathered sandstone R 95+ Sandstonebedrock. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction % 96 Hori- Depth Org vc c M F VF Total 9i w Tex. PIO3 lb0 Ca Mg pH 7.0” (cm) Mat Silt Clay Glass lblac Iblac lb/ac lblac AP o-15 2 6 31 30 6 75 15 10 SL 55 100 160 28 4.3 Ae 15-20 1.1 3 6 32 31 7 79 14 1 L.5 78 20 452 60 4.9 Bf 20-30 3.1 5 7 34 35 3 a4 0 16 Ls 39 52 152 16 4.9 Bfcl 30-m 2 4 31 54 4 95 0 5 FS 27 36 164 16 5.3 Bfc2 40-55 1 2 33 62 2 100 0 0 FS 78 28 140 8 5.4 BC 55-80 6 9 29 27 3 74 19 7 SL 211 32 136 8 5.2 vc Very Coarse 2-1 mm C Coarse l-0.5 mm 0.5-0.25 mm if Kiiurn 0.25-0.1 mm VF Very Fine 0.1405 mm 98 Soil Name Baie Du Vii (Bv), moderately shallow to bedrock, ortstein phase Sample No. G3/76 Soil Subgroup Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol Map Unit Bv(mi) Location Saint Leolin Parent Material Marine sand overlying grey-green sandstone bedrock Vegetation Grass species, herbaceous species, white spruce Latitude 47O 46’ 45” Longitude 65O 09’ 38” Elevation 28 m Slope 2% Drainage Glass Rapidly drained Aspect West Position Crest Permeability (USDA 1962) Very rapidlrapid Stoniness SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION -, Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP o-15 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3/4 m) sandy loam; weak, fine, granular; loose; plentiful, fine and very fine roots; less than 5 % coarse fragments; abrupt, smooth boundary; pH 4.7. Ae 15-18 Pinkish grey (5 YR 7/2 m) loam; single grain; loose; very few, very fine mots; clear, irregular boundary ; pH 5.1. Bfc 18-27 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8 m) and dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3/8 m) sandy clay loam; massive; very fïrm; very few fine mots; 5% coarse fragments; clear, wavy boundary; pH 4.6. Bflcj 27-45 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 414 m) sandy loam and olive brown (2.5 Y 414 m) loamy Sand;single grain; loose; very few, very fine mots; 20% coarse fragments; gradua1wavy boundary; pH 5.1. C 45-70 Dark grayish brown (2.5 Y 4/2 m) gravelly Sand; 50% coarse fragments of weathered bedrock. R 70+ Olive brown sandstonebedrock. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction % 96 Hori-zon Depth Org vc c M F VF Total 96 % Tex. PZOJ KAI Ca Mg PH (cm) Mat Silt Clay Glass Ib/ac Ib/ac Iblac lblac AP o-15 3.4 1 7 34 23 6 71 17 12 SL 41 56 320 40 4.1 Ae 15-18 1 4 10 24 6 45 45 10 L 14 20 712 116 5.1 Bfc 18-27 4.1 2 11 32 19 3 61 10 23 SCL 85 40 476 60 4.6 Btjcj 27-45 2 12 45 23 4 86 7 7 Ls 176 40 176 8 5.1 vc Very Coarse 2-1 mm C Coarse l-O.5 mm M 0.5-0.25 mm F kKum 0.25-0.1 mm VF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm PHYSICAL ANALYSIS 96 Water Retention by Weight Horizon Dept. 5% lOcm% 50cm% 33 kPa 1500 kPa Bulk % Total % Micro 96 Macro Cm. Sac. Moist. Moist. 46 % Density Pore Pores Pores Moist. Moist. Moist. glcm’ Spacc AP o-15 45.4 43.7 28.2 17.7 5.9 1.12 57.6 19.8 37.9 Bfjcj 27-45 31.3 34.6 22.0 17.5 1.5 1.26 52.6 21.9 30.7 C 45-70 30.4 25.9 12.1 9.0 3.1 1.44 45.7 13.0 32.7 99 . . Soil Name Baie Du Vin (Bv), moderately shallow to bedrock, fme textured phase Sample No. G1/78 Soi1 Subgroup Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Map Unit Bv(rnf) Location Ev&g&ne Parent Material Marine loamy material overlying sandstone bedrock Vegetation Balsam fir, white pine, fems, blueberries, grass and herbaceous species fabandoned farmland) Latitude 470 41’ 41” ’ Longitude 64O 48’ 15” Elevation Slope 2; Drainage Class Well drained Aspect south Position Crest l?;om?;;ility (USDA 1962) Very rapid/rapid SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP o-9 Greyish brown (10 YR 5/2 m) fine sandy loam; weak, tïne, granular; very friable; abundant, medium and fine roots; less than 5 % coarse fragments; abrupt, smooth boundary; pH 4.7. Ae 9-20 White (5 YR 8/1 m) loamy Sand;single grain; loose; few, medium and fine roots; clear, irregular boundary; pH 4.5. Bf (Bfc) 20-40 Yellowish red (5 YR 4/5 m) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular; very friable; ortstein - 25 % of horizon, very firm, 10 cm thick; plentiful fine roots; less than 5 % coarse fragments; graduai, wavy boundary; pH 4.9. BC 40-69 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/3 m) loamy Sand;weak, medium granular; abundant, fine roots; 20% coarse fragments; clear, wavy boundary; pH 5.1. C 69-90 Dark reddish brown (5 Y 3/3 m) gravelly sandy loam; structureless;abundant fine roots to 90 cm; pH 5.1. R 90+ Sandstonebedrock. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction 96 96 Hori- Deoth Ore vc c M F VF TOt.4 96 w Tex. PZO, K4 Ca Mg PH ZOll (cm) Mat Silt Clay Glass Iblac lblac lblac lblac AD o-9 5.4 1 2 21 32 11 61 19 14 FSL 238 140 464 96 4.7 Aé 9-20 0 2 23 38 14 71 18 5 L.5 32 36 192 28 4.5 Bf 20-40 2.6 1 4 23 37 9 74 11 14 FSL 119 92 152 16 4.9 BC 40-69 3 8 37 25 8 81 11 8 L.s 163 48 144 8 5.1 C 69-N 0 3 35 25 11 74 17 9 SL 222 76 136 32 5.1 vc Very Coarse 2-1 mm C Coarse l-O.5 mm M Medium 0.5-0.25 mm Fine 0.25-0.1 mm FF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm PHYSICAL ANALYSIS % Water Retention by Weigbt Dept. 96 lOcm% 50cm% 33 kPa 1500 kPa Bulk 96 Total % Micro % Macro Horizon Cm. Sat. Moisr. Moist. % % Density Pore Pores Pores Moist. Moist. Moist. glcm’ Space AP O-9 86.6 12.3 40.7 29.8 8.3 0.70 73.6 20.8 52.8 Bf 20-40 52.3 49.1 29.8 21.7 10.9 1.05 60.5 22.6 37.9 BC 40-69 31.0 30.2 19.4 14.5 5.6 1.35 49.0 19.5 29.5 C 69-90 34.0 32.0 24.0 18.2 4.0 1.29 51.2 23.5 27.7 100 Soil Name Barrieau (Ba) Sample No. WI77 Soil Subgroup Podzolic Gray Luvisol Map Unit Ba Location Saint Pons Parent Material Loamy marine deposits overlying lodgment till Vegetation Po~lar, balsam fir, red maple, white birch, bracken fem (abandoned farmland) Latitude 47O 28’ 15” Longitude 640 57’ 20” Elevation 15 m Slope 1% Drainage Class Well drained Aspect East Position Mid slope Perrneability (USDA 1962) Very rapid/slow Stoniness SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description LH 2-o Black (10 YR 2/1 m) raw and semi-decomposedorganic matter. AP o-5 Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/2 m) loam; moderate, fine granular; very friable; plentiful, coarse and abundant fine and very fine roots; abrupt, wavy boundary, pH 4.4. Ae S-10 Pinkish gray (5 YR 6/2 m) sandy loam; single grain; very friable; abundant, very fine roots; abrupt, broken boundary, pH 4.4. Bf 10-30 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6 m) sandy loam; weak, fine granular; friable; plentiful, fine and very fine roots; gradual, broken boundary; pH 4.5. W 30-45 Brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/3 m) sandy loam; single grain; friable; common, very thin clay films; few, fine to very fine roots; diffuse, wavy boundary; pH 4.7. IIBt 45-55 Brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/3 m) sandy clay loam; strong, medium angular blocky; firm; common, very thin clay films; few, very fine roots; few coarse fragments; diffuse, wavy boundary; pH 4.6. IIC 55-l 10 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/3 m) sandy clay loam; medium, angular blocky; very firm; few, fine roots; pH 4.8. R 110+ Sandstonebedrock PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction 96 96 Hori- Depth Org vc c M F VF Total W Tex. PIOS Kzo Ca Mg pH ZO” (cm) Mat si11 Clay‘R, ChSS Ib/ac Iblac lblac lblac AP O-5 6.7 0 2 16 22 11 51 31 18 L 41 132 700 140 4.4 Ae 5-10 0 3 17 24 14 58 33 9 SL 3-l 28 160 24 4.4 Bf 10-30 3.3 2 5 17 19 10 53 29 18 SL 46 84 224 28 4.5 BI 30-45 4 7 19 21 10 61 22 17 SL 62 100 132 16 4.7 11 Bt 45-55 1 4 15 26 13 59 10 31 SCL 46 84 92 12 4.6 II c 55-110 1 4 13 27 14 59 7 34 SCL 179 112 160 32 4.8 vc Very Coarse 2-l mm Coarse l-o.5 mm M Medium 0.5-0.25 mm Fine 0.25-0.1 mm FrF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm 101 Soil Name Barrieau (Ba), moderately shallow to beclrock Sample No. G3/78 Soi1 Subgroup Podzolic Gray Luvisol Map Unit Wm) Location Saint Simon Parent Material Marine Sand overlying loamy lodgment till Vegetation Trembling aspen, tamarack, red spruce, spirea, ferns (abandoned farmland) Latitude 47=’ 43’ 52” Longitude 640 49’ 00” Elevation Slope 2; Drainage Class Well drained Aspect south Position Crest Permeability (USDA 1962) Rapid/slow Stoniness SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP O-18 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3/4 m) loamy Sand; very weak, fine, granular; very friable; abundant, medium and fine roots; 10% gravel; abrupt, smooth boundary; pH 4.7. Ae 18-25 Light brownish gray (10 YR 6.5/2 m) fine sandy loam; very weak, fine, platy; very friable; plentifùl, fine roots; abrupt, broken boundary; pH 4.5. Bf 25-32 Strong brown (7.5 YR 416 m) sandy loam; weak, fine and medium granular; very friable; plentiful, fine roots; 10% coarse fragments; clear, broken boundary; pH 4.9. II Btl 32-40 Reddish brown (5 YR 414 m) gravelly sandy clay loam, moderate, fine subangular blocky; fïrm; common, very thin clay films; few, fine mots; 20% coarse fragments; diffuse, wavy boundary; pH 4.9. II Bt2 40-100 Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/4 m) gravelly clay loam; weak, medium and coarse subangular blocky; very finn; common, thin clay films; few, fine roots to 80 cm; clear, wavy boundary; pH 4.8. R 100+ Light olive brown sandstone. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction % % Hori- Depth Org vc c M F VF Total 96 Tex. PIO3 KZO Ca Mg PH ZOtl (cm) Mat Silt Clay’ Class Iblac Iblac 1 blac 1 blac AP O-18 2.8 ------_ _ _ 101 96 428 44 4.7 Ae 18-25 1 3 33 30 9 76 16 8 FSL 14 44 268 36 4.5 Bf 25-32 1.7 3 8 33 25 7 76 9 15 SL 11 48 120 12 4.9 II Btl 32-40 1 3 18 18 8 48 27 25 SCL 21 80 252 36 4.9 II Bt2 40-100 1 3 11 16 9 40 26 34 CL 174 154 300 300+ 4.8 vc Vety Coarse 2-1 mm C Coarse l-O.5 mm Medium 0.5-0.25 mm F Fine 0.25-0.1 mm VF Vcry Fine 0.1-0.05 mn PHYSICAL ANALYSIS W Water Retention by wei@t Horizon Dept. 96 IOcmW 50cm 76 33 kPa 1500 kPa. Bulk 96 Total 96 Micro 96 Macro Cm. Sac. Mois[. Moist. 96 w Density Pore Pores Pores Moist. Moist. Moist. glcm’ Spacc AP O-18 52.3 48.7 35.8 21.7 6.6 1.06 60.0 23.0 36.9 Bf 25-32 40.5 38.4 29.5 23.3 10.9 1.25 52.9 28.9 23.9 II Bt2 40-100 23.8 21.8 19.0 16.6 10.0 1.63 38.4 21.2 11.2 102 -, Soil Name Buctouche (Bu), moderately shallow to bedrock Sample No. G7/76 Soi1 Subgroup Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Map Unit Bu(m) Location Petit Paquetville _z Parent Material Marine Sand overlying loamy lodgrnent till, shallow to bedrock Vegetation Grass and herbaceous species, white pine, red spruce (abandoned farmland) ._ Latitude 470 41’ 47” Longitude 65O 05’ 30” Elevation 35 m Slope 5% -, Drainage Class Well drained Aspect East ‘__ Position Crest -- J?;om?;;ility (USDA 1962) Rapid/moderately rapid SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION ,_ Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP o-15 Dark brown (10 YR 4/3 m) fine sandy loam; single grain; very friable; few medium and abundant, fine and very fine roots; 5% gravel; abrupt, wavy boundary; pH 4.7. Ae 15-30 Light brownish gray (10 YR 6.5/2 m) sandy loam; single grain; very friable; few medium and plentiful, fine and very fine roots; 5% gravel; abrupt, irregular boundary; pH 5.0. Bf (Bfc) 30-50 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6 m) and dark brown (10 YR 3/3/ m) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular or massive; very friable or very firm; plentiful, fine and very fine roots; 5% gravel; clear, wavy boundary; pH 5.0. BC 50-68 Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4 m) sandy loam; weak subangular blocky; friable; few, fine and very fine roots; 10% gravel; abrupt, irregular boundary; pH 5.2. II c 68-100 Dark reddish grey (5 YR 4/2 m) gravelly sandy clay loam; medium subangular blocky; tïrm; few, very thin clay skins along ped surfaces; very few, fine and very fine roots; clear, wavy boundary; pH 5.1. R 100+ Sandstonebedrock. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction 96 46 vc c M. F VF Total Hori- Depth 04 96 w Tea. PtO5 KZO Ca Mg PH ZOll (cm) Mat Silt Clay Glass Iblac lblac Iblac lblac AP O-15 3.8 0 4 30 34 7 75 12 13 FSL 31 60 212 40 4.1 Ae 15-30 0 2 31 15 7 55 38 1 SL 17 20 252 16 5.0 Bf (Bfc) 30-50 2.9 3 6 26 33 10 78 9 13 FL5 133 28 236 8 5.0 BC 50-68 1 7 26 26 10 70 19 11 SL 53 32 124 a 5.2 IIC 68-100 0 5 26 24 a 63 17 20 SCL 128 100 380 140 5.1 vc g;;s;oar= 2-l mm l-O.5 mm M 0.5-0.25 mm F K:i”m 0.25-0.1 mm VF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm PHYSICAL ANALYSIS 96 Water Retention by weight Horizon Depr. 5% 10cmW 50 cm 96 33 kPa 1500 kPa. Bulk 96 Total 46 Micro W Macro Cm. Sat. Moist. Mois<. % % Density Pore Pores Pores Moist. Moist. Moist. gtcm’ Space AP o-15 49.5 46.0 30.0 19.3 5.5 1.oa 59.2 20.9 38.3 Ae 15-30 41.2 40.2 22.7 13.7 1.3 1.21 54.2 16.6 31.5 Bf (Bfc) 30-50 38.0 36.0 24.1 18.0 1.5 1.28 51.8 23.1 28.7 BC 50-68 21.9 21.7 15.6 11.7 4.1 1.57 40.6 18.5 22.1 IIC 68-100 16.1 15.5 12.5 10.2 5.0 1.77 33.3 18.1 15.2 103 Soil Name Gagetown (Gt) Sample No. G6/76 yPs;yyP Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Location hint Paul Parent Material Marine coarse stratified beach deposit Vegetation Beech, white birch, maple Latitude 47O 47’ 53” Longitude 65” 08’ 38” Elevation 17 m Slope 4% Drainage Class Rapidly drained Aspect south Position Crest Fkomg;fity (USDA 1962) Very rapid SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description L-H 2-o Black (10 YR 2/1 m) semi-decomposedorganic matter; abrupt, smooth boundary. Ae O-10 Light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2 m) sandy loam; single grain; loose; plentiful, medium and fine roots; 15% gravel; clear, wavy boundary; pH 4.8. Bf 10-25 Strong brown (7.5 YR 3/6 m) sandy loam; single grain loose; plentiful, fine roots; 15% gravel; graduai, wavy boundary; pH 4.7. BC 25-50 Strong brown (7.5 YR 3/4 m) gravelly sandy loam; single grain; loose; few fine plentiful, very fine roots; diffuse boundary; pH 4.9. C 50+ Strong brown (7.5 YR 3/4 m); very gravelly Sand;single grain; loose; pH 5.0. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction 96 % Hori- Depth Org vc C M F VF Total % 48 Tex. PI03 K?O Ca Mg PH zen (cm) Mat Silt Clay Glass Ib/ac Iblac 1 blac lblac Ae O-10 0.9 6 12 29 20 6 13 13 14 SL 41 24 128 20 4.8 Bf 10-25 3.0 11 19 34 13 4 81 5 14 SL 366 56 100 24 4.1 BC 25-50 37 14 11 7 5 74 14 12 SL 311 64 96 36 4.9 C 50+ 284 72 208 100 5.0 vc Very Coarse 2-1 mm C Coarse 0.5 mm 0.5-0.25 mm F i%:‘“” 0.25-0.1 mm VF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm PHYSICAL ANALYSIS 96 Water Retention by Wcight Horizon Dept. % lOcm% SOcm% 33 kPa 1500 kPa Bulk % Total 96 Micro 96 Macro Cm. Sat. Moist. Moist. 96 % Density Pore Pores Pores Moist. Moist. Moist. @cm Space BC 25-50 21.3 20.6 13.1 11.2 4.9 1.48 44.1 16.6 21.5 104 Soil Name Harcourt (Ht), moderately shallow to bedrock Sample No. G4/74 Soi1 Subgroup Podzolic Gray Luvisol Map Unit Ht(m) Location Paquetville Parent Material Loamy ablation till overlying fine loamy lodgment till and sandstone bedrock Vegetation p;Oyi5red spruce, white birch, trembling poplar (abandoned farmland) Latitude Longitude 65O 08’ 57” Elevation 77 m Slope 5% Drainage Class Well drained Aspect south Position Crest Permeability (USDA 1962) Rapidlslow Stoniness SO MORF’HOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP o-5 Dark brown (7.5 YR 4/2 m) loam; weak, medium granular; very friable; plentiful, medium and fine roots; 5% coarse fragments; abrupt, smooth boundary; pH 4.4. Ae 5-12 Pinkish gray (7.5 YR 6/2 m) sandy clay loam; weak, fine platy; loose; plentiful, medium and fine roots; clear, irregular boundary; pH 4.3. Bf 12-25 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3.5/5 m) clay loam; weak, fine granular; very friable; plentiful, fine roots; diffuse boundary; pH 4.5. IIBt 25-40 Yellowish red (5 YR 6/3 m) clay loam; moderate, medium, subangular blocky; firm; common, very thin clay skins along ped surfaces; very few, fine mots; 10% coarse fragments; diffuse boundary, pH 4.5. IIC 40-85 Yellowish red (5 YR 4/3 m) clay loam; moderate, coarse subangular blocky; very Cm; very few, fine mots; 10% coarse fragments; clear boundary; pH 4.6. R 85+ Olive brown sandstone bedrock PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction % w Hori- Deprh erg vc C M F VF Tata w % Tex. P2Oi m Ca Mg pH ZOII (cm) Mat Silt Clay Glass Iblac Iblac lblac lblac AP 0.5 3.6 1 3 14 18 9 45 35 20 L 64 136 264 68 4.4 Ae 5-12 1 4 18 22 9 54 21 25 SCL 27 56 212 60 4.3 Bf 12-25 2.3 1 3 13 16 7 40 31 29 CL 39 104 188 28 4.5 11 Br 25-40 1 3 10 14 8 36 30 33 CL 46 140 148 40 4.5 Il c 40-85 1 2 12 13 7 35 26 39 CL 224 236 248 116 4.6 vc b&y$ars 2-l mm C l-0.5 mm 0.5-0.25 mm F ~~~iom 0.25-Q. 1 mm VF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm 105 Soil Name Mount Hope (Mh), grading to Stony Brook Sample No. G5/76 Soil Subgroup Fera Luvic Gleysol Map Unit Mh Location Haut Paquetville Parent Material Clayey lodgment till Vegetation Red clover, timothy , fescue Latitude 47“ 39’ 27” Longitude 65O 10’ 17” Elevation 63 m Slope 3% Drainage Glass Poorly drained Aspect West Position Mid slope Peomx;ility (USDA 1962) Slow/very slow SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP O-10 Very dark grayish brown (10 YR 312 m) loam; few, fîne, faint mottles; weak, medium granular; siightly plastic, slightly sticky; few, fine and medium roots; less than 5% coarse fragments; abrupt, smooth boundary; pH 5.6. Bgf 10-25 Strong brown (7.5 YR 516 m) clay loam; common, fine, prominent brownish yellow (10 YR 6/8 m) mottles; weak, fine granular; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few, fine and very few, medium roots; less than 5 % coarse fragments; clear, wavy boundary, pH 4.9. Btgl 25-55 Light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2 m) clay loam; many, prominent, strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6 m) mottles; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky; thin clay films along ped surfaces; very few, fine roots; 10% coarse fragments; graduai, wavy boundary; pH 4.8. Btg2 55-70 Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3 m) clay loam; many, prominent, olive yellow (5 YR 6/2 m) mottles; moderate, medium, subangular blocky; very fïrm; few, thin, clay films along ped surfaces; very few, fine and very fine roots; 10% coarse fragments; gradual, wavy boundary; pH 4.8. cg 70+ Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3 m) heavy clay; massive; very firm; pH 5.8 PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction 96 96 Hori- Deprh -2 % Tex. PZOl K20 Ca Mg PH zen (cm) Mat VC C M F VF Total silt Clay% Class Iblac Iblac Ib/ac lblac AP O-10 6.0 1 2 10 18 11 42 30 28 L 10 88 2160 80 5.6 W 10-25 0 2 8 17 12 39 29 31 CL 10 56 428 24 4.9 Brgl 25-55 0 1 5 14 16 36 32 32 CL 10 140 332 48 4.8 Brg2 55-70 0 1 9 15 11 36 31 33 CL 96 164 1012 200 4.8 Cg 70+ 0 0 0 1 1 2 36 62 HC 23 300+ 4ooo+ 300+ 5.8 vc Very Coarse 2-1 mm Coarse 1-0.5mm M Medium 0.5-0.25 mm F Fine 0.25-0.1 mm VF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm 106 Soil Name Moud Hope, (Mh) Sample No. G8/76 Soi1 Subgroup Podzolic Gray Luvisol Map Unit Mh Location Rang Saint-Georges Parent Mater& Clayey lodgment till Vegetation 47O 39’ 13” Longitude 615~05’ 40” Elevation 58 m Slope 3% Drainage Class Weil drained Aspect North Position Mid slope Permeability (USDA 1962) Rapidlslow Stoniness SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description L-F 5-o Very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2 m) raw and semi-decomposedfor-est fitter; abrupt, smooth boundary. AP o-5 Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3 m) loam; moderate, fine granular; very friable; plentiful, coarse and abundant, medium and fine mots; 5 % gravel; abrupt, smooth boundary; pH 4.6. Ae S-10 Pinkish gray (5 YR 6/2 m) loam; weak, fine platy; very friable; abundant, fine and very fine roots; 5% gravel; clear, irregular boundary, pH 4.5. Bf 10-25 Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6 m) loam; moderate, medium granular; plentifûl, very fine and few, fine mots; 5 % gravel; clear, wavy boundary; pH 4.3. Bt 25-55 Reddish brown (5 YR 414 m) gravelly clay loam; strong, coarse subangular blocky; fïrm; few, fine and very fine roots; clear, wavy boundary; pH 4.4. c 55-150 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/4 m) gravelly clay loam; moderate, medium subangular blocky; very fïrm; few, fine and very fine roots; diffuse, wavy boundary; pH 4.6. R 150 Sandstonebedrock. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction W 96 Hori- Deoth Ore vc C M F VF Total 96 96 Tex. PsOs KzO Ca Mg PH 20” (ch Mat Silt Clay CIass fb/ac Ib/ac 1 blac 1b/;c AP O-5 1.8 0 2 9 16 10 37 39 24 L 156 228 216 80 4.6 Ae 5-10 0 2 11 20 12 45 44 11 L 64 64 240 48 4.5 Bf 10-25 2.0 0 1 7 14 10 32 42 25 L 13 84 144 44 4.3 Bt 25-55 0 1 6 14 12 33 31 36 CL 460+ 160 108 28 4.4 C 55-150 0 1 9 14 12 36 30 34 CL 110 156 96 36 4.6 PHYSICAL ANALYSIS % Water Retention by Weight H0ri20tl Dept. 5% lOcm% 50 cm % 33 kPa 1500 kPa Bulk 96 Total % Micro 96 Macro Cm. Sat. Moist. Moi?s. 5% w Density Pore Pores Pores Moist. Moist. Moist. glcm’ Space AP o-5 38.7 33.7 26.1 21.0 8.15 1.22 53.9 25.1 28.8 Bf 10-25 32.8 21.2 23.1 20.6 13.55 1.34 49.6 27.5 22.1 107 Soil Name Reece (Re), grading to Harcourt Sample No. G1/76 Soi1 Subgroup Podzolic Gray Luvisol Map Unit Re - Location Notre Dame des Érables Parent Material Coarse loamy ablation till over fme loamy lodgment till Vegetation Grass species, clover, various herbaceous species Latitude 47O 38’ 26” Longitude 650 14’ 50” Elevation 92 m Slope 2% Drainage Class Well drained Aspect Southeast Position Mid slope Permeability (USDA 1962) Rapidklow Stoniness SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP O-10 Dark brown (10 YR 413 m) sandy loam; weak, medium granular; very friable; plenty, fine and very fine roots; 10% coarse fragments; abrupt, smooth boundary; pH 5.7. Ae 10-20 Light brownish gray (10 YR 612 m) loam; single grain; loose; plentiful, fine and very fine roots; clear, irregular boundary; pH 5.6. Bf 20-30 Yellowish brown (10 YR 518 m) sandy clay loam; very weak, medium granular; slightly plastic, sticky; few, fine and very fine roots, graduai boundary; pH 4.6. IIBtl 30-45 Dark brown (10 YR 4/3 m) clay loam; moderate, mexlium subangular bloc@; slight sticky, non plastic; common, thin clay films along ped surfaces; few, fine and very fine roots; diffise boundary; pH 4.7. IIBt2 45-60 Dark brown (7.5 YR 4/4 m) sandy clay loam; strong, coarse subangular blocky; flrm; very many thin clay films along ped surfaces; very few, very fine roots; 20% coarse fragments; diffuse boundary; pH 4.6. IIC 60+ Dark brown (7.5 YR 4/3 m) sandy clay loam; firm; massive; pH 4.9. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction % w Hori- Depth erg vc c M F VF Total w 96 Tex. P20, KO Ca Mg PH zon (cm) Mat Silt Clay Glass Iblac lb/ac 1 b/ac lb/ac AP O-10 4.0 1 4 21 23 8 57 26 17 SL 82 188 1280 188 5.7 Ae 10-20 1 10 8 21 6 46 46 8 L 30 24 808 92 5.6 Bf 20-30 2.2 1 4 19 19 8 51 26 23 SCL 85 64 264 24 4.6 II Btl 3045 1 2 13 17 6 39 29 32 CL 18 136 268 80 4.7 II Bt2 45-60 1 2 16 23 7 49 24 27 SCL 5 132 280 72 4.6 II c 60+ 1 1 20 20 7 49 26 25 SCL 87 104 632 300+ 4.9 vc VeryCoarse 2-1 mm Coarse l-o.5 mm M 0.5-0.25 mm F kEiurn 0.25-0.1 mm VF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm PHYSICAL ANALYSIS 96 Water Retention by Weight Horizon Dept. 96 1Ocm 96 50 cm 96 33 kPa 1500 kPa Bulk W Total 96 Micro 96 Macro Cm. Sat. Moist. Moist. w 9i Densiry Pore Pores Pores Mois~. Moist. Moisr. gkm’ Space AP O-10 41.6 33.8 28.9 22.7 6.03 1.20 54.6 27.3 27.3 Bf 20-30 47.1 42.3 35.3 28.0 7.37 1.14 57.2 29.7 23.0 II Btl 3045 23.7 21.4 18.7 16.0 7.23 1.58 40.5 25.2 15.3 IIBt2 45-60 20.2 17.9 16.0 14.4 11.79 1.68 36.7 24.1 12.6 II c 60+ 13.8 13.7 12.9 12.0 8.20 1.90 28.4 22.8 5.6 108 Soil Name Richibucto (Rb) Sample No. G2/78 Soi1Subgroup EEyed Humo-Ferric Podzol Map Unit Location Inkerman Parent Material Stratified, sandy marine deposit Vegetation Black spruce, tamarack, alder, ferns Latitude 470 40’ 50” Longitude 64” 48’ 00” Elevation 5m Slope 1% Drainage Glass Poorly drained Aspect South Position Mid slone Permeability (USDA 1962) F$pid 1 Stoniness MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description LF 4-o Black (10 YR 2/1 m) raw and semidecomposed organic matter; very friable; abundant, fine and medium roots; abrupt, smooth boundary. Ae O-6 Light gray (10 YR 711 m) sandy loam; moderate, medium platy; very friable; plentiful, fine mots; abrupt, wavy boundary; pH 4.3. Bfgl 6-14 Very dark brown (7.5 YR 2/2 m) sandy loam; few, fine prominent; strong brown (7.5 YR 516 m) moules; weak, medium granular; friable; abundant, fine roots; 15% gravel; clear, wavy boundary, pH 4.6. B fg2 14-18 Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/1 m) gravelly loamy Sand; common, meclium, prominent(7.5 YR 518 m) motdes; weak, medium granular; friable; common, very thin clay films, plentiful, fine mots; graduai, wavy boundary; pH 5.1. Bfj M-30 Reddish brown (2.5 YR 4/4 m) gravelly sandy loam; single grain; friable; common, very thin ciay films; plentiful, fine roots; diffuse, wavy boundary; pH 4.9. BC 30-40 Reddish brown (2.5 YR 4/4 m) gravelly loamy Sand; weak, meditmt subangular blocky; iüm; few, fine roots; clear, wavy boundary; pH 5.0. Cl 40-70 Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/4 m) gravelly loamy Sand; singfe grain; loose; clear, wavy boundary; pH 6.2. C? 70-85 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/4 m) gravelly clay; massive; sticky, plastic; clear, wavy boundary; pH 6.7. c3 85+ Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3 m) gravelly loamy Sand; single grain; loose; pH 7.3. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction 46 Hori- Depth 96 VC C M. F VF TOtal 46 w Tex. PZO, KO Ca Mg PH ZO” (cm) Org Silt Clay Ch.% Ib/ac Ib/ac lblac 1blac Mat Ae O-6 1.3 1 3 23 21 13 61 22 11 SL 14 20 40 20 4.3 Bfgl 6-14 6.4 1 6 25 24 7 63 19 18 SL 78 44 100 16 4.6 Bfg2 14-18 0.8 4 8 31 30 8 81 9 10 Ls 14 44 144 8 5.1 W 18-30 1 4 29 28 11 73 18 9 SL 105 32 108 8 4.9 BC 30-40 2 8 35 29 9 83 8 9 Ls 156 44 188 40 5.0 Cl 40-70 1 3 40 45 2 91 1 9 Is 62 60 992 144 6.2 c2 70-85 2 1 10 16 4 33 26 41 C 27 200 2540 288 6.7 c3 85+ 1 4 32 47 3 87 5 8 I..s 23 76 1156 84 7.3 vc Very Coarse 2-1 mm C coarse l-O.5 mm 0.5-0.25 mm Y EEium 0.2S-O.l mm VF Vety Fine 0.1-0.05 mm PHYSICAL ANALY SIS % Water Retention by weight Horizon Dept. 96 lOcm% 50cmW 33 kPa 1500 kPa. Bulk W Total 96 Micro % Macro Cm. Sat. Moist. Moist. w 5% Density Pore Pores Pores Moist. Moist. Moist. glcm’ Space Bf8Z 14-18 33.2 33.2 23.3 16.1 3.9 1.35 49.0 21.8 27.3 BC 30-40 23.0 22.1 14.2 10.7 3.0 1.53 42.2 16.4 25.8 Cl 40-70 24.6 22.2 12.7 10.9 2.3 1.53 42.2 16.7 25.4 c2 m-85 19.5 19.1 18.8 18.3 14.1 1.74 31.7 - 109 Sd Name Richibucto (Rb), ortsteiu phase Sample No. G4/78 Soi1 Subgroup Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol Map Unit Rh(i) Location Haut Caraquet Parent Material Well-sorted, stratifîed, sandy marine deposit Vegetation White spruce, trembling aspen, white birch, white pine, jack pine (abandoned farmland) Latitude 47O 45’ 35” Longitude 65O 01’ 38” Elevation 30 m Slope 8% Drainage Class Rapidly drained Aspect Southwest Position Mid slope l$o~~;~~ity (USDA 1962) Rapid SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP O-8 Dark brown (10 YR 313 m) loarny Sand;weak fine granular; very friable; abundant, medium and fine roots; 5% gravel; clear, wavy boundary; pH 4.8. Ae 8-25 Light brownish gray (10 YR 612 m) loamy sand; single grain: very friable; plentiful, fine and very fine roots; 5% gravel; clear, wavy boundary; pH 4.3. Bf 25-45 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6 m) sandy loam; very weak, fine granular; very friable; abundant, fine and very fine roots; 5% gravel; clear, wavy boundary, pH 5.1. Bfc 45-55 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6 m) sandy loam; extremely hard; abundant very fine roots; 10% gravel; gradual, wavy boundary; pH 5.3. C 55-100 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/4 m) Sand;single grain; loose; few, very fine roots; 10% gravel; pH 5.4. PARTICLE SIZE AN-D CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction 96 96 Hori- Depth erg vc c M F VF Total 96 96 Tex. P1Oi K20 Ca Mg PH zen (cm) Mat Silt Clay Glass Iblac lblac Ib/ac Ib/ac AP O-8 3.0 1 6 38 28 7 80 11 9 Ls 174 152 300 300+2 4.8 Ae a-25 1 7 41 24 7 80 16 4 Ls 21 36 180 0 4.3 Bf 25-45 0.9 2 10 40 21 5 78 12 10 SL 11 60 120 20 5.1 Bfc 45-55 1.4 2 11 42 21 4 80 9 11 SL 37 52 180 48 5.3 C 55-100 0 4 41 42 4 91 4 5 S 156 28 124 24 5.4 vc p-yFoar= 2-1 mm C 14.5 mm 0.5-0.25 mm P ~Mi"" 0254.1 mm -- VF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm -’ PHYSICAL ANALYSIS v X Water Retention by weight Horizon Depr. 5% lOcm% 50cm 96 33 kPa 1500 kPa. Bulk 96 Total 96 Micro W Macro Cm. Sat. Mois[. Mois~ 96 46 Density Pore Pores Pores Mois[. Moist. Moisc. glcm’ Space Bf 25-45 35.5 35.3 21.2 15.4 6.9 1.31 50.6 20.1 30.5 Bfc 45-55 28.1 26.8 13.4 10.3 8.6 1.44 45.7 14.9 30.8 - 110 Soil Name Sunbury (Sn) Sample No. G2/76 Soil Subgroup $$II~ Humo-Ferric Podzol Map Unit Location Notre Dame des Erables Parent Material Stony ablation till overlying sandstone bedrock Vegetation Grass and herbaceous species Latitude 470 38’ 44” Longitude 65O 08’ 30” Elevation 83 m Slope 4% Drainage Class Rapidly drained Aspect Southwest Position Mid slope ;;om$;ility (USDA 1962) Very rapid/rapid Sl MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP o-25 Dark brown (10 YR 3/3 m) sandy loam; weak, fine granular; non sticky, non plastic; plentihtl, fine and very fine roots; 20% coarse fragments; abrupt, smooth boundaty; pH 4.6. ‘V Ae 25-35 Light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2 m) sandy loam; single grain, non sticky, non plastic; few fine and very fine roots; 10% coarse fragments; clear, irregular boundary; pH 4.7. Bf 35-50 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8 m) gravelly sandy loam; single grain, non sticky, non plastic; few, fine and very fine roots; 25 % coarse fragments; gradua1boundary; pH 4.8. BC 50-70 Yellowish brown (10 YR S/6 m) gravelly fine sandy loam; single grain: loose; - very few, very fine roots; 40% coarse fragments; gradua1boundary, pH 4.9. - C 70-100 Olive brown (2.5 YR 4/4 m) gravelly loamy Sand; friable;, structureless;pH 4.9. R 100-t Olive brown sandstonebedrock. PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES Sand Fraction % % Hori- Depth Org vc c M. F VF Total % % TW. PIOS K20 Ca Mg PH zen (cm) Ma1 Si$ Clay ChSS lblac Ib/ac lblac lblac AP o-25 5.0 1 6 25 24 6 62 26 12 SL 156 156 580 92 4.6 Ae 25-35 1 5 24 28 7 65 27 8 SL 30 25 248 24 4.7 Bf 35-50 2.5 2 8 31 22 5 68 16 16 SL 348 72 204 12 4.8 BC 50-70 1 6 31 31 9 78 12 10 SL 64 140 168 16 4.9 C 70-100 0 a 46 25 5 84 a 8 L.s 50 132 146 12 4.9 vc Vety Coarse 2-l mm C Coarse l-O.5 mm 0.5-0.25 mm F” EEium 0.25-0.1 mm VF Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm PHYSICAL ANALYSIS 96 Water Retention by Weight Horizon Dept. 46 10 cm w 50cm 96 33 kPa 1500 kPa Bulk 96 Total 46 Micro % Macro Cm. Sat. Moist. Moist. 46 % Density Pore Pores Pores Moist. Moist. Moist. ght’ Space AP O-25 44.4 38.2 29.6 24.5 8.1 1.14 57.1 27.9 29.2 Bf 35-50 36.0 33.3 23.4 17.6 9.0 1.30 51.1 22.7 28.4 BC 50-70 14.4 13.7 9.9 7.8 5.0 1.59 40.0 12.4 27.6 111 Soil Name Tracadie (Td), modal Sample No. G2/77 Soi1 Subgroup Orthic Luvic Gleysol Map Unit Td Location Alderwood Parent Material Clayey marine deposit Vegetation Poor hay stand Latitude 47O 31’ 40” Longitude 640 59’ 41” Elevation 20 m Slope 5% Drainage Class Poorly drained Aspect North Position Mid slope Permeability (USDA 1962) Rapid/very slow Stoniness SO MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP o-15 Brown (7.5 YR 4/4 m) sandy clay loam; medium granular; friable; abundant, fine roots; abrupt, smooth boundary; pH 5.4. AB 15-22 Brown (7.5 YR 4/4 m) clay loam; moderate, fine subangular blocky; plastic, sticky; abundant fine roots; gradual, wavy boundary; pH 5.0. Btjgj 22-32 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/3 m) clay loam; few fine, faint moules; strong, medium subangular blocky; plastic, sticky; few thin clay films on ped surfaces; few fine roots; graduai, wavy boundary; pH 4.9. Btg 32-45 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/4 m) silty clay; many medium prominent pale yellow (5 YR 713 m) and light greenish gray (5 GY 711 m) mottles; strong, coarse subangular blocky; plastic, sticky; common thin clay films on ped surfaces; few fine mots; graduai, wavy boundary; pH 4.6. cg 45-90 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/4 m) silty clay; many coarse prominent (5 G 7/2) mottles; strong subangular blocky; plastic, sticky; very few, fine roots; gradua1boundary; pH 4.8. C !JO+ Dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 3/4 m) silty clay; moderate subangular blocky; plastic, sticky; pH 6.2. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS Sand Fraction 96 96 HOri- Depth Org vc c M F VF Total % 46 Tex. PIO1 K22 Ca Mg PH zon (cm) Mat Silt Clay Glass lb/ac Iblac 1 b/ac 1 b/ac AP o-15 3.3 1 3 17 17 13 51 21 27 SCL 30 220 1640 260 5.4 AB 15-22 0 1 7 6 8 22 43 35 CL 25 124 848 152 5.0 Mg 22-32 0 1 4 5 11 21 45 34 CL 37 148 476 116 4.9 Bk? 32-45 0 0 1 2 5 8 45 4-l SIC 224 240 868 264 4.6 Cg 45-90 0 0 0 1 2 3 53 44 SIC 192 224 1024 300+ 4.8 C 90+ 0 0 2 1 5 8 52 40 SIC 25 268 2248 300+ 6.2 vc ;;cfayrseCoar= 2-1 mm l-o.5 mm M 0.5-0.25 mm :F El:i”m 0.25-0.1 mm Very Fine 0.1-0.05 mm 112 APPENDIX 3. EXI’LANATION OF SOIL AN-D LANDSCAPE PROPERTIES USED JN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY INTERPRETATIONS Canada Land Inventory (CLI) CIass 6. Soils in this class are capable only of producing perennial forage crops, and The two main categories in the CL1 capability improvement practices are not feasible. While classification system are: (1) the capability these soils have some natural capability to class, and (2) the capability subclass. sustain grazing, if not maintained, they rapidly revert back to forest. For this reason, no soils The capability class indicates the general are classified as Glass 6, but instead they have suitability of the soils for agricultural use. been classedas Class 7. There are seven capability classes: Glass 7. Soils in this class have no capability Class 1. Soils in this class have no significant for arable culture of common field crops or limitations in use for crops. Due to regional permanentpasture. climate limitations (insufficient heat units and low natural fertility) no Class 1 soiIs are found The subclass is a grouping of soils with similar in New Brunswick. kinds of limitations and hazards. It provides information on the kind of limitation or Class 2. Soils in this class have moderate conservationproblem. limitations that restrict the range of crops or require moderateconservation practices. Adverse climate (C) denotes inadequate heat for optimal growth, thus restricting the range Class 3. Soils in this class have moderately of crops that cari be grown. It is only used for severe limitations that restrict the range of Class 2 soils. crops or require special conservationpractices. Under good managementthese soils are fair to Undesirable soil structure and/or low moderately high in productivity. permeability (D) is used for soils in which the depth of rooting zone is restricted by conditions Class 4. Soils in this class have severe other than a high water table or consolidated limitations that restrict the range of crops or bedrock. The restricting layer is usually a require special conservation practices or both. compacted till material. Soi1 layers with bulk The limitations may seriously affect such densities greater than 1.60 g/cm3 and/or farming practices as the timing and ease of permeabilities less than 1.0 crn/hr are tillage, planting and harvesting, and the consideredsignificantly restricting . application and maintenance of conservation practices. Low fertility (FJ is used for soils having low fertility that either is correctable with careful Class 5. Soils in this class have very severe management in the use of fertilizers and soi1 limitations that restrict their capability to amendments or is difficult to correct in a producing perennial forage crops, but feasible way. The limitation of soils in this improvement practices are feasible. Some subclass is usually due to a lack of available Class 5 soils cari be used for cultivated crops plant nutrients (low nutrient holding capacity), provided unusually intensive management is high acidity and low exchangecapacity. used. 113 -- d Inundation by streams, rivers, and lakes (I) EXPLANATION OF MAJOR SOIL includes soils subjected to flooding causing PROPERTIES INFLUENCING USE AND trop damageor restricting agricultural use. CORRESPONDING SYMBOLS USED IN TABLES 5 TO 23 Moisture limitation (M) denotes soils where crops are adversely affected by droughtiness Depth to bedrock (b) - Shallownessto bedrock owing to inherent soi1 characteristics. These limits the available rooting zone. It also has soils have low water holding capacities. severe limitations on agricultural engineering activities such as subsurface drain tile Stoniness (P) indicates soils suffïciently stony installation, deep ripping, and farm road on the surface to hinder tillage, planting, and construction. harvesting operations. Stony soils are usually less productive than comparable non-stony Depth of friableipermeable soil (d) - The soils. thickness of friable soi1 material available for root growth and water percolation is an Consolidated bedrock (R) designates soils important consideration in trop production and where the presenceof bedrock near the surface land management. Dense compact subsoil restricts their agricultural use. This includes layers resist penetration of plant roots and soils that have bedrock within 1 m of the percolation of rainfall. These soils are also late surface and also considers the presence of to dry in the spring and easily saturated bedrock exposures. (perchedzone of saturation) by high intensity or prolonged rainfall. Shallow rooting of crops Topography (T) indicates soils where may result in plant nutrient deficiencies, lack of topography is a limitation. Both the percent of resistance to mid-summer drought, and winter slope and the pattem of frequency of slopes in damage to legumes and winter cereals. Water different directions are important factors in percolation to subsurfacedrainage lines is also increasing the cost of farming over that of impeded. Soi1 layers with bulk densities (BD) smooth ground, in decreasingthe uniformity of greater than 1.60 g/cm3 or permeabilities of less growth and maturity of crops, and in increasing than 1.0 cm/hr, or both, are considered the hazard of water erosion. restricting layers. Excess water (W) is used for soils where Fertility (f) - Soi1 fertility is the quality of the excess water other than that brought about by soi1that enablesit to provide the proper balance inundation is a limitation to their use for of nutrients for plant growth. The soils of the agriculture. Excess water may result from map area were rated based on composition of inadequate soi1 drainage, a high water table, parent material as follows: seepageor runoff from surrounding areas. Baie du Vin (Bv) very low Barrieau (Ba) low Cumulative adverse characteristics (X) is Black Rock (Br) low made up of soils which have three or more Buctouche(Bu) low limitations of the same degree. The soi1 is Caraquet(Cr) low downgraded one class and assigned the X Gagetown(Gt) low subclass. Involved limitations are indicated in Guimond River (Gr) very low brackets. Harcourt (Ht) low Interval (In) high Lord and Foy (Lt) very low Mount Hope (Mh) low Reece (Re) medium Richibucto (Rb) very low 114 Stony Brook (Sb) low Rockiness (r) i Rockiness is an indication of Sunbury (Sn) low the land surface area that is occupied by Tracadie (Td) medium bedrock exposures. Bedrock exposures Upper Caraquet(UC) low interfere with tillage. Bedrock outcrops are incapable of supporting viable crops and result Flooding or inundation fi) - Flooding occurs in fields with non-uniform trop growth and when water levels rise above normal stream, quality. Rockinessclasses are defined below: river, and lake boundaries. Class Effect on % Surface Distance Cultivation Occupied Apafl Cm) Flooding interferes with time of planting, thus reducing an already short growing season. RO no significant <2 >75 interference Erosion of unprotected bare ground, and Rl slight interference 2-10 25-75 subsequentsediment loading of stream courses, R2 tillage of inter-tilled 10-25 10-25 cari also result. The following flooding classes crops is impractical R3 use of most machinery 25-50 Z-10 are used: is impractical R4 a11use of machinery 50% <2 is impractical None (N) - soils not subjectedto flooding M -_- >90 __- Occasional (0) - soils subjectedto flooding of short duration once every 3 years or more Slope or topography (t) - Slope steepnessis an Frzquent (F) - soils subjected to flooding of indication of the landscapegradient. Important medium duration once every 2 years practical aspectsof soi1 slope that impact on use Very frequent (VF) - soils subjected to and management include: rate and amount of prolonged flooding every year runoff; erodibility of the soil; use of agricultural machinery; and uniformity of trop Stoniness (p) - Stoniness refers to the growth and. maturity. Although slope shape, percentage of the land surface occupied by length, and pattem also play an important role coarse fragments of stone size (>25 cm in slope effect, slope gradient is a convenient diameter). Plowing, harrowing, and seeding measureof slope impact on trop production and equipment are significantly hindered by the soi1 management. Slope classes are defined presenceof surface stones. Root crops, such as below: carrots, turnips and potatoes, are especially sensitive to stoniness, in terms of potential Slope % tuber injury. Alternately, stonesare somewhat Class Slope beneficial in terms of improving the soi1 thermal regime and protecting soi1 particles a o-o.5 from being washedaway. Classesof stoniness b os-2 are defined on the basis of the percentageof the C 2-5 land surface occupied by stone fragments d 5-9 coarserthan 25 cm in diameter: 9-15 ; 15-30 Class Effect on % Surface Distance Cultivation Occupied Apart (m) 30-45 h 45-70 SO no hindrance -CO.01 >30 Sl slight hindrance 0.01-0.1 10-30 s2 some interference 0.1-3 2-10 Drainage or wetness (w) - Soi1 drainage refers s3 serious handicap 3-15 l-2 to the rapidity and extent of the removal of to cultivation s4 cultivation prevented 15-50 0.1-l water from the soi1 in relation to additions, until stones are cleared especially by surface runoff and by flow S5 too stony to permit >50 115 Persistence of excess water, especially in the sources. Soils have a wide range in spring and after prolonged or heavy texture and depth. precipitation, hinders seeding and harvesting machinery. Productivity of poorly drained soils Very poorly drained (VP) - Water is is limited by a lack of aeration, susceptibility to removed from the soi1 SO slowly that compaction, and lower soi1 temperature. Soi1 the water table remains at or on the drainage classesare describedbelow: surface for the greater part of the time the soi1 is not frozen. Groundwater Rapidly drained (R) - Water is flow and subsurfaceflow are the major removed from the soi1 rapidly in water sources. Soils have a wide range relation to supply. Soils are usually in texture and depth. coarse-textured, shallow, or both. Water source is precipitation. Soil texture (u, x) - Soi1 texture is an indication Well drained (IV) - Water is removed of the relative proportions of the various from the soi1 readily but not rapidly. minera1 soi1 particle size groups - sand (2-0.05 Soils are generally intermediate in mm), silt (0.05-0.002 mm) and clay (<0.002 texture and depth. Water source is mm). Each of the textural soi1 classes has an precipitation. establishedrange for percentageSand, silt, and clay. Soi1 texture is one of the most permanent Moderately well drained (MW) - characteristicsof a soil, and probably the most Water is removed from the soi1 important. Size of the soi1 particles affects somewhat slowly in relation to supply. most chemical, physical, and mineralogical Soils are usually medium- to fine- reactions, and influences root growth for plants textured. Precipitation is the dominant and engineering behaviour for machinery water source in medium- to fine- operation. Soi1 texture influences: capillarity textured soils; precipitation and (water holding capacity); soi1 erodibility signifïcant additions by subsurfaceflow potential; cation exchangecapacity and nutrient are necessaryin coarse-texturedsoils. retention; percolation; trafficability; and soi1 tilth. Subsoil texture impacts on subsoiling Imperfectly drained (I) - Water is success. Coarser-textured soi1 materials are removed from the soi1 sufficiently more prone to shattering when subsoiled dry. slowly in relation to supply to keep the Soi1 texture class abbreviations are defîned soi1 wet for a signifïcant part of the below: growing season. Precipitation, subsurfaceflow and groundwater act as Typical % a water source, alone or in Symbol Soi] Texture Sand Silt Clay combination. Soils have a wide range in texture and depth. clay 28 22 50 Cl clay loam 32 35 33 loam 41 41 18 Poorly drained (P) - Water is removed 1s loamy sand 82 12 6 SOslowly in relation to supply that the s sand 93 3 4 SC sandy clay 52 41 soi1 remains wet for a comparatively SC1 sandy clay loam 61 11 28 large part of the time the soi1 is not si silt 9 86 5 sic silty clay 7 46 47 frozen. Subsurface flow or sic] silty clay loam 10 57 33 groundwater flow, or bath, in addition si1 silt loam 23 64 13 to precipitation, are the main water SI sandy loam 65 25 10 116 GLOSSARY ablation till A surface of loose, permeable coarse fragments Rock fragments greater than somewhat, stratified sandy and stony till usually 2 mm in diameter, mcluding gravels, cobbles, stones overlying denser till. and boulders. alluvium Material such as clay, silt, Sand and cobbles Rock fragments 7.5 to 25 cm in grave1 deposited by modem rivers and streams. diameter . association, SO~I A natural grouping of soil or complex, soil A mapping unit used in soi1 landscape segments based on similarities in climatic surveys where two or more soi1 associations are SO or physiographic factors and soi1 parent materials. intimately intermixed in an area that it is impractical to separate them at the scale of mapping used. available rooting zone That depth of soi1 material which is suitable for root growth and consistence The resistance of a material to penetration. Soi1 matrix bulk densities of greater deformation or rupture. The degree of cohesion or than 1.60 g/cm3 are considered a serious limitation adhesion of the soi1 mass. Terms used for to root growth. describing consistence are for specific soil moisture contents, i.e. moist soil: loose, very friable, friable, available water The portion of water in a soi1 Cm, very firm. that cari be readily absorbed by plant roots. Herein considered to be that water held in the soi1 against a control section The vertical section of soil pressure of 33 kPa to 1500 kPa, expressed in upon which classification is based. Typically 1 m in centimetres of water per centimetre of soil, and mineral soils and 1.6 m in organic soils, but less in reported on a whole soi1 basis (soi1 <2 mm cases of shallow to bedrock, and in the case of diameter, plus coarse fragments). organic soils, shallow to a minerai soil. bedrock exposure When the solid rock that deposit Material left in a new position by a usually underlies soi1 is exposed at the surface or is natural transporting agent such as water, wind, ice covered by less than 10 cm of unconsolidated or gravity. material. drainage (SOI~) The frequency and duration of boulders Rock fragments greater than 60 cm periods when the soil is free of saturation. in diameter. electrical conductivity The specific bulk density The mass of dry soi1 per unit conductivity of a water extract of soil reported in bulk volume, often expressed in g/cm3. In this millisiemens per cm (mS/cm). It is used to estimate report, the bulk density is reported for the material soluble salt content (salinity). C2 mm diameter, referred to as the matrix bulk density. esker A winding ridge of irregularly stratified Sand, gravel, and cobbles deposited under the ice by classification The systematic arrangement of rapidly flowing glacial streams. soils into categories on the basis of their characteristics. evapotranspiration The loss of water by evaporation from the soi1 and by transpiration fiom clay As a soi1 separate, the mineral soi1 plants. particles less than 0.002 mm in diameter: usually consisting largely of clay mine&. fluvial deposits Al1 sediments, past and present, deposited by flowing water, including clay films (ski@ Coatings of oriented clays glaciofluvial deposits. on the surfaces of soi1 peds (natural unit of soi1 structure) and minerai grains, and in soi1 pores. 117 fragipan A natural subserface horizon having a lithology The description of rock fragments on higher bulk density than the sohun above; seemingly the basis of such characteristics as color, structure, cemented when dry, but showing moderate to weak mineralogic composition and grain size. brittleness when moist. The layer is low in organic matter, mottled, and slowly or very slowly lodgment till Material deposited from rock permeable to water; it usually has some polygon- debris in transport in the base of a glacier. As it is shaped bleached cracks. “plastered” into place, this till is compact and not sorted. glaciofluvial deposits Material moved by glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited by mineral SO~I A soil consisting predominantly streams flowing from the melting ice. of, and having its properties determined predominantly by, mineral matter. It contains less glaciation The alteration of a land surface by than 30% organic matter (17% organic carbon), the massive movement over it of glacier ice. except for an organic surface layer that may be up to 60 cm thick. .- glacier A body of ice, consisting mainly of recrystallized snow, flowing on a land surface. mode of deposition See: mode of origin. glaciolacustriue Sediment generally consisting mode of origin The method whereby soi1 of stratified fine Sand, silt, and clay deposited on a parent material has been left in a new position by a lake bed. Glacial ice exerted a strong but secondary natural transporting agent such as water or ice. control upon the mode of origin in that glacier ice was close to the site of deposition. mottles Irregularly marked spots or streaks, usually yellow or orange but sometimes blue, that glaciomariue Unconsolidated sorted and indicate poor aeration and lack of good drainage. stratified deposits of clay, silt, Sand, or grave1 that They are described in terms of abundance, size and have settled from suspension in salt or brackish contrast. water bodies. Glacial ice exerted a strong but secondary control upon the mode of origin in that Munsell color A colour designation specifying glacier ice was close to the site of deposition. the relative degrees of three variables of color: hue, value and chroma. grave1 Rock fragments 2 mm to 7.5 cm in diameter. organic matter The organic fraction of the soil; includes plant and animal residues at various horizon, soil A layer in the soi1 profile stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soi1 approximately parallel to the land surface with more organisms, and substances synthesized by the soi1 or less well-defmed characteristics that have been population. produced through the operation of soi1 forming processes. organic soil Organic soils consist of peat deposits containing more than 30% organic matter hydraulic conductivity The effective flow by weight (17 % organic carbon) and are usually velocity or discharge velocity in soi1 at a unit greater than 40 to 60 cm thick. hydraulic gradient. An approximation of the permeability of the soil, expressed in centimetres ortstein An indurated layer in the B horizon of per hour. Podzols in which the cementing material consists of illuviated sesquioxides and organic matter. inclusion A soi1 type found within a mapping unit that is not extensive enough to be mapped outwash Sediments washed out by flowing separately or as part of a complex. water beyond the glacier and laid down as stratified beds with particle sizes ranging from boulders to land type Natural and man-made units in the silt. landscape that are either highly variable in content, have little or no natural soil, or are excessively wet. 118 overburden The loose soi1 or other whole soil basis (soi1 < 2 mm diameter, plus coarse unconsolidated material overlying bedrock. fragments). paludifcation The process of peat formation. porosity, total The total space not occupied by solid particles in a bulk volume of soil. Herein parent material The unconsolidated and more reported on a whole soi1 basis (soi1 C2 mm or less chemically weathered mineral or organic diameter, plus coarse fragments). matter from which the solum of a soil has developed by soi1 forming processes. profile, soil A vertical section of the soi1 through ail its horizons and extending into the parent particle size class, family Refers to the grain material. size distribution of the whole soi1 including the coarse fraction. It differs from texture, which refers reaction, soil The degree of acidity or to the fine earth ( < 2 mm) fraction only . In alkalinity of a soil, usually expressed as a pH value. addition, textural classes are usually assigned to specific horizons whereas particle-size classes reworked Descriptive of material modified indicate a composite particle size of a11 or a part of alter its preliminary deposition, commonly by water. the control section. See family particle size classes triangle below . rockiness Defmed on the basis of the percentage of the land surface occupied by bedrock peat Unconsolidated soi1 material consisting exposures. largely of organic matter. sand A soi1 particle between 0.05 and 2.0 mm permeability, soi1 The ease with which gases in diameter. and liquids penetrate or pass through a bulk mass of soi1 or a layer of soil. seepage The down-slope horizontal movement of water within the soil profile on top of a layer of perviousness See: permeability. restricted permeability. petrology Deals with the origin, occurrence, series, soii The basic unit of soi1 classification structure and history of rocks. consisting of soils that are essentially alike in ail major profile characteristics except surface texture. pH, soi1 The negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion activity of a soil. The degree of silt A soi1 separate consisting of particles acidity or alkalinity of soi1 expressed in terms of the between 0.05 and 0.002 mm in diameter. pH scale. soil The unconsolidated material on the phase, soil A subdivision of a soi1 association immediate surface of the earth that serves as a or other unit of classification having characteristics natural medium for the growth of land plants and that affect the use and management of the soil, but that has been influenced by soi1 forming factors. that do not vary sufficiently to differentiate it as a separate association. soil-formation factors Natural agencies mat are responsible for the formation of soil: parent pbysiography The physical geography of an rock, climate, organisms, relief and time. area dealing with the nature and origin of topographie features. soil map A map showing the distribution of soi1 types or other soil mapping units in relation to polygon Any delineated area shown on a soi1 the prominent physical and cultural features of the map that is identified by a symbol. earth’s surface. pores, macro Soi1 voids that are readily &II survey The whole procedure involved in drained of free water, based on water retention at making a soil resource inventory. The systematic 100 cm of water suction. Herein reported on a examination, description, classification, mapping 119 and interpreting of soils and soils data within an texture, soil The relative proportions of the area. various soil separates (Sand, silt and clay) in a soil. See texture classes triangle below. stones Rock fragments greater than 25 cm in diameter . till Unstratifïed glacial material deposited directly by the ice and consisting of clay, Sand, stouiness, surface Defmed on the basis of the grave1 and boulders intermingled in any proportion. percentage of the land surface occupied by fragments coarser than 25 cm in diameter. veneer A thin layer of soi1 material from 10 cm to 1 m in thickness which does not mask minor stratified materials Unconsolidated Sand, silt irregularities in the underlying unit’s surface, which and clay arranged in “strata” or layers. is often bedrock. structure, SOil The combination or water retention The corresponding percent arrangement of primary soi1 particles into secondary moisttrre by weight retained when me soil is particles, units or peds. These peds are subjected to a set of pressures or tensions. characterized and classified on the basis of size, Converted to a volume basis, these values were used shape and degree of distinctness. to estimate values for available water, macro pores, etc. surface expression lhe form (assemblage of slopes) and pattem of forms in a landscape. terric Refers to a mineral layer underlying an organic soil. The mineral layer occurs within a depth of 160 cm from the surface. 120