7 Janaury 2004 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WAS H. 106(1), 2004, pp . 235 -238

NOTE

Over winterin g Cave Mosquitoes (Di ptera: Culic idae) of the Arkansas and Missouri Ozarks

So me 60 species of mosqui toes occur in hom es to feed. Fe males winter in buildi ngs , Arkansas and Mi ssouri (Darsie and Ward ce llars, holl ow tre es, and ot her well-pro­ 1981, Crockett 2002). We have long known tected shelters (Carpenter and L aC asse that mos quitoes occur in Ozark caves, but 1955 , H orsfall 1955). In caves, they tend to few spec ies records have bee n available in co ngregate in the twil ight zone. M ovement the literature. As a res ult of exte nsive co l­ into and out of caves is apparently governed lectin g effort in Missouri caves by the Mi s­ by outdoor temperature (Ives 1938, Hess souri Department of Co nservation and in and Crowell 1949). Adult females emerge A rkansas caves by the Subterranean Bio­ from overwintering quarters as early as diversity Project at the University of Ar­ Feb ruary, take bloo d meal s, and lay eggs kansas we now know of four species that (Breeland et al. 1961 ). This species was occnr in Ozark caves. previous ly recorded fro m Canadian caves The specime ns recorde d here are all fe­ by Peck ( 1988); M assachusetts su bterra­ ma les foun d in caves in late fall, winter, an d nean habi tats by Berg and Lang (1948); a early spring. Few mosquitoes we re ob­ New York cave by Lawlor (1935); Tennes­ served in caves during the summer month s see caves by Ives ( 1938); Kentncky caves despite an equa l deg ree of collecting effort by Barr (1967); Illi nois caves by Peck an d during those months. M ated females appar­ Lewis (1977); and Bat Cave, Crawford ently en ter caves to pass the winter. Male County, M isso uri, by Craig (1977). mos quitoes are rarely co llected in caves. Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab).-AR­ Ives (1938) fonnd on ly 8 males among KANSAS : 2 '?, M arion Co unty, Brown 3 102 specim ens collected in Tennessee Cave, 16 November 2001. I ,? , M arion caves. They were all fou nd in the early part Co unty, Reed Cave, 9 March 2002. 1 C( , of the hib ern ation period and may not ha ve Marion Coun ty, Reed Cave, 15 Novem ber lived far into the winter. 2001. I C(, Newton Co unty, Big Hole, 10 Anopheles punctipennis (Say).-AR­ Novembe r 2001. 4 ,? , Newton County, KANSAS: 1 ,?, Newton Co unty , Tom Wat­ Sa ltpeter Ca ve, 17 March 2002 . 2 C( , New­ son's Bear Cave, 26 Janu ar y 2002. MIS­ ton Co unty, Tweet's Cave, 26 October SOURI: 1 C( , Boone County, Hunters Cave, 2001. 4 C(, Stone Coun ty, Gus tafson Cave, 1 Novemb er 1998. 2 '?, Crawford County, 6 Octobe r 2002. 2 C( , Stone Co unty, Hidden Campsite Cave, 18 December 1998. 5 ,? , Spri ng Cave, 5 Oc to ber 2002. MISSOURI: Maries Co unty, Indian Ford Cave, 4 Janu­ 4 ,?, Benton Coun ty, Estes Cave, 8 Novem­ ary 2002. 2 ,?, M aries Co unty, In dian Ford ber 2002. 2 ,?, Boone County, Hunters Crevice Cave, 4 Janu ar y 2003. 2 C( Me­ Cave, 1 November 199 8. 1 S?, Boone Co un­ Donald Co unty, MoDot Cave, 2 1 Novem­ ty, Hunters Cave, 16 October 2002. 2 C( . ber 2002. Boone County, Roch eport Cave, 6 Septem­ Anopheles punctipennis adults are noc­ ber 2002. 2 S? , Camde n Co unty, Adkins turna l, restin g during the daytime in hollow Cave, 8 November 2002. 3 ,? , Camde n trees, under rock overhangs, and in similar County, M oles Cave, 27 Janu ar y 2003. 1 dark, mo ist shelters (Irby and Apperson S? , McDonald Co unty, McDot Cave, 21 No ­ 1992). Females take blood meals from ve m ber 2002. 4 ,? , Sha nno n Co unty, Bank­ mammals an d birds. They rarely en ter er Cave, 13 December 1998. 3 C(, Sha nno n 236 PROCEEDINGS OF TH E ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF W ASHJNGTON

Co unty, Forester Cave , 17 October 199 8. 2 mushroom cave in early M arch (Owe n C{!, Sh ann on Co unty, Knee Suck Cave, 20 1937). Janu ar y 1998. 4 9 , Wright Co unty, Little sapphirina (Osten Sack­ Smittle Ca ve, 14 November 20 02. 2 9 , en).- M ISSOURl: I 9 , Boon e Co unty, Wright County, Low ell Cave, 13 November Hunters Cave, I November 1998. 1 9 , 2002. Ca mde n County, Moles Cave, 27 Janu ary At dusk, C. erratic us fe males move fro m 2003. 5 9 , Oregon Co unty, Lo ng Point she ltered marsh and swamp forest sites to Cave, 1 A pril 1998. 1 9 , Wright County, nearb y grasslands (Snow 1955), wh ere they Little Smittle Cave, 14 November 20 02. tak e blood meals opportunis tically from Uranotaenia sapphirina ad ults are most mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians active in early evening . They rest du ring the (Robe rtson et al. 1993, W illia ms and day in dark cavities and other prot ected Meisch 1981 ). D uring the day, they res t on shelt ers (Irby and Apperson 1992). Peterson vegetation and in natural and man-made an d Smith (1945) report ed thi s species sheltered areas (l rby and Apperso n 1992). overwin tering in considerable numb ers in This is the most common species found holl ow trees wi th Anopheles quadrimacu­ wi ntering in Ozark caves du rin g the co urse latus Say an d A . punctipennis in M ississip­ of this st udy. It wa s prev iously rep ort ed pi. It was collected from a cave in eastern from Mi ssouri caves by Sutton (1993). New York State in February, along with A. Cu lex pipiens Linnaeu s or C. quinque ­ p unctipennis and C. p ipiens (Lawlor 1935). fascia/us Say.-ARKANSAS : 1 C{! , Bento n The cave-inhabi ting mosq uito species are County , M arsh all Caves, 18 Dece mb er not res tricted to overwinteri ng in caves. 1999. MISSOURI: 2 9 . Camden County, T hey wi ll choose any convenient dark, Adkins Cave, 8 November 2002. 2 C{!, Mar­ mo ist, sheltere d area that prov ides protec ­ ies Co unty, Ind ian Fo rd Cave, 4 Janu ary tion from freezing temperatures, such as 2002. 1 9 , Polk County, Mcd ermi c Cave, hollow tree s, mammal burr ow s, roc k pil es, 15 March 200 1. 5 C{!, Wright County, Little wells, min e shafts, culverts, ce llars, sheds, Smittle Cave, 15 December 1999. stables, an d sim ilar struc tures (She manchuk Only fe males of thi s species we re seen. 1965, Zukel 1949). it is not possible to reliabl y determine if the Most of the Ozark mosqnitoes that have specimens are C. pipiens or C. quinquefas­ not been found in caves winter as eggs or cia tus. The northern and so uthern hou se larvae. As ide from the fo ur species record­ mosq uitoes are co mmonly found in homes, ed h ere, local species that are thought to and they bite humans at night. Adults rest overwinter as fertilized adult fe males in­ during the daytime on vegetation and in clude A. quadrimaculatus, Culex peccator na tural and man-made she ltered areas (Ir by Dyar and Kna b, Culex restuan s T heobald, and Appe rson 1992). Culex pipiens co m­ Culex sa linarius Coquillett, Culex tarsalis prised 89% of the 1562 mosquitoes fo und Coquillett, Culex territans Walker, and Cu­ win teri ng in a small na tural cave in the city liseta inornata (Williston) . We might ex pect of Mon tpellier, so uthern France, between to find these overwintering in Ozark caves. October 1997 and th e follo wing M arch. Among them, A . quadrimaculatus (Hess Only four of the specimens were ma les and Crowell 1949, Ives 1938, Peck 19 88) (Gazave et al. 2001). Culex pipiens was and C. restuan s (Pec k 198 8) have been previou sl y recorded from M assachusetts found overwintering in caves elsewhe re. subterranean habitats by Berg and Lang Culex te rritans (misidentified as C. apical­ (19 48). a New York cave by Lawlor (1935), is) has been fo und ove rwintering in subter­ Tennessee caves by Ives ( 1938), and Illinois ranean basemen t structures (Berg and Lang caves by Peck and Lewis (19 77) . It was 1948). Adult female Cu lex ta rsalis have fo und in large nu mbers in a Minnesota been found wintering in abandone d mine V OLUME 106, NUMB ER I 23 7 tunnels in Co lorado (Mitchell 1979, Bl ack­ qu ito Co ntro l Associatio n. Fresno, Ca lifornia, 3 13 mor e and Dow 1962) and Nevada (Cha p­ pp . Ga zave, E., C. Chev illo n, T Lenorman d, M. Maruine. man 1961) and in rodent burrows in Cali­ and M. Raym ond. 200 1. Dissecting the cost of fornia (Mortenson 1953). Culex tarsa Lis and icide res istance ge nes during the o ver win­ C. inornata have bee n found win tering in ter ing per iod of the Culex pipiens . He­ su bterranean burrow s of large mammals in redity 87: 441 - 448 . Canada (Shema nchuk 1965). O ur A edes, Hess, A. D. and R. L . Cro we ll. 1949. Sea so nal histo ry Och lerotatus and Psorophora species are of A nopheles quadrimacularus in the Tennessee Valley. Journal of the Na tiona l M alaria Socie ty 8 : thoug ht 10 overwinter in the egg stage . 159 -l70. Ad ult A edes canadensis (T heo bald), A . ci­ Horsfall , W. R. 1955. M osquitoes: their bion omics and nereus Meigen, A. vexans (Meigen), and rel ati on to disea se . T he Ro na ld Press Compa ny, O chlerotatus sticticus (Me ige n) ha ve been New York, 723 pp . found in Ca nadian cave s in late spring and lrby, W . S. and C. S. Ap per son. 1992. Spa tial and tem ­ poral distribution of resting female mosquitoes su mmer, but not in wi nter (Peck 1988 ). (Dipte ra : C ulicidae ) in the coas ta l plain of North T he Missouri specimens recorded here Caro lina. .To urnaI of Medieal Entomology 29(2) : are the property of the Mi ssouri Dep artment 150 -l59 . of Co nserva tio n, Jefferson City. Th ey will Ives, .T . D. 1938. Ca ve hibe rnation of mosqui toes. Jour­ be dep osit ed in the Enns E ntomology Mu­ nal of the Ten nessee Academy of Science 130 ): 15- 20. seum, Uni versity of Missouri, Colum bia . L awl or, W. K. 1935. Hibernation of Urano taenia sap ­ The Arkansas specimens are deposited in phirina (Osten Sacken) (D iptera : Culicidae ). Bul­ the Universit y of Ark ansas Mu­ letin o f the Bro oklyn E nto mological Soc iety seum, Fayette ville . 30( 1): 14. M itch ell , C. J. 1979. \Vinter surviva l of Culex tars ali s LITERAT URE CITED (D iptera: Culicidae) hibern ating in mine tunne ls in Boulder Co unty, Co lo rado , USA. .Iourna l of Ban , T. C. 1967. Ecologica l stud ies in the mammoth Med ical E ntomology l6(6): 482- 48 7. Cave sys tem of Kentu cky. 1. T he biota. Int erna­ Mort en son . E. \ y' 1953. O bser va tions on the over wi n­ tional Journal o f Speleo logy 3 : 147- 204. teri ng habits of Culex tarsalis Coquillet t in nature. Berg, M. and S . La ng. 194 8. Obser vation s of hiber­ Proeeedi ngs and Papers of the A nnua l Co nference nating mosqu itoes in Massaehusetrs. Mosquito of the Ca lifo rn ia Mosq uito Co ntro l As sociatio n News 8: 70 - 7 1. 2 1: 59 - 60 . Blackmore, J. S. and R. P. Dow . 1962. Nullipari ty in summer and faJl populatio ns of Culex tarsalis Owen, W. B. 1937. T he mosqu itoes of Minnesota, with Coq. Mosqu ito News 22 : 29 1-294 . special re ference to their biologies. Unive rsity of Mi nnesota Ag ricultura l Ex pe rime nt Station Teeh­ Breeland, S. G ., w. E. Sno w, and E. Pickard . 1961. Mosqui toes of the Ten nessee Valley . Jo urnal of nieal Bulletin 126: 75 pp . the Tennessee Academy of Seienee 36(4) : 249­ Peek , S. B. 1988. A review of the ca ve fauna of Ca n­ 3 19. ada , and the composition and ecology o f the in­ Carpe nter. S. J. and W. J. LaCasse. 1955 . M osqu itoes ve rtebrate fauna of caves and mines in O ntario. o f No rth A merica (north o f M exico). U nive rsity Canadian Jo urnal of Zoology 66 : 1197-1 21 3. of Ca lifornia Press, Berkeley, 360 pp . Peck , S. B. and .I. .T . Lewis. 1977 . Zoogeograp hy and Chapman, H . C. 1961. A bando ned min es as o verwin­ evolutio n of the subterranean in vert e brat e faunas tering sites for mosquitoes, espec ially Culex tar­ of Illino is and southeastern M issouri . NS S (Na­ salis Coq. in Ne vada . M osquito New s 2 1: 324­ tion al Speleo log ica l So ciety) B ulleti n 40(2): 39­ 327. 63 . Craig, J. L. 1977 . In ver tebrate faunas of caves to be Peterso n, A. G . and W. W. Sm ith. 1945. Occurrence inundated by the Mera rnec Park Lake in easte rn and di stributio n of mo sq uitoes in M ississippi. M issouri. NSS (National Speleo log ica l Soc iety ) Jou rnal of Economic E nto mo logy 38(3): 378-383. Bull etin 39(3): 80 -89 . Ro bert son , L. C., S. Pri or, C. S. Appe rso n, and W. S . Crockett, R. .T . 2002. Arbovirus surveillance and con ­ lrb y. 1993 . Bionomics o f Anopheles qu ad rima­ trol of Arka nsas mosqu itoe s. Master's thesis, Uni­ culatus and Culex errat icus (Diptera : Culicidae) versity of Arka nsa s (Fayettev ille) . in the Falls Lak e Basin, North Carolina: seas onal Dars ie, R. E , Jr. and R. A. Ward . 198 J. Iden tification change s in abundance and go no tro phic status, and and geographical distnbnu on of the mosq uitoes of host- feed ing pa ttern s. Jo urn al of Medical Ento­ North America , north of Mexico. America n M os­ mology 30(4) : 68 9-698. 238 P ROCEEDIN GS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIET Y OF WASHINGTON

Sheinanchu k, J. A. 1965. On the hibernation of Cu lex Wi lliam s, D . C. and M . V. Mei sch . 1981. A blood host tarsalis Co quille t, Cu lise ta tno rnata Williston , study of riceland mosquitoe s in Arkansas Co unty, and An opheles earlei Var gas, (D iptera: C ulicida e) Arkansas. Mo squito News 41 (4): 65 6- 66 0. in Alberta. Mo squito New s 25(4) : 456- 462. Z ukeJ. J . W. 1949. A winter study of Anopheles mo s­ Snow, W. E. 1955 . Feedi ng activities of so me blood­ quitoes in so uthwestern Georg ia, with notes on sucking Diptera with reference to vert ical distri ­ so me culic ine sp ecies. Journal of the Na tio nal Ma­ buti on in bott omland forest, A nnals of the E nro ­ laria Society 8: 22 4 -233. mological Soc iety of A merica 48: 512-521. K. Sutto n, M . R . 199 3. C aves and cave wi ldlife in a rnm ­ Jeffrey Barnes, The A rthropod Mu­ eral pro spe cting area, Oregon and Sh ann on Co un­ se w n, Dep artment of Entomology, Univer­ ties, Missonri , M isso uri Spe leo logy 33(1-4): 138 sity of A rkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansa s pp . 72701, US.A. (e -mail: j bames @uark.edu).