7 Janaury 2004 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WAS H. 106(1), 2004, pp . 235 -238
NOTE
Over winterin g Cave Mosquitoes (Di ptera: Culic idae) of the Arkansas and Missouri Ozarks
So me 60 species of mosqui toes occur in hom es to feed. Fe males winter in buildi ngs , Arkansas and Mi ssouri (Darsie and Ward ce llars, holl ow tre es, and ot her well-pro 1981, Crockett 2002). We have long known tected shelters (Carpenter and L aC asse that mos quitoes occur in Ozark caves, but 1955 , H orsfall 1955). In caves, they tend to few spec ies records have bee n available in co ngregate in the twil ight zone. M ovement the literature. As a res ult of exte nsive co l into and out of caves is apparently governed lectin g effort in Missouri caves by the Mi s by outdoor temperature (Ives 1938, Hess souri Department of Co nservation and in and Crowell 1949). Adult females emerge A rkansas caves by the Subterranean Bio from overwintering quarters as early as diversity Project at the University of Ar Feb ruary, take bloo d meal s, and lay eggs kansas we now know of four species that (Breeland et al. 1961 ). This species was occnr in Ozark caves. previous ly recorded fro m Canadian caves The specime ns recorde d here are all fe by Peck ( 1988); M assachusetts su bterra ma les foun d in caves in late fall, winter, an d nean habi tats by Berg and Lang (1948); a early spring. Few mosquitoes we re ob New York cave by Lawlor (1935); Tennes served in caves during the summer month s see caves by Ives ( 1938); Kentncky caves despite an equa l deg ree of collecting effort by Barr (1967); Illi nois caves by Peck an d during those months. M ated females appar Lewis (1977); and Bat Cave, Crawford ently en ter caves to pass the winter. Male County, M isso uri, by Craig (1977). mos quitoes are rarely co llected in caves. Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab).-AR Ives (1938) fonnd on ly 8 males among KANSAS : 2 '?, M arion Co unty, Brown 3 102 specim ens collected in Tennessee Cave, 16 November 2001. I ,? , M arion caves. They were all fou nd in the early part Co unty, Reed Cave, 9 March 2002. 1 C( , of the hib ern ation period and may not ha ve Marion Coun ty, Reed Cave, 15 Novem ber lived far into the winter. 2001. I C(, Newton Co unty, Big Hole, 10 Anopheles punctipennis (Say).-AR Novembe r 2001. 4 ,? , Newton County, KANSAS: 1 ,?, Newton Co unty , Tom Wat Sa ltpeter Ca ve, 17 March 2002 . 2 C( , New son's Bear Cave, 26 Janu ar y 2002. MIS ton Co unty, Tweet's Cave, 26 October SOURI: 1 C( , Boone County, Hunters Cave, 2001. 4 C(, Stone Coun ty, Gus tafson Cave, 1 Novemb er 1998. 2 '?, Crawford County, 6 Octobe r 2002. 2 C( , Stone Co unty, Hidden Campsite Cave, 18 December 1998. 5 ,? , Spri ng Cave, 5 Oc to ber 2002. MISSOURI: Maries Co unty, Indian Ford Cave, 4 Janu 4 ,?, Benton Coun ty, Estes Cave, 8 Novem ary 2002. 2 ,?, M aries Co unty, In dian Ford ber 2002. 2 ,?, Boone County, Hunters Crevice Cave, 4 Janu ar y 2003. 2 C( Me Cave, 1 November 199 8. 1 S?, Boone Co un Donald Co unty, MoDot Cave, 2 1 Novem ty, Hunters Cave, 16 October 2002. 2 C( . ber 2002. Boone County, Roch eport Cave, 6 Septem Anopheles punctipennis adults are noc ber 2002. 2 S? , Camde n Co unty, Adkins turna l, restin g during the daytime in hollow Cave, 8 November 2002. 3 ,? , Camde n trees, under rock overhangs, and in similar County, M oles Cave, 27 Janu ar y 2003. 1 dark, mo ist shelters (Irby and Apperson S? , McDonald Co unty, McDot Cave, 21 No 1992). Females take blood meals from ve m ber 2002. 4 ,? , Sha nno n Co unty, Bank mammals an d birds. They rarely en ter er Cave, 13 December 1998. 3 C(, Sha nno n 236 PROCEEDINGS OF TH E ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF W ASHJNGTON
Co unty, Forester Cave , 17 October 199 8. 2 mushroom cave in early M arch (Owe n C{!, Sh ann on Co unty, Knee Suck Cave, 20 1937). Janu ar y 1998. 4 9 , Wright Co unty, Little Uranotaenia sapphirina (Osten Sack Smittle Ca ve, 14 November 20 02. 2 9 , en).- M ISSOURl: I 9 , Boon e Co unty, Wright County, Low ell Cave, 13 November Hunters Cave, I November 1998. 1 9 , 2002. Ca mde n County, Moles Cave, 27 Janu ary At dusk, C. erratic us fe males move fro m 2003. 5 9 , Oregon Co unty, Lo ng Point she ltered marsh and swamp forest sites to Cave, 1 A pril 1998. 1 9 , Wright County, nearb y grasslands (Snow 1955), wh ere they Little Smittle Cave, 14 November 20 02. tak e blood meals opportunis tically from Uranotaenia sapphirina ad ults are most mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians active in early evening . They rest du ring the (Robe rtson et al. 1993, W illia ms and day in dark cavities and other prot ected Meisch 1981 ). D uring the day, they res t on shelt ers (Irby and Apperson 1992). Peterson vegetation and in natural and man-made an d Smith (1945) report ed thi s species sheltered areas (l rby and Apperso n 1992). overwin tering in considerable numb ers in This is the most common species found holl ow trees wi th Anopheles quadrimacu wi ntering in Ozark caves du rin g the co urse latus Say an d A . punctipennis in M ississip of this st udy. It wa s prev iously rep ort ed pi. It was collected from a cave in eastern from Mi ssouri caves by Sutton (1993). New York State in February, along with A. Cu lex pipiens Linnaeu s or C. quinque p unctipennis and C. p ipiens (Lawlor 1935). fascia/us Say.-ARKANSAS : 1 C{! , Bento n The cave-inhabi ting mosq uito species are County , M arsh all Caves, 18 Dece mb er not res tricted to overwinteri ng in caves. 1999. MISSOURI: 2 9 . Camden County, T hey wi ll choose any convenient dark, Adkins Cave, 8 November 2002. 2 C{!, Mar mo ist, sheltere d area that prov ides protec ies Co unty, Ind ian Fo rd Cave, 4 Janu ary tion from freezing temperatures, such as 2002. 1 9 , Polk County, Mcd ermi c Cave, hollow tree s, mammal burr ow s, roc k pil es, 15 March 200 1. 5 C{!, Wright County, Little wells, min e shafts, culverts, ce llars, sheds, Smittle Cave, 15 December 1999. stables, an d sim ilar struc tures (She manchuk Only fe males of thi s species we re seen. 1965, Zukel 1949). it is not possible to reliabl y determine if the Most of the Ozark mosqnitoes that have specimens are C. pipiens or C. quinquefas not been found in caves winter as eggs or cia tus. The northern and so uthern hou se larvae. As ide from the fo ur species record mosq uitoes are co mmonly found in homes, ed h ere, local species that are thought to and they bite humans at night. Adults rest overwinter as fertilized adult fe males in during the daytime on vegetation and in clude A. quadrimaculatus, Culex peccator na tural and man-made she ltered areas (Ir by Dyar and Kna b, Culex restuan s T heobald, and Appe rson 1992). Culex pipiens co m Culex sa linarius Coquillett, Culex tarsalis prised 89% of the 1562 mosquitoes fo und Coquillett, Culex territans Walker, and Cu win teri ng in a small na tural cave in the city liseta inornata (Williston) . We might ex pect of Mon tpellier, so uthern France, between to find these overwintering in Ozark caves. October 1997 and th e follo wing M arch. Among them, A . quadrimaculatus (Hess Only four of the specimens were ma les and Crowell 1949, Ives 1938, Peck 19 88) (Gazave et al. 2001). Culex pipiens was and C. restuan s (Pec k 198 8) have been previou sl y recorded from M assachusetts found overwintering in caves elsewhe re. subterranean habitats by Berg and Lang Culex te rritans (misidentified as C. apical (19 48). a New York cave by Lawlor (1935), is) has been fo und ove rwintering in subter Tennessee caves by Ives ( 1938), and Illinois ranean basemen t structures (Berg and Lang caves by Peck and Lewis (19 77) . It was 1948). Adult female Cu lex ta rsalis have fo und in large nu mbers in a Minnesota been found wintering in abandone d mine V OLUME 106, NUMB ER I 23 7 tunnels in Co lorado (Mitchell 1979, Bl ack qu ito Co ntro l Associatio n. Fresno, Ca lifornia, 3 13 mor e and Dow 1962) and Nevada (Cha p pp . Ga zave, E., C. Chev illo n, T Lenorman d, M. Maruine. man 1961) and in rodent burrows in Cali and M. Raym ond. 200 1. Dissecting the cost of fornia (Mortenson 1953). Culex tarsa Lis and insect icide res istance ge nes during the o ver win C. inornata have bee n found win tering in ter ing per iod of the mosquito Culex pipiens . He su bterranean burrow s of large mammals in redity 87: 441 - 448 . Canada (Shema nchuk 1965). O ur A edes, Hess, A. D. and R. L . Cro we ll. 1949. Sea so nal histo ry Och lerotatus and Psorophora species are of A nopheles quadrimacularus in the Tennessee Valley. Journal of the Na tiona l M alaria Socie ty 8 : thoug ht 10 overwinter in the egg stage . 159 -l70. Ad ult A edes canadensis (T heo bald), A . ci Horsfall , W. R. 1955. M osquitoes: their bion omics and nereus Meigen, A. vexans (Meigen), and rel ati on to disea se . T he Ro na ld Press Compa ny, O chlerotatus sticticus (Me ige n) ha ve been New York, 723 pp . found in Ca nadian cave s in late spring and lrby, W . S. and C. S. Ap per son. 1992. Spa tial and tem poral distribution of resting female mosquitoes su mmer, but not in wi nter (Peck 1988 ). (Dipte ra : C ulicidae ) in the coas ta l plain of North T he Missouri specimens recorded here Caro lina. .To urnaI of Medieal Entomology 29(2) : are the property of the Mi ssouri Dep artment 150 -l59 . of Co nserva tio n, Jefferson City. Th ey will Ives, .T . D. 1938. Ca ve hibe rnation of mosqui toes. Jour be dep osit ed in the Enns E ntomology Mu nal of the Ten nessee Academy of Science 130 ): 15- 20. seum, Uni versity of Missouri, Colum bia . L awl or, W. K. 1935. Hibernation of Urano taenia sap The Arkansas specimens are deposited in phirina (Osten Sacken) (D iptera : Culicidae ). Bul the Universit y of Ark ansas Arthropod Mu letin o f the Bro oklyn E nto mological Soc iety seum, Fayette ville . 30( 1): 14. M itch ell , C. J. 1979. \Vinter surviva l of Culex tars ali s LITERAT URE CITED (D iptera: Culicidae) hibern ating in mine tunne ls in Boulder Co unty, Co lo rado , USA. .Iourna l of Ban , T. C. 1967. Ecologica l stud ies in the mammoth Med ical E ntomology l6(6): 482- 48 7. Cave sys tem of Kentu cky. 1. T he biota. Int erna Mort en son . E. \ y' 1953. O bser va tions on the over wi n tional Journal o f Speleo logy 3 : 147- 204. teri ng habits of Culex tarsalis Coquillet t in nature. Berg, M. and S . La ng. 194 8. Obser vation s of hiber Proeeedi ngs and Papers of the A nnua l Co nference nating mosqu itoes in Massaehusetrs. Mosquito of the Ca lifo rn ia Mosq uito Co ntro l As sociatio n News 8: 70 - 7 1. 2 1: 59 - 60 . Blackmore, J. S. and R. P. Dow . 1962. Nullipari ty in summer and faJl populatio ns of Culex tarsalis Owen, W. B. 1937. T he mosqu itoes of Minnesota, with Coq. Mosqu ito News 22 : 29 1-294 . special re ference to their biologies. Unive rsity of Mi nnesota Ag ricultura l Ex pe rime nt Station Teeh Breeland, S. G ., w. E. Sno w, and E. Pickard . 1961. Mosqui toes of the Ten nessee Valley . Jo urnal of nieal Bulletin 126: 75 pp . the Tennessee Academy of Seienee 36(4) : 249 Peek , S. B. 1988. A review of the ca ve fauna of Ca n 3 19. ada , and the composition and ecology o f the in Carpe nter. S. J. and W. J. LaCasse. 1955 . M osqu itoes ve rtebrate fauna of caves and mines in O ntario. o f No rth A merica (north o f M exico). U nive rsity Canadian Jo urnal of Zoology 66 : 1197-1 21 3. of Ca lifornia Press, Berkeley, 360 pp . Peck , S. B. and .I. .T . Lewis. 1977 . Zoogeograp hy and Chapman, H . C. 1961. A bando ned min es as o verwin evolutio n of the subterranean in vert e brat e faunas tering sites for mosquitoes, espec ially Culex tar of Illino is and southeastern M issouri . NS S (Na salis Coq. in Ne vada . M osquito New s 2 1: 324 tion al Speleo log ica l So ciety) B ulleti n 40(2): 39 327. 63 . Craig, J. L. 1977 . In ver tebrate faunas of caves to be Peterso n, A. G . and W. W. Sm ith. 1945. Occurrence inundated by the Mera rnec Park Lake in easte rn and di stributio n of mo sq uitoes in M ississippi. M issouri. NSS (National Speleo log ica l Soc iety ) Jou rnal of Economic E nto mo logy 38(3): 378-383. Bull etin 39(3): 80 -89 . Ro bert son , L. C., S. Pri or, C. S. Appe rso n, and W. S . Crockett, R. .T . 2002. Arbovirus surveillance and con lrb y. 1993 . Bionomics o f Anopheles qu ad rima trol of Arka nsas mosqu itoe s. Master's thesis, Uni culatus and Culex errat icus (Diptera : Culicidae) versity of Arka nsa s (Fayettev ille) . in the Falls Lak e Basin, North Carolina: seas onal Dars ie, R. E , Jr. and R. A. Ward . 198 J. Iden tification change s in abundance and go no tro phic status, and and geographical distnbnu on of the mosq uitoes of host- feed ing pa ttern s. Jo urn al of Medical Ento North America , north of Mexico. America n M os mology 30(4) : 68 9-698. 238 P ROCEEDIN GS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIET Y OF WASHINGTON
Sheinanchu k, J. A. 1965. On the hibernation of Cu lex Wi lliam s, D . C. and M . V. Mei sch . 1981. A blood host tarsalis Co quille t, Cu lise ta tno rnata Williston , study of riceland mosquitoe s in Arkansas Co unty, and An opheles earlei Var gas, (D iptera: C ulicida e) Arkansas. Mo squito News 41 (4): 65 6- 66 0. in Alberta. Mo squito New s 25(4) : 456- 462. Z ukeJ. J . W. 1949. A winter study of Anopheles mo s Snow, W. E. 1955 . Feedi ng activities of so me blood quitoes in so uthwestern Georg ia, with notes on sucking Diptera with reference to vert ical distri so me culic ine sp ecies. Journal of the Na tio nal Ma buti on in bott omland forest, A nnals of the E nro laria Society 8: 22 4 -233. mological Soc iety of A merica 48: 512-521. K. Sutto n, M . R . 199 3. C aves and cave wi ldlife in a rnm Jeffrey Barnes, The A rthropod Mu eral pro spe cting area, Oregon and Sh ann on Co un se w n, Dep artment of Entomology, Univer ties, Missonri , M isso uri Spe leo logy 33(1-4): 138 sity of A rkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansa s pp . 72701, US.A. (e -mail: j bames @uark.edu).