8.1 AMPHIBIA: CAUDATA: AMBYSTOMA TALPOIDEUM

SHOOP,C. ROBERT. 1964. Ambystoma talpoideum, p. Tennessee), Endsley (1954, Tennessee), and Baldauf & 8. In W. J. Riemer (ed.), Catalogue of American Am• Truett (1964, ). phibians and Reptiles. American Society of Ichthy• Terrestrial adults live in ground burrows, or hide ologists and Herpetologists, Kensington, Maryland. under logs, debris, and leaf litter in flatwoods and bot• tomland forests. Populations are often localized around A.mby,toma talpoideum (Holbrook) suitable breeding ponds. Larvae may inhabit craw• Mole fish burrows (Neill, 1951). • FOSSILRECORD. None. Salamandra talpoidea Holbrook, 1838: 117, pI. 29. Type• • PERTINENTLITERATURE.Aspects of the life history locality, "sea islands on the borders of South Caro• and reproductive biology are described by Bishop (1943), lina." Holotype not known to exist. Collector, "Mr. Shoop (1960), and Smith (1961). The time of oviposi• Burden." Date of collection not given. tion is mentioned by Allen (1932) and Gentry (1955). Ambystoma ? talpoideum: Gray, 1850: 36. Transfer of Tihen's (1958) study of the osteology and phylogenetic S. talpoidea to Ambystoma. The question mark is affinities of the Ambystomatidae should also be noted. that of Gray; it indicates that Gray was uncertain • ETYMOLOGY.The name talpoideum refers to the whether S. talpoidea belonged in Ambystoma, Xi• burrowing habits of this form (Latin talpa, "mole"; phonura, or some other genus. oides, "like"). Ambystoma Talpoideum: Gray. Dumeril, Bibron, & Dumeril (1854:109) cite Gray as author of the com• COMMENT bination .. Amblystoma talpoideum: Cope, 1868:172. Emended gen• The geographic range needs to be determined in many eric name. CQpe erroneously credits Gray as au• areas. Larval sampling may be a useful method of fill• thor of this combination. ing distributional gaps. Ambystoma talpoideum: Hay, 1892:582. This may be an autumn breeder in northerly parts of its range (Smith, 1961). • CONTENT. No subspecies are recognized at pres• Neoteny is infrequent in Ambystoma in the eastern ent. Smith (1961) examined specimens from Illmois, , but it may be widespread in this species. South Carolina, and Louisiana and found no differences Neoteny is reported from (Carr & Goin, 1943) of taxonomic significance. and from Mississippi (Boyd & Vickers, 1963). Addi• • DEFINITION. Adults range in snout-vent length tional information is needed. from 46 to 68 mm, and from 81 to 122 mm in total length. Costal grooves number 10 or 11. Premax• LITERATURECITED ilIary teeth are in a single row; vomerine teeth are in three transverse series with the central series posterior Allen, Morrow J. 1932. A survey of the and medial to the internal nar~s and the lateral series and reptiles of Harrison County, Mississippi. Amer. behind the nares. Lingual plicae are radiate. Toes Mus. Novitates, (542) :1-20. overlap when limbs are adpressed. The dorsum of Baldauf, Richard J., & Joe C. Truett. 1964. First adults varies from dark gray to blue black or bluish record of Ambystoma talpoideum Hollbrook from liver, often with flecks or lichenlike markings of light Texas. Copeia, 1964:221. gray or blue gray. In breeding adults, light brown or Bishop, Sherman C. 1943. Handbook of ; tan areas are present on the dorsum of the tail and oc• the salamanders of the United States, of Canada, casionally on the parotoid region. A dark median and of Lower California. Comstock Publishing Co., stripe is present on the venter of recently metamor• Ithaca, New York. xiv + 555 pp. phosed individuals, young adults, and neotenous adults. Blair, Albert P. 1941. Ambystoma talpoideum in Ok• Older specimens, except neotenes, have a blue-gray lahoma. Copeia, 1941:184. venter. Blanchard, Frank N. 1922. The amphibians and rep• • DESCRIPTIONS.The eggs and capsules have been tiles of western Tennessee. Occas. Papers Mus. described by Mosimann & Uzzell (1952); larvae by ZooI. Univ. Michigan, (17) :1-18. Orton (1942), and Bishop (1943); developmental stages Boyd, Claude E., & David H. Vickers. 1963. Distri• of larvae by Volpe & Shoop (1963); spermatophores by bution of some Mississippi amphibians and reptiles. Shoop (1960); adults by Holbrook (1838), Cope (1868), Herpetologica, 19:202-205. Brimley, C. S. 1910. Records of some reptiles and Carr(1961);(1940),neotenicBishopindividuals(1943), Shoopby Carr(1960),& Goinand (1943).Smith Many regional guides and keys include descriptions of ! this species. I ! ? -.- ..•.. • ILLUSTRATIONS.Holbrook (1838: pI. 29) includes an illustration in color in his original description. Pho• .-.-.-.-''-._._._._._._.~I ~ tographs of adults may be found in Bishop (1943), i Parmalee (1954), Conant (1958), Shoop (1960), and \ Smith (1961). Orton (1942) and Volpe & Shoop (1963) I have illustrations of larvae. I • DISTRIBUTION.This species is reported from the Coastal Plain of South Carolina through central Flor• ida to Texas, and northward in the Mississippi Basin to extreme southeastern Oklahoma and southern Illi• nois. In Georgia it ranges at least a short distance into the Piedmont. Populations in the Cumberland and Tennessee River drainages may be continuous with those of the Mississippi Valley, while those in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina appear disjunct. Evidence of occurrence in southern Arkansas and south• eastern Missouri is lacking. For literature records of localities, in addition to the works previously mentioned, see Parker (1947, Ar• kansas), Van Hyning (1933, Florida), Neill (1947, Geor• MILES 'I.r gia), Cagle (1942, ), Rossman (1960, Illinois), KILOMETERS 0 Strecker & Frierson (1935, Louisiana), Burt (1946, Lou• isiana), Boyd & Vickers (1963, Mississippi), Brimley MAP. The type-locality is not sufficiently restricted (1910, Mississippi and Georgia; 1939-1943, North Car• to be shown. Circles mark selected localities. The en• olina), Blair (1941, Oklahoma), Schmidt (1924, South circled question mark represents a doubtful locality. Carolina), Blanchard (1922, Tennessee), Nicholls (1950, Other question marks show uncertain boundaries. 8.2 batrachians from the southeastern United States. Neill, W. T. 1947. A collection of amphibians from Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 23:9-18. Georgia. Copeia, 1947:271-272. - 1939-1943. The amphibians and reptiles of North - 1951. Note on the role of crawfishes in the ecology Carolina. [Title varies.] Carolina Tips, 2(1-7); of reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. Ecology, 32: 3(1-7); 4(1-7); 5(1-6)' 6(1-5): various pages. 764-766. Burt, Charles E. 1946. A report on some amphibians Nicholls, J. C., Jr. 1950. Notes on salamanders as• and reptiles from Louisiana. Trans. Kansas Acad. sociated with Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls. Jour. Sci., 48(4) :422-428. Tennessee Acad. Sci., 25:310-314. Cagle, Fred R. 1942. Herpetological fauna of Jack• Orton, Grace. 1942. Notes on the larvae of certain son and Union Counties, Illinois. Amer. Midland species of Ambystoma. Copeia,1942:170-172. Nat., 28:164-200. Parker, Malcolm V. 1947. Notes on the herpetology Carr, Archie Fairly, Jr. 1940. A contribution to the of Clay and Greene Counties, Arkansas. Proc. Ar• herpetology of Florida. Univ. Florida PubI. BioI. kansas Acad. Sci.. 2:15-30. Sci. Ser., 3(1) :1-118. Parmalee, Paul W. 1954. Amphibians of Illinois. Il• Carr, A. F., Jr., & Coleman J. Goin. 1943. Neoteny linois State Mus., Story of Illinois No. 10. 38 pp. in Florida salamanders. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., Rossman, Douglas A. 1960. Herpetofaunal survey of 6:37-40. the Pine Hills area of southern Illinois. Quart. Conant, Roger. 1958. A field guide to reptiles and Jour. Florida Acad. Sci., 22:207-225. amphibians [etc.]. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. Schmidt, K. P. 1924. A list of amphibians and rep• xviii + 366 pp. tiles collected near Charleston, South Carolina. Co• Cope, Edward Drinker. 1868. A review of the species peia, (130):67-69. of the Amblystomidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila• delphia (for 1'867),19:166-211. Shoop,moleC.salamander,Robert. 1960.AmbystomaThe breedingtalpoideumhabits of(Hol•the Dumeril, A.-M.-C., G. Bibron, & A. Dumeril. 1854. brook), in southeastern Louisiana. Tulane Stud. Erpetologie generale ou histoire naturelle complete Zool. 8:65-82. des reptiles. Vol. 9, 440 pp. Librarie Encyclopooi• Smith, Philip W. 1961. The amphibians and reptiles que de Roret, Paris. of Illinois. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., 28(1): Endsley, J. R. 1954. An annotated listing of a herp• 1-298. etological collection mainly from Tennessee. Rept. Strecker, J. K., & L. S. Frierson, Jr. 1935. The herp• Reelfoot Lake BioI. Sta., 18:36-41. etology of Caddo and DeSoto Parishes, Louisiana. Gentry, Glenn. 1955. An annotated check list of the Baylor Bull., 38(3) :33-34. amphibians and reptiles of Tennessee. Jour. Ten• Tihen, Joseph A. 1958. Comments on the osteology nessee Acad. Sci., 30:168-176. and phylogeny of ambystomatid salamanders. Bull. Gray, John Edward. 1850. Catalogue of the speci• Florida State Mus., 3:1-50. mens of Amphibia in the collection of the British Van Hyning, O. C. 1933. Batrachia and Reptilia of Museum, part II. Batrachia Gradientia, etc. 72 pp. Alachua County, Florida. Copeia, 1933:3-7. London. Hay, Oliver Perry. 1892. The batrachians and rep• Volpe,of larvaeE. Peter,of Ambystoma& C. Roberttalpoideum.Shoop. 1963.Copeia,Diagnosis1963: tiles of the state of . Indiana Dept. GeoI. 444-446. Nat. Resources Ann. Rept., 17:409-602. C. R. SHOOP, WELLESLEY COLLEGE, WELLESLEY, MASSA- Holbrook,John Edwards. 1838. North American herp• CHUSETTS. etology. Vol. 3, 122 pp. J. Dobson, Philadelphia. Mosimann, James E., & Thomas M. Uzzell, Jr. 1952. Issued 15 September 1964. Publication is supported Description of the eggs of the , by National Science Foundation grant G24231. © Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook). Chicago Acad. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists ScL Nat. Hist. Misc., (104):1-3. 1964.