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Abarokore Movement 92 , 113 – 15 , Arusha Peace Accords 158 , 178–83 , 145 , 160 , 196 , 205 , 224 , 249 , 265 187 – 88 , 192 , 194 , 268 , 273 , 275 , colonial era 81 279 abazimu 36 Association for the Social Promotion Adventists. See Seventh Day Adventist of the Mass (APROSOMA) 71 , Church 72 Africa Watch. See Human Rights Association of Volunteers for Peace Watch (AVP) 142 , 171 African Rights 4 , 5 , 192 Association Rwandaise pour la Agro-Pastoral and Artisanal Project Défense des Droits de la Personne of Kirinda. See PAPAKI et des Libertés Publiques. See Akagera National Park 134 Rwandan Association for the akazu 124 , 136 , 162– 64 , 166 , 181 , Defense of Human Rights and 185 , 189 Public Liberties All Africa Conference of Churches 96 , 100 , 158 , 192 Bagasora, Colonel Théoneste 180 , Anglican Church. See Episcopal 197 Church of Rwanda Bagogwe 135 , 136 , 139 , 169 , animation 88 , 91 , 93 , 126 , 132 , 133 , 282 141 , 143 , 316 Bahutu Manifesto 71 Annet, Pastor Henri 78 Basic Ecclesial Communities anti-Semitism 10 (CEBs) 101– 4 , 191 , 242 , 261 , Appleby, Scott 314 299 , 308 , 309 , 312 APROSOMA. See Association for the Bayart, Jean-François 19 , 310 Social Promotion of the Mass Belgian Society of Protestant Missions ARBEF (Rwandan Association for the in Congo. See SBMPC Well-Being of the Family) 113 Belgium Armenian genocide 12–13 , 18 colonial rule of Rwanda 34 , 38 , ARTC. See Rwandan Association of 48–56 , 58 , 62 , 75 , 77 , 78–81 , Christian Workers 204 , 210

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Belgium (cont.) Bushiru kingdom 34 , 52 , 124 criticism of the Habyarimana Busozo kingdom 34 , 52 regime 166 Butare Catholic cathedral 103 , 201 , in the War of October 136 234 , 261 Kayibanda visit to 67 Butare Catholic diocese 105 killing of United Nations Butare prefecture 201 troops 188 , 283 Butare Presbyterian parish 263 missionaries from. See Belgian Butare town 167 , 177 Society of Protestant Missions in Butare, in 7 , 64 , Congo 103 , 122 , 201 , 234 , 261 , 263 , 299 Rwandan independence Bwakira commune 205 , 208 , 219 , from 64–73 225 , 227 , 228 , 239 – 41 , 268 , Benebikira Sisters 68 271–73 , 275 , 278 , 280 , 284 – 86 , Benedict XVI, Pope 321 290 , 291 – 95 , 296 Bergen, Doris 11 , 196 Byumba prefecture 89 , 144 , 169 , 178 , Bethel missionaries 77 , 78 , 203 179 , 271 Bézy, Fernand 120 Bigirumwami, Mgr. Aloysius 68 , 72 , Cardijn, Father Joseph 112 74 , 89 Caritas 103 , 106 , 122 , 263 Biguhu Presbyterian parish 29 , 193 , Catholic Church 4 197 , 201 , 218 , 220 , 223 , 236 , and birth control 94 237 , 240–66 and President Habyarimana 82 , genocide in 277–85 , 288–89 , 298 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 124 , 153 , 184 300 and President Kayibanda 76–77 , Birambo 226 , 228 , 229 , 241 , 245 , 82 , 86 273 , 274 , 277 – 81 , 284 , 288 , 290 , and the 1959 revolution 72 , 76 , 294 , 296 85 , 86 Boesak, Reverend Allen 16 and the Holocaust 11 , 12 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 17 criticism of 154 Bosnia, ethnic violence 13 , 18 economic development Brard, Father 46 , 48 , 97 activities 105 , 106 , 113 Buganda 1 , 4 , 43 in civil society 8 , 22 , 142 Bugesera region in colonial Rwanda 38–55 , 58–73 massacres in 140 , 169 , 170 , 173 , in the democracy movement 8 , 174 , 179 132 , 138 , 142 Buhoma kingdom 34 , 52 in the genocide 5–6 , 189–90 , Bujumbura, 38 , 71 , 72 , 194–95 , 197 180 , 283 lay movements 111– 13 Bukunzi kingdom 34 , 40 , 51 Liberation Theology 97 , 100 Burundi Muvara scandal 96 1972 ethnic massacres 14 , 84 pastoral letters 148–53 , 155 , assassination of president 182 , 172–73 , 184 183 , 188 , 273 reaction to ethnic violence 85 , churches in 15 , 38 , 42 , 43 , 79 , 81 171 , 172–74 , 185 ethnic violence 84 , 182 , 188 , 313 response to the genocide 7– 9 , 191 indigenous religion 37 structural changes in 101–4 refugees in Rwanda 85 CEBs. See Basic Ecclesial Rwandan refugees in 83 Communities

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Center of Integrated Rural and Cyahinda Catholic parish 5 Artisanal Teaching (CERAI) 209 , Cyangugu prefecture 77 , 121 , 142 210 , 243 , 246 , 277 Centre Christus, Kigali 142 , 189 , 322 de Lacger, Louis 63 , 65 Charismatic Renewal 112 , 114 , de Lame, Danielle 203 , 328 155 – 57 Decalo, Samuel 88 Chazan, Naomi 314 , 327 Dejemeppe, Father Arthur 67 , 75 Christian League for the Defense Delhove, Pastor David 204 of Human Rights in Rwanda democracy movement 8 , 117 , 118 , (LICHREDHOR) 142 , 171 126–33 , 137 , 138 , 140 , 163 , 176 , Christian Missionary Society 236 , 260 , 309 (CMS) 112 Democratic and Republican Youth. church. See Catholic Church , See JDR Episcopal Church , Free Democratic Republic of Congo. See Methodist Church , Pentecostal Zaire Church , Presbyterian Church , Deprimoz, Mgr Laurent 67 , 70 Seventh Day Adventist Church , Des Forges, Alison 3 , 35 , 65 , 124 , Union of Baptist Churches 135 , 168 , 181 , 183 , 187 , 190 , Church Missionary Society 227 , 281 , 282 , 291 , 318 (CMS) 79 – 81 Dialogue 87 , 141 , 142 , 171 civil society and the genocide 318–19 East African Revival 113 , 114 Gramsci on 24 , 25 economic conditions in in Eastern Europe 20–23 Rwanda 117–21 religious groups in 25–26 Ellis, Stephen 234 Classe, Mgr Leon 41 , 46 , 48 , 49 , Englund, Harri 266 51–56 , 62 , 67 , 75 , 76 Episcopal Church of Rwanda Cloward, Richard 315 (EER) 124 , 159 , 201 , 234 Coalition for the Defense of the and economic development 105 , Republic (CDR) 139 , 164– 65 , 106 , 110 168– 72 , 178– 84 , 187– 88 , 225 , in the colonial era 79–81 268 , 270– 75 , 278 , 279 , 285 leadership struggle 144 , 145 coffee production 120 medical services 104 COJEM (Cooperative of Young response to the genocide 192 Carpenters) 243 , 246 ethnic identity Communautés Ecclesiales de Base . anti-Tutsi violence 66 , 72 , 83 , 85 , See Basic Ecclesial Communities 136 , 151 , 152 , 169 (CEBs) discrimination against Tutsi 121 , Contact Committee 138 , 159 , 184 135 , 220 , 233 corruption origins of Hutu and Tutsi church response to 149 , 150 , identities 35–36 , 46 , 59–66 154 , 196 Twa group 27 , 35 , 36 , 58 –62 , 65 , in opposition parties 177 76 , 148 , 253 , 263 , 308 in the churches 145 , 213 , 224 , 234 , 237 , 297 Farmers and Animal Raisers Joining in the government 122 , 123 , 125 , Together to Help Themselves 128 , 129 , 131 , 141 , 225 , 236 (TWIBATURE) 245 , 251 , 255 Crummey, Donald 226 Fatton, Robert 233

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Fein, Helen 4 , 15 , 17 , 168 , 170 Gourevitch, Philip 193 , 194 FIDH (International Federation of Gramsci, Antonio 23 , 24 , 232 , 233 , Human Rights Leagues) 16 234 , 235 , 236 , 260 , 300 , 319 First Republic. See Kayibanda, Gravel, Pierre Bettez 37 President Grégoire Groupe Scolaire d’Astrida 64 , 68 , 70 First World War 12 , 13 , 42 , 48 , 51 , 78 , 112 , 203 Habyarimana, President Juvénal Free Methodist Church 81 , 107 , MRND 25 159 , 185 , 191 , 201 hamitic hypothesis 42–44 Hamitic hypothesis 60 , 61 Gahini Episcopal parish 79 , 80 Harroy, Jean-Paul, Vice-Governor for Gakwaya, Father Straton 115 Ruanda-Urundi 69 Gatabazi, Félician 178 , 187 Hirschman, Albert O. 147 Gatwa, Tharcisse 87 , 115 , 142 Hirth, Monsignor Jean-Joseph 39– 41 , Gautier, Mary 22 45 , 47 , 48 , 51 , 115 Genocide Convention (Convention on Holocaust 11–12 , 15 , 17 , 303 , 305 , the Prevention and Punishment of 306 , 332 Genocide of 1948) 305 Human Rights Watch 3 , 5 , 16 , 27 , genocide of Tutsi, 1994 186–89 , 166 , 168 , 181 , 182 , 268 , 303 190 , 192–93 , 193–98 Huntington, Samuel 22 , 265 and the churches 189–90 , 190–92 , Hutu. See ethnic identity 318–19 , 320–23 Hutu Manifesto. See Bahutu Manifesto in Biguhu 197 , 278–84 Hutu Power 183 , 185 , 189 , 270 , in Kirinda 197 , 280–84 274– 76 , 278 , 279 , 281 , 282 , 285 , Germany 291 colonial rule of Rwanda 42 Holocaust 11 , 15 ICCO 207 Gikongoro prefecture 79 , 282 , Impuzamugambi militia 164 285 , 288 inama z’imirenge . See Basic Ecclesial Gikongoro Prefecture 6 , 85 , 87 , 143 , Communities (CEBs) 157 , 194 , 204 , 210 , 225 , 241 , inama-remezo . See Basic Ecclesial 258 , 283 , 284 , 288 , 289 , 291 Communities Gisaka kingdom 40 , 41 , 51 , 52 , 68 , India 77 , 79 communal violence in 306 , 313 Gisenyi prefecture 85 , 87 , 120 , 121 , indigenous religion 36–38 124 , 139 , 144 , 169 , 171 , 173 , Inkotanyi. See Rwandan Patriotic Front 174 , 179 , 184 , 189 , 195 , 270 , Institut Presbytérien de Kirinda. See 272 , 282 , 296 Presbyterian Institute of Kirinda Gishwati Forest Reserve 135 , 136 Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Gishyita commune 178 , 270 , 271 , Rwanda (ISAR) 207 281 Interahamwe militia 164 , 165 , 171 , Gitarama prefecture 72 , 79 , 84 , 89 , 172 , 186 , 292 , 295 , 322 121 , 124 , 191 , 192 , 204 , 206 , International Commission of 210 , 211 , 219 , 224 , 241 , 285 , Inquiry 166 290 , 291 , 296 International Federation of Human Gitera, Joseph 71 , 73 Rights Leagues. See FIDH Gitwe Adventist parish 78 , 204 , 290 intore warriors 42

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Islam Kazinga, Agathe, Madame in Bosnia-Herzegovina 13 Habyarimana 124 in India 18 1 , 2 , 4 , 104 , 113 , 128 , 214 , 321 in Kosovo 14 Kibari kingdom 34 in Lebanon 18 Kibeho in Rwanda 4 , 74 , 196 apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Turkey 12 at 31 , 114 , 145 , 150 , 155 , 156 , Iwacu Center 26 , 113 , 127 , 131 , 157 , 159 , 176 , 191 142 , 257 , 258 Kibilira commune massacre of Bagogwe Tutsi 135 , JDR (Democratic and Republican 151 , 174 , 179 Youth) 227 , 229 , 231 Kibogoro Free Methodist parish 81 Jean-Paul II, Pope 7 , 149 , 320 Kibungo prefecture 95 , 158 , 190 , 195 visit to Rwanda 133 Kibuye prefecture 1 , 5 , 29 , 89 , 121 , Jehovah’s Witnesses 92 122 , 143 , 153 , 167 , 169 , 171 , Jesuits 142 , 189 , 322 173 , 178 , 179 , 184 , 194 , 195 , 201 , Johanssen, Pastor Ernst 78 204– 7 , 210 , 225 , 228 , 229 , 240 , John XXIII, Pope 112 241 , 258 , 268 , 270– 72 , 276 , 279 , Johnston, Harry 43 280– 83 , 285 , 293 , 294 , 296 Josephite Brothers 68 Kiga people 37 , 38 Kigali 3 , 6 , 72 , 89 , 103 , 113 , 131 , Kabasha, Burgomaster 136 , 142 , 165 , 179 , 185 , 187–90 , Tharcisse 218– 19 , 221 , 225 , 194 , 204 , 207 , 214 , 217 , 219 , 228 , 271– 73 , 285 , 290 , 292 226 , 257 , 277 , 279 , 283–84 , 292 , Kabgayi, Catholic diocese 51 , 55 , 70 , 322 71 , 74 , 89 , 153 , 191 , 289 , 296 Kigali-Rural prefecture 179 , 271 Kaduha Catholic parish 6 , 194 Kigeme Episcopal parish 79 , 81 Kagame, Father Alexis 63 Kimonyo, Jean-Paul 271 Kagame, Paul 134 Kinigi commune 234 , 298 Kalibushi, Bishop Wenceslas 153 , Kinyaga 35 , 36 174 , 184 , 186 , 189 Kinyamateka Kalibwami, Justin 39 , 50 , 68 , 74 , 92 in the colonial era 70 , 74 Kampanga Catholic parish 201 , in the democracy movement 8 , 132 , 234 , 298 141 , 171 , 174 , 184 Kamweya, André 188 in the First Republic 86 Kandt, Richard 41 , 51 Kirinda Hospital 210 , 218 Kanyarushoki, Pierre-Claver 180 Kirinda Presbyterian parish 29 , 197 , Karamaga, André 87 , 95 , 96 , 115 201 , 203–37 , 240 , 241 , 242 , Kavaruganda, Joseph 188 246–47 , 249 , 257 , 260 , 262 , 264 , Kayibanda, President Grégoire 67 , 265 , 266 , 269–76 , 306 , 318 70– 75 , 82 , 83 , 86– 89 , 97 , 121 , genocide in 278–88 , 289–96 , 124 , 128 , 137 , 168 , 180 , 235 , 297 , 300 270 mission history 77– 79 , 203–4 as president 83–85 Kosovo 13 , 14 Kayiranga, Jean-François 6 kubandwa . See Lyangombe and Kayishema, Prefect Clément 280 , 282 Nyabingi Kayove commune 282 kubohoza 164 , 167 , 177 , 227 , 273

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Lake Kivu 77 , 81 , 215 , 218 , 270 MRND (National Revolutionary Lavigerie, Cardinal Charles 39 , 50 , Movement for Development) 55 , 67 , 185 88 , 89 , 93 , 126 , 127 , 129 , 132 , Lebanon 137– 39 , 143 , 145 , 153 , 158 , 159 , ethnic violence in 306 163– 66 , 168 , 169 , 171 , 177– 80 , Lebanon, religious violence 18 182 , 183 , 187 , 190 , 225 , 227– 29 , Legion of Mary 112 231 , 258 , 268 , 270– 74 , 276 , 278 , Lemarchand, René 35 , 64 , 69 , 71 , 282 72 , 74 , 84 , 87 , 182 , 313 Mugesera, Antoine 131 Lemkin, Raphael 305 Mugesera, Léon 179 Leo XIII, Pope 98 Mugonero Adventist parish 194 Lewin, Moshe 21 Muhutu Social Movement Liberal Party (PL) 137 , 138 , 163 , (MSM) 71 , 72 171 , 177 , 188 Muko commune 258 , 282 , 283 , 288 , Liberation Theology 97–101 291 LICHREDHOR. See Christian League Mulindahabi, Calliope 70 for the Defense of Human Rights Munyeshaka, Father Wenceslas 194 in Rwanda Munyeshyaka, Father Wenceslas 6 Ligue Chrétienne de Défense des Muramba Catholic parish 174 , Droits de l’Homme au Rwanda. 189 , 195 See Christian League for the Murunda Catholic parish 280 Defense of Human Rights in Musange commune 288 Rwanda Musebeya commune 288 Linden, Ian 8 , 9 , 39 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 55 , Museveni, President Yoweri 134 67 , 68 , 74 , 76 Musinga, King Yuhi V 33 , 38 , 40 , Locatelli, Antonia 174 41 , 49 , 51 , 53– 55 , 62 , 77 , 78 , Logiest, Colonel Guy 73 80 , 203 Lyangombe religious practice 37 Muslims. See Islam Muvara, Father Felicien 96 Mabanza commune 281 Mwanangu, Father Evode 189 Mahame, Chrysologue 142 Mwendo commune 228 , 240 , 241 , Maindron, Gabriel 31 , 145 , 146 258 , 259 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 271 , Malawi 266 278– 80 , 282– 86 , 288 , 289 , 296 , Mamdani, Mahmood 247 298 Maquet, Jaques J. 76 Mathieu, Ngirira 130 National Committee of Development Mayuya, Colonel Stanislas 125 (CND) 6 , 133 , 137 Mbandiwimfura, Dépgratias 68 National Offi ce for Population. See Mbembe, Achile 9 ONAPO Mfi zi, Christophe 164 National Revolutionary Movement Mibirizi Catholic parish 39 for Development. See MRND Misago, Bishop Augustin 145 , 155 , National Rwandan Union. See UNAR 157 , 158 National University of Rwanda Mobutu, Sese Sekou 16 (NUR) 85 , 125 , 131 Monga, Celestin 22 , 23 , 265 Ndadaye, President Melchior Mortehan, Georges, Belgian 182– 85 , 273– 75 Resident 52 , 62 Ndadye, President Melchior 182

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Ndahayo, Claver 71 Nyantango 203 Ndahimana, Etienne 142 Nyanza, royal capital 39 , 42 , 53 , 55 , Ndandari, Bishop Justin 144 , 145 72 , 77 , 78 , 204 Ndasingwa, Landoald 188 Nyundo, Catholic diocese 8 , 39 , 40 , Ndegwa, Stephen 128 , 319 68 , 74 , 87 , 89 , 153 , 154 , 174 , Ndera, minor seminar of Kigali 195 184 , 189 , 203 Ndorwa 37 Nzamurambaho, Frédéric 188 Nduga 34 , 47 Nzitabakuze, Jean Bosco 130 new religious movements, suppression of 92 ONAPO (National Offi ce for Newbury, Catharine 35 , 36 , 122 Population) 94 , 113 Ngoma Catholic parish 7 , 197 OPROVIA 208 Ngoma commune 234 Niyitegeka, Sister Félicitas 195 Pagès, Father Albert 63 , 65 Niyonzima, Maximilien 70 PAPAKI (Agro-Pastoral and Artisanal Nkezabera, Father Augustin 195 Project of Kirinda) 207 , 208 , Nkiramacumu, Dominique 142 212 , 215 , 220 , 231 , 235 Nkurikiye, Edouard 6 PARMEHUTU, Party of the Movement Northern Ireland for Hutu Emancipation 72– 74 , communal violence in 306 83 , 137 Nsengiyaremye, Prime Minister Parratt, John 100 Dismas 138 , 139 , 163 , 171 , Patrimonialism in the churches 90 180 , 181 Paul VI, Pope 98 , 157 Nsengiyumva, Archbishop Pawa. See Hutu Power Vincent 89 , 96 , 142 , 153 , PDC. See Christian Democratic Party 184 , 309 Pentecostal Church 81 , 114 , 159 , Nsengiyumva, Bishop Thadée 8 , 176 , 191 , 196 , 224 , 234 , 320 153 , 155 Perraudin, Mgr André 70 , 72 , 74 , Nsengiyumva, Bishop Thadée 186 76 , 89 , 112 , 189 Nsengiyumva, Thadée, Bishop of Piven, Frances Fox 315 Kabgayi 154 Pottier, Johan 263 Nsengiyumva, Vincent 89 , 153 Presbyterian Church in Rwanda Nshamihigo, Archbishop Augustin (EPR) 29 , 185 144 , 145 , 185 , 191 , 192 Abarokore Movement 160 Nshimyimana, Enos 142 and civil society 113 Ntakirutimana, Elizaphan 5 , 194 and economic development 106 Ntaryamira, President Cyprien 188 and the Habyarimana regime 89 Ntezimana, Emmanuel 7 , 104 , 125 , democratization of 309 304 , 322 ethnic discrimination in 96 Nyabarongo River 179 , 203 , 205 , in Biguhu. See Biguhu Presbyterian 230 , 231 , 241 , 285 , 290 parish Nyabingi religious practice 37 , 80 , in civil society 142 , 175 92 in Kirinda. See Kirinda Presbyterian Nyakizu commune 5 , 192 parish Nyandwe, Father Robert 6 mission history 59 , 77–79 , 104 Nyandwi, Father Robert 194 , 230 response to 1973 violence 87 Nyange Catholic Parish 6 response to genocide 191

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Presbyterian Institute of Kirinda Ruhumuliza, Jonathan 192 (IPK) 209 , 210 , 212– 15 , Rukoma Catholic parish 189 217– 20 , 223 , 225 , 226 , 231 , 247 , Rutayisire, Paul 4 , 39 , 40 , 44 , 45 , 271 , 272 , 274 , 276 , 279 , 283 , 48 , 52 , 55 , 64 285 , 288 , 290 , 297 Rutsiro commune 270 , 271 , 277 , Presidential Guard 3 280 , 282 Projet Agro-Pastorale et Artisanal de Ruzindana, Bishop Joseph 89 Kirinda. See PAPAKI Rwabugiri, King Kigeri IV 34 , 36 , Prunier, Gerard 3 , 124 , 133 , 136 , 38 , 45 , 62 180 , 186 Rwamatamu commune 178 , 270 , 271 PSD. See Social Democratic Party Rwanda Council of Churches 158 , 159 Radio-Television Libre des Milles Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) 135 Collines. See RTLM Rwandan Association for the Defense Radoli, Sister Agatha 9 of Human Rights and Public Rambura Catholic parish 189 Liberties (ADL) 142 , 171 Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph. See Rwandan Association for the Well- Benedict XVI Being of the Family. See ARBEF Red Cross 196 , 274 Rwandan Association of Christian Reformed Church of Belgium 243 Workers (ARTC) 184 regional favoritism 85 , 121 Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) 134 , Remera Presbyterian parish 77 , 78 , 135 , 136 204 , 217 Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) 6 , Republican Democratic Movement 134 , 135 , 138 , 139 , 147 , 150 , 151 , (MDR) 83 , 137– 39 , 164 , 171 , 152 , 158 , 159 , 161 , 165 , 168–69 , 177– 83 , 187 , 188 , 224 , 225 , 172 , 175 , 178–81 , 182–83 , 184 , 227– 30 , 268 , 270– 276 , 278 , 281 , 185 , 187 , 188 , 191 , 192 , 194 , 232 , 282 282 , 283 , 291 , 306 , 312 , 317 , 319 Reyntjens, Filip 35 , 66 , 83 , 139 , 166 , fears of, in Kirinda 271–76 , 279 , 179 , 180 , 188 294–96 Rocogoza, Faustin 188 Rwaza Catholic parish 39 , 40 , 41 , Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic 47 , 203 Church Rwigyema, Major-General Fred 134 RTLM (Free Radio-Television of the Thousand Hills) 181 , 183 , 186 , Saul, John 23 191 , 279 , 282 Save Catholic parish 39 , 46 , 48 , 71 , Rubengera Presbyterian parish 77 , 102– 4 , 123 , 177 , 201 , 233 , 234 , 78 , 204 , 217 , 281 298 , 299 Rubwejanga, Bishop Frédéric 95 , 158 SBMPC, Belgian Society of Protestant Rudahigwa, King Mutara III 55 , 68 , Missions in Congo 78 , 79 , 80 , 75 204 , 210 death of 72 School of Nursing Sciences of Kirinda Rugasira, Father Ananie 195 (ESI) 210 , 211 , 219 , 220 , 228 , Ruhengeri prefecture 89 , 121 , 122 , 231 , 269 , 271 , 283 , 284 , 286 , 287 124 , 131 , 139 , 165 , 169 , 178 , Scott, James 222 , 234 , 235 , 309 , 315 179 , 201 , 234 , 271 , 272 , 296 , 298 Sebununguri, Bishop Adonia 89 , Ruhengeri town 125 144 , 145

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Second Vatican Council 98 , 99 , 101 , Twagirayesu, Pastor Michel 89 , 96 , 112 113 , 158– 60 , 185 , 217 , 218 , 220 , Second World War 11 , 15 , 66 , 67 , 222 , 225 , 270 , 279 , 283– 87 , 292 , 69 , 74 , 97 , 305 , 321 300 , 309 Sells, Michael 13 TWIBATURE. See Farmers and Service for Rural Development in Animal Raisers Joining Together Biguhu (SDRB) 244– 46 , 250 , to Help Themselves 251 , 256– 58 , 289 Seventh Day Adventist Church 4 , ubuhake cattle clientship 35 , 44 , 5 , 59 , 78 , 79 , 93 , 159 , 174 , 194 , 69 , 71 204 , 224 , 234 , 290 , 299 uburetwa forced labor 36 , 65 , 123 Shamukiga, Charles 188 ubutaka land clientship 35 Shyanda commune 121 , 241 umuganda 88 , 91 , 93 , 122 , 123 , Shyembe hill 204 , 205 , 209– 11 , 215 , 126 , 132 , 133 , 143 , 170 , 225 , 219 , 226– 28 , 231 , 272 , 274 , 285 , 236 , 316 286 , 291 , 295 UNAMIR. See United Nations Shyogwe Episcopal parish 79 Assistance Mission to Rwanda Sibomana, Father André 7 , 8 , 128 , UNAR (National Rwandan 129 , 132 , 141 , 142 , 174 , 253 Union) 72 , 73 , 74 , 84 , 181 Siegmund-Schultze, Friedrich 17 Union of Baptist Churches in Rwanda Sirven, Pierre 106 (UEBR) 81 , 107 , 160 , 185 , 201 Social Democratic Party (PDC) 139 United Church of Belgium 244 Social Democratic Party (PSD) United Nations Assistance Mission to 137– 39 , 164 , 177– 80 , 183 , 187 , Rwanda (UNAMIR) 187 , 188 , 188 , 193 , 257 , 275 , 281 283 . See Jesuits Uwilingiyimana, Prime Minister Society of Missionaries of Africa. See Agathe 181 , 182 , 183 , 187 , White Fathers 188 Speke, John Hanning 43 Sri Lanka Vail, Leroy 59 ethnic violence in 168 , 306 Van Hoyweghen, Saskia 9 Ste. Famille Catholic parish 194 van Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald 17 Straus, Scott 186 Vansina, Jan 34 , 35 , 65 , 75 , 76 Sudan 2 , 18 , 306 Swiss Reformed Church 243 War of October 133 , 136 , 141 , 147 , 148 , 150 , 158 , 165 , 168 , 178 , Tanzania 14 , 37 , 88 , 104 , 113 269 ter Haar, Gerrie 234 White Fathers 27 , 39 , 40 , 44 , 49 , 50 Theunis, Guy 90 , 95 , 142 in colonial Rwanda 48–57 , 58–73 , Trafi pro consumers’ cooperative 115 , 203 70 , 113 in the democracy movement 165 , Tripp, Aili 314 166 , 171 Tutsi. See ethnic identity Wiesel, Elie 303 Tutu, Archbishop Desmond 16 Witte, John 265 , 316 Twa. See ethnic identity World Council of Churches 7 , 100 Twagiramungu, Faustin 181 , 182 , 183 , 187 , 188 , 275 , 281 Xaverian Movement 112

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Young Christian Workers (JOC) 67 , ethnic violence in 16 107 , 112 government exile in 3 Yugoslavia, former in the War of October 136 ethnic violence in 306 indigenous religion 37 Rwandan refugees in 296 Zaire Zaza Catholic parish 39 , Anglican Church 144 40 , 41 Catholic Church 14 , 102 Zero Network 164 , 166 , 169

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