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Chagas Disease in Europe September 2011
Listed for Impact Factor Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiology, prevention and control Special edition: Chagas disease in Europe September 2011 This special edition of Eurosurveillance reviews diverse aspects of Chagas disease that bear relevance to Europe. It covers the current epidemiological situation in a number of European countries, and takes up topics such as blood donations, the absence of comprehensive surveillance, detection and treatment of congenital cases, and difficulties of including undocumented migrants in the national health systems. Several papers from Spain describe examples of local intervention activities. www.eurosurveillance.org Editorial team Editorial board Based at the European Centre for Austria: Reinhild Strauss, Vienna Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Belgium: Koen De Schrijver, Antwerp 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden Belgium: Sophie Quoilin, Brussels Telephone number Bulgaria: Mira Kojouharova, Sofia +46 (0)8 58 60 11 38 or +46 (0)8 58 60 11 36 Croatia: Borislav Aleraj, Zagreb Fax number Cyprus: Chrystalla Hadjianastassiou, Nicosia +46 (0)8 58 60 12 94 Czech Republic: Bohumir Križ, Prague Denmark: Peter Henrik Andersen, Copenhagen E-mail England and Wales: Neil Hough, London [email protected] Estonia: Kuulo Kutsar, Tallinn Editor-in-Chief Finland: Hanna Nohynek, Helsinki Ines Steffens France: Judith Benrekassa, Paris Germany: Jamela Seedat, Berlin Scientific Editors Greece: Rengina Vorou, Athens Kathrin Hagmaier Hungary: Ágnes Csohán, Budapest Williamina Wilson Iceland: Haraldur -
Leishmania Tropica–Induced Cutaneous and Presumptive Concomitant Viscerotropic Leishmaniasis with Prolonged Incubation
OBSERVATION Leishmania tropica–Induced Cutaneous and Presumptive Concomitant Viscerotropic Leishmaniasis With Prolonged Incubation Francesca Weiss, BS; Nicholas Vogenthaler, MD, MPH; Carlos Franco-Paredes, MD; Sareeta R. S. Parker, MD Background: Leishmaniasis includes a spectrum of dis- studies were highly suggestive of concomitant visceral eases caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the ge- involvement. The patient was treated with a 28-day course nus Leishmania. The disease is traditionally classified into of intravenous pentavalent antimonial compound so- visceral, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, de- dium stibogluconate with complete resolution of her sys- pending on clinical characteristics as well as the species temic signs and symptoms and improvement of her pre- involved. Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents tibial ulcerations. of cutaneous leishmaniasis, with a typical incubation pe- riod of weeks to months. Conclusions: This is an exceptional case in that our pa- tient presented with disease after an incubation period Observation: We describe a 17-year-old Afghani girl of years rather than the more typical weeks to months. who had lived in the United States for 4 years and who In addition, this patient had confirmed cutaneous in- presented with a 6-month history of pretibial ulcer- volvement, as well as strong evidence of viscerotropic dis- ations, 9.1-kg weight loss, abdominal pain, spleno- ease caused by L tropica, a species that characteristically megaly, and extreme fatigue. Histopathologic examina- displays dermotropism, not viscerotropism. tion and culture with isoenzyme electrophoresis speciation of her skin lesions confirmed the presence of L tropica. In addition, results of serum laboratory and serological Arch Dermatol. -
Dourine (Trypanosoma Equiperdium Infection): a Review with Special Attention to Ethiopia
European Journal of Biological Sciences 9 (2): 93-100, 2017 ISSN 2079-2085 © IDOSI Publications, 2017 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ejbs.2017.93.100 Dourine (Trypanosoma equiperdium Infection): a Review with Special Attention to Ethiopia Nesradin Yune, Gemechis Biratu and Getu Asefa Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box: 307, Jimma, Ethiopia Abstract: Dourine is a parasitic disease of breeding equids that is transmitted directly from animal to animal during coitus. The causative agent of dourine is Trypanosoma equiperdum which is protozoan parasite of family Trypanosomatidie. This organism presents in both genital secretion of male and female equids. Trypanosoma equiperdum differs from other trpanosoma in that it’s rarely detected in blood rather primary in tissue. Dourine is the only trypanosomal disease which can not be transmitted by biological vectors or which can mostly transmitted venerally. Some times the disease can also transmitted to foals by ingestion of infected colostrum or milk. Historically, dourine has been present in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. In Ethiopia dourine is restricted to only Arsi-Bale zone of highland area. Depending on virulence of the infecting strain, the nutritional status of the horse and stress factor, the course and clinical signs of dourine are highly variable in manifestation and severity. The disease is characterized mainly by swelling of the genitalia, cutaneous plaques and neurological signs and chronic emaciation. It’s difficult to diagnosis this disease as the organism found in tissue parasitism and is also extremely difficult to find and differentiate microscopically from T. evansi. -
Related Protozoan Pathogens, Different Diseases
Kinetoplastids: related protozoan pathogens, different diseases Ken Stuart, … , Steve Reed, Rick Tarleton J Clin Invest. 2008;118(4):1301-1310. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI33945. Review Series Kinetoplastids are a group of flagellated protozoans that include the species Trypanosoma and Leishmania, which are human pathogens with devastating health and economic effects. The sequencing of the genomes of some of these species has highlighted their genetic relatedness and underlined differences in the diseases that they cause. As we discuss in this Review, steady progress using a combination of molecular, genetic, immunologic, and clinical approaches has substantially increased understanding of these pathogens and important aspects of the diseases that they cause. Consequently, the paths for developing additional measures to control these “neglected diseases” are becoming increasingly clear, and we believe that the opportunities for developing the drugs, diagnostics, vaccines, and other tools necessary to expand the armamentarium to combat these diseases have never been better. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/33945/pdf Review series Kinetoplastids: related protozoan pathogens, different diseases Ken Stuart,1 Reto Brun,2 Simon Croft,3 Alan Fairlamb,4 Ricardo E. Gürtler,5 Jim McKerrow,6 Steve Reed,7 and Rick Tarleton8 1Seattle Biomedical Research Institute and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. 2Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland. 3Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. 4School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom. 5Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 6Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. -
Regulatory Mechanisms of Leishmania Aquaglyceroporin AQP1 Mansi Sharma Florida International University, [email protected]
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-6-2015 Regulatory mechanisms of Leishmania Aquaglyceroporin AQP1 Mansi Sharma Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC000197 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Parasitology Commons Recommended Citation Sharma, Mansi, "Regulatory mechanisms of Leishmania Aquaglyceroporin AQP1" (2015). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2300. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2300 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF LEISHMANIA AQUAGLYCEROPORIN AQP1 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in BIOLOGY by Mansi Sharma 2015 To: Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Mansi Sharma, and entitled, Regulatory Mechanisms of Leishmania Aquaglyceroporin AQP1, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Lidia Kos _____________________________________ Kathleen -
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania (Viannia) Panamensis in Two Travelers Successfully Treated with Miltefosine
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 103(3), 2020, pp. 1081–1084 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0086 Copyright © 2020 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Case Report: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis in Two Travelers Successfully Treated with Miltefosine S. Mann,1* T. Phupitakphol,1 B. Davis,2 S. Newman,3 J. A. Suarez,4 A. Henao-Mart´ınez,1 and C. Franco-Paredes1,5 1Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 2Division of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 3Division of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 4Gorgas Memorial Institute of Tropical Medicine, Panama ´ City, Panama; ´ 5Hospital Infantil de Mexico, ´ Federico Gomez, ´ Mexico ´ City, Mexico ´ Abstract. We present two cases of Leishmania (V) panamensis in returning travelers from Central America suc- cessfully treated with miltefosine. The couple presented with ulcerative skin lesions nonresponsive to antibiotics. Skin biopsy with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed L. (V) panamensis. To prevent the development of mucosal disease and avoid the inconvenience of parental therapy, we treated both patients with oral miltefosine. We suggest that milte- fosine represents an important therapeutic alternative in the treatment of cutaneous lesions caused by L. panamensis and in preventing mucosal involvement. A 31-old-man and a 30-year-old woman traveled to Costa Because of the presence of a thick fibrous scar at the ul- Rica for their honeymoon. They visited many regions of this cerative lesion border, we recommended a short course of country and participated in hiking, rafting, and camping. -
Leishmania\) Martiniquensis N. Sp. \(Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae\
Parasite 2014, 21, 12 Ó N. Desbois et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2014 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014011 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:31F25656-8804-4944-A568-6DB4F52D2217 Available online at: www.parasite-journal.org SHORT NOTE OPEN ACCESS Leishmania (Leishmania) martiniquensis n. sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), description of the parasite responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Martinique Island (French West Indies) Nicole Desbois1, Francine Pratlong2, Danie`le Quist3, and Jean-Pierre Dedet2,* 1 CHU de la Martinique, Hoˆpital Pierre-Zobda-Quitman, Poˆle de Biologie de territoire-Pathologie, Unite´de Parasitologie-Mycologie, BP 632, 97261 Fort-de-France Cedex, Martinique, France 2 Universite´Montpellier 1 et CHRU de Montpellier, Centre National de re´fe´rence des leishmanioses, UMR « MIVEGEC » (CNRS 5290, IRD 224, UM1, UM2), De´partement de Parasitologie-Mycologie (Professeur Patrick Bastien), 39 avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 3 CHU de la Martinique, Hoˆpital Pierre-Zobda-Quitman, Service de dermatologie, Poˆle de Me´decine-Spe´cialite´s me´dicales, BP 632, 97261 Fort-de-France Cedex, Martinique, France Received 21 November 2013, Accepted 19 February 2014, Published online 14 March 2014 Abstract – The parasite responsible for autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis in Martinique island (French West Indies) was first isolated in 1995; its taxonomical position was established only in 2002, but it remained unnamed. In the present paper, the authors name this parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) martiniquensis Desbois, Pratlong & Dedet n. sp. and describe the type strain of this taxon, including its biological characteristics, biochemical and molecular identification, and pathogenicity. This parasite, clearly distinct from all other Euleishmania, and placed at the base of the Leishmania phylogenetic tree, is included in the subgenus Leishmania. -
Sex Is a Ubiquitous, Ancient, and Inherent Attribute of Eukaryotic Life
PAPER Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of COLLOQUIUM eukaryotic life Dave Speijera,1, Julius Lukešb,c, and Marek Eliášd,1 aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; cCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8; and dDepartment of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic Edited by John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 8, 2015 (received for review February 14, 2015) Sexual reproduction and clonality in eukaryotes are mostly Sex in Eukaryotic Microorganisms: More Voyeurs Needed seen as exclusive, the latter being rather exceptional. This view Whereas absence of sex is considered as something scandalous for might be biased by focusing almost exclusively on metazoans. a zoologist, scientists studying protists, which represent the ma- We analyze and discuss reproduction in the context of extant jority of extant eukaryotic diversity (2), are much more ready to eukaryotic diversity, paying special attention to protists. We accept that a particular eukaryotic group has not shown any evi- present results of phylogenetically extended searches for ho- dence of sexual processes. Although sex is very well documented mologs of two proteins functioning in cell and nuclear fusion, in many protist groups, and members of some taxa, such as ciliates respectively (HAP2 and GEX1), providing indirect evidence for (Alveolata), diatoms (Stramenopiles), or green algae (Chlor- these processes in several eukaryotic lineages where sex has oplastida), even serve as models to study various aspects of sex- – not been observed yet. -
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1 Exploring the male-induced female reproduction of Schistosoma mansoni in a novel medium Jipeng Wang1, Rui Chen1, James Collins1 1) UT Southwestern Medical Center. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by schistosome parasites that infect over 200 million people. The prodigious egg output of these parasites is the sole driver of pathology due to infection. Female schistosomes rely on continuous pairing with male worms to fuel the maturation of their reproductive organs, yet our understanding of their sexual reproduction is limited because egg production is not sustained for more than a few days in vitro. Here, we explore the process of male-stimulated female maturation in our newly developed ABC169 medium and demonstrate that physical contact with a male worm, and not insemination, is sufficient to induce female development and the production of viable parthenogenetic haploid embryos. By performing an RNAi screen for genes whose expression was enriched in the female reproductive organs, we identify a single nuclear hormone receptor that is required for differentiation and maturation of germ line stem cells in female gonad. Furthermore, we screen genes in non-reproductive tissues that maybe involved in mediating cell signaling during the male-female interplay and identify a transcription factor gli1 whose knockdown prevents male worms from inducing the female sexual maturation while having no effect on male:female pairing. Using RNA-seq, we characterize the gene expression changes of male worms after gli1 knockdown as well as the female transcriptomic changes after pairing with gli1-knockdown males. We are currently exploring the downstream genes of this transcription factor that may mediate the male stimulus associated with pairing. -
Unique Characteristics of the Kinetoplast DNA Replication
CHAPTER 2 Unique Characteristics of the Kinetoplast DNA Replication Machinery Provide Potential Drug Targets in Trypanosomatids Dotan Sela, Neta Milman, Irit Kapeller, Aviad Zick, Rachel Bezalel, Nurit Yaffe and Joseph Shlomai* Reevaluating the Kinetoplast as a Potential Target for Anti-Trypanosomal Drugs inetoplast DNA (kDNA) is a remarkable DNA structure found in the single mitohondrion of flagellated protozoa of the order Kinetoplastida. In various parasitic Kspecies of the family Trypanosomatidae, it consists of 5,000-10,000 duplex DNA minicircles (0.5-10 kb) and 25-50 maxicircles (20-40 kb), which are linked topologically into a two dimensional DNA network. Maxicircles encode for typical mitochondrial proteins and ribosomal RNA, whereas minicircles encode for guide RNA (gRNA) molecules that function in the editing of maxicircles’ mRNA transcripts. The replication of kDNA includes the dupli- cation of free detached minicircles and catenated maxicircles, and the generation of two prog- eny kDNA networks. It is catalyzed by an enzymatic machinery, consisting of kDNA replica- tion proteins that are located at defined sites flanking the kDNA disk in the mitochondrial matrix (for recent reviews on kDNA see refs. 1-8). The unusual structural features of kDNA and its mode of replication, make this system an attractive target for anti-trypanosomal and anti-leishmanial drugs. However, in evaluating the potential promise held in the development of drugs against mitochondrial targets in trypanosomatids, one has to consider the observations that dyskinetoplastic (Dk) bloodstream forms of trypanosomes survive and retain their infectivity, despite the substantial loss of their mitochondrial genome (recently reviewed in ref. 9). Survival of Dk strains has led to the notion that kDNA and mitochondrial functions are dispensable for certain stages of the life cycle of trypanosomatids. -
Trypanosoma Cruzi Genome 15 Years Later: What Has Been Accomplished?
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Review Trypanosoma cruzi Genome 15 Years Later: What Has Been Accomplished? Jose Luis Ramirez Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, Venezuela and Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1080, Venezuela; [email protected] Received: 27 June 2020; Accepted: 4 August 2020; Published: 6 August 2020 Abstract: On 15 July 2020 was the 15th anniversary of the Science Magazine issue that reported three trypanosomatid genomes, namely Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei, and Trypanosoma cruzi. That publication was a milestone for the research community working with trypanosomatids, even more so, when considering that the first draft of the human genome was published only four years earlier after 15 years of research. Although nowadays, genome sequencing has become commonplace, the work done by researchers before that publication represented a huge challenge and a good example of international cooperation. Research in neglected diseases often faces obstacles, not only because of the unique characteristics of each biological model but also due to the lower funds the research projects receive. In the case of Trypanosoma cruzi the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, the first genome draft published in 2005 was not complete, and even after the implementation of more advanced sequencing strategies, to this date no final chromosomal map is available. However, the first genome draft enabled researchers to pick genes a la carte, produce proteins in vitro for immunological studies, and predict drug targets for the treatment of the disease or to be used in PCR diagnostic protocols. Besides, the analysis of the T. cruzi genome is revealing unique features about its organization and dynamics. -
Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity
microorganisms Review Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity John M. Curtin 1,2,* and Naomi E. Aronson 2 1 Infectious Diseases Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA 2 Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-011-301-295-6400 Abstract: Leishmaniasis, a chronic and persistent intracellular protozoal infection caused by many different species within the genus Leishmania, is an unfamiliar disease to most North American providers. Clinical presentations may include asymptomatic and symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (so-called Kala-azar), as well as cutaneous or mucosal disease. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania mexicana in the United States) is endemic in some southwest states, other causes for concern include reactivation of imported visceral leishmaniasis remotely in time from the initial infection, and the possible long-term complications of chronic inflammation from asymptomatic infection. Climate change, the identification of competent vectors and reservoirs, a highly mobile populace, significant population groups with proven exposure history, HIV, and widespread use of immunosuppressive medications and organ transplant all create the potential for increased frequency of leishmaniasis in the U.S. Together, these factors could contribute to leishmaniasis emerging as a health threat in the U.S., including the possibility of sustained autochthonous spread of newly introduced visceral disease. We summarize recent data examining the epidemiology and major risk factors for acquisition of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, with a special focus on Citation: Curtin, J.M.; Aronson, N.E.