Overview of the

War Measures Act Historic injustices and redress in Canada

The War Measures Act was a federal law that • An “enemy alien” was defined as a person gave the Canadian government extra powers living within Canada who descended from during times a nation or empire that Canada was at of “war, invasion, and insurrection, real or war with. In the case of , this apprehended [feared].” The bill passed into included and countries that were law on August 22, 1914 just after the outbreak part the Austro-Hungarian Empire. of World War I. The War Measures Act gave the Cabinet power to pass laws and regulations World War II, 1939–1945 without going through Parliament. This type of • During World War II, Canada invoked the law is called an Order-in-Council. Act again due to perceived threats from The powers granted to Cabinet included the various groups of “enemy aliens.” ability to pass laws and regulations “deemed • This included the arrest, internment, necessary for security, defence, peace and deportment and seizure of property of welfare.” More specifically, it granted the Canadians of Japanese, Italian and German government power over the following: descent. a) censorship, control and forceful prevention of publications, writings, maps, plans, The , 1970 photographs, communications and means of • The October Crisis was the only time the communication; War Measures Act was invoked during b) arrest, detention, exclusion and deportation; peace time. c) control of the harbours, ports and territorial • The Act was invoked by the Liberal waters of Canada and the movements of government of in response vessels; to two kidnappings by the Front du d) transportation by land, air or water and Libération du Québec (FLQ). the control of the transport of persons and • The Act was used to arrest and detain things; more than 450 people in who the e) trading, exportation, importation, government believed may have been part of production and manufacture; an “armed insurrection.” f) taking over without permission and disposing of property. When the of 1988 was passed The War Measures Act was invoked three by Parliament, the War Measures Act was times during the 20th century in Canada. repealed. This new Act introduced changes that would force Cabinet to seek Parliament’s World War I, 1914–1920 approval, and for any laws passed to be subject • The Act was first used was during World to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. War I, until its official end in 1920 with the signing of the final treaty. • It was used primarily to arrest and detain Canadians of Ukrainian, German, and Slavic descent who were considered “enemy aliens.” © 2017 The Critical Thinking Consortium www.tc2.ca