¸ªª·š¥µ °Š—ªŠ„o ·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ¨³„µ¦‡ª‡»¤—oª¥Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Strawberry Root Biology and Control Measures by Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes

ª´¦¸ ­¤­» 1

°»¬–¥¸ r Œ´˜¦˜¦³„¼¨2 ­»š›·­´œ˜r ¡·¤¡­µ¨3¸ –¦Š‡r´¥¡·¡•œ´ r›œªŠ«4r

1­Îµœ´„ª·‹´¥¡´•œµ„µ¦°µ¦´„ µ¡º„¦¤ª·µ„µ¦Á„¬˜¦ 2«¼œ¥r°µ¦´„ µ¡º¤¼¨œ·›·Ã‡¦Š„µ¦®¨ªŠ 3­™µ´œ®¤n°œÅ®¤Â®nŠµ˜·ÁŒ¨·¤¡¦³Á„¸¥¦˜·­¤Á—È‹¡¦³œµŠÁ‹oµ¡¦³¦¤¦µ·œ¸œµ™ 4­™µ´œ‡oœ‡ªoµÂ¨³¡´•œµ¦³œ·Áª«œrÁ„¬˜¦ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r

š‡´—¥n°

—oªŠ„œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸ÉÁž}œÂ¤¨ŠÄœªŠ«r °´œ—´ Coleoptera ¡ªnµ¤®¨µ¥¸ œ·—š¸É¡¤µ„š¸É­»—ŗ„o n —oªŠ„œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸É Mimela schneideri Ohaus, 1905 ¤¸ªŠ‹¦ª¸ ˜· 1 ¦»nœ˜n°že ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Á¡«Á¤¥ªµŠÅ ¸ Ĝ—n œ¨· ¹„ 3-10 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ Å n¤¸­¸ µª‡¦¸¤¨´„¬–³„¨¤¦¸ ¦³¥³ Å nž¦³¤µ– 10-20 ª´œ‹¹Š¢{„Áž}œ˜ª®œ°œ´ ¦³¥³®œ°œ¤¸ 3 ª´¥ÄoÁª¨µ 2-3 Á—º°œ ®œ°œª¥š´ ¸É 1-2 ¨Îµ˜´ª­¸ µª‡¦¸¤­nªœ®ª­´ ¸œµ˜µ¨ÊÎ ª´¥š ¸É 3 ¨Îµ˜´ª­¸Á®¨º°Š ®œ°œ—ªŠ°¥o Ĝ—¼n œ¨· ¹„ž¦³¤µ– 5-20 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜´ª®œ°œš¸ÉÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜Á˜È¤š¸É¨ª‹³ o »—¨ŠÅžÄœ—·œ¨¹„ž¦³¤µ– 30 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ Á¡ºÉ°Á oµ —´„—o×¥šÎµ„¦³Ážµ³—·œ®»o¤˜´ªÂ¨oª¨°„‡¦µÁ oµ—´„—o°¥£µ¥Äœ¼n ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥¨°„‡¦µ°°„‹µ„—„—´ o nªŠž¨µ¥Á—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ™¹ŠÁ—º°œ¤·™»œµ¥œ ×¥¡¤µ„nªŠ 1-2 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ®¨´Š¡¦³°µš·˜¥r˜„—·œ „·œ°µ®µ¦Â¨³Ÿ­¤¡´œ›»rĜÁª¨µ„¨µŠ‡ºœ ¡°Ä„¨o¦»nŠ‹¹Šœ„¨· ´ÅžŽn°œ˜´ªÄœ—·œ ®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„ ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É°µ«´¥„´—„·œ¦µ„°¥¼n¨¹„‹µ„Ÿª—· ·œž¦³¤µ– 10-30 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¡ªnµ‹Îµœªœ˜´ª®œ°œÁ µo šÎµ¨µ¥ 2-20 ˜´ª˜n°˜oœ ¡„µ¦¦³µ—°¥ ¼n 2 nªŠ ‡º°Á—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤Â¨³Á—º°œ„œ¥µ¥œ´ ×¥šÎµ¨µ¥ ¤µ„š¸É­»—ÄœÁ—°œ„º ´œ¥µ¥œ ‹µ„„µ¦š—­°ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥Äœ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦ ¡ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Steinernema carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡­¼Š (88%) Ĝ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ—ªŠo „·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ‹¹ŠÅ—ošµ„µ¦š—­°ž¦³­Î ·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥š´ÊŠ 2 œ·— Ĝ­£µ¡ ›¦¦¤µ˜·Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„´­µ¦‰nµÂ¤¨Š ×¥ªµŠÂŸœ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÂ RCB 4 ª·›¸„µ¦ 4 ŽÊε‡º° - ¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae °´˜¦µ 1.25x106 ˜´ª/¡ºÊœš¸É 10 ˜µ¦µŠÁ¤˜¦/œÊε 900 ¤·¨¨·¨·˜¦ - ¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri °´˜¦µ 1.25x106 ˜´ª/¡ºÊœš¸É 10 ˜µ¦µŠÁ¤˜¦/œµÊÎ 900 ¤·¨¨·¨·˜¦ - ¡nœ­µ¦Á‡¤¸ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 40% EC) °´˜¦µ 3 Ž¸Ž¸/œÊε 20 ¨·˜¦ - œÊεÁž¨nµ (control) 2

šÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœÂž¨ŠÁ„¬˜¦„¦ 4 ¦µ¥ š¸É oµœn°Â„oª°µÁ£°­³Á¤Î ·Š‹´Š®ª—Á´ ¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ®¨´Š„µ¦¡nœš„» ª·›¸„µ¦ ˜¦ª‹œ´‹Îµœªœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É šÂ­—Š°µ„µ¦Á®¸É ¥ªÁŒµ˜µ¥¸É ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„®œ°œ—oªŠ„´—„·œ¦µ„ š„» ­´ž—µ®r‹œÁ„ȝÁ„¥ªŸ¨„µ¦š—¨°Š¸É ¡ªnµª›· ¸„µ¦¡œÅ­n Á—o °œ °¥º S. carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri ¤¸ž¦³­·š›£µ¡Äœ„µ¦‡ª‡· »¤®œ°œ—ªŠ„o œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸É ŗÁo nœÁ—¥ª„¸ ª´ ·›¸„µ¦¡nœ­µ¦Á‡¤¸ chlorpyrifos ¨³Â˜„˜nµŠ°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·‹µ„ž¨Š control ˜nĜµŠšo°Šš¸É®œ°œ—oªŠ­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤ ˜oµœšµœ˜n°­µ¦Á‡¤¸ ž¦³­š›· ·£µ¡ °Šª·›„µ¦¡¸ œÅ­n oÁ—°œ °¥šº ´ÊŠ 2 œ·— Ĝ„µ¦‡ª‡¤®œ°œ—» ªŠo „·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ‹³­¼Š„ªnµÂ¨³Â˜„˜nµŠ°¥nµŠ¤œ¸ ´¥­µ‡Î ´šµŠ­™·˜· ‹µ„ª›· ¸„µ¦¡œ­µ¦Á‡¤n ¸ ¨³ control 3

Strawberry Root Beetle Biology and Control Measures by Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Vacharee Somsook1

Usanee Chattrakun2 Suttisan Pimpasalee3 Narongchai Pipattanawong4

1Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 Thailand 2 Royal Project Foundation, 65 Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 3The Queen Sirikit Institute of Sericulture 4Agro Ecology Research and Development Institute, Kasetsart University

ABSTRACT

Being a major Coleopterous pest among the Thailand newly-found strawberry root beetle species, Mimela schneideri Ohaus (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae) needed investigation to get more details concerning its life history leading to find the most effective control alternatives. The study was conducted under laboratory and field condition from May 2004-January 2006 at Chiang mai Research Station of Royal Project. The result showed that the oval, creamy white eggs were laid and deposited 3-10 cm. deep in soil, hatching within 10-20 days. The larval period was 2-3 months long, comprising 3 instars, the 1st and 2nd instars are creamy white while the 3rd instars turning yellowish. The pupation took place 30 cm. deep from a soil surface, the pupae covered with a solid earth case. Adult emergence from the soil (1-2 hours after sunset) regularly occurred from late April to June each year. They appeared to feed on host plant and mate during night and then returned under ground before dawn. After the two species of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae and S. glaseri were tested successfully against larvae of strawberry root beetle under laboratory condition, the field experiment was conducted in the growing area of Samung district, Chiang mai province. 4 locations farmer plantations were selected during June-November 2005. The experimental design in each location was RCB with 4 replications and 4 treatments including the two nematode species compared to the most effective chemical insecticide used by farmers in the area; chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 40% EC) and the treatments of water spraying as control. The suspension of each nematode species was applied in the soil for 2 times (30 days interval) at the rate of 1.25x106IJs/10m2/900 ml. After each application, the number of dead plants caused by 4 the root-damaging white grubs in each treatment were recorded until the end of harvesting period. The result showed that using both of nematode species and the chemical insecticide have the same effectiveness against larvae of strawberry root beetle. In the location where chemical insecticide resistance of the white grubs occurred, using S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri were significantly more efficient than spraying chlorpyrifos. ‡ÎµœÎµ

­˜¦°Á°¦¸É (Fragaria spp. F. Rosaceae) Áž}œŸ¨Å¤oš¸É¦´ž¦³šµœ­—Ç ¤¸„µ¦ž¨¼„Áž}œ §—¼„µ¨ÁŒ¡µ³ÄœÁ ˜š¸É­¼Š£µ‡Á®œº° °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ŗo„n ‹´Š®ª—Á´ ¸¥ŠÄ®¤n Á¸¥Š¦µ¥ ÁœºÉ°Š—oª¥ „µ¦ž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉÄ®oŸ¨˜°Âšœ˜n°Å¦­n ¼Š (108,000µš/Ŧn) ‹¹ŠšÎµÄ®o¡œšºÊ ¸É„µ¦Á¡µ³ž¨¼„­˜¦° Á°¦¸É¤¸ÂœªÃœ¤Á¡o ·É¤ ¹ÊœÁ¦ºÉ°¥Ç ¨³„¨µ¥Áž}œ¡ºÁ«¦¬“„·‹š¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´Äœ¦³—´š°Š™o ·Éœž{‹‹»œ´ ¡ºÊœš¸É„µ¦Á¡µ³ž¨¼„ ž¦³¤µ– 60 Ŧn „µ¦ž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É‹³˜o°ŠÁ¦·É¤‹µ„„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜Å®¨®¦º°˜oœÄ˜—o ·œ (stolon) Ž¹ÉŠ‹³Á˜¦¸¥¤Á¡µ³ÄœªŠÁ—n º°œ¡§¬£µ‡¤-­·Š®µ‡¤ °Šš»„že ®¨´Š‹µ„Å—Å®¨šo ˜„¦µ„‹¸É ¹Š˜´— ¤µÎµÁ¡ºÉ°Á˜¦¸¥¤Á¡µ³Ážœ˜} oœÂ¤n¡´œ›»r­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éš¸É‹³œÎµÅžž¨¼„Á¡ºÉ°Á„ȝŸ¨Ÿ¨·˜Ž¹ÉŠ‹³Áž}œªŠÁ—n º°œ ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ™¹ŠÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ĜnªŠ„µ¦Á¡µ³ž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É š´ÊŠ 2 ¦³¥³—´Š„¨nµªœ¸Ê Á„¬˜¦„¦¤´„ ž¦³­ž{®µÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤Â¤¨Š«¸ ´˜¦¼š¸É­Îµ‡´œ·—®œ¹ÉŠ‡º°®œ°œ—ªŠo Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥Ã—¥š¸É®œ°œ—ªŠ®¦o °º ˜´ª°n°œŽ¹ÉŠ°µ«¥°¥´ ¼nĜ—·œ‹³„—„´ ·œ¦µ„ šÎµÄ®o˜oœÁ®¸É¥ªÁŒµÂ¨³˜µ¥Äœš¸É­—Áž» }œ­µÁ®˜»Ä®o„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜˜oœ ¤n¡´œ›»r­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉŤnŗo˜µ¤˜o°Š„µ¦ ¨³Ÿ¨Ÿ¨·˜¨—¨Š Á„¬˜¦„¦¤´„čo­µ¦Á‡¤¸Ÿ­¤œÊ妵——·œ Ánœ ‡¨°¦rÅ¡¦·¢°­ ˜n¤´„Ťnš´œ„µ¦–r ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Á¤ºÉ°¡ªnµ˜oœÁ®¸É¥ª »—Äœ¦·Áª–¦µ„ ‹³¡®œ°œ „´—„œ¦µ„˜· oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É °¥Äœ¦¼n ·Áª–œœ´Ê ×¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥¡ 1-3 ˜´ª˜n°˜œšo εĮo˜oœ˜µ¥ Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥«˜¦´ ¼Â¤¨ŠÄœ˜¦³„¼¨ Steinernematidae ¨³ Heterorhabditidae ¤¸Ÿ¼oœÎµÅž «¹„¬µ°¥nµŠ„ªµŠ ªµŠÄœ„µ¦‡ª‡o »¤®œ°œ—oªŠ (White grubs) ¤¨Š«´˜¦¼¡ºŽ¹ÉŠ°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜ—·œ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³®œ°œ °Š Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦š—­°Äœ­£µ¡Å¦n ¡ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Steinernema glaseri ¨³ Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ­µ¤µ¦™‡ª‡»¤ ¦³—´ž¦³µ„¦ °Š®œ°œ—ªŠo P. japonica (Wright et al., 1988; Villani and Wright, 1988; Klein, 1990; Klein and Georgis, 1992; Selvan et al., 1993) ŗo—¸„ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae (Georgis and Gaugler, 1991) ˜n°¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ ¡ºÊœš¸Éš¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ ¨³Â¤¨Š«´˜¦Áž¼ jµ®¤µ¥š¸É˜nµŠ œ·—„´œž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Äœ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥Â˜n¨³œ·—„¥È n°¤Â˜„˜nµŠ„œÅž—´ ª¥o š´ÊŠœ¸Ê Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri ¨³ H. bacteriophora ‹³Á‡¨ºÉ°œÁ oµ®µÁ®¥ºÉ° (¤¨Š) ŗo—„ª¸ nµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae Ž¹ÉŠ¤´„‹³Â°Ž»n¤‡°¥Á®¥°šºÉ ¸ÉŸnµœÁ oµ¤µ Œ³œ´Êœ®œ°œ—ªŠšo ¸É°¥Äœ—¼n œÅ¤· n¤¸„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸É ŞŮœ Å­oÁ—°œ °¥º S. glaseri ¨³ H. bacteriophora ‹¹ŠÁ oµšÎµ¨µ¥Å——o ¸„ªnµ (Lewis et al., 1992) Cui ¨³‡–³ (1993) ŗo¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦ÅÁ oµ­¼n˜´ªÂ¤¨Š °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri ¨³ S. carpocapsae „´®œ°œ—oªŠ Popillia japonica ¡ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥š´ÊŠ 2 œ·— ­µ¤µ¦™ÅÁ oµ ˜´ª®œ°œ—ªŠÃ—¥ÅŸo nµœÁ oµšµŠžµ„¨³šªµ¦ ˜nŤn­µ¤µ¦™Á oµšµŠŸ·ª®œ´Š (cuticle) ®¦º°¦¼®µ¥Ä‹ oµŠ¨Îµ˜´ª (spiracle) ¨³¡ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri ¤¸Áž°¦rÁŽÈœ˜„µ¦ÅŸr nµœÁ oµÅžÄœ˜ª®œ°œ´ —oªŠÅ—o­¼Š„ªnµ S. carpocapsae ¨³®¨Š„µ¦Œ´ ¸—Å­oÁ—°œ °¥Á º oµšµŠžµ„ °Š®œ°œ 4-6 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ¡ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥‹³ÅÅž­¼n„¦³Á¡µ³ ¨³„ªnµ 80% °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥‹³ÅŸnµœ„¦³Á¡µ³­ªœ„¨µŠn 2

(mid gut, gastric ceaca) Ş¥Š´ n°ŠªnµŠÄœ¨Îµ˜´ªÂ¤¨ŠŽ¹ÉŠÁžœ„¦³Â­Á¨} º°— ¨oªž¨n°¥­µ¦¡·¬šÎµÄ®o®œ°œ —oªŠ˜µ¥ÄœÁª¨µ˜n°¤µ Toba ¨³‡–³ (1983) ŗš—­°Å­o oÁ—°œ °¥º 2 œ—‡· º° Neoaplectana carpocapsae (=Steinernema carpocapsae) ¨³ S. glaseri „´®œ°œ—ªŠo Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Leptinotarsa decemlineata ¨³ sugarbeet wireworm (SBW) Limonius califernicus Ĝ—·œ¡ªµn Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Äœ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ SBW ŗo—„ª¸ nµ S. glaseri ˜n­Îµ®¦´®œ°œ—oªŠ CPB Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥š´ÊŠ 2 œ—¤· ž¦³­¸ ·š›·£µ¡Äœ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥Å—oŤ˜„˜n µŠn „´œ­Îµ®¦´°´˜¦µ‡ªµ¤Á o¤ oœ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ˜Éε­»—š¸Éčo¨³šÎµÄ®o®œ°œ—ªŠo CPB ˜µ¥ 100% ˜¦ª‹š¸É 13 ª´œ®¨´Š„µ¦š—¨°Š ‡º°Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 157 ˜´ª˜n°¡š. 1 ˜¦.Ž¤. ­nªœ

LC50 ˜¦ª‹š ¸É 6 ª´œÄoÅ­oÁ—°œ °¥°º ´˜¦µ 47.5 ˜´ª˜n° 1 ˜¦.Ž¤. ¨³­Îµ®¦´®œ°œ SBW čo°´˜¦µ ‡ªµ¤Á o¤ oœ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae 393 ˜´ª˜n°˜¦.Ž¤. ‹¹Š‹³šÎµÄ®®œ°œ˜µ¥o 100% Sosa and Beavers (1985) ŗo¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦š—­°ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 3 œ·—Äœ ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦ ‡º° S. carpocapsae (All, Mexican, and Breton strains), S. glaseri ¨³ H. heliothidis Ĝ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ—ªŠo Ligyrus subtropicus ¡ªnµÁ¤°ÄºÉ oÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥°˜¦µ´ 5,000 ˜´ª˜n°®œ°œ 1 ˜´ªÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Äœ„µ¦šÎµÄ®o®œ°œ—ªŠªo ¥´ 3 ˜µ¥­¼Š„ªnµ Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥œ·—°ºÉœÂ¨³¥´Š¡ªnµ™oµÅ­oÁ—°œ °¥º S. glaseri °´˜¦µ 250 ®¦º° 4,000 ˜´ª˜n°®œ°œ—ªŠo 1 ˜´ª¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Äœ„µ¦šÎµÄ®o®œ°œ—ªŠ˜µ¥Å¤o n˜„˜nµŠ„´œ ­Îµ®¦´Äœž¦³Áš«Åš¥Å—o¤„µ¦«¸ ¹„¬µœÎµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ‡ª‡»¤Â¤¨Š«´˜¦¼Äœ —·œÅ—„o n˜ª°´ °œ—n oªŠ®¤´—Ÿ„ÄœŸ´ ´„„µ—®ª´ (ª´¦¸, ¨³‡–³ 2534„) —ªŠŠªŠ¤o œÁš«´ (ª´¦¸Â¨³‡–³, 2534 ) œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê ª´¦¸ ¨³­»š›·´¥ (2541) ¥´ŠÅ—¤o ¸„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥Ã—¥Äo°µ®µ¦ Á®¨ªÁžœŸ¨­} εÁ¦È‹Â¨³ž{‹‹»´œœ¸ÊŸ¨·˜Ážœ„µ¦‡} oµÄoš—šœ­µ¦Á‡¤¸‰nµÂ¤¨ŠÅ—o šª¸«´„—¨³‡–³·Í (2545) ŗo¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦š—­°Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 4 œ·—ŗ„o n S. carpocapsae S. riobrave S. glaseri ¨³ H. bacteriophora ‡ª‡»¤®œ°œ—ªŠÂ¦—Äœžµ¨o r¤œÊε¤´œ¡ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri ¤¸ ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡—¸š¸É­»—šÎµÄ®®œ°œ˜µ¥o 100% š¸É 3 ª´œ ¨³Á‡¥œÎµ®œ°œ—oªŠ„´—„œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸É Ž¹ÉŠšµŠ«¼œ¥r°µ¦´„ µ¡ºœÎµ˜´ª°¥nµŠ°°„¤µÄ®o œÎµ¤µš—­°Äœ®o°Šž’· ´˜·„µ¦ ¡ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae šÎµÄ®o®œ°œ—ªŠœo ·—œ¸Ê˜µ¥Å—o Ĝž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ¤¨Š«´˜¦¼¡ºœ·—œ¥¸Ê ´ŠÅ¤n¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ™¹Šœ·— ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜¡º°µ«´¥ ¨³Á ˜„µ¦Â¡¦n„¦³‹µ¥¤µ„n°œ ˜nĜÁ ˜¡ºÊœš¸Éž¨¼„ °Š¤¼¨œ·›·Ã‡¦Š„µ¦®¨ªŠ ¡®œ°œ—ªŠœo —· œ¸ÊšÎµ¨µ¥„´—„œ¦µ„¡· º°¥¼n¤µ„¤µ¥®¨µ¥œ—Á· nœ ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Ÿ´„„µ—®°¤®n°Ÿ´„˜¦³„¼¨­¨´—˜nµŠÇ Œ³œ´Êœ‡ª¦Å—¤o ¸„µ¦«¹„¬µÁ¡°š¦µºÉ ¸ªª·š¥µ ¡º°µ®µ¦ ¨³Â®¨nŠš¸É¤µ °Š®œ°œ—ªŠ«o ´˜¦¼¡ºœ¸Ê ‹³ Áž}œž¦³Ã¥œ˜r n°„µ¦‡ª‡»¤ž¦·¤µ–«´˜¦¼¡º ¨³‡ª¦Å—o¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µª›· ¸„µ¦°ºÉœš¸É¤¸ž¦³­·š›£µ¡Äœ· „µ¦‡ª‡»¤Á¡ºÉ°¨—ž¦·¤µ–„µ¦Äo­µ¦Á‡¤¸‰nµÂ¤¨Š 3

ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡ °ŠÃ‡¦Š„µ¦r 1. Á¡ºÉ°«¹„¬µªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °Š—ªŠ„o ·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É 2. Á¡ºÉ°«¹„¬µ¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥ °Š®œ°œ—ªŠ„o œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸É 3. Á¡ºÉ°«„¬µž¦³­¹ ·š›£µ¡Â¨³œ· ·— °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥Äœ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤®œ°œ—ªŠ„o ·œ¦µ„- ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É

¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸É—εÁœ·œ„µ¦ ˜»¨µ‡¤ 2547 - „´œ¥µ¥œ 2549

­™µœš¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ ­™µœ¸Á„¬˜¦®¨ªŠ°nµŠ µŠ «¼œ¥r°µ¦´„ µ¡º¤¼¨œ·›·Ã‡¦Š„µ¦®¨ªŠ ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦„¨»n¤Šµœª·‹´¥ „µ¦ž¦µ«´˜¦¼¡ºšµŠ¸ª£µ¡ „¨»n¤„¸’¨³­´˜ªª·š¥µ ­Îµœ´„ª·‹´¥¡´•œµ„µ¦°µ¦´„ µ¡º„¦¤ª·µ„µ¦Á„¬˜¦

°»ž„¦–r¨³ª·›¸—εÁœ·œ„µ¦

Šµœª·‹´¥­nªœš¸É 1 «¹„¬µªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜Â¨³¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥ °Š—oªŠ„œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸É ª·›¸„µ¦ª·‹¥´ - ­Îµ¦ª‹Â¨³Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠ®œ°œ—ªŠÂ„o ªšo ¸É¡ÄœÂž¨Š¤µÁ¨¸Ê¥ŠÄœ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦ ×¥ž¨¼„ ˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉĜ„¦³™µŠž¨¼„˜oœÅ¤ œµ—„¨µŠo ¨oªž¨n°¥Ä®o®œ°œ—ªŠÂ„o oªšÁ„¸É ¤µ‹µ„ž¨Š­˜¦°Á°¦È ¸É „´—„·œÂ¨³Á‹¦Á˜· ·Ã˜°¥Äœ„¦³™µŠ¼n šÎµ„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œ˜œ­˜¦°Á°¦o ¸Éš„» 2 °µš·˜¥r ‹œ„¦³šŠ°°„Áž´É œ˜} ªÁ˜´ ¤È ª´¥Â¨oªœÎµÅž‹µÂœ„œÎ —®µ· °ªºÉ ·š¥µ«µ­˜¦r ˜µ¤ª·›¸„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„ °Š Arrow (1917) - ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Á¡«Á¤¸¥š¸ÉŗoœÎµ¤µÄ­nĜ„¦³™µŠ˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸„¦Š‡¦°°¥¼n¦°‹œ‡¦ 2 °µš·˜¥r ‹¹Š¥oµ¥Á¡«Á¤¸¥°°„‹µ„„¦Š œÎµ„¦³™µŠ˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É¤µ »—®µÅ nš¸ÉÁ¡«Á¤¸¥ªµŠÅ nÁ°µÅªoš»„ 3 ª´œœÎµÁ°µÅ n š¸Éŗo¥oµ¥¤µÁ¨¸Ê¥ŠÄœ„¨n°Š¡¨µ­˜·„Ä­ œµ—„¨µŠ Ž¹ÉŠ¦¦‹»—oª¥—·œž¨¼„¡ºÂ¨³°·œš¦¸¥ª´˜™» Á¤ºÉ°®œ°œÁ oµ ª´¥š¸É 2 ‹¹Š¥oµ¥¨ŠÅžÁ¨¸Ê¥ŠÄœ„¨n°Š¡¨µ­˜·„ œµ—Ä®n Ž¹ÉŠž¨¼„˜oœ„¨oµ­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉÁ°µÅªoÄ®o®œ°œ—oªŠÂ„oª „·œÁž}œ°µ®µ¦ ‹—´œš¹„ª´œšªµŠÅ ¸É n¨³¦³¥³®œ°œ—oªŠÂ„ªªo ´¥˜nµŠÇ š¸ÉÁ¨¸Ê¥ŠÅªo - «„¬µ¡§˜¹ ·„¦¦¤„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥ °Š—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ×¥„µ¦­Îµ¦ª‹Âž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Ĝ¡ºÊœž¨¼„ °Š¤¼¨œ·›·Ã‡¦Š„µ¦®¨ªŠ ´œš¹„¨´„¬–³„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥ nªŠÁª¨µš¸É—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥ - ­Îµ¦ª‹œ·— °Š—oªŠÄœ¡ºÊœš¸Éž¨¼„ ץčo„´—´„­ŠÅ¢ž¦³„°—oª¥ ®¨°— Blacklight œµ—„¨µŠ ‹Îµœªœ 1 ®¨°— ®¨°—­Š‹´œš¦r œµ— 150 ª´˜˜r ‹Îµœªœ 1 ®¨°— Ÿoµ­¸ µª œµ—„ªoµŠ 2.5 Á¤˜¦ ¥µª 2 Á¤˜¦ Ážd—Å¢nªŠÁª¨µ®¨´Š¡¦³°µš·˜¥r˜„‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠÁª¨µ 24.00 œ. ‹¹Šžd—Å¢ Á„ȝ—oªŠš¸É·œ¤µÁ¨nœÅ¢—°ŠÄœÂ°¨„°±°¨r 75% ¨oªœÎµ¤µ‹ÎµÂœ„œ·—Äœ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦ 4

Šµœª·‹´¥­nªœš¸É 2 «¹„¬µž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Â¨³œ·— °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Ĝ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤®œ°œ—ªŠ„o œ¦µ„· ­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉnŠ„µ¦«¹„¬µÁžœ} 2 ®´ª o° 2.1 ž¦³Á¤·œž¦³­·š›£µ¡ °ŠÅ­· oÁ—º°œ °¥ Ĝ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ—ªŠ„o œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸É Ĝ®o°Šž’·´˜„µ¦· ªµŠÂŸœ„µ¦š—¨°Š  CRD 4 ª·›¸„µ¦ 4 ŽÊε—´Šœ¸Ê 2.1.1. Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Steinernema carpocapsae °´˜¦µ 14,000 ˜´ª/¡ºÊœš¸É 70 ˜¦.Ž¤./®œ°œ 1 ˜´ª 2.1.2. Å­Á—o º°œ °¥ Steinernema glaseri °´˜¦µ 14,000 ˜´ª/¡ºÊœš¸É 70 ˜¦.Ž¤./®œ°œ 1 ˜´ª 2.1.3. Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Steinernema riobrave °´˜¦µ 14,000 ˜´ª/¡ºÊœš¸É 70 ˜¦.Ž¤./®œ°œ 1 ˜´ª 2.1.4. œÊεÁž¨nµ (control) ª·›¸ž’·´˜·„µ¦š—¨°Š - Á¡µ³Á¨¸Ê¥ŠÅ­Á—o º°œ °¥š´ÊŠ 3 œ·——´Š„¨nµª —ª¥°µ®µ¦Ášo ¸¥¤Äœ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦š¸É„¨»n¤ Šµœª·‹¥„µ¦ž¦µ«´ ´˜¦¼¡ºšµŠ¸ª£µ¡ „¨»n¤„¸’¨³­´˜ªªš¥µ· ­Îµœ´„ª·‹¥¡´ ´•œµ„µ¦°µ¦´„ µ¡º„¦¤ ª·µ„µ¦Á„¬˜¦ Ä®o¤¸ž¦·¤µ–Á¡¸¥Š¡°ÄoĜ„µ¦š—¨°Š ˜n¨³œ·—Ťn˜É優nµ 10 ¨oµœ˜´ª - ‹´—Á˜¦¥¤‡ªµ¤Á ¸ o¤ oœ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥Â˜n¨³œ·—Ä®oŗo 7,000 ˜´ª/¤¨. - Á˜¦¸¥¤„¨n°Š¡¨µ­˜·„ œµ— 7x10x7 Ž¤. ¡¦o°¤ µžd— - Ä­n—·œš¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦°œ¹ÉŠ‰nµÁºÊ°Â¨oª¨ŠÄœ„¨n°Š¡¨µ­˜·„Äœž¦·¤µ–š¸É­¼Š‹µ„„oœ„¨n°Š 5Ž¤. - ž¨n°¥Å­oÁ—°œ °¥Â˜º n¨³œ·——´Š„¨nµª µŠ˜o oœ ¨Šœ—·œš¸ÉÁ˜¦¸¥¤ÅªÄœ„¨o n°ŠÇ ¨³ 2 ¤¨. (14,000 ˜´ª/„¨n°Š/¡ºÊœš¸É 70 ˜¦.Ž¤.) - ž¨n°¥®œ°œ—oªŠ„œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸É „¨n°Š¨³ 1 ˜´ªÃ—¥¤¸®œ°œ—ªŠo 2 œµ— œµ— Á¨È„ 1-2.5 Ž¤. œµ—Ä®n 2.6-3 Ž¤. šÎµ°¥nµŠœo°¥ 4 ŽÊ뵂 ¨³ 10 ˜´ª - žd— µ„¨n°Š®¨´Šž¨n°¥®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ¨oªœÎµÅžÁ„ȝš°¸É »–®£¼¤· 25oŽ - ®¨´Š„µ¦Á„ȝ 24 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ˜¦ª‹—„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š®œ°œ—¼ ªŠ„o ·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Ĝš»„ ª·›¸„µ¦Áž}œÁª¨µ 5 ª´œ - œÎµ®œ°œ—ªŠšo ¸É˜µ¥ ˜¦ª‹—„µ¦˜µ¥Áœ¼ ºÉ°Š‹µ„Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ £µ¥Ä˜„¨o o°Š‹»¨š¦¦«œr

´œš¹„ o°¤¼¨Â¨³ª·Á‡¦³®rŸ¨ - ´œš¹„‹Îµœªœ˜µ¥ °Š®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥Äœš»„ ª·›¸„µ¦ - œÎµ o°¤¼¨ª·Á‡¦µ³®rŸ¨šµŠ­™·˜· Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š®œ°œ—ªŠ„o œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸É —oª¥Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥œ·—˜nµŠÇ 5

2.2 š—­°ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Steinernema carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri Á¡ºÉ° ‡ª‡»¤ ®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É nªŠ„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜Å®¨ Ĝ­£µ¡›¦¦¤µ˜· ªµŠÂŸœ„µ¦š—¨°Š  RCB 4 ª·›¸„µ¦ 4 ŽÊε—´Šœ¸Ê 2. 2.1. ¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Steinernema carpocapsae °´˜¦µ 1.25x106 ˜´ª/¡ºÊœš¸É 10 ˜¦.¤./œÊε 900 ¤¨. 2.2.2. ¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Steinernema glaseri °´˜¦µ 1.25x106 ˜´ª/¡ºÊœš¸É 10 ˜¦.¤./œÊε 900 ¤¨. 2.2.3. ¡nœ­µ¦Á‡¤¸ chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 40% EC) °´˜¦µ 3 Ž¸Ž¸/œÊε 20 ¨·˜¦/¡ºÊœš¸É 10 ˜¦.¤./œÊε 900 ¤¨. 2.2.4. œÊεÁž¨nµ(control)

ª·›¸ž’·´˜·„µ¦š—¨°Š - ®¨´ŠÁ„¬˜¦„¦Á˜¦¸¥¤Âž¨ŠÂ¨³ž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉÁ¡ºÉ°Ÿ¨·˜Å®¨Å—o 1 Á—º°œ (ªŠÁ—n º°œ ¤·™»œµ¥œ) ‹Šš¹ ε„µ¦¡nœÅ­Á—o º°œ °¥Â¨³­µ¦Á‡¤˜µ¤ª¸ ·›—¸ ´Š„¨nµª µŠ˜o œÃ—¥¡o nœÅ­oÁ—°œ °¥º ˜n¨³ œ·—Äœ°´˜¦µ 1.25x106 ˜´ª/¡ºÊœš¸É 10 ˜¦.¤. „¦³‹µ¥šªÂž¨Š´É ®¨´Š‹µ„œœ´Ê 30 ª´œ‹¹Š¡nœ°„‡¦¸ ´ÊŠ ¦ª¤¡œn 2 ‡¦´ÊŠÁnœÁ—¥ª„¸ ´„µ¦¡nœ­µ¦Á‡¤¸ chlorpyrifos °´˜¦µ 3 Ž¸Ž¸/œÊε 20 ¨·˜¦ - ®¨´Š„µ¦¡nœš—¨°Šš»„­´ž—µ®r (7 ª´œ) Á—·œ˜¦ª‹œ˜´ oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éš¸É­—Š°µ„µ¦ Á®¸É¥ªÁŒµÂ¨³˜µ¥ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„™¼„®œ°œ—ªŠ„o —„´ ·œ¦µ„ ˜´ÊŠÂ˜ž¨n ¼„‹œÁ„ȝ٨ (¤·™»œµ¥œ-˜»¨µ‡¤) - –³Á—¥ª„¸ ´œ®¨´Š„µ¦Œ¸—¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥š„­» ´ž—µ®r (7 ª´œ) ­»n¤Á„ȝ—œÄœÂ˜· n¨³Âž¨ŠÇ ¨³ž¦³¤µ– 1 „·Ã¨„¦´¤Ã—¥­»n¤ 4 ‹»—/ž¨Š Ä­n™»Š¡¨µ­˜·„Á¡ºÉ°­nŠÅž˜¦ª‹­°‡ªµ¤¤¸ ¸ª·˜°¥¼n¦°— °Š Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Ĝ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦ ×¥ž’·´˜·—´Šœ¸Ê - œÎµ—·œš¸ÉÁ„ȝ‹µ„ž¨Š­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉĜ™»Š¡¨µ­˜·„nŠÄ­n„¨n°Š¡¨µ­˜·„ œµ— 7.5x10x5.5 Ž¤. - Ä­n®œ°œ„œ¦· ´ŠŸ¹ÊŠ Galleria mellonella ª´¥ 4-5 ¨ŠÄœ„¨n°Š—·œ—´Š„¨nµª „¨n°Š¨³ 10 ˜´ªžd— µ „¨n°ŠÂ¨oªœÎµÁ„Äœ®È o°Šš¸É°–®£» ¼¤· 25-26oŽÁž}œÁª¨µ 48 ªÃ¤Š´É (2 ª´œ) - ˜¦ª‹œ´®œ°œ„·œ¦´ŠŸ¹ÊŠš¸É˜µ¥Äœ„¨n°Š—·œš»„„¨n°Š ¨³œÎµ®œ°œš˜µ¥¤µ˜¦ª‹—¸É ¼ „µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥Ä˜o„¨o°Š‹»¨š¦¦«œr

´œš¹„ o°¤¼¨Â¨³ª·Á‡¦³®rŸ¨ - ´œš¹„°–®£» ¼¤·Â¨³‡ªµ¤œÄœÂž¨Šš—¨°ŠºÊ ĜªŠ¦³¥³šn ¸ÉÁ„ȝ˜ª°¥´ nµŠ—·œÅž˜¦ª‹­° ‡ªµ¤°¥¼n¦°— °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ÄœÂž¨Š - ´œš¹„‹Îµœªœ˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éš¸ÉÁ®¸É¥ªÁŒµ˜µ¥ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„™¼„®œ°œ—oªŠ„´—„œ¦µ„· Ĝš»„ ª·›¸„µ¦ 6

­™µœš¸É - š—­°ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Ĝž¨ŠŸ¨·˜Å®¨­˜¦°Á°¦¸É °ŠÁ„¬˜¦„¦oµœ n°Â„oª°ÎµÁ£°­³Á¤·Š‹´Š®ª´—Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ‹Îµœªœ 4 ¡œšºÊ ¸É

Ÿ¨„µ¦š—¨°Š

Šµœª·‹´¥­nªœš¸É 1 «¹„¬µªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜Â¨³¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥ °Š—oªŠ„·œ®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ‹µ„„µ¦Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥š¸É‹´Å—o‹µ„„´—´„­ŠÅ¢Â¨³š¸Éŗo‹µ„„µ¦Á¨¸Ê¥Š˜´ª®œ°œš¸É Á„ȝ¤µ‹µ„ž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉĜ¡ºÊœšÉ¸oµœn°Â„oª°ÎµÁ£°­³Á¤·Š‹´Š®ª´—Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ¨³­™µœ¸ Á„¬˜¦®¨ªŠ—°¥°nµŠ µŠ °ÎµÁ£° µŠ ‹´Š®ª´—Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ¡—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É®¨µ¥œ·—¨³ ‹µ„„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·——oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉĜ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦ ¡ªnµ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É‹´—°¥Äœ¼n ªŠ«r Scarabaeidae °´œ—´ Coleoptera ×¥—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Mimela schneideri Ohaus ¡¤µ„ š¸É­»—‹¹ŠœÎµ¤µ«¹„¬µªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °Š—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éœ·—œ¸Ê ×¥¤¸¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥——´Šœ¸Ê

¦¼žš¸É 1 ªŠ‹¦ª¸ ·˜ °Š—ªŠo Mimela schneideri 7

¦³¥³Å n : Å n¤¸­¸ µª‡¦¸¤¨´„¬–³„¨¤¦¸ œµ—¥µªž¦³¤µ– 2.5-3 ¤·¨¨·Á¤˜¦ „ªµŠž¦³¤µ–o 1.5 ¤·¨¨·Á¤˜¦ ¦³¥³Å čn o¦³¥³Áª¨µž¦³¤µ– 10-20 ª´œ ¦³¥³®œ°œ : ¦³¥³®œ°œ¤¸ 3 ª´¥ ®œ°œª´¥š¸É 1 ¨³ª¥š´ ¸É 2 ¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸ µª ­nªœ®´ª­¸œÊ嘵¨ ­nªœš°Šo ‡n°œ oµŠÄ­­µ¤µ¦™¤°ŠÁ®Èœ¨ÎµÅ­o£µ¥Äœž¨o°Ššo°ŠÅ—o ­nªœ®œ°œª´¥š¸É 3 ¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸Á®¨º°Š‡¦¸¤ ¦³¥³®œ°œÄ¦³¥³Áª¨µž¦³¤µ–o 2-3 Á—º°œ œµ—¨³œÊ宜´„×¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ °Š®œ°œÂ˜n¨³ª¥—´ ¼˜µ¤ ¦³¥³—´„—o : —´„—o¤¸­¸Á®¨°Šžœœº Ê嘵¨ ¨´„¬–³—´„—o Exarate ×¥˜´ª®œ°œ„n°œÁ oµ—„—´ ‹³o šÎµ„¦³Ážµ³—œÂ · Ȋ®»o¤˜ª„´ °œ‹n ¹Š¨°„‡¦µÁ oµ—´„—o°¥£µ¥Äœ„¦³Ážµ³—¼n ·œœ´Êœ ¦³¥³—´„—o­µ¤µ¦™ ¡´„˜´ª oµ¤§—¨¼ oŠÅ—o‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠ™¹Š˜oœ§—¼ œ‹¹Š¨°„‡¦µ°°„Áž}œ˜ªÁ˜´ ¤ªÈ ´¥ ¦³¥³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ : ¨°„‡¦µ°°„Áž}œ˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ªŠž¨µ¥Á—n º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ™¹ŠÁ—º°œ¤·™»œµ¥œ ¨´„¬–³­¸ Á ¸¥ª˜°Š°n°œ¤´œªµª Á®¨º°­¸š°ŠÁ¨È„œo°¥ —oµœ¨nµŠ¨Îµ˜´ª­¸œÊ嘵¨Â—Š¤´œªµª °µ¥» 3-5 ª´œ

Table 1 Measurements of weight, length, width, head capsule of white grubs in each instar (n=5).

Head capsule Instars Weight (g) Width (cm.) Length (cm.) (cm.) First 0.08 0.32 1.38 0.30 Early second 0.40 0.50 2.40 0.42 Last second 1.21 0.77 2.53 0.63 Third 1.88 0.82 4.23 0.74

¸ªª·š¥µ ˜´ª®œ°œšÎµ¨µ¥„´—„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éš´ÊŠnªŠ„¨µŠ‡ºœÂ¨³„¨µŠª´œ ¦³¥³®œ°œª´¥š¸É 2 ¨³ ª´¥š¸É 3 Áž}œ¦³¥³š¸É¤¸„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥¦»œÂ¦Š ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ œµ—®œ°œ—oªŠ¤¸ œµ—Ä®nž¦³¤µ– 2.5-4 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ‹¹Š˜o°Š„µ¦°µ®µ¦ž¦·¤µ–¤µ„Äœ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ ‹µ„„µ¦ »—­Îµ¦ª‹Âž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Ĝ¡ºÊœš¸É­™µœ¸Á„¬˜¦®¨ªŠ—°¥°nµŠ µŠ °ÎµÁ£° µŠ ‹´Š®ª´—Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ¡˜´ª®œ°œ„´—„·œšÎµ¨µ¥ ¦·Áª–¦µ„˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉÁŒ¨¸É¥ 2-20 ˜´ª˜n°˜oœ ®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜ—·œ¨¹„ ž¦³¤µ– 5-20 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ „¦³Ážµ³—·œš¸É˜´ª®œ°œ­¦oµŠ ¹Êœ œ°„‹µ„Á¡ºÉ°ÄoĜ„µ¦¨°„‡¦µÁ oµ —´„—o£µ¥ÄœÂ¨oª¥´ŠÁž}œÁ„µ³žj°Š„´œ˜´ª‹µ„«´˜¦¼Á oµ¤µšÎµ¦oµ¥ÄœnªŠš¸ÉÁž}œ—´„—o°¥¼n ¨³¦´„¬µ ‡ªµ¤ºÊœ£µ¥Äœ¨Îµ˜´ª °Š—´„—o—oª¥ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„—´„—o˜o°Š¡´„˜´ª oµ¤§—¼Â¨oŠœµœ™¹Š 4 Á—º°œ Á¡ºÉ°¦° œ Ĝže™´—Åž‹¹Š­µ¤µ¦™Á‹µ³°°„‹µ„„¦³Ážµ³—·œ—´„—o°¥¼n¨¹„‹µ„¦³—´Ÿ·ª—·œž¦³¤µ– 30 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨oª‹¹Š°°„Áž}œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥nªŠž¨µ¥Á—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ™¹ŠÁ—º°œ¤·™»œµ¥œ ¨³¡ªnµ—´„—o—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Ĝ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦¨°„‡¦µ°°„‹µ„—´„—oÁž}œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ÄœnªŠÁ—º°œž¨µ¥Á—º°œ¡§«‹·„µ¥œÂ¨³Á—º°œ ›´œªµ‡¤ ˜nŤn­µ¤µ¦™Á‹µ³°°„‹µ„„¦³Ážµ³—·œÅ—o Á¤ºÉ°Œ¸—œÊεšÎµÄ®o„¦³Ážµ³—·œœ»n¤˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹¹ŠÁ‹µ³ 8

°°„¤µ‹µ„„¦³Ážµ³—·œ ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉĜ­£µ¡›¦¦¤µ˜·œ´Êœ¨°„‡¦µ °°„Áž}œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Ánœ„´œÂ¨³¡´„˜´ª¦°‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠ œ˜„¨Š¤µšÎµÄ®o„¦³Ážµ³—·œœ»n¤‹¹ŠÁ‹µ³„¦³Ážµ³ —·œ°°„¤µÅ—o °¸„š´ÊŠ˜oœ œÁž}œnªŠš¸É˜oœÅ¤o¡º°µ®µ¦Â˜„ĝ°n°œ Á¤ºÉ°Á‹µ³°°„¤µ‹¹Š¤¸°µ®µ¦„·œ °»—¤­¤¦¼–rÁ®¤µ³­¤Äœ„µ¦Ÿ­¤¡´œ›»rªµŠÅ n ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥¡¤µ„nªŠ 1-2 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ®¨´Š¡¦³°µš·˜¥r ˜„—·œ ¡°Ä„¨o¦»nŠ‹¹Š·œ„¨´ÅžŽn°œ˜´ªÄœ—·œ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Á¡«Ÿ¼o¨³Á¡«Á¤¸¥„·œ°µ®µ¦Â¨³Ÿ­¤¡´œ›»r ĜÁª¨µ„¨µŠ‡ºœ ×¥Ÿ­¤¡´œ›»r„´œ°¥¼nœ˜oœ¡º°µ®µ¦„n°œ ‹¹Š·œ¨ŠÅžªµŠÅ nĜž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Á¡«Á¤¸¥°ªµŠÅ nĜ—·œ°n°œœ»nœªµŠÅ nĜ—·œ¨¹„ž¦³¤µ– 3-10 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³ ­£µ¡Âž¨Šš¸Éž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éš¸É¤¸°·œš¦¸¥ª´˜™»­¼Š—·œ¦nªœŽ»¥ Á®¤µ³­¤Äœ„µ¦ªµŠÅ n¤µ„ Ž¹ÉŠ®œ°œ —oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É¦³¥³ª´¥Â¦„„·œ°·œš¦¸¥ª´˜™»Áž}œ°µ®µ¦Á®¤º°œ„´®œ°œ—oªŠœ·—°ºÉœÄœªŠ«r Scarabaeidae

¨´„¬–³„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥ ˜´ª®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É„´—„·œ¦µ„˜oœÂ¤n­˜¦°Á°¦¸É š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦šÎµÅ®¨Â¨³˜oœ Å®¨­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ˜n‹µ„„µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜¡ªnµ­nªœÄ®nšÎµ¨µ¥˜oœÅ®¨¤µ„„ªnµ˜oœÂ¤n ˜´ª®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É°µ«´¥„´—„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É¨¹„‹µ„¦³—´Ÿ·ª—·œ 10-13 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éš¸É ™¼„®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉšÎµ¨µ¥¤¸¨´„¬–³¥°—Á®¸É¥ª ˜oœ¨o¤ ˜„˜nµŠ‹µ„˜oœž„˜·°¥nµŠ ´—Á‹œ­´ŠÁ„˜Á®ÈœÅ—oŠnµ¥ ¦³—´‡ªµ¤Á­¸¥®µ¥ °Š®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ¡ªnµš¸Éž¨Š¡³Ãœ ®oµ Ą¨o„´­™µœ¸ª·‹´¥Á„¬˜¦®¨ªŠ—°¥°nµŠ nµŠ ž¨Šž¨¼„˜oœÅ®¨­˜¦°Á°¦¸É™¼„®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦° Á°¦¸ÉšÎµ¨µ¥Á­¸¥®µ¥ 40-70 Áž°¦rÁŽÈœ˜r ×¥¡®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉšÎµ¨µ¥˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Á„º°š»„˜oœÄœÂž¨Šž¨¼„

nªŠ„µ¦¦³µ— ž¨Š­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ­™µœ¸ª·‹´¥Á„¬˜¦®¨ªŠ—°¥°nµŠ µŠ ¡„µ¦¦³µ—°¥¼n 2 nªŠ ‡º°Á—º°œ „¦„‘µ‡¤ ¨³Á—º°œ„´œ¥µ¥œ ×¥¡®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉšÎµ¨µ¥¤µ„š¸É­»—ÄœÁ—º°œ „´œ¥µ¥œ ¨³¡®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É šÎµ¨µ¥¦·Áª– °Âž¨Š¤µ„„ªnµ¦·Áª–Ĝž¨Š ž¨¼„¨³nªŠÁ—º°œ¤·™»œµ¥œÁ„¬˜¦„¦¡ªnµ¤¸˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É·œ¤µ„·œÄ °Š˜oœ šo°Â¨³˜oœ¡¨´—oª¥ ‹¹Š‡µ—ªnµ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É‹³Á¦·É¤ªµŠÅ nĜnªŠÁ—º°œ œ¸Ê ¨³Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜Áž}œ˜´ª®œ°œÄœnªŠž¨µ¥Á—º°œ ‹¹ŠšÎµÄ®o¡®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É¤µ„ ĜÁ—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤Â¨³šÎµ¨µ¥°¥nµŠ¦»œÂ¦ŠÄœÁ—º°œ„´œ¥µ¥œ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦° Á°¦¸É¤¸ œµ—Ä®n¨³˜o°Š„µ¦°µ®µ¦‹Îµœªœ¤µ„Äœ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ ‹¹Š¡„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥¦»œÂ¦ŠÄœªŠn Á—º°œœ¸Ê 9

¨´„¬–³ °Šž¨µ¥šo°Š˜´ª®œ°œš¸É¡‹µ„ž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ‹µ„„µ¦œÎµ®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éš¸ÉÁ„ȝ‹µ„ž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É¤µÁ¨¸Ê¥ŠÄœ ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦Äœ„¨n°Š¡¨µ­˜·„čo—·œž¨¼„˜oœÅ¤oŸ­¤ž»l¥‡°„Áž}œ°µ®µ¦ ¨oªœÎµ˜´ª®œ°œ¤µ ‹ÎµÂœ„œ·—ץčo¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œœ®´ª„³Ã®¨„ ¨³ž¨µ¥šo°Šž¨o°Š­»—šoµ¥ ‹µ„ „µ¦«¹„¬µ¡ªnµ­µ¤µ¦™‹ÎµÂœ„—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éŗo 1 ªŠ«r ‡º°ªŠ«r Scarabaeidae ¨³Ã—¥ ­µ¤µ¦™ÂnŠ°°„Å—o°¸„ 3 ªŠ«r¥n°¥ ŗo„n

1. ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Rutelinae ­„»¨ Anomala

B E F

D A

C

¦¼žš¸É 2 ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œš¸É®´ª„³Ã®¨„ ¨³ Raster °Š®œ°œ—oªŠ ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Rutelinae ­„»¨ Anomala A ž¨o°Ššo°Šž¨o°Š­»—šoµ¥ °Š Anomala sp.1 B ž¨o°Ššo°Šž¨o°Š­»—šoµ¥ °Š Anomala sp.2 C ¨´„¬–³ °Šn°Ššªµ¦ Anomala sp.1 ¨³ Anomala sp.2 D ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œœ®´ª„³Ã®¨„ Anomala sp.1 ¨³ Anomala sp.2 E ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œ¦·Áª–ž¨µ¥­nªœšo°Š °Š Anomala sp.1 F ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œ¦·Áª–ž¨µ¥­nªœšo°Š °Š Anomala sp.2 10

2. ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Melolonthinae ­„»¨ Holotrichia

A ¦¼žš¸É 3 ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œš¸É Raster °Š®œ°œ—oªŠ ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Melolonthinae ­„»¨ Holotrichia A ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œš¸É Raster °Š®œ°œ—oªŠ Holotrichia serrata

3. ªŠ«r¥n°¥

C

A B ¦¼žš¸É 4 ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œš¸É®´ª„³Ã®¨„ ¨³ Raster °Š®œ°œ—oªŠ ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Dynastinae A ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œœ®´ª„³Ã®¨„ B ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œœž¨µ¥šo°Šž¨o°Š­»—šoµ¥ C ¨´„¬–³ °Šn°Ššªµ¦

œ·——oªŠ˜´ªÁ˜¤ªÈ ´¥š¸É¡‹µ„„´—´„­ŠÅ¢Äœ¡ºÊœš¸Éž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ‹µ„„µ¦­Îµ¦ª‹œ·—˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š—´ ªŠšo ¡Äœ¡¸É œšºÊ ¸Éž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É °Š¤¼¨œ·›·Ã‡¦Š„µ¦®¨ªŠÃ—¥ čo„—´ „­ŠÅ¢´ ¡ªnµ¤—¸ ªŠ˜o ´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥®¨µ¥œ´ ·—š¸É¤‹¸ ´—°¥Äœ„¨¼n »n¤ °Š—ªŠ„o ·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ×¥­µ¤µ¦™ ‹ÎµÂœ„œ·—˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥Å—´ o 3 ªŠ«¥r n°¥ ‹µœªœÎ 19 œ·— š¦µœ—¨· oª 9 œ·—Ťnš¦µœ—· 10 œ—· 11

ªŠ«r Scarabaeidae 1. ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Dynastinae 1.1. Xylotrupe socrates tonkinensis Minck 2. ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Melolonthinae 2.1. Holotrichia sp.1 2.2. Melolontha indica Hope 2.3. Megistophylla anderwesi Moser 2.4. Miridiba sp.1 2.5. Miridiba sp.2 2.6. Sophrops sp.1 2.7. Sophrops sp.2 2.8. Sophrops sp.3 3. ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Rutelinae 3.1. Anomala anchoralis Lansberge 3.2. Anomala marginipennis Arrow 3.3. Anomala perplexa Hope 3.4. Anomala varicolor (Gyllenhal) 3.5. Anomala variegata Hope 3.6. Anomala sp.1 3.7. Anomala sp.2 3.8. Mimela schneideri Ohaus 3.9. Mimela sp.1 3.10. Mimela sp.2 12

ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Dynastinae

¦¼žš¸É 5 Xylotrupes socrates tonkinensis Minck ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Melolonthinae

¦¼žš¸É 6 Holotrichia sp.1

A B ¦¼žš¸É 7 A) Miridiba sp.1 B) Miridiba sp.2 13

A B C ¦¼žš¸É 8 A) Sophrops sp.1 B) Sophrops sp.2 C) Sophrops sp.3

¦¼žš¸É 9 Megistophylla anderwesi Moser

¦¼žš¸É 10 Melolontha indica Hope 14

ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Rutelinae

A B C

D E F

G ¦¼žš¸É 11 A) Anomala sp.1 B) Anomala sp.2 C) Anomala perplexa Hope D) Anomala marginipennis Arrow E) Anomala varicolor (Gyllenhal) F) Anomala anchoralis Lansbrge G) Anomala variegata Hope 15

A B C

¦¼žš¸É 12 A) Mimela schneideri Ohaus B) Mimela sp.1 C) Mimela sp.2 16

Šµœª·‹´¥­nªœš¸É 2 «¹„¬µž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Â¨³œ·— °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Ĝ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤®œ°œ—ªŠ„o œ¦µ„· ­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉnŠ„µ¦«¹„¬µÁžœ} 2 ®´ª o° 2.1 ž¦³Á¤·œž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 3 œ·—‡º° S. carpocapsae S. glaseri ¨³ S. riobrave Ĝ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ—ªŠ„o œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸ÉĜ®o°Šž’· ´˜·„µ¦ Ÿ¨„µ¦š—­°ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 3 œ·—‡°º S. carpocapsae S. glaseri ¨³ S. riobrave Ĝ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ—oªŠ„œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸ÉĜ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦ ץčŭo oÁ—º°œ °¥°´˜¦µ 14,000 ˜´ª/¡ºÊœš¸É 70 ˜¦.Ž¤./®œ°œ 1 ˜´ª£µ¥Äœ 5 ª´œ ‹µ„šÎµ„µ¦š—­°„´®œ°œ—oªŠ œµ—Á¨È„ 1-2.5 Ž¤. (Table 2) ¡ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae S. glaseri ¨³ S. riobrave ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Äœ„µ¦Á oµšµ¨µ¥®œ°œ—Î ªŠ œµ—Á¨o „Å—È o 76.9 76.4 ¨³ 68.9 Áž°¦rÁŽÈœ˜r ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´Å¤n˜„˜nµŠ„´œšµŠ­™·˜· ˜nœªÃœo¤ž¦³­š›· ·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri Ĝ„µ¦Á µšo µ¨µ¥®œ°œ—Î ªŠ‹³­o ¼Š„ªnµ S. riobrave ¨³‹³Á®Èœ— ´ ¹ÊœÄœ®œ°œ—oªŠ œµ—Ä®n 2.6-3 Ž¤. Å­oÁ—°œ °¥º S. carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Äœ„µ¦Á oµ šÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ—oªŠÅ—o­¼Š 88.3 ¨³ 86.7% ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ ˜„˜nµŠ°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·‹µ„ ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. riobrave Ž¹ÉŠšÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ—ªŠÅ—o o 75% Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥š´ÊŠ 2 œ—· ‡º° S. carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Ä„¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„œÄœ„µ¦Á ´ oµšÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ—ªŠ„o œ· ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Ž¹ÉŠ‹³Å—oœÎµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥šŠ´Ê 2 œ·—œ¸ÊŞš—­°Äœ­£µ¡›¦¦¤µ˜·˜n°Åž 2.2 š—­°ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri Á¡ºÉ°‡ª‡»¤ ®œ°œ—ªŠ„o œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦· ¸É Ĝ­£µ¡›¦¦¤µ˜· ‹µ„„µ¦š—­°ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„­µ¦´ chlorpyrifos ×¥šµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœÂž¨Š °ŠÁ„¬˜¦„¦Î 4 ¡ºÊœš¸É (Table 3) ¡ªnµ¡ºÊœš¸É 1 œµ¥´ªµ¨¥r ¡´œ›»rŠµ¤ ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥‹Îµœªœ˜œ­˜¦°Á°¦o ¸Éš¸É˜µ¥ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„®œ°œ—oªŠ„„·œ ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Ĝª·›¸„µ¦¡œÅ­n oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri ˜Éε­»— 1 ˜oœÅ¤n˜„˜nµŠ„´ª·›¸„µ¦¡œn Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae (1.5 ˜oœ) ˜n˜„˜nµŠ°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡šµŠ­™´ ·˜· „´ª·›¸„µ¦¡nœ­µ¦ chlorpyrifos ¨³ control (5.25 ¨³ 5.5 ˜oœ ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´) ¡ºÊœš¸É 2 œµ¥›¸¦ª»› ˜µš¼ ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ ‹Îµœªœ˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É š¸É˜µ¥Äœª·›¸„µ¦¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ˜Éε­»—Ášnµ„´ 27 ˜œo ˜„˜nµŠ°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·„´Âž¨Š control (53.25 ˜oœ) ¦°Š¨ŠÅž‡º°Âž¨Š¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri ¨³­µ¦ chlorpyrifos Ž¹ÉŠÁŒ¨¸É¥¤¸˜oœ˜µ¥Ášnµ„´ 37.25 ¨³ 39.25 ˜oœ ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ ÁnœÁ—¥ª„¸ ´¡œšºÊ ¸É 3 œµ¥œš¸ »Á‹¦· ž¨Šš¸É¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ¡˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸É š¸É˜µ¥ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„®œ°œ—oªŠšµ¨µ¥¦µ„Î ˜Éε­»— 3.75 ˜oœ ˜„˜nµŠ°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜· ‹µ„ž¨Š ¡nœ­µ¦ chlorpyrifos ¨³ control (6.50 ¨³ 7.50 ˜oœ ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´) ¦°Š¨ŠÅž‡º°Âž¨Š¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri ¡­˜¦°Á°¦¸É˜µ¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 5 ˜oœ¡œšºÊ ¸É 4 œµ¥«·¨µ¨ Ã¥œ¥·ÉŠ¡ªnµ‹Îµœªœ˜œ­˜¦°o Á°¦¸Éš¸É˜µ¥ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„®œ°œ—ªŠ„o ·œ¦µ„Ĝž¨Šš¸É¡nœÅ­oÁ—°œ °¥º S. carpocapsae S. glaseri ¨³ 17

­µ¦ chlorpyrifos Ťn˜„˜nµŠ„´œšµŠ­™·˜· (2 1 ¨³ 1 ˜oœ ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´) ˜nš»„ª·›„µ¦Â˜„˜¸ nµŠ°¥nµŠ¤¸ œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·‹µ„ž¨Š control Ž¹ÉŠ¡ÁŒ¨¸É¥˜µ¥ 5 ˜oœ ¨³Ÿ¨„µ¦š—­°‡ªµ¤°¥¼n¦°— °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Ĝ—·œ®¨´Š„µ¦¡nœš»„ 7 ª´œ ץčo ®œ°œ„·œ¦´ŠŸ¹ÊŠŽ¹ÉŠÁž}œ®œ°œŸ¸Á­ºÊ°š¸É°n°œÂ°˜n°„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥ °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥Áž}œ˜´ªš—­° ®¦º°Á®¥ºÉ°¨n°™oµÄœ—·œ¥´Š¤¸Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥°¥¼n¨³¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Äœ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥®œ°œ„·œ¦´ŠŸ¹ÊŠ š¸ÉÄ­n¨ŠÅžÄœ—·œ£µ¥Äœ 48 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ‹³¡¤¸®œ°œ˜µ¥ ‹¹Š‡Îµœª–‡·—Áš¸¥„¨´Áž}œÁž°¦rÁŽÈœ˜r ‡ªµ¤°¥¼n¦°— °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ ‹µ„Ÿ¨„µ¦š—­° (Table 4) Ĝž¨Šš¸É¤¸„µ¦¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri ®¨´Š¡nœ 7 ª´œ¡ªnµÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥š¸É¤¸¸ª·˜Â¨³¥´Š‡Š¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ Ĝ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥Â¤¨ŠÅ—oš´ÊŠ 4 ¡ºÊœš¸É ÁŒ¨¸É¥ž¦³¤µ– 40-48% ¨³ 37-43% ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´®¨´Š„µ¦ ¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 14 ª´œ ÁŒ¨¸É¥ž¦³¤µ– 38-55% ¨³ 18-30% ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´®¨´Š„µ¦¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 21 ª´œ ÁŒ¨¸É¥ž¦³¤µ– 10-23% ¨³ 5-7% ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´Â¨³®¨´Š„µ¦¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 28 ª´œÁ®¨º° ž¦³¤µ– 5% ¨³ 2.5% ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ ‹³Á®ÈœÅ—oªnµ®¨´Š„µ¦¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 7 ª´œž¦·¤µ–Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥‹³¨—¨Š˜µ¤¨Îµ—´Á®¨º°Å¤nÁ„·œ 50% ¨³®¨´Š„µ¦¡nœš¸É 28 ª´œÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥¨—¨ŠÁ®¨º° 2-5% ×¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥Áž°¦rÁŽÈœ˜r‡ªµ¤°¥¼n¦°— °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae Ĝ­£µ¡›¦¦¤µ˜·‹³­¼Š„ªnµ Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. glaseri

­¦»žŸ¨„µ¦š—¨°Š

‹µ„„µ¦Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥š¸É‹´Å—o‹µ„„´—´„­ŠÅ¢Â¨³š¸Éŗo‹µ„„µ¦Á¨¸Ê¥Š˜´ª®œ°œš¸É Á„ȝ¤µ‹µ„ž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉĜ¡ºÊœš¸Éoµœn°Â„oª°ÎµÁ£°­³Á¤·Š‹´Š®ª´—Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ¨³­™µœ¸ Á„¬˜¦®¨ªŠ—°¥°nµŠ µŠ °ÎµÁ£° µŠ ‹´Š®ª´—Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ¡—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É®¨µ¥œ·— ‹µ„„µ¦ ‹ÎµÂœ„œ·——oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉĜ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦¡ªnµ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É‹´—°¥¼nĜªŠ«r Scarabaeidae °´œ—´ Coleoptera ×¥—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Mimela schneideri Ohaus ¡¤µ„š¸É­»— ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜¤¸ 4 ¦³¥³Å—o„n ¦³¥³Å n ¤¸­¸ µª‡¦¸¤¨´„¬–³„¨¤¦¸ œµ—¥µªž¦³¤µ– 2.5-3 ¤·¨¨·Á¤˜¦ „ªoµŠž¦³¤µ– 1.5 ¤·¨¨·Á¤˜¦ ¦³¥³Å nčo¦³¥³Áª¨µž¦³¤µ– 10-20 ª´œ¦³¥³®œ°œÃ—¥˜´ª®œ°œ¤¸ 3 ª´¥ ®œ°œª´¥š¸É 1 ¨³ª´¥š¸É 2 ¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸ µª ­nªœ®´ª­¸œÊ嘵¨ ­nªœšo°Š‡n°œ oµŠÄ­­µ¤µ¦™¤°ŠÁ®Èœ¨ÎµÅ­o £µ¥Äœž¨o°Ššo°ŠÅ—o ­nªœ®œ°œª´¥š¸É 3 ¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸Á®¨º°Š‡¦¸¤ ¦³¥³®œ°œÄo¦³¥³Áª¨µž¦³¤µ– 2-3 Á—º°œ ¦³¥³—´„—o ¤¸­¸Á®¨º°ŠžœœÊ嘵¨ ¨´„¬–³—´„—o Exarate ×¥˜´ª®œ°œ„n°œÁ oµ—´„—o‹³ šÎµ„¦³Ážµ³—·œÂ Ȋ®»o¤˜´ª„n°œ‹¹Š¨°„‡¦µÁ oµ—´„—o°¥¼n£µ¥Äœ„¦³Ážµ³—·œ ¦³¥³—´„—o­µ¤µ¦™¡´„ ˜´ª oµ¤§—¼Â¨oŠÅ—o‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠ™¹Š˜oœ§—¼ œ‹¹Š¨°„‡¦µ°°„Áž}œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ ×¥—´„—o‹³¨°„‡¦µ °°„Áž}œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥nªŠž¨µ¥Á—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ™¹ŠÁ—º°œ¤·™»œµ¥œ ¨Îµ˜´ª­¸Á ¸¥ª˜°Š°n°œ¤´œªµª Á®¨º°­¸ š°ŠÁ¨È„œo°¥ —oµœ¨nµŠ¨Îµ˜´ª­¸œÊ嘵¨Â—Š¤´œªµª °µ¥»˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ 3-5 ª´œ 18

˜´ª®œ°œšÎµ¨µ¥„´—„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éš´ÊŠnªŠ„¨µŠ‡ºœÂ¨³„¨µŠª´œ ¦³¥³®œ°œª´¥š¸É 2 ¨³ ª´¥š¸É 3 Áž}œ¦³¥³š¸É¤¸„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥¦»œÂ¦Š ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ œµ—®œ°œ—oªŠ¤¸ œµ—Ä®nž¦³¤µ– 2.5-4 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ‹¹Š˜o°Š„µ¦°µ®µ¦ž¦·¤µ–¤µ„Äœ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ ‹µ„„µ¦ »—­Îµ¦ª‹Âž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É Ĝ¡ºÊœš¸É­™µœ¸Á„¬˜¦®¨ªŠ—°¥°nµŠ µŠ °ÎµÁ£° µŠ ‹´Š®ª´—Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ¡˜´ª®œ°œ„´—„·œšÎµ¨µ¥ ¦·Áª–¦µ„˜oœ­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉÁŒ¨¸É¥ 2-20 ˜´ª˜n°˜oœ ®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜ—·œ¨¹„ ž¦³¤µ– 5-20 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ „¦³Ážµ³—·œš¸É˜´ª®œ°œ­¦oµŠ œ°„‹µ„ ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°ÄoĜ„µ¦¨°„‡¦µÁ oµ —´„—o£µ¥ÄœÂ¨oª¥´ŠÁž}œÁ„µ³žj°Š„´œ˜´ª‹µ„«´˜¦¼Á oµ¤µšÎµ¦oµ¥ÄœnªŠš¸ÉÁž}œ—´„—o°¥¼n ¨³¦´„¬µ ‡ªµ¤ºÊœ£µ¥Äœ¨Îµ˜´ª °Š—´„—o—oª¥ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„—´„—o˜o°Š¡´„˜´ª oµ¤§—¼Â¨oŠœµœ™¹Š 4 Á—º°œ Á¡ºÉ°¦° œÄœ že™´—Åž‹¹Š­µ¤µ¦™Á‹µ³°°„‹µ„„¦³Ážµ³—·œ—´„—o°¥¼n¨¹„‹µ„¦³—´Ÿ·ª—·œž¦³¤µ– 30 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥¡¤µ„nªŠ 1-2 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ®¨´Š¡¦³°µš·˜¥r˜„—·œ ¡°Ä„¨o¦»nŠ‹¹Š·œ„¨´ÅžŽn°œ ˜´ªÄœ—·œ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Á¡«Ÿ¼o¨³Á¡«Á¤¸¥„·œ°µ®µ¦Â¨³Ÿ­¤¡´œ›»rĜÁª¨µ„¨µŠ‡ºœÃ—¥Ÿ­¤¡´œ›»r„´œ°¥¼n œ˜oœ¡º°µ®µ¦„n°œ ‹¹Š·œ¨ŠÅžªµŠÅ nĜž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Á¡«Á¤¸¥°ªµŠÅ nĜ —·œ°n°œœ»n¤ªµŠÅ nĜ—·œ¨¹„ž¦³¤µ– 3-10 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜´ª®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É„´—„·œ¦µ„˜oœÂ¤n­˜¦°Á°¦¸Éš¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦šÎµÅ®¨Â¨³˜oœ Å®¨­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ˜n‹µ„„µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜¡ªnµ­nªœÄ®nšÎµ¨µ¥˜oœÅ®¨¤µ„„ªnµ˜oœÂ¤n ˜´ª®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É°µ«´¥„´—„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É¨¹„‹µ„¦³—´Ÿ·ª—·œ 10-13 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¡„µ¦¦³µ—°¥¼n 2 nªŠ ‡º°Á—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤ ¨³Á—º°œ„´œ¥µ¥œ ×¥¡®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉšÎµ¨µ¥¤µ„ š¸É­»—ÄœÁ—º°œ„´œ¥µ¥œ ¨³¡®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É šÎµ¨µ¥¦·Áª– °Âž¨Š¤µ„„ªnµ ¦·Áª–Ĝž¨Šž¨¼„ ‹µ„„µ¦Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠ®œ°œš¸É„´—„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É¤µ‹ÎµÂœ„œ·—ץčo ¨´„¬–³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š œœ®´ª„³Ã®¨„ ¨³ž¨µ¥šo°Šž¨o°Š­»—šoµ¥ ­µ¤µ¦™ÂnŠ°°„Å—oÁž}œ 3 ªŠ«r¥n°¥ ŗo„n ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Rutelinae ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Melolonthinae ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Dynastinae ¨³‹µ„„µ¦ªµŠ „´—´„­ŠÅ¢ÄœÂž¨Šž¨¼„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ¡—oªŠ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥®¨µ¥œ·—š¸É¤¸‹´—°¥¼nĜ„¨»n¤Á—¸¥ª„´—oªŠ„·œ ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É ×¥­µ¤µ¦™‹ÎµÂœ„Å—o 3 ªŠ«r¥n°¥ ¡ªnµªŠ«r¥n°¥ Rutelinae ¡¤µ„š¸É­»— ¦°Š¨Š¤µ ŗo„n ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Melolonthinae ¨³ªŠ«r¥n°¥ Dynastinae ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ ­µ¤¦™‹ÎµÂœ„œ·—Å—o 19 œ·— š¦µœ·—¨oª 9 œ·—Ťnš¦µœ·— 10 œ·— „µ¦¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Äœ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤ ®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸ÉŗoÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´„µ¦Äo­µ¦Á‡¤¸ chlorpyrifos ¨³ÄœµŠšo°Šš¸É ®œ°œ—oªŠÁ¦·É¤­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤˜oµœšµœ˜n°­µ¦Á‡¤¸ „µ¦ÄoÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae ¨³ S. glaseri ‹³¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡—¸„ªnµ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³®œ°œ—oªŠÄœ¦³¥³ª´¥ 1-2 „µ¦ÄoÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥‹³ ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡­¼ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ S. carpocapsae —¼¤¸ÂœªÃœo¤ªnµ‹³¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Â¨³‡ªµ¤ °¥¼n¦°—Äœ›¦¦¤µ˜·Å—o­¼Š„ªnµ S. glaseri ¨³®¨´Š„µ¦¡nœÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ 20 ª´œ ‡ª¦¤¸„µ¦¡nœ Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥ŽÊε°¸„‡¦´ÊŠÄœnªŠš¸É¥´Š¤¸„µ¦¦³µ— °Š®œ°œ—oªŠ„·œ¦µ„­˜¦°Á°¦¸É 19

Table 2 Percentage larval mortality of strawberry root beetle caused by three species of Steinernema at the rate of 14,000 nema/70/cm2/larva/box within 5 days.

% larval mortality of strawberry root beetle Steinernema spp. size of the larva 1-2.5 cm. 2.6-3 cm. Steinernema carpocapsae 76.94 88.33 a* Steinernema glaseri 76.40 88.68 a Steinernema riobrave 68.90 75 b Control (water) 0 0 CV (%) 27.8 9.6 * Means in the same column followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.

Table 3 Percentage number of dead strawberry plants caused by the root beetle in the 4 locations of farmer plantations after spraying 2 species of Steinernema compared to the chemical insecticide during June-October 2006 at Samung district, Chiang mai province.

% number of dead strawberry caused by the root beetle Treatments 1stlocat n 2ndlocat n 3rdlocat n 4thlocat n 1. S. carpocapsae 1.50 a* 27.00 a 3.75 a 2.00 a 2. S. glaseri 1.00 a 37.25 ab 5.00 ab 1.00 a 3. chlorpyrifos 5.25 b 39.25 ab 6.50 b 1.00 a 4. control (water) 5.5 b 53.25 b 7.50 b 5.00 b CV (%) 37.74 35.35 30.89 62.94 * Means in the same column followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT. 20

Table 4 Percentage larval mortality of greater wax moth, (Galleria mellonella) after burrying in strawberry planting soil sprayed the 2 species of nematode at Samung district Chiangmai province, and collecting soil sample every 7 days during June-July 2005.

% larval mortality of G. mellonella collected soil sample every 7 days after spraying nematode 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days Steinernema spp. *1234123412341234* S. carpocapsae 40.0 42.5 47.5 40.0 45.0 37.5 55.0 40.0 22.5 10.0 20.0 10.0 5.0 0 0 0 S. glaseri 42.5 40.0 40.0 37.5 25.5 20.0 30.0 18.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 0 0 0 * 4 locations of farmer strawberry plantation of the farmer. 21

Á°„­µ¦°oµŠ°·Š

šª¸«„—´ ·Í Ã¥£µ­ ª´¦¸ ­¤­ » ¡¦¦–Á¡È Ã¥£µ­ ¨³­´µ–¸ «¦¸‡µ 2545. ¦µ¥ŠµœŸ¨„µ¦ž’·´˜· Šµœª·‹¥ž¦³‹´ εže 2545. „µ¦š—­°Å­oÁ—º°œ °¥„ε‹—®œ°œ—´ oªŠÂ¦—Äœ­ªœžµ¨r¤œÊε¤´œ „¨»n¤Šµœª·‹¥Â¤¨Š«´ ´˜¦¼¡º­ªœ°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤ „°Š„¸’¨³­´˜ªª·š¥µ „¦¤ª·µ„µ¦Á„¬˜¦. ª´¦¸ ­¤­» ª·œ¥¦´ ´˜ž„¦–r´¥Â¨³¡·¤¨¡¦ œ´œš³. 2534„. „µ¦ÄoÅ­Á—o º°œ °¥ Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) ‡ª‡»¤—oªŠ®¤—Ÿ´ ´„ÄœŸ´„„µ—®ª´ . ªµ¦­µ¦„¸’¨³­´˜ªª·š¥µ „¦¤ ª·µ„µ¦Á„¬˜¦. 13:183-188. ª´¦¸ ­¤­» ­»›œ ­»ª¦¦–»˜¦ ¨³¡·¤¨¡¦ œ´œš³. 2534 . «¹„¬µ„µ¦ÄoÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) ‡ª‡»¤—oªŠŠªŠ¤´œÁš«Äœ­£µ¡›¦¦¤µ˜·. ¦µ¥ŠµœŸ¨ ª·‹´¥ž¦³‹Îµže 2534 „°Š„¸’¨³­´˜ªª·š¥µ. 10 ®œoµ. ª´¦¸ ­¤­» ¨³­»š›·´¥ ­¤­» 2541. Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ ­º¡´œ›»r ¨³ž¦³­š›· ·£µ¡ Ĝ„µ¦Á oµšÎµ¨µ¥Â¤¨Š °ŠÅ­oÁ—º°œ °¥ Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) š¸ÉÁ¨¸Ê¥ŠÄœ °µ®µ¦Á®¨ª ¨³Â¤¨Š°µ«´¥. ªµ¦­µ¦„¸’¨³­´˜ªª·š¥µ. žeš¸É 20(2):75-88. Arrow, G.J. 1917. Coleoptera. (Lamellicornia part II Rutelinae, Desmonycinae, and Euchirinae). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor & Francis. Cui, L., Gaugler, R., and Wang, Y. 1993. Penetration of Steinernematid nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) into Japanese beetle larvae, Popilla japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J. Invertebr. Patho. 62: 73-78. Georgis, R., and Gaugler, R. 1991. Predictability in biological control using entomopathogenic nematode. J. Econ. Entomol.84:713-720. Klein, M.G. 1990. Efficacy against soil-inhabiting pests. In “Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control” (R. Gaugler and H.K.Kaya, Eds.), pp. 195-214. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Klein, M.G. and Georgis, R. 1992. Persistence of control of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae with Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes. J. Econ. Entomol. 85:727-730. Lewis, E.E., Gaugler, R., and Harrison,R. 1992. Entomopathogenic nematode host finding: Response to contact cues by cruise and ambush foragers. Parasitology. 105:305-319. Sosa, JR.O., and Beavers, J.B. 1985. Entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control organisms for Ligyrus subtropicus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in sugarcane. Environ. Entomol. 14:80-82. 22

Selvan, M.S., Gaugler, R., and Campbell, J.F. 1993. Comparative evaluation of entomopathogenic nematode strains against Japanese beetle, Popilla japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) J. Econ. Entomol. 86:353-359. Toba, H.H., Lindegren J.E., Turner, J.E., and Vail, P.V. 1982. Susceptibility of the colorado beetle and the sugarbeet wireworm to Steinernema feltiae and S. glaseri. J. Nematol. 15(4):597-601. Villani, M.G., and Wright, R.J. 1988. Entomogenous nematodes as biological control agents of European chafer and japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae infesting turfgrass. J. Econ. Entomol. 81:484-487. Wright, R.J., Villani, M.G., and Agudelo-Silva, F. 1988. Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes for control of larval European chafers and Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in potted yew. J. Econ. Entomol. 81:152-155.