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Steamer Mountaineer: History Council the Identification of an Outer Banks Shipwreck

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Steamer Mountaineer: History Council the Identification of an Outer Banks Shipwreck Tributaries A Publication of the North Carolina Maritime Steamer Mountaineer: History Council www.ncmaritimehistory.org The Identification of an Outer Banks Shipwreck Spring 2019 Number 17 Modern Greece: A Revised History for the English Blockade Runner Pirates of Morality: The British Navy’s Suppression of the Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century Tributaries A Publication of the North Carolina Maritime History Council www.ncmaritimehistory.org Spring 2019 Number 17 Contents Members of the Executive Board 3 Lucas Simonds Steamer Mountaineer: 5 The Identification of an Outer Banks Shipwreck Chelsea Rachelle Modern Greece: 20 Freeland A Revised History for the English Blockade Runner Eric Walls Pirates of Morality: 33 The British Navy’s Suppression of the Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century Call for Submissions 49 Tributaries Spring 2019 1 Tributaries A Publication Members of the North Carolina Maritime Chair Andrew Duppstadt Lynn B. Harris Joseph K. Schwarzer, II Education and Interpretation Supervisor Associate Professor History Council Director Historic Weapons Program Coordinator Program in Maritime Studies www.ncmaritimehistory.org North Carolina Maritime Museum Division of State and Historic Properties Department of History System (252) 526-9600 ext. 227 East Carolina University Tributaries P.O. Box 191 [email protected] Admiral Eller House, Office 200 Hatteras, NC 27909 Greenville, NC 27858 [email protected] Brian Edwards (252) 328-1967 College of the Albemarle [email protected] Vice Chair P.O. Box 2327 is published by the North Douglas Stover Elizabeth City, NC 27909 Nathan Richards Carolina Maritime History Cultural Resource Management (252) 335-0821 ext. 2206 Director Program in Maritime Studies Council, Inc., 315 Front Consultant [email protected] 227 Cobbs Way Department of History Street, Beaufort, North Nags Head, NC 27959 Charles R. Ewen East Carolina University Carolina, 28516-2124, and (252) 216-9399 Director Admiral Eller House, Office 100 is distributed for [email protected] Phelps Archaeology Laboratory Liaison Greenville, NC 27858 (252) 328-1968 educational purposes Queen Anne’s Revenge Conservation Laboratory [email protected] www.ncmaritimehistory.org Secretary Frances D. Hayden Professor Lori Sanderlin Program Registrar Department of Anthropology Museum Manager Chair North Carolina Maritime Museum East Carolina University North Carolina Maritime Museum at 315 Front Street Greenville, NC 27858 Joseph K. Schwarzer, II Southport Beaufort, NC 28584 (252) 328-9454 204 Moore Street (252) 504-7758 [email protected] Editor Southport, NC 28461 [email protected] (910) 477-5150 Chelsea Rachelle Chelsea Rachelle Freeland Senior Analyst, Cultural Property [email protected] Treasurer Freeland U.S. Department of State Christine Brin (Contractor) William Sassorossi Group and Volunteer Coordinator Washington, DC 20037 Maritime Archaeologist North Carolina Maritime Museum (202) 632-6368 Monitor National Marine Sanctuary Copyright © 2019 315 Front Street [email protected] Newport News, VA 23606 North Carolina Maritime Beaufort, NC 28584 (757) 591-7326 History Council (252) 504-7743 [email protected] [email protected] North Carolina Maritime Tributaries History Council Spring 2019 2 3 Tributaries Steamer Mountaineer: A Publication The Identification of an Outer Banks Shipwreck of the North Carolina Maritime by Lucas Simonds History Council www.ncmaritimehistory.org From the time of the loss of reason to believe Mountaineer remained the Pulaski in 1839 until the on the beach where it ran aground some beginning of the Civil War 160 years ago. It was first suggested by in 1861 the North Carolina Marc Corbett that the Winks Wreck, a coast was the scene of so many previously unidentified shipwreck lying shipwrecks that the majority a short distance off the beach in Kitty rated no more space in the Hawk, is likely the wreck of Mountaineer.2 newspapers of the day than do Additional research since that time has routine automobile accidents in strengthened the argument in favor of the contemporary press. this identification and also revealed a -- David Stick, Graveyard of the Atlantic surprising history of the ship in its career prior to wrecking on the Outer Banks. As On Christmas Day 1852, the steamship an easily accessible site to both SCUBA Mountaineer passed along the Outer and free divers, the wreck represents Banks of North Carolina en route to one of the more visible elements of the New Brunswick, Canada. The ship underwater cultural heritage of North had enjoyed a long career carrying Carolina. As such, the identification of cargo and passengers between ports in the wreck and its history should be of Great Britain, Ireland, and continental equal interest to academics, historical Europe. Now, Mountaineer was headed enthusiasts, and divers alike. The history to what would likely be its final posting of Mountaineer and the argument for its – service as a tug and stock boat for a connection to the “Winks Wreck” are lumber company. Unfortunately, disaster therefore outlined here. Figure 1 – A lithograph of a painting by Samuel Walters depicting the ships Pennsylvania and struck that day somewhere along the Lockwoods in distress off Liverpool during the storm of January 7 and 8, 1839. Mountaineer (the Outer Banks, and Mountaineer never Before continuing with the history of small vessel immediately left of Pennsylvania) is depicted attempting to rescue members of the crew reached its destination. The ship ran the vessel, a brief note should be made of St. Andrew. (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-pga-06334]) aground between 8 and 20 miles south concerning the sources on which the of Currituck Inlet, though the reason narrative is based. The most detailed for its loss is not documented. Although reports of the wrecking event provide the entire crew escaped with their lives, little information about the vessel, Mountaineer was declared a total loss.1 namely, that it was “of and from Liverpool,” “old,” and “196 tons.”3 Based Newspaper reports of the wreck mark on these details, it was concluded that the the last appearance of Mountaineer in Mountaineer of 196 tons listed in Lloyd’s the historical record. Like so many Register in 1849 is the same that wrecked North Carolina Maritime Tributaries ships lost off the Outer Banks in the in 1852. As that Mountaineer was listed History Council Spring 2019 nineteenth century, the fate of the as having been built in Bristol in 1835, it 4 5 wreckage after the event has remained has further been linked to a Mountaineer largely unclear. Despite the lack of listed in the Lloyd’s Register for 1835.4 historical documentation, there is good Beginning with reports on the launching of that vessel in 1835, its history has In his report, Drew noted Mountaineer century, 90% of British copper smelting many hours without a moment’s then been traced through nearly 750 measured 137 feet in length and 21 feet capacity was concentrated within a 20- cessation, sweeping down newspaper articles covering most months in breadth with a builder’s tonnage of mile radius of Swansea. Although copper chimneys and chimney pots, between April 1835 and December 1852, 262 tons. He further assigned the vessel ore was mined primarily in Cornwall tearing up slates by thousands, as well as several additional archival an A1 rating, the best insurance rating and Devon, it was more economical to snapping in pieces large trees, sources. With differences in reported available.8 Not mentioned in the report smelt copper near the rich coal fields of casting down thick walls, driving tonnage, certain references do not is the vessel’s machinery, which was built South Wales, as three tons of coal was vessels on shore, and spreading immediately appear to refer to the same by the Neath Abbey Ironworks near required to smelt a single ton of copper death and destruction on every vessel, but the historical trajectory of Swansea. Mountaineer was fitted with ore. Powering this trade, 150 vessels and side. We never remember a the vessel can be reasonably followed two simple side-lever steam engines at least 750 sailors were in operation night of more universal or well- based on other elements such as the once it reached Swansea from Bristol. to move approximately 120,000 tons of founded alarm.19 names of masters and geographic areas of Documentation of the original boiler has shipping annually to support the smelting operation. A summary history based on not yet been located.9 As evidenced by industry around Swansea in 1830.17 These It is not entirely clear where Mountaineer these sources is presented here. engineering plans from the ironworks, the figures surely grew, and they leave aside was during the height of the storm, but it vessel was driven by two side-mounted vessels such as Mountaineer, which were cannot have been far from the harrowing The Swansea and Liverpool Steam Packet paddlewheels.10 not directly involved in transporting ore scene in the waters off Liverpool. Company announced plans in August for the smelting industry, but rather were Loaded down with 110 tons of copper, 1834 to launch a steamer capable of Mountaineer was launched later on the involved in transporting the smelted Mountaineer was inbound to Liverpool carrying up to 120 tons of cargo between day of Drew’s survey. Reports from the copper to the industrial centers. As a during the storm. Attempting to enter the those two ports. Although not named day note that, “notwithstanding the component of this transport network, Rock Channel through heavy seas on the at the time, the primary cargo was to be unfavorable state of the weather, a large Mountaineer was involved in driving the morning of January 8, Captain Edwards copper from the burgeoning Swansea concourse of people assembled on the massive changes that came as a result of noticed several vessels in distress and copper smelting industry.
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