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Analysis of Urban Farming Practice Through the Lens of Metabolic Rift Case Studies in the City of Chengdu (China) and in the City of Freiburg (Germany)

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Analysis of Urban Farming Practice Through the Lens of Metabolic Rift Case Studies in the City of Chengdu (China) and in the City of Freiburg (Germany) Analysis of Urban Farming Practice through the Lens of Metabolic Rift Case studies in the City of Chengdu (China) and in the City of Freiburg (Germany) Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. phil.) of the Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany by Yang Liu Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany 2019 Dean: Prof. Dr. Daniela Kleinschmit 1st Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Axel Drescher 2nd Supervisor: PD Dr. Philipp Späth 2nd Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Annika Mattissek Date of Defense: November 14th, 2019 Acknowledgements The current research was fully sponsored by the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) from 2014 to 2018. Without the financial support of CSC, this research project would never have had the chance to get underway, and its generous funding ensured the outcome of this PhD dissertation. Therefore, the author has indescribable gratitude to CSC for its full support. Then, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Axel Drescher for his generous supports throughout the whole process of my PhD research, especially during the tough dissertation writing process. Prof. Drescher’s support for my research was full and thorough. He not only offered valuable academic advice with his expertise in urban farming studies, but he also strengthened my morale and self-confidence at the all tough moments of my research. Prof. Drescher’s patient guidance and advice guaranteed the right direction of my research process and ensured the final accomplishment of this dissertation. I would like also to thank to my supervisors, Dr. Philipp Späth and Prof. Dr. Annika Mattissek; their suggestions and requirements enabled my dissertation to follow rigorous scientific writing standards and to be grounded in feasible themes. Also thanks to Prof. Daniel Leese as my second supervisor in the first two years of my research. Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Tim Freytag, the dean of the Environment and Nature Resources Faculty of the University of Freiburg and his secretary Frau Inga Armbruster. They offered me great logistical support after some office administrative turmoil, and organized the office room arrangements for me. For the same reason, I need to thank Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Kahle, who kindly arranged the office room opportunity for me at his department of Forest Growth. Next, a great deal of appreciations is addressed to everyone who supported my field research and interviews at Chengdu and Freiburg. For the Chengdu field research, I need to thank my dear colleagues at the Partnerships of Community Development (PCD) Chengdu Office, Mr. Zhou Junchuan, and the dedicated people at the NGO “Ai You Xi”. Thank Tian Feng and He Lei for recommending the urban farming practitioners in their networks to me as my research interviewees. Thanks go to Lin Niang and Gu Niang for their specific arrangements for interviews for me at the district of Shui Jing Fang. Thanks also go to Hu Min for organizing the transcription volunteers for my research, and to all the transcription volunteers who contributed their time and effort to do the tedious transcription tasks regarding my Chinese interview contents. For the Freiburg field research, I need first to thank Mr. Gerhard Schiff, who enthusiastically helped me to make connection with potential interviewees. Thanks for the special workshop organized by the Freiburg Transitional Town Movement and their members; I met half of my Freiburg interviewees through their network. Thanks to my friends like Frau Esther Muschelknautz, and Ratchada Arpornsilp, they recommended to me the urban gardeners they knew in Freiburg. Most important of all, my deepest gratitude to all the urban farming practitioners I met both in Chengdu and Freiburg; thanks to each of them for spending hours of time (min. one hour – max. seven hours) with me for my interviews. I deeply appreciate their great willingness to share their experiences and opinions of urban farming practices, their personal stories and childhood memories about nature (even some very personal or confidential experiences) with me. Thank them for their greatest generosity and trust to me, and for providing me with valuable data regarding their urban farming or gardening practices! i I will never forget my friends at Freiburg and back home, who offered continuous supports and tireless encouragement throughout the years of my studying and research time at Freiburg in Germany. They played like the torches at my darkest moments, and they cheered for me at every step of my progress. Julia Koch, Li Li, Jasmin Marston (with great support for the initial editing work), Ines Gavrilut, Marvi Eiland, Kerstin Hennies, Ning Xu, Kui Li, Wei Juanyi, the young ladies in the “Let’s Talking about Life” support group, the cool ladies in “We Love Urban Farms” support group, thank you all cordially! One special thank to Lars Michaels, who offered great generosity of time, space and heart with me in my difficulties! Another special thanks to lovely Miss Tang Yu, who kept sending her positive energy to me and sharing her smart and beautiful thoughts with me! And all my thanks to my family, mostly to my dear forever-young-spirit Mother, for her full love, full encouragement, and full support! Finally, thanks to Randy Kritkausky and Carolyn Schmidt, my long-term colleagues and friends from ECOLOGIA. Thanks to Randy for his deep understanding about the ecological thoughts in my PhD thesis, and for sharing with me his Native American ancestral spirits and natural wisdoms! Meanwhile, most sincere thanks to Randy and Carolyn for their kindest help as native English speakers in editing drafts of my dissertation and making it much more readable; Carolyn contributed her full time and energy to complete the tedious and painstaking editing work throughout 250 pages of the manuscript and guaranteed the final language quality of my dissertation. ii Zusammenfassung Diese Dissertation basiert auf zwei parallelen Forschungsinteressen: „Mensch-Natur-Interaktionen“ und „urban farming“ bzw. „urbane Landwirtschaft“. Das integrierte Forschungsinteresse dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Wechselwirkung zwischen Mensch und Natur durch eine empirische Untersuchung von individuellen Praktiken der urbanen Landwirtschaft zu verstehen. Die im Konzept des sozial-ökologischen Metabolismus verankerte ‚metabolic rift theory’ wird als Kerntheorie zur Analyse der Mensch-Natur-Interaktionen anhand der urbanen Landwirtschaft herangezogen. Der allgemeine Forschungsansatz bestand darin, zwei gegensätzliche städtische Milieus (Chengdu, China und Freiburg, Deutschland) zu untersuchen, um Erkenntnisse darüber zu gewinnen, inwieweit urbane Landwirtschaft die Mensch-Natur-Interaktionen sowie möglicherweise auch einige der tiefgreifenden metabolischen Risse heilend beeinflussen kann. In dieser Arbeit wird die Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Natur als sozial-ökologischer Stoffwechselprozess verstanden, bei dem Mensch und Natur Ressourcen und Abfälle, Energie und Entropie austauschen. Wenn der Austauschzyklus im Gleichgewicht ist, könnte der sozial-ökologische Stoffwechselprozess über Jahrtausende hinweg stabil verlaufen. Allerdings haben Industrialisierung und Urbanisierung unter der treibenden Kraft des Kapitalismus das Gleichgewicht des Austauschs zwischen Mensch und Natur zerstört. Der sozial-ökologische Stoffwechselprozess hat im Zuge einer Reihe von Intensivierungsphasen ein beschleunigtes, nicht nachhaltiges Tempo erreicht. Um die Phasen des sozial-ökologischen Stoffwechselprozesses vor einem historisch-materialistischen Hintergrund zu beschreiben, wurde ein lockeres Cluster von Konzepten aus dem ökologischen Marxismus als übergeordneter theoretischer Rahmen dieser Arbeit gewählt. Das Konzept des ‚metabolic rift’ wird als Kerntheorie entwickelt, um die unterbrochene, losgelöste, entfremdete und antagonistische Mensch-Natur-Beziehung unserer Zeit zu beschreiben. Vier Dimensionen des ‚metabolic rift’ – ökologisch, erkenntnistheoretisch / kulturell, sozial und individuell – werden spezifisch ausgearbeitet, um zu demonstrieren, wie die Natur durch die industrielle Produktion und die urbane Lebensweise sowie durch die vorherrschende kapitalistische Weltanschauung systematisch objektiviert und externalisiert wurde. Als theoretischer Beitrag dieser Dissertation zum gesamten Rahmen des ‚metabolic rift’ wurde das originäre Konzept des ‚cultural rift’ definiert und verwendet, um die Nuancen der Analyse zu verschärfen. Urbane Landwirtschaft als weltweit aufkeimende Bewegung wird empirisch praktiziert und bereits theoretisch als Lösung für die Bewältigung vieler Herausforderungen des städtischen Lebens erforscht. Allerdings wurden die vielfältigen Potentiale dieser Betätigung im Hinblick auf die Milderung und Heilung der zahlreichen Probleme, die durch den ,metabolic rift’ entstehen, bisher noch nicht in einem systematischen und umfassenden Rahmen untersucht. Um diese Forschungslücke in Bezug auf die Funktion und Bedeutung der urbanen Landwirtschaft zu schließen, wurden im Rahmen dieser Promotion in den Städten Chengdu (China) und Freiburg (Deutschland) einschlägige Feldforschungen durchgeführt. Die in diesen beiden Städten und Ländern erhobenen Daten werden durch die Linse des ‘metabolic rift’ analysiert. Es wird anschließend diskutiert, wie urbane Landwirtschaft in Chengdu und Freiburg praktiziert werden könnte, um auf die ökologischen, erkenntnistheoretischen, kulturellen, sozialen und individuellen Dimensionen des ‘metabolic rift’ in den jeweiligen historischen,
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