FishTech Rep. I (2), July-December 2015

Fish

Crab

Fig. 2. Fishes gilled in the gillnet Fig. 3. Crab feeding on the fish caught in the net underwater camera (GoPro) and timed swims were fishes were partially depredated by the crab. The used in our study (Fig. 1), which were effective in observations indicated depredation on fishes underwater observations. The fishing operation caught in gillnets by crabs. The depredation was carried out at a depth of 8 m and the net was behaviour and habitat of crab in relation to the soaked for 2 hours. Eight fishes (Pomacentrus fishing gear need further investigations. trilineatus - 5 Nos., Siganus corallinus – 2 Nos. Reference and Halichorers hortulanus – 1 No.) were gilled within 1 hour of setting the net (Fig. 2). After Anderson, R.C. (2014) - Cetaceans and Tuna about 30 minutes, a crab (Clappa hepatica) Fisheries in the Western and Central Indian approached the gilled fishes, and started feeding Ocean. IPNLF Technical Report 2, International on them (Fig. 3). Within 2 h, 6 out of the 8 gilled Pole and Line Foundation, London. 133 p

Occurrence of Beaked sea () in inshore waters of Cochin Ramteke K., Madhu V.R., Remesan M.P. and Pravin P. ICAR–Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin

During demersal trawling operations onboard CIFT to penetrate the skin, and they can open their research vessels M.F.V. Sagar Shakthi and M.F.B. small mouths wide enough to bite a table top. It Matsyakumari – II frequent occurrence of is said that even a small snake can bite a human. (Enydrina schistosa) was observed from the Sea can swallow a fish which is more than inshore waters of Cochin during 2014-15. twice the diameter of its neck. Only a small Sea snakes are carnivorous in nature and their proportion of bites are fatal to man, as the snake diet mainly consists of different types of fish, can control the amount of envenomation. Intense crustaceans, mollusks and eggs of various sea pain is not obvious at the site of the sea snake creatures. Venom of sea snakes is very strong and bite; 30 minutes after the bite there is stiffness, is used to kill their prey and to protect themselves muscle aches and spasm of the jaw followed by in case of danger. Other than venom, some sea moderate to severe pain in the affected limb. Then snakes produce enzyme that induces digestion of follows progressive CNS symptoms of blurred the prey from the moment of bite. Persistent vision, drowsiness and finally respiratory paralysis. myths about sea snakes include the mistaken idea Sea snakes are poisonous but they are not that they can’t bite very effectively. The truth is aggressive creatures. Attacks of sea snakes are that their short fangs (2.5-4.5 mm) are adequate usually result of self-defense. Sea snake bites 17 FishTech Rep. I (2), July-December 2015

Scientific classification average about 1.2 metres in length and have the deadliest venoms of all snakes. Beaked sea snakes Kingdom : Animalia give birth to up to 30 young ones each time they Phylum : Chordata breed, but their death rate is so high that only a Class : Reptilia small proportion of the young ones survive to Order : become adults. Despite their venom, these snakes Suborder : Serpentes are eaten by inshore predators, such as fish and Family : Hydrophiidae estuarine crocodiles. These snakes are generally : Enhydrina found in the coast and coastal islands of . They are amongst the most common of the 20 Species : schistosa kinds of sea snakes found in the region. They are occur on trawlers, when the snakes are sometimes active both during the day and at night. They are hauled in with the catch. able to dive up to 100 m and stay underwater for a maximum of five hours before resurfacing. Sea The sea snake Enhydrina schistosa commonly snakes are equipped with glands to eliminate known as Beaked sea snake is named due to the excess salt. distinctive downturned, beak-like projection on the snout, at the front of the upper jaw (Fig.1). Sea snakes are usually caught in the depth The scientific classification of the species is given range of 8-20 meters in live conditions. However in Table above. reports say that duration of towe and quantity of catch had significant effect on within the trawl Like other sea snakes, this species is highly mortality. The crew alerts about the occurrence adapted to life at sea, possessing a flattened, of snake in the net, even before the codend is paddle-like tail for swimming, as well as valved lifted onboard. Once the codend is opened, the nostrils, which can be closed when the snake is catch is released onboard, and the snake is lifted underwater. Sea snakes also lack the expanded and released back by holding the tail and thrown belly scales that most other snakes use for moving overboard (Fig.2). on land. The body of the beaked sea snake is quite stout and vertically flattened, with a relatively small head. Adult is dull olive-green or greenish- grey on the upper side and whitish on the lower side, with dark crossbands that tend to fuse together towards the tail. The crossbands are widest on the upperside, tapering to points on the flanks, and usually disappear in older adults, which are of more uniform bluish-grey colour. They

Fig. 1. Sea Snake (Enhydrina schistosa) caught during trawling operation Fig.2. Lifting the snake for releasing 18