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Katholieke Universiteit Leuven FEED and FEED SUPPLY Katholieke Universiteit Leuven FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCE ENGINEERING INTERUNIVERSITY PROGRAMME (IUPFOOD) MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY Major Food Science and Technology Academic year 2015–2016 FEED AND FEED SUPPLY CHARACTERISATION ON PERI-URBAN SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMS WITH IMPROVED BREEDS IN THE TIGRAY REGION, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA by Moses Matovu Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. Veerle Fievez Tutor: Alemayehu Tadesse Tassew Master's dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Food Technology COPYRIGHT The author and promotor give permission to put this thesis to disposal for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use. Any other use falls under the limitations of copyright, in particular the obligation to explicitly mention the source when citing parts out of this thesis. …………………….... ………………………........ Moses Matovu Prof. dr. ir. Veerle Fievez Author Promotor Ghent, Belgium August 2016. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I give the greatest honour to God for the gift of life. Utmost appreciation goes to my promoter, Prof. ir. dr. Veerle Fievez, for the invaluable guidance and positive criticism throughout the research period. In addition, I thank Prof. ir. dr. Mark Breusers and my tutor, Mr Alemayehu Tadesse for all your efforts and insights throughout the survey period and the entire research time. I also take this opportunity to salute Ms Prisca E. W. Kang, the anthropology student at KU Leuven, with whom I spent the survey period in the Tigray region, Mr Birhane G. Gebremedhin and Emmanuel, staff at the Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Resources, University of Mekelle, and Mogose (my interpreter) for all the help and time we shared. Ms Charlotte Melis, thank you so much for the assistance in the laboratory. I am indebted to your kindness. In addition, I express my gratitude to the staff and PhD students at the Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (Lanupro) for all the support rendered whenever I came calling. I give recognition to VLIR-OUS, the institution that not only funded this research study but entirely made my wish to pursue a Master’s degree possible. Thank you very much the Flemish people! Finally, I pay tribute to the beautiful people of Hagere Selam, Agula, Mekelle and Wukro in the Tigray region, northern Ethiopia, for the hospitality and cooperation during the survey period. I have eternal memories and I would never hesitate to come back and work with you in the fight against poverty. I was inspired by your work ethic and enterprising spirit against all odds. i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my late father, Mr Swaib Kimera, who was pronounced dead at 12:15 EAT, on 30th March, 2016 while I was running my last series of experiments. May God grant you an eternally peaceful rest. Inna Lillahi wa inna ilaihi raji'un ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Overall objective ............................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Justification of the study ......................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Thesis outline .......................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 4 2.1 Urban and peri-urban dairy farming systems .......................................................................... 4 2.2 Milk production, processing and marketing in (peri-)urban Ethiopia ..................................... 5 2.3 Milk consumption and the effect of culture ............................................................................ 5 2.4 Breed improvement in (peri-)urban dairying .......................................................................... 5 2.5 Major constraints to (peri-)urban dairy farming ...................................................................... 7 2.5.1 Access to improved cattle breeds .................................................................................... 7 2.5.2 Climate ............................................................................................................................ 8 2.5.3 Animal health .................................................................................................................. 9 2.5.4 Access to land................................................................................................................ 10 2.5.5 Feed resources and nutrition.......................................................................................... 10 iii 2.6 Major feeds utilised by (peri-)urban dairy farmers in the Tigray region............................... 12 2.6.1 Crop residues (Roughages) ........................................................................................... 12 2.6.2 Agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) ............................................................................. 13 2.6.3 Non-conventional feedstuffs ......................................................................................... 13 2.7 Nutritional value of the common feedstuffs .......................................................................... 14 2.8 Cost of feeds and technology related to harvesting, transport and storage ........................... 14 2.9 Use of improved forage crops ............................................................................................... 15 2.10 Water resources for the urban and peri-urban dairy farms .................................................... 17 2.11 Nutrient requirements for optimum dairy productivity ......................................................... 18 2.11.1 Energy requirements ..................................................................................................... 18 2.11.2 Crude protein requirements ........................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................. 22 3.1 Research setting..................................................................................................................... 22 3.2 The survey sites ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Data collection....................................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Collection of feed samples .................................................................................................... 23 3.5 Proximate analysis of feed samples....................................................................................... 23 3.6 Balancing feed rations ........................................................................................................... 24 3.7 Degradability and digestibility of the protein sources ........................................................... 25 3.7.1 Rumen degradability ..................................................................................................... 25 3.7.2 Digestibility of rumen by-pass protein .......................................................................... 26 3.7.3 Fermentable carbohydrates: Volatile fatty acids (VFA) analysis .................................. 26 3.8 Analysis of results ................................................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS.................................................................................................................. 28 4.1 Farm characteristics............................................................................................................... 28 4.1.1 Household characteristics .............................................................................................. 28 4.1.2
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