College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

All About Discovery!™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Little Pests Big Trees

Dr. Carol Sutherland Extension Entomologist, NMSU & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture

The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community development in New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and extension programs. Where We’re Going………..

Whirlwind Tour of Common Tree Pests & Their Damage • Mites • • Aphids Leafminers • Scales Web-making caterpillars • Pest bugs Elm pests • Gall makers Bark • Bagworms Other wood boring beetles

All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Mites on Landscape Trees Tetranychidae: ’Spider Mites’---8 legs, silk makers, kill cells; hot, dry

Life Cycle

Egg Larva Nymphs Adult Eriophyidae: ’Gall Mites’---4 legs, microscopic, host specific (?), colonies in galls

BENEFICIAL!

Bindweed gall mite Boxelder Pouch Gall Spider Mites on Ornamental Junipers

Spider Mite Silk Eriophyid Mites Can Make Flower Galls

Cottonwood---male flowers

Ash---male flowers (‘fruitless ash’); also can attack NM Privet or Olive, (Forestiera neomexicana) (same plant family!) Aphids

Numerous species; host specificity varies Some spp. Alternate hosts annually Piercing-sucking mouthparts; suck sap Honeydew makers! Ants et al. come Crowded colonies produced winged forms Female only coloniesLive birth! (<4/day) Aphids on Common Landscape Trees

Plum-thistle Cottonwood Leaf Arborvitae aphid Pine bark aphid Pine aphid Brachycaudus cardui Gall Aphid Cinara spp. Cinara sp. Essigella sp. Pemphigus populitransversus

Woolly Apple Aphid Oak Aphid Boxelder Aphid Cooley Spruce Gall A. Ash Leafcurl Aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Myzocallis sp. Periphyllus negundinis Adelges cooleyi Prociphilus fraxinifolii Scale Insects

“Simple metamorphosis,” sucking MPs

Toxic saliva = deformities, dieback Look for these! Becoming more common in AZ, UT, Host ranges vary by spp. CO.

Only crawler stage looks like an Black Pineleaf

European fruit European elm Oystershell Scale Pine needle Sycamore Scale, Stomacoccus platani

Attack native & introduced sycamores Overwinter in bark crevices, under bark scales -Crawlers emerge & infest leaves at bud break -Several generations/year; leaves w/yellow spots -Crawlers move to bark in fall…..

Where they can be intercepted by Chilocorus sp. Lady beetles (aka ‘twice stabbed lady beetles’)

Adult Chilocorus Larva Pupa

Crawler Kermesid Scale on Oaks

Most globose or potato-shaped; abt ¼” diameter Firm to hard, adults permanently attached to twigs. Cause die-back on twigs; irregular or stunted growth on limbs Hatch in early spring; detect with ‘beat sheet’ or ‘beat bucket’ & treat

Crawlers

eggs Life Cycle: Pinyon Needle Scales

Very common on pinyon pine

In winter, see numerous ‘black beans’ on foliage

Trees look ‘lion-tailed’ & weak

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Ultra-closeup photos of these pests from Dr. Edward Ruden, Sandia Labs, Kirtland AFB, ABQ

Life cycle is more complicated than you might think…….. 11 Pinyon Needle Scales: Males in Fall, Winter In fall, male crawlers emerge, crawl down trunk to soil

Cocoons in duff on ground Pupa—1.85mm, 2 stages?

Adult: 2mm flies in spring All About Discovery! Pinyon Needle Scales: Females in Spring

Crawlers

Females emerge from cysts, walk down trunk

On needles 1st quiet stage

2nd quiet stage All About Discovery! Pesky, Nuisance Bugs Feed on buds, seeds; large populations ‘hang out’, annoying

Red-shouldered Plant Bug Small Milkweed Bug Largid Plant Bug Boxelder Bugs Jadera haematoloma Lygaeus kalmia Largus cinctus Boisea trivittata Gall-y! Oaks Can Have Lots of ‘Em

‘Interesting’ but not harmful to host

Cannot be controlled with insecticides

Jumping oak gall & Oak apple gall, both from cynipids

Andricus quercuslanigera = cynipid gall wasp

Wingless cynipid wasp from bur oak Oak bullet galls, more cynipids leaf gall wasps If You Have Death/Wind Damage, Look For…

Horntails Sirex/conifers Tremex/others

Carpenterworms Prionoxystus robiniae

Zootermopsis laticeps ‘Dampwood Termites’ Bagworms! Northern NM, 2015-16

Male

Pupae in bags

Young larva Larvae 1 generation/year in their bags Female

EggsNew laid Mexico in female’s State University pupa case Mating Pair Aspen Blotchminer, Phyllonorycter apparella

Foliar damage by caterpillars

Damaged leaves fall early

Adults: wingspan of ca. 8mm

2 generations/yr

Pupa (above)

Larva (right) Western Tent Caterpillars, Lasiocampidae Malacosoma californicum

Eggs hatch in early spring Caterpillars feed communally, develop silken tent on ‘leader’ of tree or shrub Disperse at maturity to pupate Adults emerge, fly, mate, die—mid-summer Damage to trees is potentially greater than fall webworm (trees must ‘re-leaf’) Fall Webworms Hyphantria cunea Complete metamorphosis; larvae gregarious, defoliators

Egg masses laid on broadleaf hosts; webs on ends of branches; more annoying than damaging Elm Leaf , Xanthogaleruca luteola

Widespread, long established pest, especially of Siberian/Chinese elms

Multiple generations/yr Larvae skeletonize/chew foliage Damage cumulative; leaves dry, shrivel & turn brown Adults overwinter indoors or in protected areas

21 European Elm Flea Weevil, alni Coleoptera, , 2011 Northern NM to I-40 plus Valencia Co.

Adults tiny, jump, mimic damage of elm leaf beetles; reproduce early spring; larvae are leaf miners 3 mm

22 Banded Elm Bark Beetle, Oct. 1998 New U.S. Record? ✓“Dutch elm” in Clovis?? ✓October, 1998 ✓Nope, bark beetles!

✓Apparently replaced Lesser European elm bark beetle in NM & CO Repeated attacks by BEBB destroys inner ✓ Bark of Chinese/ In CO, BEBB is THE Siberian elm Vector of Dutch Elm Diseasel

✓ NM STILL has not confirmed Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Dutch Elm Disease! Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov How Trees Grow---X-Section

Bark Beetles: cut vascular system, can be killers Adults chew through bark Eggs laid in galleries Larvae mine cambium, phloem Pupae usually in inner bark

Buprestidae, Cerambycidae---tunneling opens trees to other pests, decay, stress; usually secondary pests in dying/recently dead trees

Adult females lay eggs in bark crevices Larvae usually feed briefly under the bark, then bore deeper into wood; finally bore closer to bark Pupae usually in chamber just under bark Evidence of Bark Beetles? Sure Signs of Tree Death by Bark Beetles

‘Top kill’ of spruce by Ips. WM Ciesla, For. Health Intern., CO

‘Group kill’ by Dendroctonus brevicomus, Davis Mtns., TX

Pines with combination of Ips and Dendroctonus damage. Reddish/orange foliage---may appear ‘suddenly’, but trees have likely been dying slowly. SCOOP on Bark Beetles? 3 common genera in conifer trunks

Ips: scooped out on upper rear

This ‘trick’ can be helpful in separating certain Dendroctonus: no scoops genera of bark beetles. However, most ‘twig beetles’ have the ‘no scoop’ profile of Dendroctonus…(most twig beetles ≠ Dendroctonus). Scolytus: scooped out below One Way to Kill a Big Conifer: Overwhelm a Weak Tree, Cut Vascular System

Life Cycle of Ips grandicollis. Ipsenol is the male pheromone. 3 different Ips attack their host at different sites. Second Way to Kill a Big Conifer Blue-stain Fungi in Pine Wood Spores Carried into Hosts by Certain BBs

Furniture made from blue-stain pine. Various websites Above- Ophiostoma pini, in pine stump, Lufkin, TX In CO. Left-Blue stain pine logs at a SD mill. Bark Beetle Galleries---See the Pattern Differences

Dendroctonus brevicomis Dendroctonus ponderosae Ips confusus in pinyonF Ash Twig Beetles = ‘Bark Beetles’

Adult tunneling, Adults reproduce in feeding only larger limbs, trunks; bark dries, peels Two More Families of Wood Boring Beetles Larvae of Buprestidae vs Larvae of Cerambycidae

Adult buprestids are also called ‘Metallic Wood Borers’

Adult cerambycids are also called ‘Long-horned Beetles’

Buprestid larvae = ‘flat-headed Cerambycid larvae = ‘Round wood borers’, make oval tunnels headed wood borers’, round tunnels Cottonwood Longhorned Beetle (Plectrodera scalator)

Plectrodera

Asian Longhorn

Adults appear in late summer; larvae develop for several years, often in roots of older trees; often confused with ALB Long-horned Wood Borers (Cerambycidae) Round tunnels in wood; sawdust

Neoclytus Semanotus Styloxus Callidium Megacyllene Monochamus

Oncideres (mesquite)

Stenelytrana Derobrachus Prionus Moneilema Buprestidae—Flat-headed Wood Borers, Metallic Wood Borers (oval tunnels)

Dicera female, ovipositor extended Buprestis Dicera Lampetis Chalcophora Chrysobothris Melanophila • Hard-bodied beetles, often with metallic colors, especially on undersides

• Day-flying beetles---often in morning; 3-5yrs/generation in some species 35 R Billings, TX For Serv, bugwood.org W Va Dept. Agr. ‘Emerald Ash Borer’---NOT Here Yet!

Skinny metallic green beetle! ‘Kiss Your Ashes Good-bye…’ (Sub-Title for EAB, Oregon Master Gardener Blog, 2013) Recent EAB Detections Current Distribution of EAB, 2017 -Colorado-2013 -Arkansas-2014 Present in Quebec, Ontario -Louisiana-2015 -E. Texas-2016 Guess What? Other Agrilus Have Similar Signatures- --and Other Hosts in NM

July 3, 2015, Rio Rancho, NM Master Gardener responds to ‘dying tree’ **D-shaped emergence holes, **horizontal tunnels under loose bark, resprouts Also, dead beetles were trapped under bark! Meet Agrilus difficilis: ‘Honey Locust Agrilus’

Currently known from the following NM counties:

San Juan Santa Fe Bernalillo Sandoval Roosevelt (late 1980s) Likely elsewhere

It does the same damage to honey locust that EAB does to ash---who knew? Honey Locust Agrilus vs Emerald Ash Borer Larvae vs Larvae Honey Locust Agrilus Emerald Ash Borer

Head extended

Segment shapes differ

Twin projections on ‘tail’ Is EAB a Knock-out Punch for Ash in New Mexico? Ash whitefly, 1987

Redheaded ash borer

Lilac-Ash Borer Cosmetic to Killer? Ash gall mites

We already have these ash pests

Ash twig beetle = Bark Beetle Ash leaf-curl aphid