2017 -2018
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK
ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PROJECT MINISTRY OF MAHAWELLI DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 7
1.1 Project Location and Background ...... 7 Page | 1 1.2 RSA Scope ...... 4 2. RSA METHADOLOGY ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 12 3.1. Population ...... 12 3.2. Land Use ...... 13 3.3. Employment ...... 13 3.4. Houses ...... 15 3.5. Energy ...... 16 3.6. Transport ...... 16 3.7. Education ...... 16 3.8. Health and Nutrition ...... 17 4. Discussion and Recommendations ...... 18 Recommendations ...... 20
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
LIST OF PICTURES
Picture 1: Construction of earthen dam and power station...... 8 Picture 2: Commercial scale maize farming inter-cropped with Rubber and Coconut ...... 10 Picture 4: Elephants around the vicinity of Nagolla village ...... 12 Picture 3: Illegal agricultural activities inside the GNP ...... 12 Page | 2 Picture 5: Permanent houses are established within the GNP ...... 12 Picture 6: Well established home gardens inside the park...... 15 Picture 7: Baduluwela School ...... 17 Picture 8: Fish harvest of the Reservoir ...... 17 Picture 9: Inginiyagala Landing Centre ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Number of individuals living in Bandarawadiya GND ...... 13 Figure 2: Land ownership of HHs in Nagolla Village ...... 13 Figure 3: Employment (%) of Nagolla Village ...... 14 Figure 4: Education levels of the Nagolla Village ...... 14 Figure 5: Percentage of house types within GNP ...... 15
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Entire encroached area of GNP for settlement and maize farming ...... 5 Map 2: Locations of permanent houses within the GNP ...... 9 Map 3: Size of the Land Extend of Householders ...... 9 Map 4:Type of occupation of each householder who encroached the GNP ...... 14 Map 5: Types of houses by locations established within the GNP ...... 16
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Socio-economic indicators of the study area as December 2017...... 13
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
RSA - Rapid Social Assessment SIA - Social Impact Assessment DWC - Department of Wildlife Conservation Page | 3 ESCAMP - Ecosystem Conservation and Management Project DS - Divisional Secretary DSD - Divisional Secretariat Division SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences PMU - Project Management Unit GND - Grama Niladhari Division GNP - Galoya National Park NP - National Park PA - Protected Area HH - Households CHH - Chief of Household NAQDA - National Aquaculture Development Authority ANR - Assist Natural Regeneration
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
SCOPE OF THE RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT
A sub project proposal ESCAMP/DWC/GALOYA/3a-04 (http://www.escamp.lk/our-projects/) was submitted by the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), Sri Lanka, to the Ecosystem Conservation and Management Project (ESCAMP) and subsequently cleared by the Page | 4 World Bank for implementation under the project funds, for the long term conservation and management of natural resources and habitats in the Gal Oya National Park (GNP). The key activities include reopening legal boundaries of the park and demarcated the reopened boundaries physically, to ascertain the feasibility if identifying elephant corridors to Maduru- Oya National Park (NP) and Lahugala NP, construction of office infrastructure, improving of radio communication facilities etc.
The said activity of reopening the legal boundaries and demarcated the reopened boundaries physically, may result in social concerns/impacts especially to the communities living adjacent to the NP (Nagolla village) since some communities have encroached illegally into the NP for various purposes. Thus, the PMU-ESCAMP together with the DWC decided to conduct a Rapid Social Assessment (RSA).
The main purpose of this RSA was to estimate the total area encroached, current status o f encroached lands and possible social and environmental consequences due to encroachments in the GNP. Further, Obtaining of data on present socio-economic conditions of Nagolla village (where encroachers have come for residing/living inside the park) that will serve as baseline data if this RSA continued/extended up to a Social Impact Assessment. Potential socio-economic impacts incurred due to reopening and re-demarcation of the Park boundaries, especially on the communities living inside the GNP and to obtain their views and information on which option is favoured by them. To obtain the views of other local stakeholders on current encroachments of the GNP.
Thus, the following Rapid Social Assessment (RSA) report provides an overall situational analysis of encroachments, associated activities and accompanying scenarios within the GNP at present and the socio-economic and cultural context of Nagolla village where encroachers have come and settled down inside the NP, in the Bandarawadiya GN Division, which is situated in the immediate periphery of GNP.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
SUMMARY The RSA concluded that 37 families are living within the NP boundary by December 2017, are using the encroached land for permanent residence and agricultural purposes both home gardening, paddy farming (in small scale) and commercial farming of maize, citrus species and other cash crops. The total area utilizing by these 37 families is approximately 111 ha, but Page | 5 the size of the land encroached is vary from family to family (Annex 02). The only request received from the encroached 37 families was to grant deeds for the lands where their permanent houses were established. Encroachment has also been taken place especially for commercial level maize farming and some other cash crops and have completely cleared an area of 459.76 ha/1135.6 acres. Together with the encroached area utilizing by the 37 families (approximately 111 ha), the total extent of the entire encroached area is 571.5 hectare (1411.6 acres), i.e. 1/44 of the land from the total land area of the GNP (Map 1).
Map 1: Entire encroached area of GNP for settlement and maize farming 27.12.2018 As per the information received from the adjacent communities at the periphery of the NP, more than 80% of the jungle clearance happened during the recent past (during the current decade) only. The purpose of this jungle clearing is farming of maize at the commercial scale which is assisted by a private sector company. However, this encroachment has happened and still continuing in a well matured forest area where riverine forests also can be seen and where five streams flow down namely Dick Oya, Pansal Oya, Damba Oya, Kobe Oya and Nagolla streamlet. These small rivers/oya are critically important for the Senanayake Samudra and other ecosystem services of the landscape. Restoring and keeping rivers and
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017 reservoir catchment and waterways healthy is one of the key parameter for better management of manmade Senanayake Samudra. Water quality and the amount of water in the rivers/Oyas, streams and small streamlets within the catchment are fundamental to the reservoir health and other ecological processes of the landscape. Vegetation cover, native fish populations, birdlife and other wildlife totally depend on the reservoir and rivers of the Page | 6 catchment. Many other users of water – irrigation, watering stock, drinking, fishing and recreation, and cultural and spiritual also depend on good quality and quantity of water from healthy rivers, streams and other waterways. Thus, the catchment of the Senanayake Samudra is playing a vital role in protecting the health and integrity of the entire landscape. Ongoing encroachment scenario at the GNP will definitely critically damage the physical, chemical and biological attributes, condition of the reservoir and associate landscape that further affect its ability to support certain ecological services and values of the landscape. Further, possible consequences of this encroachment scenario can be much more and yet unidentified and not valuated.
There are several policies and legal enactments in Sri Lanka which deals with the governance and the management of natural resources. The related policies are Wild Life Conservation Policy, Elephant Conservation Policy, Biodiversity Conservation Policy and Forest Policy. Relevant legal enactments are Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance, National Environment Act, Forest Conservation Ordinance and National Heritage Wilderness Areas Act. There are rules and regulations published under these laws for the implementation of the same. The analysis shows that these legal instruments are well defined and sufficient for the purpose of conservation and management of natural resources in the GNP. In other words, existing legal framework has provided sufficiently required laws, rules and regulations to ensure conservation and management of natural resources of the GNP. In this country where Roman Dutch Law is the foundation of the law, every citizen must know the laws of the land. All most all the community members around the NP were aware of the existing laws related to the NP and their common knowledge on it was very high and majority of the community members do not put any effort to receive direct financial benefits from the Park.
Further to existing laws of Sri Lanka, social and environment safeguard polices of the World Bank, especially World Bank OP 4.04 on Safeguard Natural Habitats and their Biodiversity clearly mention about avoiding significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats, ensure sustainability of services and products which natural habitats provide to human society are must. More to the safeguard polices of the Bank, illegal economic activities are not liable for compensation and hence theoretically falls outside the social impact assessment. Thus, this RSA recommends that this illegal encroachment should be stopped by the DWC and reforestation activities should be carried out along with the ANR activities in this cleared area of 571 ha while eliminating the commercial level agricultural encroachers completely by adhering into the existing legal framework to ensure conservation and management of natural resources of the GNP.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
1. INTRODUCTION
GALOYA NATIONAL PARK was established on the 12th of February 1954, to protect the catchment area of the Senanayake Samudra, and is considered to be one of the most scenic NP in Sri Lanka. GNP encompssess approximately 26,000 ha, and sits within the Uva and Eastern provinces of the country. The park is mainly influenced by the North-East monsoon, Page | 7 and falls under the dry zone of Sri Lanka.
The elevation of the park varies from 30 meters to about 900 meters, Danigala, Nilgala, and Ulpotha mountains being the highest peaks. The topography of GNP consists of 45% ever green forest, 33% savannah forest, 9% grassland, some parts being illegally encroached by the local villagers for shifting agriculture, and the reminder consists various water bodies. Ggrasslands are dominated by rough grass species, Cymbopogon nardus ("mana") and Imperata cylindrica ("iluk"). Rare plants of medicinal value such as Pterocarpus marsupium, Careya arborea, and Cassia fistula are also found in these grasslands. Primary type of forest includes more than 200 species of flora including endemic and threatened species such as Berrya cordifolia, Mangifera zeylanica, Diospyros sp., Ziziphus sp. and Mallotus repandus.
GNP is well known for its rich faunal assemblage of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates. 32 terrestrial mammals have been recorded in the park. The Sri Lankan elephant, Sri Lankan axis deer, muntjac, water buffalo, Sri Lankan sambar deer, Sri Lanka leopard, toque monkey and wild boar are among them. Reptile species of the park are the mugger crocodile, star tortoise and many species of snakes. More than 150 species of birds have been recorded in Gal Oya including endemic and migrant. The Indian cormorant, Oriental darter, grey heron, and lesser whistling duck are among the common water birds of the Senanayake reservoir. The white-bellied sea eagle, and grey-headed fish eagle are the notable raptors of the area. Gal Oya NP's butterfly species include the many endemic species.
Gal Oya watershed consists of Gal Oya, Sellakkai Oya and Gurulu Oya which flow eastward, and geologically the area consists mainly of the Vijayan series, a variety of Lower Paleozoic gneissic rocks. One of the most dominant geographical feature in the area is the Senanayake Samudra (Inginiyagala reservoir, Gal-Oya reservoir), by damming the above mentioned Oya’s at Inginiyagala, which was instigated in the year 1949 and completed in 1953 to form the Senanayake Samudra (Picture 1). Senanayake Samudra has a maximum depth of 33.5m and a catchment area of approximately 100,000 ha, a large water body with an impressive backdrop of rocky and forested hills, and situated within the wildlife protection area declared under the Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 8
Picture 1: Construction of earthen dam and power station during 1940s - 1950s (Photo credit: unknown) and present view.
As part of the Gal Oya project, an involuntary resettlement scheme was carried out by the Government of Sri Lanka during early 1950s having the objective for protecting the catchment of the Senanayake Samudra (GNP), which included the indigenous community (Vadda - වැ뷊දා community) who lived for generations in the buffer zone (Nilgala and Rathugala forest areas) of the reservoir.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
2. METHADOLOGY
Data collection for this RSA comprised of questionnaire surveys, one to one meetings/discussions with the project proponent (DWC), communities living within the park boundaries and local administrative officials. Page | 9
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data. Semi-structured household survey questionnaire was used as the quantitative method and to collect qualitative data key Informants Interviews (KIIs) were used. The questionnaire included information on demographic characteristics of households, housing facilities, household income and expenditure, land ownership and agricultural activities, usage of natural resources of GNP, and the opinions of people on GNP etc. The survey component was conducted as a census i.e. all householders in the study area were interviewed. Open ended questions were coded with answers that are mutually exclusive, meaningful and consistent. Reliability of data was computed at the stage of data analysis by using an inferential statistical method and cleaning process will be computed according to the results of reliability test (Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Test). SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software package was used to analysis data. Descriptive data analysis methods were mainly used and cross-tabulations were done by gender and education level of the Chief Household Head (CHH). Descriptive statistics were provided, simple summaries measure of the above- mentioned features of the study population and their opinions. Infographics were produced on key information.
The RSA team utilized secondary data such as Sampath Pethikada (Directory of the Socio- economic context in GNDs). Some statistics were validated through stakeholder consultation meetings. Further, we tried to identify and evaluating the possible socio-economic consequences of proposed activities by the ESCAMP/DWC/GALOYA/3a-04. Identification includes both technical view and stakeholder understanding and evaluation of their socio- economic assets that will be directly affected by the project footprint.
GIS spatial data were acquired using onsite data collection method along with remote sensing technology in order to produce accurate GIS maps for assessing of the territory of the encroached area for commercial level maize farming (this commercial level maize farming is done only during the Northeast monsoon period with assistance of a private company by various people, even the out siders of the DS division).
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
3. RESULTS
Nagolla, a village situated in the Southern buffer zone of GNP, which belongs to the Bandarawadiya Grama Niladhari Division (GND), and Madulla Divisional Secretariat Division. Page | 10 During this RSA, it was revealed that 37 families currently reside within the boundaries of GNP with permanent houses (Map 2, Picture 5 & Annex 5), who belong to the Nagolla village and the villagers have illegally encroached the GNP.
As at December 2017, above 37 families who encroached the GNP for establishing permanent houses are occupying/utilizing approximately 14 ha (Map 3) as their residential area. However, they are further occupying more encroached lands for cultivation of cash- crops (Annex 2). Extend of encroachment differs from household to household (Map 3 and Figure 2 & Annex 2). Furthermore, people residing in adjacent villages, have made temporarily make shift accommodation and have encroached GNP and are engaged in cash-crop cultivation, especially the large-scale cultivation of maize, with the technical and financial assistant of a large conglomerate.
Picture 2: Commercial scale maize farming inter-cropped with rubber and coconut inside the GNP boundaries.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 11
Map 2: Locations of permanent houses within the GNP by 37 families
Map 3: Size of the Land Extend of 37 Householders
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 12
Picture 4: Illegal agricultural activities inside the Picture 3: Elephants around the vicinity of GNP Nagolla village ((inside the GNP) where the
primary forest is cleared for maize cultivation
Subsequently, the extant of the encroached land has increased over the year. In line with this scenario, the Park Warden of GNP, Range Officers of the GNP, the Divisional Secretary of Madulla Divisional Secretariat Office and other respective Government Officials of Bandarawadiya clearly stated that the re-demarcation and reopening of the legal Picture 5: Permanent houses are established within the boundaries of GNP is of GNP paramount importance.
3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Socio-economic profile of the proposed project area was considered as a background to this assessment. The proposed re-demarcation area runs along the Southern boundary of GNP and known as Nagolla village, margin to the Baduwela- Nagolla main road approximately 5 kilometres, from East to the West (Map 1).
3.1. Population Total population of Bandarawadiya GND consists of 226 families, with 84% families living outside the PA and 16% living within the PA. Total number of individuals living in the Nagolla village as at December 2017 is 760 (Figure 1). Number of individuals from Nagolla village living inside the GNP is 131 (17.23% of the total population) and 629 individuals are living outside the GNP.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
6.3 10.8 131 20.7
629 62.1 Page | 13
Villagers living in the inside of PA Paraveni Encroached Other Unknown
Figure 2: Number of individuals living in Figure 1: Land ownership of HHs in Nagolla Village Bandarawadiya GND
According to the Sampath Pethikada - 2017, 13.9% are female headed households in the GND. The ethnicity of villagers in Nagolla is predominantly Sinhalese (99.4%), with the remainder being Tamil (0.6%).
3.2. Land Use Land use in Nagolla is mainly for agricultural purposes. The area lies within the dry zone. Dry zone home gardens, paddy fields and chena cultivation form the dominant land-use. Some common infrastructures, a public library, a primary school, a community hall and a public health centre have been developed in the area during last four decades.
3.3. Employment Employments and labour use mainly consist of farmers and small traders and few Government Officials. Table 1: Socio-economic indicators of the study area as December 2017.
Socio-Economic Indicators Number or % Number of Households 37 Income from Agriculture 75% Income from rural self-employment 2.8% Wage employment 5.6% Government (permeant) employment 13.9% Unemployed 2.8% Most of the villagers, both males and females are involved in cash crop and paddy cultivation in their own agricultural lands daily. About 75% of the population in Nagolla are famers (Figure 3) and their cultivation are mainly maize, farmed during the Maha season mainly and other cash crops during the other monsoon seasons. Very few are small scale businessman, however, have a handful of men who work as labourers (Map 4, Annex 1). Only eight families are receiving Samurdhi.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
As Sampath Pathikada (Madulla Ds Division, 2015), 60.7 hectares of land are used for chena/ cash crop cultivation in about 150 hectares from the Park are used for home gardens with matured permeant crops such as coconut, jack etc. and some seasonal crops such as pepper and citrus sp. (Annex 2)
Page | 14
Map 4: Type of occupation of each householder (37 families) who encroached the GNP
3% 3% 3% 5% 2.8% 8.3% 13.9%
13% 27.8%
47.2%
73%
Businessman Farmer Forces Up to grade 5 Grade 5 to 11 GEC O/L Labour Teacher Unemploued GEC A/L No schooling Figure 3: Employment (%) of Nagolla Village Figure 4: Education levels of the Nagolla Village (Source: Data of RSA -2017 December and Sampath (Source: Data of RSA -2017 December) Pethikada – 2017
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
3.4. Houses Brick built Houses approximately 68% built within the 5.4% house & territory of GNP (37 numbers) using bricks, tiles, completed 21.6% asbestos roofing with electricity power. Yet some Brick built (21.6%) are mud brick houses (clay wall houses) house & not 67.6% completedPage | 15 and 5.4% are not yet completed but built with Mud brick bricks and tiles/asbestos for roofing with 5.4% house electricity power (Figure 5 & Map 5). Some temporary structures (5.4%) were built only for Temporary the farming purposes (Figure 5 & Map 5). Well- house developed home gardens are also established Figure 5: Percentage of house types within GNP
(Picture 6).
Picture 6: Well established home gardens inside the park.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 16
Map 5: Types of houses by locations established within the GNP
3.5. Energy Energy requirement of the residents in the village are fulfilled by different sources of energy such as electricity, charcoal, firewood and LP Gas. The main source of power is electricity.
3.6. Transport Travelling facilities is mainly fulfilled by public transport and walking around by foot. Some are using bicycles. The local road networks are quite good.
3.7. Education Education level of the adult community is considerably low, ordinary level (O/L) school education has been completed by 27% which is considerably less when comparing to the national average published by the Censes and statistic Department-2017.
At present, children’s education totally depends on the Government School established within the village (Picture 7). Available statistics with the DS Office - Madulla shows that the number of enrolment for primary and secondary school has been increasing through the years, since last few years and it was achieved 100% during 2017
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 17
Picture 7: Baduluwela School
3.8. Health and Nutrition Senanayake Samudra supports an important inland fishery for the rural areas of Sri Lanka with an annual fish production of approximately or even more than 2,000 metric tons (personal communication from NAQDA-Inginiyagala). Artisanal fishery using non–mechanized fiberglass outrigger canoes (Picture 9) and fishing gear used mainly are gillnets with stretched mesh sizes ranging from 8.5 to 20 cm. In general, each canoe is operated by one or two fishers who place their nets in the evening and haul in the following morning. Harvested fishes mainly comprise of restocked fingerlings of Chinese and Indian carps together with Tilapia (Picture 8), are transported to the areas of Matale, Kandy and even to places such as Batticoloa, Colombo and Chilaw, where there is an ample supply of the marine counter parts. Though considerable amount of fish is harvested from the reservoir, the main health problems Identified in the Madulla DS Division, where 17 GN divisions (ANNEX 3) are located is directly related to protein under nutrition such as anaemia, low birth weight, underweight especially with children and also stunting and wasting of school children as stated by the MOH-Madulla.
Picture 8: Fish harvest of the reservoir mainly consist of introduced Oriochormis species, Indian and Chinese carps
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
4. DISCUSSION
As stated by the DWC officers of GNP, at present, the most critical problem for protecting the GNP is or the catchment of the reservoir is encroachments by villagers, mainly for commercial cultivation of Maize and other purposes such as housing, cash crop cultivation, cattle farming Page | 18 and fishing etc. (Picture 2 and Picture 3). This has further accelerated by the lack of staff, no necessary facilities for patrolling and GNP’s boundaries have not been properly established physically. As such, illegal encroachment along the southern boundary of GNP is prevalent.
As further described by the Park Warden of GNP, “loss of land from the existing limited territory of natural ecosystems within the NP, will incur permanent damages to the landscape, which can never be reversed. Under this situation, wild animals, especially the elephants are forced to come out of the GNP and invade the settlements in search of food and water (Picture 4)”. Ultimate result of this inter linked process would be the ever-increasing conflict between man and wild animals especially with elephants.
As clearly stated by the Divisional Secretary of Madulla DS Office and the Park Warden of the GNP, they are in the opinion that permanent houses and certain amount of home gardens (as decided by the Divisional Secretory and DWC) which belong to the HHs (mentioned in the Annex 1), to be excluded from the GNP and granted to the HHs. However, if they have encroached more lands from the GNP even up to 10 acres or even more for cultivating cash crops, they might lose considerable income. Apart from the houses, no any other permanent social or Government infrastructures were established within the GNP territory.
Further, both Officers clearly stated that encroachments done by the outsiders for commercial cultivation of maize and other cash crops during will not be permitted for further cultivation and these unidentified encroachers who cultivate the GNP lands from recent past will not considered while reopening and demarcating the park boundaries, they will be considered who have involved with an illegal activity intentionally.
As clearly expressed during the HH survey by the members who belongs to the 37 HHs, their only request is to grant legal rights for their permanent houses, home lands and paddy fields established within the encroached lands of GNP. They are not expecting the additional lands which are using for chena cultivation or to involve with chena cultivation inside the GNP.
However, active participation of all stakeholders and resource users is an essential pre- condition for the successful natural resource governance. It cannot be ensured without the interaction of existing laws, rules, institutions and processes in partnership and in a transparent and accountable manner. Therefore, the DWC should take the lead or influence them to take the lead in resource governance. Law enforcement is essential in the present
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017 context of breaching existing legal framework but the DWC should facilitate communities to minimize such breaching even in future. This needs careful and thoughtful attention to mobilize people in the area by creating satisfying environment in the context of natural resource use. Therefore, it is recommended to have an active participation of all relevant stakeholders from the beginning of the proposed project activities especially for demarcation Page | 19 and establishing the GNP boundary physically.
However, it is obvious that the proposed re-demarcation and reopening of GNP boundaries at the Southern part of the park is enormously essential for the protection of the ecosystem since the encroachment process is continuing in a large scale for maize farming with the assistant of a private sector company. During the era of the terrorist war of the country, many obstacles had arisen against the patrolling efforts of DWC Officers. This may be the main reason for the encroachments by villagers for human settlements. However, encroachments for farming of maize has immensely happened during the last decade even by the outsiders of the Nagolla village or Bandarawadiya GND. It was not possible to meet them during the RSA study since their identity were not exposed.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
. In consultations with the respective Government Officials especially the DS – Madulla, DWC and other linked entities, it may release a certain/possible amount of land that already have permanent houses for 2-3 decades. Page | 20 . Before the re-demarcation process initiated, respective officials are requested to organize public awareness programme in advance for managing and mitigating sudden emotional issues of the respective community. . Potentially unrealistic community expectations should be managed by appropriate community awareness program via the relevant local level Government Officers and local community leaders. . Possible local level political influences during the re-demarcation process should be appropriately managed. . Frequency and quality of patrolling efforts of the DWC on protecting GNP must be improved than present level with optimum number of relevant Officers and by providing appropriate facilities to them. Technical training and advance technical equipment on patrolling are also important here similar to some other countries use for protecting/patrolling NPs. Periodical monitoring and supervision on patrolling efforts are extremely essential by the DWC Officers from the Regional and the National level. . Assistance for sustainable supplementary livelihood options especially for women who will lose excess chena cultivated areas, can be provided through the sub component 2-a of the ESCAMP. DWC is requested to get involve with this targeting the particular community. . Considering the importance of encroached area on water streams and other ecosystem services, DWC is requested to restore the destroyed forest area through appropriate interventions (ANR, enrichment planting etc.) under the Sub Component 3-a of ESCAMP.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
CURRENT STATUS OF ENCROCHED LANDS:
Page | 21
Picture: 10. Maize Drying Platform - Constructing within GNP boundary (GPS Location - N 7°5”13.10 N & 81°24’’58.6 E. Date 24th April 2018)
Picture 11: Archaeological remaining were destroyed in the encroached areas
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 22
Picture 12: Archaeological remaining were destroyed in the encroached areas
Picture 13: Dense tree cover is cut and ground vegitation is also completley cleared for land preperation activities for Picture 13: Ground vegitation too completley clered using tractors for maize farming within the GNP (Date: 23rd April 2018)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 23
Picture14: Tree huts are built within the GNP for protecting maize from wild animals (Date: 15th January 2018).
Picture 15: Maize farm within the GNP (Date: 23rd April 2018)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
ACKNOWLEDGE TO
Director General - DWC Park Warden - GNP Page | 24 Residents - Bandaravadiya and Nagolla All the Other DWC Officers - GNP Divisional Sectary - Divisional Secretariat Office - Madulla Medical Officer - MOH - Madulla
Grama Niladhari - Bandarawadiya Samantha Rajapaksha - DWC Susrutha Goonasekera - World Bank Project Director & the Team - ESCAMP
SURVEY TEAM Maheeni Samarakoon Singappuli - Environment and Social Safeguard Specialist - ESCAMP Dilan C. Ranaweera - Social Development Officer - ESCAMP
Ranil P. Nanayakkara - Environment Officer - ESCAMP Dushantha Kularathne - Environment Officer - ESCAMP Nalaka Attanayake - Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist - ESCAMP
MAPS Kamani Abayasirigunawardhana - DWC Dushantha Kularathne - ESCAMP
PHOTOS Maheeni S. Singappuli - ESCAMP Ranil P. Nanayakkara - ESCAMP
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
ANNEX 1 LIST OF CHIEF HOUSEHOLDS
No. Chief of Household (CHH) Name Contact Number Main Occupation 1 M. B. M. Heenmanika - Labourer Page | 25 2 T. M. Lokumanika 055-5719651 Unemployed 3 H. M. Wijepala - Farmer 4 A. M. Thilakarathne Bandara 071-5998400 Teacher 5 M. B. M. Nandapala 055-5071934 Farmer 6 T. M. Jayathilake 055-5737873 Farmer 7 T. M. Gunapala 055-5722060 Forces 8 T. M. Gamini Abewickrama 055-5077586 Forces 9 R. M. Dinesh Pushpakumara 055-5651990 Forces 10 S. M. Sumanasiri 071-7745262 Farmer 11 S. M. Priyantha Lalith Nanda Kumara 055-5079630 Forces 12 A. M. Premawathi 055-5783540 Farmer 13 S. M. Nimal Dharmasiri 071-3814350 Farmer 14 K.M. Dayananda - Farmer 15 A. M. Dassanayake 055-5738478 Farmer 16 R. P. M. Aberathne - Farmer 17 K. M. Saman Pushpakumara 077-8642184 Farmer 18 A. M. Dissanayake 055-5736097 Farmer 19 A.M. Gunasekara - Farmer 20 A. M. Mohan Wasantha Bandara 072-3277873 Farmer 21 H. M. Dissanayake - Farmer 22 B. W. Weerakoon Bandara 070-2660607 Farmer 23 A. M. Chaminda Idunil Bandara 055-5721036 Farmer 24 A. M. Champa Kumari 076-4793726 Farmer 25 A. M. Senarathne Bandara 076-4817157 Farmer 26 H. M. Sumana Kumara 071-7026490 Farmer 27 R. M. Hinni Mahaththaya 055-5755085 Businessman 28 A. M. Bandusena 077-1532968 Farmer 29 A. M. Rathnasiri 055-5616477 Farmer 30 T. B. Chandrapala - Farmer 31 A. M. Somalatha - Farmer 32 A. M. Wimalathunga 055-5077349 Farmer 33 W. A. Anil Wijesekara 055-5077391 Labour 34 R. H. Podimenike - Farmer 35 A. M. Kiribanda - Farmer 36 T. M. Gunasekara - Farmer 37 A.M. Somapala - Forces
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
ANNEX 2 DETAILS OF HOUSEHOLDS INSIDE THE GNP
Page | 26 No Householder Name Householder Size of the Condition of House Cultivated crops Residence GPS Occupation Land (Ac) ** time** Location 1 T.M. Jayathilake Farmer 7.50 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1998 N 209816 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 271975 Mango, Banana, Jack 2 T.M. Gunapala Forces 5.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1997 N 209745 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 272539 Mango, Banana, Jack 3 T.M. Gamini Forces 5.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 2000 N 210090 Abewickrama with electricity power (not completed) Coconut, Maize, E 272161 Mango, Banana 4 R.M. Dinesh Forces 4.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1970 N 209839 Pushpakumara with electricity power (not completed) Coconut, Maize E 272009 5 S.M. Sumanasiri Farmer 6.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1995 N 209644 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 272601 Mango, Banana, Jack 6 M.B.M. Heenmanika Labor 3.00 Mud brick house (clay wall house) Lemon, Coconut, from 1971 N 209846 Maize, , Banana, Jack E 271846 7 T.M. Lokumanika Unemployed 12.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Coconut, from 1970 N 209112 with electricity power Maize, , Banana, Jack E 273187 8 H.M. Wijepala Farmer 2.50 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1998 N 209705 with electricity power Coconut, Maize E 272669 9 A.M. Thilakarathne Teacher 4.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, NA N 209327 Bandara with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 273521 Mango, Banana 10 M.B.M. Nandapala Farmer 8.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 2005 N 209868 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 271988 Mango, Banana
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
11 S.M. Priyantha Lalith Forces 3.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1996 N 209570 Nanda Kumara with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 272693 Mango, Banana 12 A.M. Premawathi Farmer 10.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1970 N 209364 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 272738 Page | 27 Mango, Banana, Jack, Pepper 13 S.M. Nimal Farmer 12.00 Mud brick house (clay wall house) Lemon, Orange, from 1996 N 209822 Dharmasiri Coconut, Maize, E 272800 Mango, Banana, Teak 14 A.M. Dassanayake Farmer 5.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Pepper from 1981 N 209783 with electricity power Coconut, Maize E 272127 15 R.P.M. Aberathne Farmer 11.00 Mud brick house (clay wall house) Lemon, Orange, from 2007 N 210240 Coconut, Maize E 272361 16 K.M. Saman Farmer 8.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Pepper, from 2014 N 209879 Pushpakumara with electricity power Coconut, Banana E 271858 17 A.M.Dissanayake Farmer 12.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1993 N 210102 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 272006 Mango, Banana, Jack, Pepper 18 A.M. Mohan Farmer 10.00 Temporary house (only for cultivation Lemon, Orange, from 2002 N 210218 Wasantha Bandara purpose) Coconut, Maize E 273061 19 H.M. Dissanayake Farmer 5.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1998 N 209817 with electricity power Coconut, Maize E 271943 20 B.W. Weerakoon Farmer 5.00 Mud brick house (clay wall house) Lemon, Orange, from 1970 N 209270 Bandara Coconut, Maize, E 272850 Banana, Jack 21 A.M. Champa Kumari Farmer 4.00 Mud brick house (clay wall house) Lemon, Mango, from 1992 N 209320 Coconut, Banana E 273176 22 A.M. Senarathna Farmer 12.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1971 N 209240 Bandara with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 273179 Banana, Jack
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
23 H.M. Sumana Kumara Farmer 5.50 Mud brick house (clay wall house) Lemon, Orange, from 1994 N 210016, Coconut, Maize, E 272911 Banana 24 R.M. Hinni Businessman 17.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1970 N 209389 Mahaththaya with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 272911 Page | 28 Banana 25 A.M. Bandulasena Farmer 5.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1971 N 209125 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 273304 Banana, Jack, Teak 26 A.M. Rathnasiri Farmer 11.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, orange, from 2014 N 209186 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 272917 Banana 27 T.B. Chandrapala Farmer 12.00 Mud brick house (clay wall house) Lemon, Orange, from 2002 N 209879 Coconut, Maize, E 272645 Banana, Citrus 28 A.M. Somalatha Farmer 10.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1997 N 209848 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 272097 Banana, Jack 29 A.M. Wimalathunga Farmer 6.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1995 N 209076 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 273235 Mango, Banana, Jack, Pepper 30 W.A. Anil Wijesekara Labor 11.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 2008 N 209066 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 273130 Banana, Citrus 31 R.H. Podimanika Farmer 5.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1970 N 209250 with electricity power Coconut, Mango, E 272971 Banana, Jack 32 A.M. Kiribanda Farmer 12.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Orange, from 1992 N 209153 with electricity power Coconut, Maize, E 273345 Mango, Banana, Jack, Pepper
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
33 T.M. Gunasekara Farmer 12.00 Mud brick house (clay wall house) Lemon, Orange, from 2004 N 210347 Coconut, Maize, E 272949 Banana, Citrus 34 A.M. Gunasekara Farmer 5.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Maize from 1974 N 209790 with electricity power E 272929 Page | 29 35 A.M. Somapala Forces 1.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Coconut, Jack from 1989 N 209191 with electricity power E 272909 36 K.M. Dayananda Farmer 2.00 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof Lemon, Coconut, Jack from 1972 N 209066 with electricity power E 273074 37 A.M. Chaminda Farmer 5.00 Temporary house (only for cultivation Lemon, Maize NA N 210717 Indunil Bandara purpose) E 271219
** Size of the land and resident duration based on the verbal information received from the HH members. Most probably the area under cash crop cultivation is more than the mentioned. Further, lot more lands were encroached by the outsiders of Nagolla for commercial scale maize farming, thus individual encroached area is not known.
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
ANNEX 3 AREA MAP - MADULLA
Page | 30
Map of GN Division of Madulla DS Division
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
ANNEX 4 DATA SHEETS OF RSA
Classification of House Types House Type Count Column N %Page | 31 Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof with electricity power 25 67.6 % Brick built house and tile/asbestos roof with electricity power 2 5.4 % (not completed) Mud brick house (clay wall house) 8 21.6 % Temporary house (only for cultivation purpose) 2 5.4 % Total 37 100.0%
Classification of Occupation Types Occupation of CHH Count Column N % Permanent 19 52.8% Businessman 1 2.7% Farmer 27 73.0% Forces 5 13.5% Labor 2 5.4% Teacher 1 2.7% Unemployed 1 2.7% Total 37 100.0%
Classification of Education Levels Education level of CHH Count Column N % Up to grade 5 5 13.9% Grade 5 to 11 17 47.2% GEC O/L 10 27.8% GEC A/L 1 2.8% No schooling 3 8.3% Total 36 100.0% Up to grade 5 5 13.9% Grade 5 to 11 17 47.2%
Classification of Land ownership Land ownership Count Column N % Paddy Paraveni 1 10.0% Encroached 7 70.0% Other 1 10.0% Not known 1 10.0% Total 10 100.0% Chena Encroached 32 100.0%
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Total 32 100.0% Other Field Crops Encroached 14 93.3% Other 1 6.7% Total 15 100.0% Annual crops Paraveni 5 25.0% Freehold 1 5.0% Page | 32 Encroached 8 40.0% Other 6 30.0% Total 20 100.0% Vegetables Encroached 5 62.5% Other 3 37.5% Total 8 100.0% Fruits Paraveni 6 23.1% Freehold 10 38.5% Encroached 10 38.5% Total 26 100.0%
Classification of Seasonal income Seasonal income (Rs.) from Maximum Minimum Mean Median Mode Standard Valid crop cultivation Deviation N Paddy 60000 5000 22600 10000 5000 23104 5 Chena 1000000 40000 269821 200000 150000 221428 28 Other Field Crops 250000 10000 61667 22500 15000 93417 6 Annual crops 100000 2000 16400 6000 3000 25399 15 Vegetables 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 1 Fruits 30000 2000 11125 5000 3000 11529 16
Classification of Household income Household income Minimum Maximum Mean Median Mode Standard Valid Deviation N Agriculture 3333 133333 29833 20000 33333 26272 35 Agricultural wage labor 1000 25000 14083 15000 15000 7229 12 Non-agricultural job 3000 30000 17000 17500 3000 11225 4 Self-employment 10000 30000 20000 20000 10000 14142 2 Government sector job 30000 40000 32600 31000 30000 4219 5 Private sector job 0 Foreign employment 0 Samurdhi 700 3200 1433 1000 700 989 6 Other (Pension / Remittances 1900 20000 8633 4000 1900 9900 3 from children / welfare…etc.)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Extra comments given by respondents Count Column N % Farmer is not aware that he/she is doing Chena cultivation within 2 13.3% PA Farmer requested more land area with legal ownership for the 3 20.0% cultivation Page | 33 Request license for fishing in Thambadeniya tank which is located 2 13.3% in PA and requested to establish a separate CBO Need to get strong action to stop Chena cultivation within the PA 1 6.7% She requested to reopen the boundary which it was demarcated 1 6.7% in 1992 Requested to reopen the boundary which was cleared in 2014 2 13.3% Respondent stated that he/she has a court order and they serve 2 13.3% that document as a legal document Law and regulation monitoring mechanisms to be strengthened 2 13.3%
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
ANNEX 5 PERMANENT HOUSES ESTABLISHED WITHIN THE GNP
Page | 34
1. M.B.M. Heenmanika (E 00271846, N 00209846)
2. K.M. Saman Pushpakumara (E 00 271858, N 00 209879)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 35
3.H.M. Dissanayake (E 00271943, N 00209817)
4.T.M. Jayathilake (E 00271975, N 00209816)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 36
5.M.B.M. Nandapala (E 00271988, N 00209868)
6. R.M. Dinesh Pushpakumara (E 00272009, N 00209839)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 37
7.A.M. Dissanayake (E 00272006, N 00210102)
8.T.M. Gamini Abewickrama (E 00272161, N 00210090)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 38
9.R.P.M. Aberathne (E 00272361, N 00210240)
10.A.M. Somalatha (E 00272097, N 00209848)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 39
11.A.M. Dassanayake (E 00272127, N 00209783)
12.H.M. Sumana Kumara (E 00272911, N 00210016)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 40
13.A.M. Chaminda Indunil Bandara (E 00271219, N 00210717)
14.S.M. Sumanasiri (E 00272601, N 00209644)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 41
15.T.M. Gunapala (E 00272539, N 00209745)
16.H.M. Wijepala (E 00272669, N 00209705)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 42
17.S.M. Priyantha Lalith Nanda Kumara (E 00272693, N 00209570)
18.S.M. Nimal Dharmasiri (E 00272800, N 00209822)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 43
19.A.M. Gunasekara (E 00272929, N 00209790)
20.A.M. Premawathi (E 00272738, N 00209364)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 44
21.R.M. Hinni Mahaththaya (E 00272911, N 00209389)
22.B.W. Weerakoon Bandara (E 00272850, N 00209270)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 45
23.A.M. Somapala (E 00272909, N 00209191)
24.A.M. Rathnasiri (E 00272917, N 00209186)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 46
25.R.M. Podimanika (E 00272971, N 00209250)
26.K.M. Dayananda (E 00273074, N 00209066)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 47
27.W.A. Anil Wijesekara (E 00273130, N 00209066)
28.A.M. Senarathna Bandara (E 00273179, N 00209240)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 48
29.A.M. Champa Kumari (E 00273176, N 00209320)
30.T.M. Gunasekara (E 00272949, N 00210347)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 49
31.A.M. Mohan Wasantha Bandara (E 00273061, N 00210218)
32.T.M. Lokumanika (E 00273187, N 00209112)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 50
33.A.M. Wimalathunga (E 00273235, N 00209076)
34.A.M. Bandulasena (E 00273304, N 00209125)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 51
35.A.M. Kiribanda (E 00273345, N 00209153)
36.A.M. Thilakarathne Bandara (E 00273521, N 00209327)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017
Page | 52
37.T.B. Chandrapala (E 00272645, N 00209879)
RAPID SOCIAL ASSESMENT - GAL OYA NATIONAL PARK | DECEMBER 2017