AP

Mr. Ayala

Supplemental Reading Questions

Roediger, McDermott, and McDaniel “Using Testing to Improve Learning and Memory”

1. Roediger, McDermott, and McDaniel have shown that testing and retesting is a more effective way to learn than studying and restudying. Why is that so? 2. Can you imagine ever asking an instructor for more tests? In what subjects do you think it would be helpful?

Sackett “Integrity Testing for Personnel Selection: The Role of Research Methods”

1. The research that Paul Sackett describes took place in the field and in researchers’ laboratories. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of setting? 2. A premise underlying pre-employment integrity testing is that paper-and-pencil test results can predict real-world behavior. Think of arguments to support and contradict that notion.

McEwan “Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation: Implications for , Behavioral Medicine, and Beyond”

1. Explain the paradox implicit in Bruce McEwan’s “allostatic load” concept. How is the concept useful in understanding certain health outcomes? 2. Compared with friends and family, how intense is your response to stress? What factors in your life trigger stress?

Wolfe “Visual Search: Is it a Matter of Life and Death?”

1. How does Jeremy Wolfe’s notion of a “prevalence effect” explain errors made by people trained to be accurate screeners? 2. You are searching for a lost possession, something unusual – say, a bottle of hot sauce in a crowded refrigerator or a volume of poetry among a pile of books. Unlike, an airport baggage screener, your search will be made easier by the item’s low prevalence. Why?

Loftus “Crimes of Memory: False Memories and Societal Justice”

1. has said, “What we think we know, what we believe with all our hearts, is not necessarily the truth.” What is her evidence that misinformation can invade our memories? 2. Think of a distorted memory in your own life. What led to its creation? How did you learn it was false? What has been its impact on you and on others?

Snyder “Products of Their Personalities or Creatures of Their Situations? Personality and Social Behavior Have the Answer”

1. Explain how Mark Snyder’s research supports ’s famous statement, “Every psychological event depends upon the state of the person and at the same time on the environment, although their relative importance is different in different cases.” 2. Consider an important choice that you recently made. How was it influenced by personal dispositions and how was it influenced by the situation in which you found yourself?

Gardner “The Theory of Multiple ”

1. Resistance to Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences has focused on the absence of statistical supporting data. What other kinds of data support his ideas? 2. You and seven other people get lost on a day-long trip. Imagine that you each excel in one of Gardner’s intelligences. What methods would you use to find your way home?

Sternberg “The Rainbow Project: Using a Psychological Theory of to Improve the College Admissions Process”

1. Robert Sternberg has said, “Abilities are not fixed but rather flexible … and anyone can transform their abilities into competencies, and their competencies into expertise.” How is his point reflected in his theory and research? 2. Think of situations in which analytic abilities might actually interfere with successful functioning?

Aronson “Reducing and Building Empathy in the Classroom”

1. As Elliot Aronson demonstrated, cooperation can reduce intergroup conflict. What conditions did he set up in his experiment that made cooperation work? 2. Interdependence reduced prejudice and improved performance in jigsaw classrooms. Can you think of other real-world contexts in which cooperation can break down social barriers?