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École Doctorale Science Et Santé Unité Dynamiques Des Systèmes Anthropisés (JE 2532)

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École Doctorale Science Et Santé Unité Dynamiques Des Systèmes Anthropisés (JE 2532) École doctorale Science et Santé Unité Dynamiques des Systèmes Anthropisés (JE 2532) Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du DOCTORAT EN BIOLOGIE SANTÉ Spécialité : ÉCOLOGIE par Denis BEINA Le 29 novembre 2011 DIVERSITÉ FLORISTIQUE DE LA FORÊT DENSE SEMI-DÉCIDUE DE MBAÏKI, RÉPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE : ETUDE EXPÉRIMENTALE DE L’IMPACT DE DEUX TYPES D’INTERVENTION SYLVICOLE JURY Directeur de Thèse : Prof. Dr. Guillaume DECOCQ Université de Picardie Jules Verne Président : Prof. Dr. Frédéric Dubois Université de Picardie Jules Verne Rapporteur : Prof. Dr. Jean Lejoly Université libre de Bruxelles Rapporteur : Dr. HDR. Bruno de Foucault Université de Lille II Rapporteur : Dr. HDR. Plinio Sist Cirad Environnement et Sociétés Co-Encadrante : Dr. Déborah Closset-Kopp Université de Picardie Jules Verne Co-Encadrante : Dr. Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury Cirad Environnement et Sociétés A toutes les femmes du monde en reconnaissance à ma mère Guéré Louise ii Remerciements Intervenant Type d’intervention Mme Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury Initiation de la thèse- Encadrement M. Yves Yalibanda Initiation de la thèse M. Jean Michel Borri Initiation de la thèse Pr. Guillaume Decocq Initiation de la thèse- Encadrement M. Salomon Namkosserena Initiation de la thèse Mme Déborah Closset-Kopp Encadrement Service français de coopération et d’action culturelle (SCAC) Financement de la thèse: bourse Agence française de développement (AFD) Financement de la thèse: travaux de terrain CIRAD-Environnement et société Initiation - Encadrement - Financement Institut centrafricain de recherche agronomique (ICRA) Appui institutionnel Ministère centrafricain des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche Appui institutionnel Université de Bangui Appui institutionnel Université de Picardie Jules Verne Formation Projets ARF & PARPAF Appui logistique M. Jules Gaston Kiki Inventaire floristique M. Ndimba Narcisse Inventaire floristique Herbier National du Cameroun (YA) Détermination botanique Mlle Marie Charlotte Léal Acenscao Saisie des données Mlle Kadidja Harfa Attache Saisie des données Mlle Gina Laure Laghoe Saisie des données Famille Bodeman Hébergement à Montpellier Famille Goma Ballou Hébergement à Amiens Famille Pakoua Hébergement à Amiens M. Aurélien Jamonau Appui scientifique Mlle Dakis Yaoba Ouedraogo Appui scientifique Mlle Olivia Semboli Appui scientifique Camarades de Labo à Amiens et Montpellier Appui scientifique Parents, amis et connaissances Soutien moral et matériel iii Résumé De 1984 à 1986 deux types d’intervention sylvicole ont été appliqués sur le dispositif forestier de Mbaïki : exploitation et exploitation suivie d’éclaircie. L’intensité des perturbations infligées au peuplement, mesurée par la perte de surface terrière entre l’état d’avant et après exploitation varie de 0 à 15 m2/ha. En 2008, soit après 22 ans d’observation 32 carrés de 1 ha ont été inventoriés pour les arbres (DBH > 9,55 cm) et 9 sous-placettes de 40x40 m pour les herbacées, lianes et ligneux (hauteur > 20 à cm, DBH < 9,55 cm). Les spécimens botaniques ont été déterminés à l’Herbier national du Cameroun et sur le site du Royal Botanique Gardens Kew http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/. Des analyses floristiques, structurales, multi- variées (NMDS, NPMANOVA, CA, ISA), des modèles (LM, GLM, SR), des courbes de raréfaction suivies de partition additive de la diversité et des courbes de rang abondance ajustées à divers modèles ont permis d’obtenir les résultats et les inférences ci dessous. La forêt du DFM est composée de 99 familles (APG III), 361 genres et 666 espèces dont 55 familles, 181 genres et 314 espèces d’arbres, structurées en 132 espèces/ha et 618 tiges/ha dans les parcelles témoins. Les familles les plus diversifiées sont: Rubiaceae (82 espèces), Fabaceae (52 espèces), Apocynaceae (29 espèces) et Euphorbiaceae (28 espèces). La flore est caractérisée par la dissémination par zoochorie à 66%, un taux d’endémisme de 70% et une affinité guinéo-congolaise de 55,6%. La composition floristique varie dans le temps, preuve d’une fluctuation temporelle des abondances et de la dominance des espèces: de forêt à Ulmaceae, Sterculiaceae, Sapotaceae et Meliaceae (Aubréville, 1948), elle est devenue forêt à Meliaceae, Myristicaeae et Cannabaceae; une fois exploitée elle passe à une forêt à Myristicaceae, Cannabaceae et Fabaceae. Dans la strate arborescente (DBH > 9,55 cm) la composition floristique ne varie pas significativement entre les différents traitements sylvicoles, prouvant ainsi que la forêt est résiliente aux perturbations anthropiques. Toutefois, individuellement, des réponses négatives aux perturbations ont été observées chez les espèces tolérantes à l’ombre. En particulier les espèces du sous bois Whitfieldia elongota, Rinorea spp. et Thomandersia laurifolia réagissent à l’exploitation forestière par un effondrement de leur Importance Value Index (IVI) respectif de 96%, 89% et 34%. Au sein des strates des juvéniles (DBH < 9,55 cm), des plantules (hauteur > 20 cm et DBH < à 0,5 cm) et des lianes et herbacées, des divergences floristiques significatives apparaissent, suggérant un non- recouvrement de la composition floristique. Le patron de régénération des 314 espèces d’arbres montre que: 34,4% des espèces ne régénèrent pas, 23,9% régénèrent préférentiellement dans un traitement donné, 41,7% sont tolérantes aux environnements contrastés. D’un point de vue économique, sur les 22 essences les plus exploitées en RCA 31,8% ont pu récupérer leur importance value index dans les parcelles exploitées, contre 27,3 % en parcelles exploitées et éclaircies. Les deux traitements pris ensemble, 86,4% des essences ont récupéré des suites de l’exploitation. Dans les parcelles exploitées et éclaircies le maintien de la diversité de la strate arborescente est assurée par un recrutement facilité des juvéniles principalement des espèces post pionnières présents au moment des perturbations, mais le renouvellement des juvéniles souffre d’une discontinuité de la trajectoire dynamique en raison d’une mortalité stochastique aux confins de la strate des plantules. En conclusion, 22 ans après l’application des traitements sylvicoles expérimentaux, le bilan sanitaire de la forêt du dispositif de Mbaïki se traduit par une excellente résilience du compartiment forestier supérieur, une récupération satisfaisante du potentiel économique et des dysfonctionnements stochastiques persistants dans les communautés des plantules, lianes et herbacées. Des études de la dynamique des populations, des analyses spatiales et des analyses phytosociologiques seraient néanmoins nécessaires pour confirmer nos résultats. iv Abstract From 1984 to 1986 two forest management treatments have been applied to the permanent plot of Mbaïki: logging and logging associated with thinning. The overall intensity of disturbance measured by the loss of basal area of trees between the state before and after logging varies from 0 to 15 m2/ha. In 2008, after 22 years of observation 32 squares of 1 ha and 9 sub-plots of 40 x 40 m have been censured respectively for trees (DBH > 9,55 cm) and herbs, lianas, shrubs and juvenile trees (height > 20 to cm, DBH < 9,55 cm). Plant specimens were identified at the national herbarium of Cameroon (YA) and in the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew web site http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/. Floristic, structural and multivariate analyses (NMDS, NPMANOVA, CA, ISA), models (LM, GLM, SR), rarefaction curves associated with additive partitioning of diversity and rank-abundance curves lead to following results and inferences. The Mbaïki forest is composed of 99 families (APG III), 361 genera and 666 species of which 55 families, 181 genera and 314 trees species, structured in 132 species / ha and 618 stems / ha in the control plots. The more diverse families are: Rubiaceae (82 species), Fabaceae (52 species), Apocynaceae (29 species) and Euphorbiaceae (28 species). The Mbaïki flora is manly zoochore (66%), endemic (70%) and guineo-congolian (55,6%). The species composition varies timely, suggesting a temporal fluctuation of the abundances and dominance of species: from Ulmaceae, Sterculiaceae, Sapotaceae and Meliaceae forest (Aubréville, 1948), it has become a Meliaceae, Myristicaeae and Cannabaceae forest. After logging Myristicaceae, Cannabaceae and Fabaceae become the most dominant families. The canopy tree species composition of the logged, logged + thinning and control forest doesn't vary significantly 22 years after logging, proving that the canopy tree layer is resilient to the human disturbances. However, individually, some negative responses of shade bearer species to disturbances have been observed. Particularly the importance value index (IVI) of the understory species Whitfieldia elongota, Rinorea spp. and Thomandersia laurifolia decreased respectively by 96%, 89% and 34%. In contrast, the species composition of juvenile trees, seedlings, climbers and herbaceous strata varies significantly, suggesting a lasting impact of logging and logging + thinning on the species composition. The regeneration pattern of the 314 trees species shows that: 34,4% of the species don't regenerate, 23,9% regenerate preferentially in a given treatment and 41,7% are tolerant to the contrasted environments. On the economic point of view, 31,8% of the 22 Central African Republic most harvested timber species have a better importance value index in logged plots than in control ones vs 27,3% in logged and thinned plots. In both two treatments 86,4% of the 22 species have better importance value index than in control plots. In logged and thinned plots the diversity
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