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Loss of FAM46C Promotes Cell Survival in Myeloma Yuan Xiao Zhu1, Chang-Xin Shi1, Laura A

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Loss of FAM46C Promotes Cell Survival in Myeloma Yuan Xiao Zhu1, Chang-Xin Shi1, Laura A Published OnlineFirst June 15, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3011 Cancer Tumor and Stem Cell Biology Research Loss of FAM46C Promotes Cell Survival in Myeloma Yuan Xiao Zhu1, Chang-Xin Shi1, Laura A. Bruins1, Patrick Jedlowski1, Xuewei Wang2, K. Martin Kortum€ 1, Moulun Luo3, Jonathan M. Ahmann1, Esteban Braggio1, and A. Keith Stewart1,4 Abstract FAM46C is one of the most recurrently mutated genes in ated depletion of endogenous FAM46C enhanced multiple mye- multiple myeloma; however its role in disease pathogenesis has loma cell growth, decreased Ig light chain and HSPA5/BIP expres- not been determined. Here we demonstrate that wild-type (WT) sion, activated ERK and antiapoptotic signaling, and conferred FAM46C overexpression induces substantial cytotoxicity in mul- relative resistance to dexamethasone and lenalidomide treat- tiple myeloma cells. In contrast, FAM46C mutations found in ments. Genes altered in FAM46C-depleted cells were enriched multiple myeloma patients abrogate this cytotoxicity, indicating a for signaling pathways regulating estrogen, glucocorticoid, B-cell survival advantage conferred by the FAM46C mutant phenotype. receptor signaling, and ATM signaling. Together these results WT FAM46C overexpression downregulated IRF4, CEBPB, and implicate FAM46C in myeloma cell growth and survival and MYC and upregulated immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain and identify FAM46C mutation as a contributor to myeloma patho- HSPA5/BIP. Furthermore, pathway analysis suggests that enforced genesis and disease progression via perturbation in plasma FAM46C expression activated the unfolded protein response cell differentiation and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. pathway and induced mitochondrial dysfunction. CRISPR-medi- Cancer Res; 77(16); 4317–27. Ó2017 AACR. Introduction yses, proposed that FAM46 proteins are novel eukaryotic nonca- nonical poly (A) polymerases and may be involved in the regu- The molecular basis of multiple myeloma is still incompletely lation of gene expression, cell differentiation, and development of understood. Cytoband 1p12 is deleted in approximately 20% of several malignancies (11). In a cell-based assay, FAM46C was multiple myeloma patients and has been reported to associate identified to enhance replication of some viruses, including with shorter overall survival (OS; ref. 1). The target gene on 1p12, yellow fever virus, in response to type I interferon (12). FAM46C as suggested by the presence of recurrent homozygous deletions, expression is also reported to correlate with the expression of is FAM46C (2). Several studies have reported FAM46C mutations ribosomal proteins and the eukaryotic initiation and elongation in 5% to 13% of primary multiple myeloma tumors (3–7), factors involved in protein translation in myeloma cells (3). implying its pathogenic relevance. We have previously suggested In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of that FAM46C mutations are less frequent in newly diagnosed FAM46C in multiple myeloma. We found that enforced multiple myeloma patients harboring deletion 17p (8), poten- FAM46C expression in human multiple myeloma cell lines tially inferring some overlap in function. Moreover, acquisition of (HMCL) induced multiple myeloma cytotoxicity and enhanced mutations was observed in longitudinal analysis in multiple drug sensitivity, whereas introduction of FAM46C mutants has myeloma patients (9), suggesting that FAM46C loss of function no such anti-multiple myeloma activity. Furthermore, FAM46C is a progression event in multiple myeloma. CRISPR depletion enhanced multiple myeloma cell growth, FAM46C belongs to the nucleotidyltransferase superfamily survival, and decreased immunoglobulin (Ig) expression in (10), together with three other FAM46 proteins (FAM46A, B, and multiple myeloma cells. D). A recent study, using a combination of bioinformatics anal- Materials and Methods 1Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Arizona. 2Division of Biomed- Cells and reagents ical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo HMCLs were either obtained from ATCC or provided by Dr. Leif 3 Clinic Rochester, Minnesota. Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona Bergsagel's laboratory (Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ) from 2014 to 4 State University, Tempe, Arizona. Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo 2016. An initial genetic analysis of these lines (copy number Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. variation analysis) established a baseline, identifying fingerprint Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Cancer Research (developed by Dr. Leif Bergsagel and Dr. Jonathan Keats, Trans- Online (http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/). lational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ). The identity Corresponding Author: A. Keith Stewart, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea of cell lines was confirmed using copy number variation analysis Blvd., Scottsdale, AZ 85259. Phone: 507-284-5511; Fax: 507-293-2379; E-mail: each time samples are removed from liquid nitrogen storage for [email protected] propagation. All cell lines taken from liquid nitrogen were thawed doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3011 and maintained in RPMI1640 media, supplemented with 5% of Ó2017 American Association for Cancer Research. sterile FCS and antibiotics. All cell lines were maintained for 3 to 4 www.aacrjournals.org 4317 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2017 American Association for Cancer Research. Published OnlineFirst June 15, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3011 Zhu et al. weeks (8–10 passages) before starting experiment and they were clones that have FAM46C knockout were selected using limited tested negative for mycoplasma at the beginning and during the dilution and immunoblotting assay. experiments (using Mycoplasma Detection Kit from Lonza). Anti- Flag was from Sigma-Aldrich. Anti-IRF4, anti-CDK6, anti-PARP, Array-based comparative genomic hybridization anti-BIP, anti-caspase-8, anti-CHOP, Anti-Lamin A/C, anti-p DNA was extracted from mononuclear cells using Puregene Kit ERK1/2, anti ERK1/2 and anti-BCL2 were from Cell Signaling (Qiagen) and the manufacturer's recommended protocol. All Technology. Anti-MYC antibody was from Epitomics. Anti- HMCLs were run using the Human 244K microarray (Agilent FAM46C antibodies were from Abcam and Proteintech and their Technologies). The digestion, labeling, and hybridization steps specificities were validated by Western blot analysis of the lysates were performed as previously described with minor modifications either from the cells without FAM46C expression or with exog- (15). Copy number abnormalities were calculated using two enous FAM46C expression (shown in figures). Anti-Ig lambda (l) probe and 0.2 log2 filters and aberration detection module and kappa (k) chain antibodies were from Abcam and Santa Cruz (ADM)-1 algorithm (16) with a threshold of 9.0. Biotechnology, respectively. Anti-human influenza hemaggluti- nin (HA) was from Covance. Dexamethasone was from Sigma- DNA sequencing Aldrich. Lenalidomide and bortezomib were from LC Laborato- DNA was extracted using the Qiagen AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini ries. All Taqman probes (BIP and MAGED1) used in real-time PCR Kit according to the manufacturer's recommendations. To screen were from Thermo Fisher Scientific. HMCLs for mutations and to confirm the introduction of CRISPR- mediated FAM46C mutations, we used the Ion Torrent semicon- Preparation of lentiviral virus expressing FAM46C or other ductor sequencing platform (PGM, Life Technologies; ref. 8), proteins and infection of myeloma cells using 20 ng of starting DNA per sample. The coding regions of Human wild-type (WT) FAM46C cDNA was purchased from FAM46C were amplified in 200-bp libraries using four pairs of Thermo Scientific and were subcloned into a lentiviral expression customized oligos from Ion AmpliSeq Designer, Life Technolo- vector, pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1-copGFP (System Bioscience). gies (#1 Fwd primer CGAGCTGCTTTGCCATGTAGAA and #1 Rev FAM46C tagged with Flag or HA at its C-terminal was generated primer CATGGAAGATTAGGTCCAGGTCTTTG; #2 Fwd primer by PCR method and inserted into the modified pCDH-CMV- GCCACGTTTTGGTCAAAGACAAT and #2 Rev primer GAAGAAA- MCS-EF1-copGFP or pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1-puro. All FAM46C AGCAAAGAATCCAGGATGATTT; #3 Fwd primer GGCGTCAG- mutants were amplified with specific primers (Supplementary TTTGAGTTCAGTGT and #3 Rev primer TCAGCGAAGTGGTTTT- Table S1) from WT cDNA by PCR methods and were cut with GAAGGT; #4 Fwd primer GACATCCTTGAACAGCAGAGGAA and appropriate restriction enzymes and then subcloned into pCDH- #4 Rev primer GTGGAAACCCTCAGGTCTCAAG). Libraries were CMV-MCS-EF1-copGFP. Human PSMC6 cDNA was from Thermo templated and enriched using IonOneTouch2 and IonOneTouch Scientific and PSMC6 tagged with HA at its C-terminal was ES automated systems, respectively. Samples were sequenced generated by PCR and inserted into the modified pCDH-CMV- using the 318T chip (ThermoFisher). Overall, we obtained an MCS-EF1-puro. All constructs were verified by sequencing. average coverage depth of 500Â. Raw data were aligned and pCDH-EF1-CYMR-T2A-puro was from System Bioscience. Lenti- indexed in BAM and BAI files using the IonTorrent suite. virus harboring control vector and all expression constructs were Variants were called using IonTorrent Somatic VariantCaller generated and used to infect HMCLs. The infection efficiency was version 4.6.0.7 and low stringency settings (Thermo Fisher). measured by flow cytometry analysis of GFP expression at day 3 VCF files were annotated using
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