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City Case Study Tunis

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City Case Study Tunis MEDITERRANEAN CITY - TO - CITY MIGRATION CITY CASE STUDY TUNIS THE REVITALISATION OF TUNIS’ MEDINA AND INTEGRATION OF INTERNAL MIGRANTS MEDINA INTERNAL MIGRATION ADEQUATE HOUSING OUKALAS VIENNA REVITALISATION LYON TURIN MADRID BASIC SERVICES LISBON TUNIS BEIRUT TANGIER AMMAN Implemented by This case study was developed in the frame- project has sought to nurture a peer-to-peer work of the Mediterranean City-to-City dialogue and mutual learning on specific Migration Project (MC2CM), a project coor- urban challenges such as social cohesion, dinated by ICMPD and funded by the Europe- intercultural dialogue, employment and pro- an Union and the Swiss Agency for Develop- vision of basic services for migrants, among ment and Cooperation. The MC2CM project others. This case study was selected by the has been working since 2015 with Amman, Municipality of Tunis in order to showcase a Beirut, Lisbon, Lyon, Madrid, Tangiers, Tunis, practice that contributes to social inclusion Turin and Vienna to increase the knowledge of migrants at the local level. base on urban migration. Additionally the MEETING TWO PROBLEMS AT ONCE? THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRATING INTERNAL MIGRANTS THROUGH THE REVITALISATION OF TUNIS’S ABANDONED MEDINA ABSTRACT The city of Tunis faces complex migration describing the shared living areas of fami- dynamics. A destination for international lies from poorer backgrounds. Whilst pro- migration in its own right, Tunis also acts viding much needed low-cost housing for as transit hub for migrants making their migrants arriving into Tunis, housing condi- way onwards into Europe. Internal migra- tions had deteriorated after their abandon- tion represents another important facet of ment. As a consequence, Oukalas were the city’s migration profile. After independ- often unsafe, unsanitary and overcrowded. ence in 1956, the city of Tunis attracted To address these challenges, the Munici- large numbers of internal migrants search- pality of Tunis initiated in 1991 the Oukal- ing for employment opportunities. The as Project. Structured around two main majority of these migrants secured shelter objectives, the project aimed to improve in the city’s historic centre, known as the living conditions for residents of the Medi- Medina, where many of the houses and na, many of whom were internal migrants, apartments were vacant, as former inhab- whilst also restoring historic buildings and itants moved to suburban areas in search monuments in the neighbourhood. The of modernised housing solutions. Families project ended in 2012 and reached more moving into the Medina’s abandoned living than 3,000 households. spaces created so-called Oukalas – a word BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES cultural offers designed to improve the quality of life for all citizens living in Tunis. Comprised of 15 districts, Tunis is the cap- This case study presents the Oukalas pro- ital and most populated city of Tunisia. The ject, an initiative led by the Municipality of city’s historic centre is known as the Medi- Tunis that was implemented between 1991 na of Tunis, and was declared a World Her- and 2012. The project targeted people liv- itage Site by UNESCO in 1979. ing in the Medina of Tunis (including high numbers of internal migrants) and aimed Tunis faces complex migration dynamics. to provide adequate housing and basic ser- A destination for international migration, vices whilst simultaneously restoring and Tunis also acts as transit hub for migrants revitalising this historic area. The project is making their way onwards into Europe. Be- therefore an example of state-led regener- yond this, internal migration patterns fur- ation designed to improve housing condi- ther complicate the city’s migration profile. tions for residents of the medina, many of The latter dynamic has a specific history whom are internal migrants. in Tunisia, connected to the strict recruit- ment policies enacted during colonial and postcolonial periods to resource projects IMPLEMENTATION deemed to be of specific colonial / nation- al interest. The effects of such engineered rural exodus has been a highly uneven After independence in 1956, Tunis attract- economic and social development pattern ed many internal migrants searching for job between regions. In recent times, un/un- opportunities in the city. At the same time, der-employment has become the principal better-off families living in the Medina of determinant of internal migration in Tuni- Tunis were relocating to suburban areas. sia.1 As a result, the Municipality of Tunis Once abandoned, house quality in the city has been compelled to develop capacities centre deteriorated, leaving many houses to respond to such migration flows. at risk of imminent collapse due to a com- Whilst the city does not engage in targeted bination of age and poor maintenance. Va- projects specifically tailored to addressing cated by those able to afford safer subur- migrant needs, the municipality does in- ban alternatives, many of the traditional old clude migrants within existing social and town buildings were left uninhabited. For families arriving from Tunisia’s rural areas, many of whom lacked social support net- works in the city, these abandoned houses 1 The period 2009–2014 saw the city of Tunis represented the only available shelter. They experience a negative balance of internal migrati- moved into the houses and created so- on; this means more people left the city for other destinations than arrived to the capital from else- called Oukalas arrangements – a word de- where within the country. See MC2CM Profil mig- scribing the shared living areas of families ratoire de la ville de TUNIS from poorer backgrounds. However, these places were often unsafe, unsanitary and • The construction of 76 houses for older overcrowded, posing a public health and people living independently in the com- environmental challenge for the city. The munity. Each house of 25 m2 consists Oukalas project was initiated by the Munic- of one room, a bathroom, a kitchen and ipality of Tunis in 1991 to address some a small garden of these deficiencies. Although the project was primarily initiated to protect families • The provision of access to loans for living in buildings at risk of collapse, it had 220 elderly individuals, unable to ac- a broader objective to improve the general cess financial support through familial living conditions for all residents and to cat- or social support networks alyse the restoration of historic buildings and monuments in the area. • The provision of support for twelve handicapped children, covering their Project activities included: education and healthcare costs • The relocation of families living in • The provision of 60 scholarship grants Oukalas into 2,000 new social housing to allow local students to finish higher units equipped with basic services and education infrastructure (electricity, potable wa- ter, sanitation, roads, public lightning, • Seasonal support for vulnerable groups schools, markets etc.) to help meet costs associated with re- ligious observation and/or school year • The demolition of old buildings at risk cycles of collapsing and replaced with newly constructed buildings to provide shel- Activities were implemented in four phas- ter for groups and individuals living in es. All phases included the relocation of Oukalas arrangements families living in inadequate and dangerous living spaces and the renovation and reha- • The provision of housing loans to bilitation of public buildings and historic selected households for the renovation monuments. The project also addressed and rehabilitation of their apartments the restoration of private buildings and en- couraged homeowners and landlords to • The restoration and rehabilitation of renovate their own buildings by providing public buildings and historic monu- favourable housing loans. Additionally, the ments project included a number of social aspects, such as post-relocation citizen surveys and On top of the provision of secure shelter the provision of social services, including and the renovation of historic buildings, the youth and cultural centres, in the new loca- project also provided social assistance to tions that Medina inhabitants were moved vulnerable Oukalas residents. Such initia- to. The project came to an end in 2012. tives included: • The creation of sightseeing tours for FINANCING AND RESSOURCES tourists The overall project costs added up to 52 • An increase in numbers of students en- million Tunisian Dinars and was part fund- rolled in the city’s university ed by the Municipality of Tunis and part by a loan from FADES (Fonds arabe pour le • Inward investment into commercial développement économique et social). units • Increased rates of in-migration and an RESULTS AND IMPACTS economic revival associated with the establishment of hotels, guest houses and cultural centres Project Oukalas had a significant impact on the Medina quarter, the people living in Overall, more than 3,000 households (ap- Oukalas and on the wider city of Tunis. The prox. 15,000 inhabitants) were impacted main targets of the project were lower-in- by the project either through being relo- come households living in the abandoned cated to improved housing units within or buildings of the Medina of Tunis. Almost without the Medina; through the use of re- exclusively, such households drew from habilitated and renovated buildings (both an internal migration backgrounds. The public and private); or through access to project gave priority to vulnerable groups targeted home improvement loans.
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