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Bucking the Linguistic Binary: Gender Neutral Language in English, Swedish, French, and German, Western Papers in Linguistics / Cahiers linguistiques de Western Volume 3 Issue 1 Proceedings of Western Interdisciplinary Article 4 Student Symposium on Language Research (WISSLR) 2016 2016 : Gender Neutral French, and German Levi C. R. Hord University of Western Ontario, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/wpl_clw Recommended Citation Hord, Levi C. R. (2016) "Bucking the Linguistic Binary: Gender Neutral Language in English, Swedish, French, and German," Western Papers in Linguistics / Cahiers linguistiques de Western: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 4. Bucking the Linguistic Binary: Gender Neutral Language in English, Swedish, French, and German Cover Page Footnote I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. David Heap and Dr. Wendy Pearson, whose time, support, feedback, expertise and motivation made this research possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Julia Forsberg from the University of Gothenburg for providing expertise on the Swedish language, and all of my anonymous survey respondents and those who helped circulate it for their time and effort. BUCKING THE LINGUISTIC BINARY: GENDER NEUTRAL LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH, SWEDISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN Levi C. R. Hord University of Western Ontario Advocacy for gender neutral language has become a popular and contested topic within queer and linguistic communities. The need for neutral language has been identified not only by feminists seeking to deemphasize gender and promote inclusivity, but by many members of transgender communities who seek a language that will aid them in expressing identities that fall outside of the binary genders of male and female. The growing number of transgender people who choose to use pronouns other than those traditionally linked to maleness (he) and femaleness (she) has made it clear that movement away from explicitly gendered language provides more space for non-binary transgender and queer people to express their identities. Representation in language can be very important to one’s ability to have their identity understood by others and recognized in everyday speech interactions. Though the significance of neutral language has been established, the discussion around its implementation remains fairly anglocentric, raising the question of how neutral language is used and signifies in languages other than English, particularly within languages with varying grammatical gender systems. I posit that grammatical gender systems have a substantial effect on the use and success of gender neutral language. In this paper, I examine past scholarship as well as present the results of a preliminary research study to demonstrate that there is a difference in the use and development of gender neutral language in grammatically gendered languages (French and German) and “natural” gender languages (English and Swedish). I argue that gendered languages have less linguistic “room” for neutral language – by which I mean less space, opportunity, ease and susceptibility to its development – than “natural” gender languages do, based on the amount of grammatically gendered conventions in the language. I also argue that this difference impacts the lived experiences of transgender individuals who speak these languages, and that it should thus become a framework through which we view issues of transgender representation and activism. I begin by exploring the specifics of the grammatical gender systems in English, French, German, and Swedish before turning to examples of transgender narratives that highlight the importance of gender neutral language in identity formation and daily life. I then consider the role of culture and media in bringing gender neutral language into our social reality. I also conduct an analysis of academic literature that provides background on the history of gender neutral language and recent studies in the use of neutral language. I then present the results of my study, which will shed light on current forms of linguistic subversion being employed by transgender people – in particular pronouns, forms of address, and terminology – in each of the four languages, as well as judgements on whether the gender neutral language in each language is adequate for identity expression and whether it is trans/queer specific or widely used. This data, as well as testimony from survey respondents, solidifies my claims of the differences inherent in these grammatical systems and their effect on lived transgender experience. I conclude by making connections based on the study results, outlining areas for further consideration, and discussing how linguistic activism should be context-specific in order to achieve functional and widespread gender neutrality in language. Altogether, this research represents an attempt to illuminate a current issue in the realm of transgender visibility and activism and to put forth new ideas about how language shapes our ability to embody different gender identities in society. © 2016 Levi C. R. Hord Western Papers in Linguistics / Cahiers linguistiques de Western 1. Grammatical Gender Grammatical gender is a noun class system by which nouns are divided into two or more categories, two of which usually correspond with “male” and “female” human genders, respectively. Nouns that do not reflect semantic, or “human”, gender (e.g. tree, car) are sorted into the categories without any correlation with sex distinction. Semantic or embodied gender, however, is almost always aligned with “masculine” and “feminine” grammatical categories. English and Swedish, two of the languages I will be examining in this study, are classified as “natural gender” languages, as in most cases “the referential gender will agree with the ‘natural’ gender of the referent” (Hekanaho 2015:14). For example, the grammatically feminine category will be used for living subjects perceived culturally to be female. In “natural gender” languages, semantic gender is visible only through pronouns and gendered nouns such as mother, brother, or stewardess1 (e.g. Hekanaho 2015:12). Grammatically gendered languages, such as French and German, have both semantic and formal (grammatical) gender, which is reflected not only in nouns, but in the adjectives, adverbs, and articles that accompany them. Practically, this means that semantic gender is reflected in more parts of the language than it is in “natural gender” languages, as different parts of speech used in conjunction with a semantically gendered noun must also reflect a masculine, feminine, or potentially neuter gender. The differences between the two systems (and the particularities of each of the four languages) are illustrated in Figure 1 below: “Natural” Gender Languages Grammatically Gendered Languages English Swedish French German 1 I am a doctor Jag är en läkare Je suis médecin (m. Ich bin ein Artz (m.) / generic) eine Ärztin (f.) 2 She is my friend Hon är min vän Elle est mon amie (f.) Sie ist meine Freundin (f.) 3 He is my friend Han är min vän Il est mon ami (m.) Er ist mein Freund (m.) 4 They (s.) are my Hen (s.) är min Neutrality untranslatable Neutrality untranslatable partner partner (Elle/Il est mon partenaire (Sie ist meine Partnerin (m. generic)) (f.) /Er ist mein Partner (m.)) 5 I am happy Jag är glad Je suis heureux (m.) Ich bin fröhlich /heureuse (f.) As you can see, in English and Swedish, nouns are not gendered, and therefore words like doctor, friend, and partner do not give information about the gender of the speaker or the referent. English, Swedish and German also do not require gender agreement for the adjective happy in the first person. French displays a difference between the masculine and feminine versions of friend (ami(e)), and uses masculine generics for the terms doctor (médecin) and partner (partenaire). French also notably requires speakers to gender themselves in the first person by using either a masculine or feminine version of most adjectives (as shown in sentence 5). German further requires gendered versions of all titles and semantic nouns, and also shows the gender of the noun through the article preceding it (e.g., mein, meine, der, die, das). Though German does not require gender agreement for unpreceded adjectives (as shown in sentence 5), both German and French require gender agreement for all adjectives that precede nouns, including humans (e.g. if one were to say “ein wunderbarer Mann” (a wonderful man) versus “eine wunderbare Frau” (a wonderful woman)). There are also languages which are considered genderless due to their lack 1 Gendered nouns in English and Swedish have diminished in use due to the advocacy of second wave feminist language reformers, as discussed later in the paper. of grammatical gender distinction amongst nouns (e.g. Chinese). However, this paper deals exclusively with “natural” gender and grammatically gendered languages. As is evident from the examples above, some languages contain more reference to gender than others. English, though it contains less gender than French and German, has still come under fire from some feminists for requiring sex marking when speaking of a singular third-person referent (e.g. Saul 2004) when sex and gender are irrelevant to the speaker’s message. Despite this, English and Swedish surpass French and German in their ability to incorporate gender neutral language. Many linguistic scholars have observed this difference, among them Prewitt-Freilino et al., who note that: Despite the fact that gender neutral conventions can be developed for languages within all three
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