Axiological, Ethical and Utilitarian Benefits of UNIFIGHT

 REVIEW PAPER

Axiological, ethical and utilitarian benefits of UNIFIGHT

12 3 Authors’ Contribution: Jan Harasymowicz , Sergey Novikov A Study Design B Data Collection 1Paweł Włodkowic University College, Płock, Poland C Statistical Analysis 2 Polish Federation «UNIFIGHT» attached to Paweł Włodkowic University College in Płock, Poland D Manuscript Preparation 3 International Federation Amateur «UNIFIGHT» E Funds Collection Source of support: Departmental sources

Received: 19 September 2013; Accepted: 04 October 2013; Published online: 17 October 2013

ICID: 1072810

Abstract

Background The aim of this article are benefits of a new discipline of combat sport referred to as UNIFIGHT (universal & Study Aim: fight). The basis for the analysis is the evaluation of UNIFIGHT in comparison with holistic view of defence education, goals and conditions of optimal training process recommended by modern theory of sport. UNIFIGHT is a combat sport that is useful for development of both human moral stance and optimal psycho-physical fitness i.e. expected defensive dispositions and abilities to overcome numerous difficult situations. The further merits of UNIFIGHT include respect for Olympic axiology and the rules of fair play; several formulas of sport rivalry which may be trained by people practicing other combat sports and martial arts including children and adolescents; exceptionally interesting event; complete, consistently and progressively developed training model, which allows for correct planning and controlling of a training process. Key words: combat sports · defensive dispositions · defence education · fair play · martial arts Autor’s address: Jan Harasymowicz, Paweł Włodkowic University College, Al. Kilińskiego 12, 09-402 Płock, Poland; e‐mail: [email protected]

Introduction to develop effective system of complementary prep- UNIFIGHT from synthetic perspective aration of a person to counteract aggressive subjects The aim of this article are benefits of a new discipline in the social environment [1-3]. It has become a part of combat sport referred to as UNIFIGHT (universal of modern concepts of developing defensive disposi- fight). The premise for a goal formulated in such a way tions of a human [4-6]. are long-term studies and research as well as the experience of both authors resulting from practising com- UNIFIGHT is a universal and currently the most bat sports and martial arts – including UNIFIGHT comprehensive combat sport, which is rapidly devel- – in various roles: as a competitor, coach, referee and oping in numerous countries. The International sport activist. Federation Amateur «UNIFIGHT» (IFAU, French abbreviation: FIAU) founded in 2000 in Paris com- UNIFIGHT (universal fight) has emerged as a prises already 32 countries from various continents. result of contemporary research aiming at integra- The Federation has held the World Championships tion of combat sports with other disciplines in order every year (since 2000) and less regularly Europe

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FIAU – Federation championships and international women’s and men’s incapacitate them fighting on limited space (which Internationale Amateur de «UNIFIGHT» (English: cup. The World Championship held in 2009 in is imitated by the ring in sporting combat) [3, 11]. International Federation Prague, Czech Republic was attended by competi- The creators of UNIFIGHT have also taken in the Amateur «UNIFIGHT») tors from 40 countries. Since 2008 FIAU has annually account the necessity of developing shooting skills in Defence education – no conducted nationwide and international competitions conditions of physical fatigue, emotional stress and definition of this term is among children 10-11 and 12-13 years old (light- lack of time. Thus, they have created a combat sport, universally used; however, among basic criteria of defence unifight); since 2010 also in Poland [7]. Current which is a very spectacular, medially attractive and education, R.M. Kalina lists the information about the development of UNIFIGHT requires comprehensive preparation. need of parallel development of ethics and human fitness. is available on the website of FIAU (www.unifight. Taking into account the age ru), whose president is Sergey Novikov, PhD, an Holistic criteria of analysis and evaluation of criterion he mentions two types of defence preparation: Olympic judo champion. UNIFIGHT adopted in the article elementary defence preparation (possible and justified to be practised with children aged Sporting competition in UNIFIGHT consists of: Rational, theoretically and socially justified analysis of 6-12 years as well as with the advantages and disadvantages of various combat the adults); universal defence preparation (possible to • completing a special obstacle strip that includes sports and martial arts required humanistic and holis- perform by women and men shooting a pneumatic gun or paint ball gun and tic approach taking into account both biological and from the age of 12 until the old age). While considering throwing at the target (adults with a sporting psychological needs of a person as well as contempo- defensive functions of a knife, children with a tennis ball); rary criteria of his physical, moral, psychological and person in the society Kalina mentions intentional defence • hand-to-hand combat in the ring, which may be social education [6, 12]. Humanistic perspective does preparation (e.g. military, police performed in several versions: not allow to accept the training limited to teaching or antiterrorist training) [4, p. 45-48]. • in light formula only takedowns and throws are only utilitarian skills in hand-to-hand combat. Such permitted [8], skills may be used as measures of aggression (crimi- Defensive dispositions – • in semi-light formula throwing techniques, nal) and during legitimate self-defence acts. Therefore, are a compilation of human characteristics and properties of joint locks and strangling techniques are per- apart from developing physical fitness and skills also biological and personal nature mitted [8], axiological and ethical competences of students’ per- to determine (with a certain level of probability) readiness • in classic formula the combat is taking place sonality should be developed in the socially desired, and capacity to counteract in special gloves and protective helmets; apart educational and integral sports training model [6, 12]. different forms of offensive behaviours of other people, from throws, takedowns, joint locks and stran- Underdevelopment of these competences and lack especially the violence and/ gling techniques, blows with arm and leg are per- of integral education leads to escalation of violence or aggression from their part. The following are the most mitted but only in vertical position [9]. and numerous other negative phenomena verging on essential defensive dispositions: • Children aged 10-11 years are not allowed to the social pathology [6, 12], which may be generally self-defence instinct, inner development, moral strength, use blows. described as deviations that dehumanize sport. readiness to kill the assailant as well as a readiness to become a fatal victim in a defensive There is also winter type of UNIFIGHT (Winter These deviations are often provoked and rein- struggle [4, p. 29] Universal Fight), which is planned to be presented forced by mass media, which provide spectators during the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014. with entertainment full of aggression, violence The obstacle course is replaced with competition in a and bloody fight scenes. In this context intrin- skiing race (at a distance of 2 x 200 metres) combined sic values of sport, the need to promote the rules with shooting at the target whereas the ring fight is of fair play in sport and life are easily forgettable. replaced by a combat on the snow limited to throws Therefore, the authors of the declaration entitled and takedowns [10]. Sport and Fair Play in the 21st Century, published by the International Committee for Fair Play in UNIFIGHT was developed in Russia as a synthesis December, 2007 in the headquarters of UNESCO of various combat sports and martial arts (judo, wres- in Paris, remind us that sport must be a carrier tling, sambo, boxing, karate, etc.) as well as experi- of positive values [13, p. 11-13]. Rivalry cannot ence gained on military training grounds. The goal of lead to brutality or threaten the lives of sports- UNIFIGHT creators was to develop universal, the men. “Health – that of others, of team-mates and most suitable for uniformed services combat sport, one’s own, above all must be fully preserved” [13, which can be practiced safely enough and in accor- p. 12]. The authors of the declaration act against dance with the Olympic sport ethics and aspira- all kinds of brutal, aggressive behaviours in sport tions [11]. The basis of the idea to create this formula as well as against doping and aggressive commer- of sporting combat was the belief that the officers cialization of sport. They state that those phenom- involved in the fight with the criminals have to ena “contradict traditional norms and pedagogical approach them overcoming various obstacles and then model of sport” [13, p. 11]. They also emphasize

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that fair play is not limited to the normal behav- Advantages of UNIFIGHT iour of sportsmen but applies to all other people Sport rivalry in the ethics of fair play connected with sport: teachers, sport activists, par- The rules of UNIFIGHT competitions are developed ents, physicians, supporters, sponsors and media so that special attention is paid to protection of health representative. and dignity of the participants. They define the safety requirements concerning rivalry conditions, character- The position of the International Committee for Fair istics of sport facilities and equipment as well as pro- Play defending educational values of sport closely hibit actions directly threatening life or health of the resembles the views of Japanese authors of the exten- participants [8-10]. In classic formula where blows sive article on sport and budo martial arts entitled with arms and legs are allowed, UNIFIGHT compet- Budo: The Martial Ways of Japan [14]. They criti- itors fight in protective helmet and shields to the legs cally assess the development of sport and martial arts as well as appropriate gloves. They must obey chival- being limited to teaching movement techniques and rous rules prohibiting to hit lying competitor (what sport rivalry. They defend the values and standards of is allowed e.g. in MMA or during steel cage match). teaching established by Prof. Jigoro Kano – the cre- The competitors are allowed to deliver a blow to the ator of judo. Kano has created judo as complete, mod- strictly defined locations on the opponent’s body, who ern and comprehensive system of physical, moral and must be in vertical position. The combat takes place defence education, which was implemented in schools on elastic ground, in the ring or on the appropriate by the Japanese authorities [15, 16]. mat in special soft shoes. Authorized referees, who stop the fight in case of health threatening situations, These ideas can be summarized by saying that apart are responsible for the safety of the competitors. from physical fitness and health protection, socially desired practise of sport must ensure development of All variants of rivalry in UNIFIGHT described at axiological and moral competence. The mission of the beginning of the article begin with overcoming sport and physical education involves development the obstacle strip. This requires comprehensive phys- of peace culture based on the respect for life, dialogue, ical fitness and promotes health protection because solidarity and tolerance as well as trying to eliminate not fit enough (time limit) and injured people are war, violence and discrimination [17]. not allowed to participate in the subsequent stage of rivalry. Injuries to the shoulder joint prevents the The analysis of views presented by modern sport the- competitor from e.g. crossing the hang-climbing hor- oreticians leads to conclusion that from social and izontal ladder and moreover a person with this injury holistic point of view sports training should fulfil sev- would not be able to participate in hand-to-hand eral basic criteria: combat (which may deepen the injury).

• it should be directed towards strengthening the Several forms (variants) of sport rivalry organism and educating for health; As it has been already mentioned, the creators of • it should ensure students the development of UNIFIGHT have developed four variants of rivalry comprehensive physical fitness; (light, semi-light, classic UNIFIGHT and Winter • it should develop the personality of trainees in Universal Fight). This should be seen as an impor- order to prepare them for autonomous, creative tant advantage of this combat sport. Coaches and social life; competitors may choose variant of sport combat • it should prepare for optimal acting in difficult relevant for their age, level of technical prepara- situations; tion, experience and psychological determinants. • it should be a planned, gradual process based on This allows for safe participation of children in the the knowledge about trained people and regu- competition and gradual development of hand- larities of human development and adaptation to-hand combat skills – from mild combat tech- processes to various forms of physical fitness [6, niques involving takedowns and throws to harsh 12, 18]. as hands and legs blows. Such situation is also useful from psychological point of view. Increasing We have applied these listed criteria to comprehen- starting demands and the need for gaining new sive analysis and evaluation of UNIFIGHT from two skills protect against psychical weariness caused by perspectives i.e. binding rules of sport rivalry in this no changeability of training and lack of perspec- discipline as well as proposed training system of the tives for further development. As indicated by the competitors. results of the scientific research learning new types

of movements and forms of rivalry is an essential gladiators. There is no bloody, brutal scenes which factor in the constant development of coordination provided crowds in ancient Rome with entertainment. skills of a sportsman [19]. The regulations of UNIFIGHT prohibit deviations, that dehumanize sport, and therefore this attractive Extremely interesting sports event and exciting sports event proceeds with full respect of From the first seconds all variants of sport competi- ethics rules and the Olympic sport aesthetics. tions in UNIFIGHT are especially interesting, unique event. They create impressions and emotion character- Comprehensive preparation for self-defence istic both for athletic sprints and combat sports. At UNIFIGHT is a combination of combat sport the beginning the competitors wearing blue and red and martial arts. All combat sports and martial arts strips participate in spectacular rivalry on the iden- develop specific capabilities and allow for gaining tical obstacle strips lasting usually ca. 30-60 seconds skills that may be used during self-defence acts [21]. (depending on the weight category, age, skills and The scope of techniques taught is, however, more or characteristics of the obstacle strip). The participants less limited, specific to each discipline but in case of breach a labyrinth, wall, horizontal ladder, balance some combat sports (e.g. boxing, fencing) provides beam, tunnel and a 6-metre-height net, shoot and preparation for self-defence only in fragmentary throw a sporting knife at the target (children throw a scope. The combat may occur in various conditions, tennis ball). It resembles the obstacle race. However, situation, distances and postures. It may involve rel- it is not about one type of movement, but about com- atively gentle or extremely harsh measures, or even prehensive physical fitness combined with the abil- the use of objects in defence against an armed assail- ity to act fast and precisely during intense effort and ant [5, 6, 21]. rivalry. Such fitness is typical for the best comman- dos and members of elite intervention units [20]. Self-defence skills of outstanding masters of budo Regulation one-minute break after the first partici- resulted from long-term practise of several various pant reaching the ring is established for wearing the systems of hand-to-hand combat [22]. The above- pads, but it does not lower the prestige of the event. mentioned observations are required for the evalua- Second participant is still running through the obsta- tion of merits and limitations of various combat sports cle strip, where he could lose first point or drop out in complete preparation of a person for self-defence. of further rivalry (if will be running at the time 50% The preparation may be limited neither by practice longer than the winner run). Afterwards, the spec- of wrestling sport nor sport involving only blows tator observes the combat in the ring creating the [6]. In this context the advantages of UNIFIGHT same emotions as in other combat sports. However, become transparent because it enables the most com- UNIFIGHT is more interesting – both in terms of prehensive preparation for defence against direct or educational values and diversity as well as dynam- indirect, aggressive actions even of an armed person. ics and aesthetic qualities of the fight. There are no Sports combat in this discipline comprises much fur- intervals of time dragging on to several minutes – as ther scope of motor activities than in other combat e.g. in MMA or during steel cage fight – when the sports. Training and rivalry on the obstacle strip com- competitors are almost motionless or try to stroke prehensively develop motor and coordination abilities, lying opponent in the head or torso. The UNIFIGHT shooting and throwing at the target skills, whereas competitor may move from various, dynamic actions hand-to-hand combat training and rivalry on the ring in vertical posture to fight in horizontal posture, but (where it is allowed to use strokes with arms and legs, this can last no more than 5 seconds. If no competi- throws, joints locks and choking in a limited space) tor is able to perform joint locks or choking, a referee develop wide range of skills and abilities needed for stops the combat and competitors restart it in ver- defence against direct physical attack. The combina- tical position. After finishing the obstacle strip the tion of rivalry on the obstacle strip – where a partici- participants usually fight 2 rounds each lasting for 2 pant additionally has to shoot and throw at the target minutes, if they are not able to finish the fight in an – with the rivalry on the ring poses greater demands allowed manner. All this provides great variety and on the competitors in terms of psycho-motor prepa- attractiveness of the sport event. Only those compet- ration, stress control and moves the combat closer to itors may win who are very fit, have comprehensive real conditions of hand-to-hand combat [4-6]. technical preparation and fully control their actions. We, therefore, conclude that systematic training As a sport spectacle UNIFIGHT may not completely of UNIFIGHT may currently provide the most satisfy the fans of combats in the style on the Roman complete, psycho-motor preparation for widely

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understood self-defence. Such preparation involves formula. This is evidenced by textbooks on teaching also the readiness to kill particularly dangerous programmes of UNIFIGHT published in Russian in aggressor [4]. The law permits killing the aggressor 2006 and 2012 [26, 27]. while repelling direct, unlawful attack on any wel- fare protected by the law. It, however, requires that In the light of scientific knowledge, sport training during the self-defence act one has to take into con- should comprise a set of tasks, which performance sideration the sake of life and health of the assailant enables good health, education, the harmonious as well as not endanger them beyond the measures development of the physical, technical and tactical of the rights of self-defence [12]. This supports the skills and a high level of special physical preparation conclusion that in socially desired, optimal model of [28]. Competent educationalists should plan grad- teaching self-defence we must take into account the ual development of a sportsman and five types of his criteria of law and ethics. This has been recommended preparation i.e. physical, technical, tactical, mental by the creators of Oriental sports and budo martial and theoretical. All those types must be monitored arts. Positive social model of teaching self-defence and periodically evaluated [18, 29]. The knowledge on combat is referred to as fair self-defence [6, 12]. trained people, complex monitoring and evaluation of their preparation are essential part of proper training Complete model training system process which must be adopted to the age and indi- The majority of contemporary gladiator combats pro- vidual capabilities [6, 18, 28, 29]. moted by the media are the negation of the ideals of combat sports and martial arts [23] and do not The analysis of the content of UNIFIGHT training have systemically developed models of training con- programme demonstrates that this proposal is com- sistent with complex criteria of human education and plete, systemic and developed on the basis of scien- contemporary knowledge. The educationalists limit tific knowledge on sports training. The programme themselves to teach specified repertoire of combat fulfils complex requirement of modern sport theory techniques and some forms of physical preparation. regarding rational training. Its authors propose pro- They usually do not see the need to conduct training gressive, integral model of training comprising all on the scientific basis and in accordance with mod- required types of sportsman preparation and sets of ern theory of sport [24]. This leads to depleted, frag- measures and training methods developed in detail for mentary methods and measures of training practise each age categories. The handbooks consist of several deformed in terms of strategic goals. It is reduced parts: general characteristics of systemic preparation to the dimension of physical fitness and a search for of sportsmen, organizational an methodological rec- physical advantage in a given formula of hand-to- ommendations, prescriptive part and extensive meth- hand combat. Lack of systemic approach and train- odological art [26, 27]. To sum up the authors propose ing based on the scientific grounds results in negative the following strategy and stages of training during consequences regarding planning, control and meth- 10-15 years: odology of training. This phenomenon has been observed for many years by one of the authors in The stage of sports and health training (no specialisa- Mexico and in Poland during professional career in tion, the goal is to develop health and adopt an organ- sports clubs and universities. Direct observations of ism to physical effort); classes conducted by the coaches of various sports and martial arts have revealed the shortcomings in mea- The stage of basic preparation (the continuation sures, methods and forms of training [25]. Being the- of health training, development of comprehensive sis supervisor of students, who trained various combat physical fitness, teaching the basics of a technique, sports, has given the opportunity to note lack of rel- sufficient preparation to implement requirements evant methods to control training effects. When stu- established for age groups in terms of general and dents chose a subject concerning general or special special preparation); physical fitness of people training their discipline, it was revealed that they have never been tested and Training and educational stage they could not indicate tests used in their disciplines. • Substage of the basics of specialization (1-2 years Therefore, they willingly accepted the proposal to use of study) UNIFIGHT tests. • Substage of deepened sports specialization (3-4 years of study) UNIFIGHT, in a sense of proposed training sys- • The stage of sports improvement tem, has no less advantages than as a sport rivalry • The stage of a sports championship.

The above proposal of UNIFIGHT training stages psycho-physical fitness i.e. their expected defensive is completely justified, consistent with the pro- dispositions and abilities to overcome numerous dif- gressive model of sportsman development recom- ficult situations. mended by the modern theory of sport. The authors of UNIFIGHT training programme in a praisewor- The further merits of UNIFIGHT include respect thy way suggest that the long-term training process for Olympic axiology and the rules of fair play; sev- should begin from the stage which aims at develop- eral formulas of sport rivalry which may be trained ment of health and general physical fitness. by people practicing other combat sports and martial arts including children and adolescents; excep- Conclusions tionally interesting event; complete, consistently and progressively developed training model, which UNIFIGHT is a combat sport fully useful in devel- allows for correct planning and controlling of a opment of both human moral stance and optimal training process.

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Cite this article as: Harasymowicz J, Novikov S: Axiological, ethical and utilitarian benefits of UNIFIGHT. Arch Budo, 2013; 4: 227-232

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