Proposed Ligawasan Marsh Protected Area

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT For Ligawasan Marsh Project

FFIINNAALL RREEPPOORRTT

and

PROCESS DOCUMENTATION

The Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study

A Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) supported with a grant from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the World Bank, with supervision of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

PROPOSED LIGAWASAN MARSH PROTECTED AREA

MANAGEMENT PLAN Volume I Description, Evaluation and Prescription

December 2004

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page i

PREFACE

The Ligawasan Marsh (LM) Development Master Plan (1999-2025), formulated by Region XII of NEDA (National Economic and Development Agency) in 1998, recommended the inclusion of Ligawasan as a protected area (PA) under the National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS). However, there were not enough scientific bases to support the recommendation.

The Government, with the support of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF)- World Bank / United Nations Development Programme, has now undertaken two studies: (i) the Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA) Study, completed in 2001, and (ii) the Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, completed in 2004, which gathered the required scientific information. These studies have also completed the required stakeholder consultations at national, provincial, municipal, barangay, and sitio levels. There was a strong consensus among the stakeholders that LM should be proclaimed as a PA under the NIPAS Act.

The outputs of the Wetland Biodiversity Study include three documents contained in three volumes:

Volume I : Long-term Management Plan (the Plan) for the whole LM complex. The Plan, which covers 21 municipalities and one city, is based on the results of PASA and Wetland Biodiversity Component;

Volume II : Medium-term Investment Program for the LM proper. The Program, which covers 10 priority municipalities located in the LM proper, is basically a five-year time slice of the Management Plan; and

Volume III : Project Brief. It is actually the Investment Program transformed into the GEF format.

The Plan lays out the detailed management activities aimed at providing direction for conserving and protecting the biodiversity and natural resources of the LM complex.

The Plan contains the Description, Evaluation, and Management Prescriptions. The description presents the physical, biological, demographic and socieconomic characteristics of the proposed PA. The evaluation presents the assessment presented in the description, and also the threats, constraints, and conflicts in managing the PA. The management prescriptions detail the different management strategies and specific actions required.

The Plan is designed so that it will have a positive impact on the environment, it will ensure the sustainability of biodiversity and the cultural heritage of the people in the marsh, and it will also reduce the poverty of the inhabitants there. The community will be empowered to help them effectively implement the proposed conservation programs, which they helped formulate and developed. The capacity of local government units, NGOs, private sector enterprises, and other stakeholders will also be strengthened so that they can provide effective partnership with the local communities in the long-term conservation of the marsh.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Preface i Table of Contents ii Acknowledgment iii Abbreviations iv List of Appendices v List of Annexes vi List of Tables vii

Executive Summary 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 A. Justification and Purpose 3 B. Legislative Authority for Management 4

Chapter 2 Description 5 A. Legal and Policy Framework 5 B. Geographic Location and Accessibility 7 C. Physical Geography 7 D. Biology 10 E. Socio-Economic Profile 23 F. Assessment of Management and Interventions 31

Chapter 3 Evaluation 34 A. Asset Value 34 B. Threats and Proposed Actions 35 C. Conflicts and Proposed Actions 39 D. Constraints and Proposed Actions 40 E. Vision 41 F. Goals and Objectives 41

Chapter 4 Management Prescriptions 43 A. Prescription I Ecosystem Management and Protection 43 1. Habitat Restoration 43 2. Management Zoning System 44 3. Two-Step Process towards Declaring LM as a PA 45 4. Law Enforcement 46 5. Off-Site and On-Site Research 47 B. Prescription II Institutional Development and Capacity Building 49 1. Establish a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee 49 2. Empower the Community and Training of LGUs, GAs, 49 and NGOs 3. Environmental Education and Awareness Program 50 4. Special Literacy Program 51 5. Sustainable Financing 51 C. Prescription III Support for Environment-friendly Livelihood Activities 52 D. Prescription IV Support for Environment-friendly Small Rural Infrastructure 53 E. Prescription V Monitoring and Evaluation System for Wetland 55 Biodiversity Conservation and Socioeconomic Upliftment APPENDICES 57 ANNEXES 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY 125

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to acknowledge the great contributions and heartfelt support extended to the team of consultants by many people and institutions in Ligawasan Marsh during the conduct of the Wetland Biodiversity Study and the formulation of the Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan and the Investment Program.

We gratefully acknowledge the full support from the following:

The more than 4,200 key stakeholders (farmers, fisherfolks, women, youth leaders, traditional leaders, religious leaders, teachers, and businessmen) from ten municipalities in the Ligawasan Marsh Proper; and

The Honorable Mayors and their Municipal Planning and Development Officers (MPDO) and numerous barangay chairmen and members

We are also very grateful for the full unstinting support we received from the following Government officials and partners:

Mr. Jim Sampulna, DENR RED Secretary Emblawa Kabuntalan, Al Haj, DENR – ARMM Director Romeo A. Manzan, DENR-PAWB, ARMM Mr. Ali M. Hadjinasser, DENR Region XII-PAWB

Our appreciation is also extended to the following DENR officials for their expert advice: Assistant Secretary Rafael E. Camat, Jr., DENR - FASPO Ms. Ma. Lourdes Ferrer, Chief, Project Evaluation Division, FASPO, DENR, Ms. Socorro Mallare and Ms. Josephine Q. Natividad, Ms. Theresa Mundita S. Lim, Director, PAWB Ms. Norma Molinyawe, Chief, Biodiversity Division, PAWB, and Ms. Teresita Blastique Ms. Marlene Mendoza and Mr. Carlo Custodio , PAWB

We also commend the special participation and support extended by the following World Bank and UNDP officials:

Mr. Gilbert Braganza, World Bank, Manila Office Ms. Angelita Cunanan, GEF National Coordinator, UNDP Ms. Clarissa Arida and Ms. Jennifer Navarro, UNDP

To the entire community of Ligawasan Marsh, for welcoming us during the conduct of the socioeconomic surveys, the information drive, and barangay consultations, we gratefully acknowledge your kind support. Thank you.

ABBREVIATIONS

AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao CRB Cotabato River Basin DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources FASPO Foreign Assistance and Special Projects Office GEF Global Environment Facility GPS Global Positioning System IEC Information, Education and Communications IP Indigenous People IPRA Indigenous People’s Rights Act LGU Local Government Unit LM Ligawasan Marsh M & E Monitoring and Evaluation MILF Moro Islamic Liberation Front MPN Most Probable Number NEDA National Economic and Development Agency NIPAS National Integrated Protected Area System NGO nongovernmental organization OSY out-of-school youth PA Protected Area PAMB Protected Area Management Board PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau PASA Protected Area Suitability Assessment PMO Project Management Office PMU Project Management Unit PO People’s Organization OSY Out-of-School-Youth UNDP United Nations Development Programme WB World Bank

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix No. Page

1. Age Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents 57 per Municipality

2. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents by 60 Size of Household Number

3. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents 62 According to Religious Affiliation

4. Highest Educational Attainment of Household 65 Heads/Respondents per Municipality

5. Ethnic Origin of Household Heads/Respondents per 68 Municipality

6. Fishing Methods Employed by the Respondents 71

7. Types of Livestock and Poultry Raised and 72 Estimated Population per Species

8. Methods Employed in Raising Livestock and Poultry 81

9. Types of Handicraft Produced by the Respondents 80

10. Other Sources of Income by the Respondents 83

11. Estimated Annual Household Income 89

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex No. Title Page

1 Map 1. Administrative Boundary of North Cotabato, 92 Maguidanao, and Sultan Kudarat

2 Map 2. Topographic Map 93

3 Map 3. Soil Map 94

4 Map 4. Climate Map 95

5 Map 5. Habitat Classification Map 96

6 List of Plant Species Found in the Ligawasan Marsh 97 Complex

7 List of Fauna in the Ligawasan Marsh 102

8 List of Migratory Birds in the Ligawasan Marsh 107

9 List of Endemic Birds in the Ligawasan Marsh 108

10 List of Mammals in the Ligawasan Marsh 109

11 Map 6. Land Use/ Land Cover (PRA) Map 110

12 Map 7. Land Use/ Land Cover Map (Satellite Imagery during 111 Dry Season)

13 Map 8. Proposed Protected Area Map 112

14 Technical Description of the Proposed Ligawasan Marsh 113 Protected Area

15 Summary of Development Projects and Environmental Issues 116 per Municipality

16 Threat Analysis Matrix 120

17 Map 9. Threats Map 124

LIST OF TABLES IN THE MAIN TEXT

Table No. Title Page

1 List of Major Legislations Relevant to the Conservation and 5 Management of the Resources of Ligawasan Marsh

2 List of Endemic Species in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex 13

3 List of Some Endemic, Near Threatened and Vulnerable 19 Species in 16 Survey Sites

4 List of Some Migratory Species of Birds Recorded in 20 Ligawasan Marsh after Three (3) Field Surveys in May-June, September and November-December 2004

5 List of Species of Molluscs and Crustaceans, including 21 their local and common names, origin and distribution in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex

6 List of Species of Plankton and Distribution in the 22 Ligawasan Marsh Complex

7 Population of Municipalities within Ligawasan Marsh as 23 of May 2000 Census

8 Comparative Estimates of Land Cover/ Land Use During 25 Dry and Wet Season

9 Land Use/ Land Cover Trend in Percent (1988 – 2001) 27

10 Inventory of Related Programs and Projects of Ten 32 Ligawasan Marsh Municipalities

12 Five Proposed Management Zones, Criteria, and Allowable 44 and Non-Allowable Activities

13 Thirteen Steps to Get Legislative Approval for Declaring the 45 Ligawasan as a Protected Area under NIPAS and Status of Preparation

Executive Summary

1. The Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan has three sections, namely description, evaluation and prescriptions. The first section presents the physical, biological, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the proposed Protected Area (PA). The second evaluates the data presented in the description section while the third and last section details the different management strategies identified. The plan is prepared to provide the overall direction for the management, development and conservation of the natural and cultural resources within the Ligawasan Marsh thereby ensuring continuous benefits from such resources by the local communities.

2. The objective of the Management Plan is to provide the overall direction for the management, development, and conservation of the natural and cultural resources within the Ligawasan Marsh, thereby ensuring that local communities would continue to benefit from such resources on a long term basis. The Plan is also formulated so that communities and stakeholders will share responsibility in the management of the area. The Plan depends on operationalizing a management framework delineating appropriate and viable management zones for various parts of the marsh.

3. The Ligawasan Marsh is one of the largest wetlands in the Philippines comprising about ten percent of the Mindanao River Basin. It is a conglomeration of three marshes: the Ligawasan proper, the Libungan, and the Ebpanan. It is located in the three provinces of Maguindanao, Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat. It has been identified as a distinct and unique region among 15 biogeographic regions of the Philippines.

4. Based on the results of this study, Wetland Biodiversity Study of DENR (2004), the Marsh is known to support 201 plant species belonging to 159 genera in 68 families, 206 terrestrial vertebrate species, under the classes Aves, Mammalia, Reptilia, Amphibia, 31 aquatic vertebrates and 17 invertebrates. Ligawasan Marsh is a globally important bird area, where at least 170 bird species belonging to 47 families have been recorded to frequent or are considered resident of the area. Of this, 39 species are endemic, 13 threatened, and at least 37 are migratory species. It is also considered as the last stronghold for the endemic and endangered Philippine crocodile.

5. The original flora in the area have been largely altered due to considerable human encroachment and land use conversion for agricultural, residential, commercial and industrial uses. Land conversion is also the number one threat for the sustainability of the marsh. Other threats that have been identified are illegal logging, rapid increase in population, water pollution, solid waste, wildlife gathering and illegal fishing.

6. Ligawasan Marsh and its surrounding areas are rich agricultural and fishing grounds, contributing at least two hundred sixteen million pesos (P 216,000,000.00) worth of rice, corn and fish to the local economy annually. Aside from its rich biodiversity, Ligawasan Marsh is also rich in cultural history and tradition being the site of the earliest Muslim settlements in Mindanao. It is predominantly inhabited by Maguindanaons, who are historically referred to as the “People of the Flooded Plains”. They were already living near the mouth of Pulangi or Mindanao River and in

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page 2 the plains along its upper tributaries in what is now called the Municipality of Datu Piang, long before the arrival of Shariff Kabungsuan in 1475.

7. Five management prescriptions have been recommended for implementation to sustainably manage the protected area. These are: (i) Ecosystem Management and Protection, (ii) Institution Development and Capacity Building, (III) Support for Environment-friendly Livelihood Activities, (IV) Support for Environment-friendly Rural Infrastructure, and (v) Monitoring and Evaluation.

8. This management plan is intended to serve as a working document for whoever will be tasked to manage the Ligawasan Marsh. The five management prescriptions are in no way intended to be final but rather only to serve as a guide for future managers for conservation of Ligawasan and could be subject to modifications by the stakeholders of the Marsh if they so desire.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Justification and Purpose

9. The Ligawasan Marsh is one of the largest wetlands in the Philippines comprising about ten percent of the Mindanao River Basin. The Ligawasan Marsh Complex is a conglomeration of three marshes: the Ligawasan proper, the Libungan, and the Ebpanan. It is located in three provinces of Maguindanao, Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat.

10. The Ligawasan Marsh supports a significant variety of wild flora and fauna and has been identified as a distinct and unique region among 15 biogeographic regions of the Philippines. The Ligawasan Marsh Development Master Plan for 1999- 2025, formulated by Region XII Office of National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) in 1998, recommends the inclusion of the Marsh as a protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) pursuant to Republic Act 7586.

11. To support the establishment of the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area, DENR conducted two studies to compile scientific information on the biodiversity of the marsh: (i) the Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA) (March – September 2001), and (ii) the Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh (March – December 2004). The PASA study confirmed the need to include the Ligawasan Marsh as part of the NIPAS under the category of Natural Biotic Area to sustainably manage the natural resources therein as well as the biological and cultural diversity of Central Mindanao. Further assessment and required stakeholder consultations were successfully undertaken under the Wetland Biodiversity Study which confirmed the interest of stakeholders to proclaim the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area under NIPAS as a natural biotic area. As a natural biotic area, the protected area is set aside to allow the way for life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modern technology at their own pace.

12. It should be emphasized that the site is not independent of adjacent ecosystems and that on-site management plan should be in consonance within a broad scale environmental planning including river basin and coastal as well as watershed management.

13. This Management Plan, which covers the Ligawasan Marsh complex, has three sections namely Description, Evaluation and Prescriptions. The first section presents the physical, biological, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the proposed Protected Area. The second evaluates the data presented in the Description section while the last section details the different management strategies identified. The plan is presented to ensure that communities and stakeholders will share responsibility in the management of the area thereby continue to benefit from the resources that abound in the proposed protected area.

14. The Management Plan, which covers the Ligawasan March Complex, is so designed that it will have positive impact on the environment and will contribute to the sustainability of biodiversity and the cultural heritage of the people in the marsh. The communities will be strengthened to develop their capacity to take charge of the

B. Management Authority

15. Except for Forestry Administrative Order No. 19 dated January 19, 1941 which proclaims approximately 50,000 ha of the Ligawasan Marsh as a Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary, there is no specific law that puts the Marsh under a protected area status. Currently since the area has been a traditional source of livelihood by the people of the Marsh, resource extraction has been on an open access basis. Consultation with stakeholders however revealed that there is a strong desire to put the marsh on a protected area status in order to sustainably manage its resources and the people’s cultural heritage in the area.

CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTION

A. Legal and Policy Framework

16. Major laws were enacted in the 1990s that move towards integrated management of resources. These include the Local Government Code, NIPAS Act, the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), and the Wildlife Act that focused on the decentralization of control and recognition of the rights of the local communities and/or indigenous people’s to manage the resources or actively participate in the decision-making process. Each of these laws can be used as a basis for setting the policy direction for the conservation and management of the resources of the Ligawasan Marsh.

Table 1. List of Major Legislations Relevant to the Conservation and Management of the Resources of Ligawasan Marsh Law/Policies Title RA 7160 Local Government Code of the Philippines RA 7161 Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines RA 7586 National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) Act of 1992 RA 7942 The Philippine Mining Act RA 8041 National Water Crisis Act of 1995 RA 8371 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997 RA 8435 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 RA 8550 The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 RA 9147 Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act RA 9275 Clean Water Act of the Philippines PD 705 Revising Presidential Decree 389, otherwise known as the Forestry Reform Code of the Philippines PD825 Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and other Forms of Uncleanliness and for Other Purposes PD856 Sanitation Code of the Philippines PD984 National Pollution Control Decree of 1976 PD1067 The Water Resources Code PD1152 The Philippine Environmental Code PD1586 Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment Act Note: RA-Republic Act; PD-Presidential Decree Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

1. Local Government Code

17. Under the Local Government Code (RA 7160), Local Government Units (LGUs) are given the authority to manage the country’s natural resources, the jurisdiction of which previously exercised exclusively by different national government agencies. They can issue local ordinances for the protection and conservation of natural resources within its territorial jurisdiction consistent with national policies. This will strengthen immediate protection of the area while waiting for national legislation declaring Ligawasan Marsh under the NIPAS. The LGUs also have the responsibility over extension and on-site research services and facilities related to agriculture and fishery activities, including water and soil resource utilization and conservation projects and enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters—such as conservation of mangroves. Implementation of community-based forestry projects which include integrated social forestry programs and similar projects like management and control of communal forests, establishment of tree parks, greenbelts, and similar forest development projects. It should however be noted that in cases of Proclaimed

Protected areas, the Protected Area Management Boards (PAMB) have jurisdiction over this areas.

18. One drawback with this type of arrangement is that the LGUs can only manage resources within their respective jurisdictions and do not take into consideration the need for a holistic approach in the management of the interconnection of the various component ecosystems. To be effective, environmental management programs must manage ecosystems that seldom correspond to political boundaries, such as the case of Ligawasan Marsh, making it imperative that local governments jointly manage common resources.

2. National Integrated Protected Area System Act

19. To protect the last remaining representatives of Philippine habitats and ecosystems the Philippine Government enacted the NIPAS Act (RA 7586). The NIPAS Act provides for the establishment and declaration of identified portions of land and water that are considered to have unique physical and biological significance as protected areas. It also provides the framework for a decentralized, community-based resource management strategy and participatory management of natural resources through the PAMB.

20. The law provides for eight possible categories of protected areas that can be established such as: a) strict nature reserve; b) natural park; c) natural monument; d) wildlife sanctuary; e) protected landscapes and seascapes; f) resource reserve; g) natural biotic areas; and h) other categories established by law, conventions or international agreements which the Philippine Government is signatory.

21. The establishment of the Ligawasan marsh as a protected area under the NIPAS Act, which could take longer compared to the provisions of the Local Government Code, has certain distinct advantages. One of which is its ability to transcend political boundaries of local government units. Second it will be more stable in the sense it will not be easy for local politicians to remove the park compared to a local ordinance, and it is given a higher level of importance since the area is considered of national interest.

3. Indigenous People’s Right Act

22. Republic Act 8371, the IPRA, protects the rights of the indigenous people (IP) to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions and institutions. Rights include titles to ancestral domains, covering not only the physical environment but also the spiritual and cultural bonds associated with it. Similarly, the Act confers duties on IPs to help maintain ecological balance (but there is a bias on traditional practices) and restore damage areas, but it also protects the right of IPs in excluding others from exploiting natural resources within their domains.

23. There is available information that the original settlers of Ligawasan Marsh do not want to be referred to as IPs and that the Marsh be referred to as “Homeland of the Bangsa Moro” rather than “Ancestral Domain”. Whether the provisions of this law will be subscribed to by the Muslim communities needs further consultations with the stakeholders.

4. Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act

24. In early 2001, Republic Act No. 9147 otherwise known as the “Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act” was enacted. This new law aims to conserve wildlife resources through regulated sustainable use and establishment of critical habitats for threatened species.

25. Under this legislation, habitats of threatened species outside the protected areas under the NIPAS Act (RA 7586) maybe set aside by the DENR Secretary in coordination with LGUs. Such designation shall be made on the basis of the best scientific data taking into consideration species endemicity and/or richness, presence of man-made pressures and threats to the survival of wildlife living in the area, among others. The critical habitats shall be managed in partnership with the concerned local government units and other stakeholders. The survival of the threatened species shall be given paramount importance in the designated critical habitat’s management and shall be protected from any form of exploitation or destruction which may be detrimental to the species’ survival.

26. Considering the four major options described above, it was agreed by the stakeholders that the conservation and protection of Ligawasan will be according to the protected area system. The advantages under the NIPAS Act are: (i) there will be permanency of the land classification of the area; (ii) it provides participation of the local communities and stakeholders in the management of the area through the PAMB; (iii) provides sustainability of funding through the Integrated Protected Area Fund (IPAF); (iv) provides protection of rights of the local communities over the resources of the area; and (v) provides for integrated management and protection of the ecosystem and their resources beyond political boundaries.

B. Geographic Location and Accessibility

27. The Marsh is located within the three provinces of Maguindanao, Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat (see Annex 1 - Map 1). In the province of Maguindanao, it is located in the following municipalities: Buluan, Datu Paglas, Datu Piang, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Kabuntolan, Pagalungan, Pagagawan, Sultan sa Barongis, Talayan, S. K. Pendatun and Talitay while in North Cotabato, in the following municipalities: Aleosan, Kabacan, Libungan, Matalam, Midsayap, M’lang, Pigcawayan, Pikit and Tulunan. In Sultan Kudarat, the only municipality included is Lambayong. The area is readily accessible by land and water from the West through Cotabato City. Three kilometers from the city are the boundaries of Ebpanan and Libungan Marshes. South eastern boundaries of the Marsh can be accessed through the circumferential road in S.K.Pendatun and S.S.Barongis. Through the eastern approach is a two-and- a-half-hour drive from General Santos via Koronadal or alternatively a two-hour drive from Davao City through Kidapawan, North Cotabato reaching the boundaries of Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan.

C. Physical Geography

1. Topography

28. Ligawasan Marsh is basically a flood plain within the wetland ecosystem of the vast and rich Cotabato River Basin (CRB). A large part of the Ligawasan Marsh area falls on a 0-3% slope which is level to nearly level terrain. There are also occasional patches with greater than three percent slope (see Annex 2 - Map 2).

29. Due to its level to nearly level slope, a large part of the Ligawasan Marsh area falls on “no apparent erosion” category. The elevation of Ligawasan Marsh is from 10-30 meters above sea level.

2. Geology and Soils

30. Generally, the parent material of the soil in LM is derived from coral limestone. The water is loaded with sediments (limestone material) carried through the erosion process. Through the waterways draining into the marsh, soil residues are deposited (siltation) on the flood plains (alluvial soils). The soils in the marsh are characterized by hydrosols, clay loam, and clay soils. The hydrosols are found at the western and eastern ends of the Marsh where severe wetness and poor drainage prevail. Clay loam soil occurs in Timaga, Balut and Kabacan. The clay soils are spread all over Faraon, Kudarangan, and Tamontaka (see Annex 3 - Map 3).

31. In the Ligawasan Marsh proper, the soil pH is within the standard neutral pH value for soil. Organic matter content (2.5%) and CEC (29.88 meq/199g air dried soil) are relatively low in LM proper while soils in Ebpanan and Libungan marshes are higher. In addition, NP content is medium to high and K content is sufficient in all the marshes. In general, nutrient status of the soils in the three marshes is sufficient and within the normal quality of soils.

3. Climate and Precipitation

32. A closer examination of the rainfall distribution in the general vicinity of the marsh shows its lower half which is approximately 176,053 ha and comprising part of Kabuntalan, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Talayan, Datu Piang, Shariff Aguak, and Sultan sa Baronguis areas as having a dry climate (Type 3 or dry zone) marked by one to three months of dry season. The upper half, comprising the municipalities in the province of Cotabato except Pagalungan and SKP of Maguindanao province belongs to Type 4 or moist climate covering about 215,716 ha. The ratio of runoff to precipitation is lowest during the months of January to April while the heavy runoff occurs from the months of July to October particularly in the northwestern part of CRB.

33. The total annual rainfall in CRB is between 2,120 to 2,501 mm with a deviation from the mean total in the order of 21%. The relative humidity in the area is high (86.4%). The mean annual temperature range is from a minimum of 24.7◦C to a maximum of 33.7◦C.

4. Hydrology

34. The Mindanao River is the principal drainage way of CRB which traverses the Ligawasan Marsh (see Annex 4 - Map 4). It is formed by the confluence of three major tributaries: Pulangi River, Ala-a River, and Maganoy River. Pulangi River derives from Bukidnon and joined by smaller Kabacan, Maridagao, and Malitubog Rivers in the north and Libungan River merging in Kabuntalan. In the south is the Ala-a River being supported by Kabulnan River before merging with the Maganoy River down to the town of Datu Piang to empty into the Mindanao River. The river continues down until it reaches Kabuntalan to the northwest where it splits into another tributary river to the left, the Tamontaka River, before it exits to the right, passing through the Quirino Bridge in Cotabato City. Buluan River at the southeastern portion is the main outlet of Lake Buluan. It flows directly into Ligawasan Marsh proper and traverses through to Cugcumen River, merging with

Paidu Pulangi River, which runs on into the Mindanao River passing through Datu Piang to Kabuntalan where it splits at Barangay Tumaginting.

35. Other relatively small rivers flowing from the mountain in the eastern part of LM proper are M’lang, Malasila, Alep and Kapingkong Rivers. They all drain directly into LM proper. The other smaller rivers flowing into the three marshes are Brar and Tambunan Rivers. The Kulangan cut-off channel at the Tunggol bridge drains directly into LM proper bringing with it heavy siltation. Only two major rivers: Pulangi and Buluan Rivers, traverse through LM proper.

36. The quantity and quality of water in the marsh complex is a direct function of the state of CRB. The gradual siltation of large portions of the marsh complex could be traced to the accelerated erosion of degraded watershed. As of 1995, there are five legally-declared watershed reserves in CRB covering 217,807 ha, namely: • Muleta-Manupali Watershed Forest Reserve (61,500 ha) in Lantapan, Pangantukan, Bukidnon; • Sebu Watershed Forest Reserve (4,900 ha) in Banga, Kiamba South Cotabato; • Ala-a River Watershed Forest Reserve (92,450 ha) in Uslan, Banga, Surallah, Kiamba, South Cotabato; • Libungan River Watershed Forest Reserve (52,820 ha) in Libungan, Almada, Cotabato; and • Kidapawan Watershed Reservation in Kidapawan, Cotabato.

5. Water Quality

37. The pH values of the water from the eight rivers ranges from 6.16 to 7.63 which is within the pH 6.5–8.5 normal or standard value in accordance with the DENR AO No. 34. In terms of the Total Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms Most Probable Number (MPN)/100ml, the results of the analysis of the water samples indicate generally values greater than 1,600 MPN/100 ml which is much lower than the Class C water category. The BOD of the water flowing into the Ligawasan Marsh ranges from 0–0.76 ppm which is within the normal status of a good water quality. Total Dissolved Solid values were generally high in the rivers in the Ligawasan Marsh proper and in the Libungan Marsh

38. Sediments (sand, silt and clay) have direct and extreme physical impacts on streams and rivers and eventually contribute to eutrophication. Sediments entering waterways is through erosion processes. Along with the sediment loads carried out, are the soil nutrients—an input (a major factor) in eutrophication process on the growth of phytoplankton.

39. Sediment entering waterways in large amounts has an array of impacts. Sand, silt, clay, and humus are quickly separated by the agitation of flowing water and are carried at different rates. Clay and organic particles are carried in suspension, making the water muddy (turbidity) and reducing light penetration and photosynthesis. As this material settles, it coats everything and continues to block photosynthesis. It also kills the animal organisms by clogging their gills and feeding structures. Eggs of fish and other aquatic organisms are particularly vulnerable to being smothered by sediment. Equally destructive is the bedload, the sand and silt, which is not readily carried in suspension but is gradually washed along the bottom.

D. Biology

1. Wetland Habitat Classification for Ligawasan Marsh

40. The habitat classification scheme as proposed by the RAMSAR Convention is adopted with modifications. This classification is not just based on the plant component but also on major physical properties of the site, ecological successional phases as well as the degree of human impact on the site.

2. Marsh Habitats

41. These are naturally occurring habitat types in wetlands. Several definitions of types and subtypes have been presented elsewhere. For this study, this natural habitat type is characterized by the presence of an assemblage of obligate and facultative hydrophytes (see Annex 5 - Map 5).

42. Freshwater Swamp Forest Habitat. This formation is regularly inundated with mineral-rich freshwaters from rivers and streams. Water levels fluctuate thus allowing periodic drying of the soil surface. Whitmore (1984b) cited two areas of this formation in the Philippines namely, the middle Agusan valley and west of Pagalungan, Mindanao. This forest formation must have been extensive once as evidenced by the extant disparate patches found in the study sites. The floristic composition of this type in the Philippines also has never been studied (Fernando, 1998). The canopy reaches up to 20 meters tall characteristically with Terminalia copelandii or Lanipao as an emergent tree species. The dominant canopy tree species found in the Ligawasan Marsh is Barringtonia racemosa Merr. (locally referred to as “tupak”). In other assemblages, Barringtonia acutangula ssp. acutangula abound. Other woody species include Nauclea orientalis (Bangkal) and Syzygium cf. bordenii Merr. (Malaruhat puti). Tall shrubs and small trees measuring no more than 10 cm such as Premna odorata, P. serratifolia, Securinega virosa, Clerodendrum sp. and Antidesma spp. occupy the lower stratum of the forest. Prominently outstanding in this layer is the bangkal-like tree architecture of Mitragyna diversifolia. Scandent shrubs such as Combretum sp., Stenochlaena palustris (diliman) and viny plants (i.e. Tetrastigma harmandii ,Quisqualis indica ) grow on the branches of the lower canopy. In more open areas along banks of running waters are Dolichandrone spathacea, a medium-size tree characterized by long dark-colored fruits and Pongamia pinnata, a leguminous tree. On drier soils, especially in land formation referred as “talitay”, Lepisanthes fruticosa, Syzygium bordeni and Antidesma spp. gain advantage and are abundant. The ground vegetation is dominated by grasses and aroids. Palms, represented largely by Metroxylon sagu, are usually found bordering waterways, which at times co-occur with the swamp forest type. Small stands of sagu are occasionally found even in areas presently cultivated for crops, indicating that the species must have been a dominant component of this formation. Examples of this type are found in Payan, Ebpanan, S.K.Pendatun, M’Lang, Tulunan and Kabacan. Along water banks subjected to minimal disturbances, successional phases of this type are observed.

43. Herbaceous Swamp Habitat. This habitat forms transitional vegetation composed mostly of herbaceous life form. It characteristically consists of different species categorized as: rooted (grasses, sedges, graminoids and others), emergent (Nymphaea odorata, water lily, Nelumbo nucifera, lotus, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Typha angustifolia, cattails and Nymphoides indica) and floaters (Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth and its close relative Monochoria vaginalis, Pistia stratioides and Lemna pauciflora,). Floaters usually aggregate along considerable

stretches of the banks. The major grasses that usually form extensive clumps include Leersia hexandra, Arundo donax, Phragmites sp., Panicum spp., Echinochloa crus- galli, Rhynchyletrum repens and Brachiaria mutica. Scirpus grossus is the major sedge species in the marsh proper. Other sedge species include Fimbristylis dichotoma, Cyperus iria, Fuirena umbellata, Cyperus brevifolius and Cyperus imbricatus. Most of these species occur in large patches. Vines such as Ipomoea spp, Merremia sp., other members of the family Convolvulaceae and several legumes also grow well in this habitat. This type is observed in portions of Ebpanan, Libungan, S.K.Pendatun, Pagalungan and the Ligawasan Marsh proper in general.

44. Shrub Swamp Habitat. This specialized habitat is typically a transitional stage in the ecological succession of swamps. Large areas exist on land mass formed through siltation subsequently colonized by shrubby plant species, such as Sesbania cannabina. A few individuals of small trees such as those found in the swamp forest occasionally occur. Tetrastigma, Ipomoea and leguminous vines twine around these woody plants. Extensive areas of shrub swamp habitat are also typically found at the confluence of major river systems and their tributaries. Although herbaceous plants readily colonize land masses that are formed from soil deposition, they may eventually be replaced by shrubs. This type is well-developed in Sultan Sa Barongis.

3. Artificial Habitats

45. Artificial habitats are those areas subjected to and maintained as part of human activities (i.e. agriculture, built-up areas etc.).

46. Ricefield Habitat. The two subtypes of ricefield habitats found in the Ligawasan Marsh include: (a) ricefields with bunds located adjacent to herbaceous swamp and freshwater forest swamp habitats, and (b) ricefields without bunds in the interior of the marsh, which are planted to lowland rice varieties as flood water recedes. The associated weeds include Sphenoclea zeylanica, Commelina benghalensis, Murdannia nodiflora and Ludwigia spp. among others.

47. Dryland Agriculture Habitat. This habitat type refers to areas that have been exposed after floodwaters receded thus freeing vast tracts of land for three dominant food crops: maize (Zea mays), upland rice (Oryza sativa), and cassava (Manihot esculenta). Additional economically important plants, such as sesame and summer vegetables are interplanted along with the main crops. The original successional vegetation is mainly characterized by Sesbania cannabina. Large areas of this type are removed (i.e. slash and burn) especially at the start of the dry season, contributing significantly to soil erosion. Farm boundaries are planted to bangkal (Nauclea orientalis), cooking banana (Musa sapientum), and bamboo (Bambusa spp). 4. Open Water Habitats

48. Still Open Water Habitat. In this habitat type, scattered floaters such as Pistia stratioides and Eichhornia crassipes are found. Local human communities use this area for fishing and transportation. Along the periphery of the open water habitat are land areas temporarily converted to other uses by the fisherfolk. There are also some small land masses (islands) formed by the accumulation of dead organic matter (necromass), which are subject to colonization by weedy plants. The dynamics (i.e. ecological succession) of these small islands depend on proximity to river channels, availability of plant propagules, rate of siltation, size and depth of necromass, and hydrological processes among others. The colonization of these

areas by plant propagules is influenced by proximity to land masses and effective dispersal mechanism.

49. Running Open Water Habitat. Running open water habitat are the bodies of water that persist during summer to connect different deep portions of the marsh downstream. This habitat also includes rivers and tributaries that are not necessarily inundated by floodwaters. The movement of this body of water is unidirectional. It serves as passage of the people, often aboard motorized banca. Herbs, few small trees, rice and vegetable planted by nearby communities are found along the banks.

5. Floristic Composition

50. Based on the latest survey, there are 201 plant species reportedly present in the marsh and in its immediate vicinity belonging to 159 genera in 68 plant families. A listing of these species is found in Annex 6. In the same table, their common names and corresponding Maguindanaoan names (based on interviews) as well as species endemism are indicated. Most of these species are found in other marsh areas as well as in waterlogged agricultural fields in the country. Typical composition of marshes includes sedges, grasses, legumes and aquatic hydrophytes such as water lily, water hyacinth, water cabbage and cattails. The forested areas are dominated by bangkal (Nauclea orientalis) and putat (Barringtonia racemosa).

5.1 Conservation Status of Species

51. Using the 2001 IUCN Red Data enumeration for plants, there are no species listed in any conservation status category described in the internationally accepted ratings. There are no endangered, threatened, rare or vulnerable species in the area. This is true at least for those specimens that have been identified to the species level.

52. Comparing the present species list with the article of Tan, Rojo and Fernando in the journal Yushania on the conservation status of Philippine plant species, there are no species that are of immediate conservation concern. However, based on field experience, the Terminalia copelandii, an endemic, although once an abundant species in the remaining swamp forests of the country, is now subjected to pressures leading to probable local extinction. A reassessment of the status of this species in the Red data list therefore is imperative.

5.2 Endemism

53. There is a relatively low endemism of plants in the study site. Twelve species, out of the 201 (6%) listed, are endemic to the Philippines. There are neither species nor genera that are local endemics (i.e., confined to the Ligawasan Area). Most of the 12 species are upland species that were included in the sample to represent associated upland vegetation. Securinega virosa, Lepisanthes fruticosa, Syzygium cf. bordenii, and Terminalia copelandii are found in the swamp forest. The two newly collected tree and lianous specimens of Combretum, the shrubby Clerodendrum and parasitic Scurrula have to be identified to the species level to assess their conservation status and endemism. The endemic species are listed in Table 2.

Table 2. List of Endemic Species in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex Arecaceae Areca caliso e Kalido Kalido Arecaceae Caryota cumingii e Pula Pugahan Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao e Makao Dao Arecaceae Daemonorops mollis e Tanigib Ditaan Euphorbiaceae Securinega virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd) Baill. e Rubiaceae Pertusadina multifolia (Havil.) Ridsel Pandanaceae Sararanga philippinensis e malapandan Malapandan Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosa e Myrtaceae Syzygium cf. bordenii e Lumban malaruhat puti Urticaceae Gonostegia hirta e Anacardiaceae Mangifera philippinensis e Paho Paho Combretaceae Terminalia copelandii e Lipao Lanipao Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

54. Despite the relatively wide distribution of plant species found in the site (non- endemics) and low number of species that are in the Red Data list, the unique assemblage in a wide expanse of area makes the Ligawasan Complex botanically and ecologically important. The various habitats, largely dependent on the dominant plant life form and major physio-chemical factors, offer complex sets of resources and conditions that determine distribution and abundance of fauna and microorganisms.

6. Fauna of the Ligawasan Marsh

55. Annex 7 shows the list of 206 terrestrial vertebrate species, under the classes Aves, Mammalia, Reptilia and Amphibia, which were recorded from 16 locations or study sites.

6.1 Birds

56. Birds have a total of 170 species from 47 families. Thirty seven (37) are migratory species (Annex 8). The number of endemic birds recorded was 39 species (Annex 9), a great majority of which are forest dependent species recorded from patches of swamp forests (e.g. Spizaetus philippensis, one of only three endemic raptors in the Philippines; G allicolumba criniger, the endangered Mindanao Bleeding Heart; the endemic Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Guiabero and Loriculus philippensis, Colasisi; the vulnerable endemic forest kingfishers Alcedo argentata, Ceyx melanurus and Ceyx erithacus; the Sunbirds, Spider Hunters, Flowerpeckers, Leaf- warblers, Babblers, Flycatchers, Whistlers and Tailorbirds like Aethopyga primigenius, Aethopyga pulcherrima, Arachnothera clarae, Dicaeum nigrilore, Dicaeum anthonyi, Dicaeum aeruginosum,. Phylloscopus olivaceus, Macronous striaticeps, Ortho tom us nigriceps, Ficedula basilanica, Pachycephala philippensis, etc.) The marsh-dependent Tachybaptus ruficollis cotabato an endemic race of Grebe and Anas luzonica, the only endemic Philippine Duck are the only non-forest dependent endemic bird species in Ligawasan. The Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea a marsh bird which has been recorded only in Ligawasan Marsh in the Philippines was also recorded during the survey. Table 3 lists some endemic species with their habitat preferences. The significant number of endemic species which are forest-dependent highlights the importance of the remaining swamp forest habitats for the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh.

Upper Row left to right: Barringtonia acutangula, Antidesma sp. (fruits), Pongamia pinnata Lower row: Barringtonia racemosa (fruits), Barringtonia racemosa (flowers) and Antidesma sp (flowers)

Clockwise from top left: Polygonum, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides, Nelumbo, Nymphoides, Nymhaea

Upper : Open fields with several species of low-lying grasses and forbs Middle : Open area lined with trees establishing property boundaries Lower : A flock of migratory birds

Clockwise from top left : Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea, immature), Nyticorax nyticorax, Ardea purpurea mature, White-browed Crake (Porzania cineria), Darter (Anningha melanogaster), Purple swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio)

Most of the resident bird species are common in the open swamp habitats or marshy grasslands (e.g. Ardea purpurea and Ardeola speciosa) or even in the cultivated rice fields (e.g. Bubulcus ibis, Butorides striatus, Egretta garzetta, Egretta intermedia and Egretta alba). These species have both resident and migrant populations. Table 4 shows the migratory species and their associated habitats.

57. A total of 13 threatened bird species were recorded for the Ligawasan Marsh e.g. Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night Heron (Vulnerable), the endemics like Anas luzonica (Vulnerable), Spizaetus philippensis (Vulnerable), the Gallicolumba criniger (Endangered), Alcedo argentata (Vulnerable), Ceyx melanurus (Vulnerable), Ficedula basilanica (Vulnerable), etc.

6.2 Mammals

58. There are 14 species of mammals identified with three endemic species, i.e., Ptenochirus minor Lesser Musky Fruit Bat, Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat and Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig (Annex 10). Nine species are volant species comprising the fruit bats (Megachiropterans) e.g. P. jagori, P. minor, Cynopterus brachyotis, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Macroglossus minim us, Eonyceris spalaea, and the insectivorous bats (Microchiropterans) e.g. Hipposideros diadema and Myotis sp..

6.3 Reptiles

59. There are 13 species of reptiles accounted, with one threatened endemic, i.e. the Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis. The Ligawasan Marsh is considered as one of the last strongholds of this endemic crocodile in the country, where the more widespread and larger species Crocodylus porosus is also known to occur.

6.4 Amphibians

60. Nine species of Amphibians including one endemic species Kaloula conjuncta, were recorded from Ligawasan. The marsh is also considered also as one of the most important habitats for the Philippine amphibians. When the peace and order situation of the area would allow it, the survey on amphibians should be a priority activity.

Table 3 List of Some Endemic, Near Threatened and Vulnerable Species in 16 Survey Sites. Conservation Species Name Common Name Local Name Endemism Habitat Status Aethopyga primigenius Grey-hooded Near Swamp Sunbird K’nti (K-nti) Near threatened Endemic Forest Aethopyga pulcherrima Metallic-winged Non Threatened Swamp Sunbird Kenti Species (NTS) Endemic Forest Swamp Aethopyga shelleyi Lovely Sunbird K’nti (K-nti) NTS Endemic Forest Swamp Alcedo argentata Silvery Kingfisher Kasing-sing NTS Endemic Forest Amaurornis olivaceus Plain Bush-hen Near Swampl Tugling NTS Endemic Forest Anas luzonica Philippine Duck Wawaling Vulnerable Endemic Marsh Arachnothera clarae Naked-faced Swamp Spiderhunter Sulit NTS Endemic Forest Gallicolumba criniger Mindanao Bleeding Heart Punalada Endangered Endemic Forest Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Limoken Brown Dove or Tegol NTS Endemic Forest Ptilinopus occipitalis Yellow-breasted Limoken Fruit Dove or Tegol NTS Endemic Forest Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Guaiabero Swamp Kalopindo NTS Endemic Forest Loriculus philippensis Phil Hanging Swamp Parakeet Colasisi NTS Endemic Forest Centropus melanops Black-faced Shrub Coucal Sagusok NTS Endemic /Forest Shrub Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Sagusok NTS Endemic IForest Collocalia troglodytes Pygmy swiftlet Kalugay NTS Endemic Open area Little Slaty Ficedula basilanica Flycatcher N/A Vulnerable Endemic Forest Dicaeum aeruginosum Striped Swamp Flowerpecker Btig (B-tig) NTS Endemic Forest Flame-crowned Swamp Dicaeum anthonyi Flowerpecker N/A Near threatened Endemic Forest Red-keeled Swamp Dicaeum australe Flowerpecker N/A NTS Endemic Forest Bi-colored Swamp Dicaeum bicolor Flowerpecker N/A NTS Endemic Forest Dicaeum hypoleucum Buzzing Flowerpecker Upa-na-bai NTS Endemic Forest Olive-capped Dicaeum nigrilore Flowepecker N/A NTS Endemic Forest Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy Swamp Flowerpecker Kmes-sa-bai NTS Endemic. Forest Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

Table 4. List of Migratory Species of Birds Recorded in Ligawasan Marsh After three Field Surveys in May-June, September and November-December 2004. SCIENTIFIC COMMON NAME LOCAL CONSERVATION HABITAT NAME NAME STATUS Podiceps ruficollis Black—necked Grebe Balisuk NTS Swamp Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron B’gok (B-gok) NTS Swamp Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Egretta garzetta Little Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Egretta alba Great Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Butorides striatus Little Heron Bigua NTS Swamp Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Mamawa-sa- NTS Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron Swamp, forest kuden Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night Heron Bigua NTS Swamp, forest Tayabpis-sa- NTS Ixobrychus eurhytmus Schrenk's Bittern Swamp bagombong Anas crecca Great Winged Teal Itik NTS Swamp Pandion haliaetus Osprey Banog Open field swamp forest Circus melanoleucos Pied Harrier Kuligi NTS Open field Swamp forest Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey Buzzard Banog NTS Open field Swamp forest Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen T’lek (T-lek) NTS Swamp Charadrius dubius Little-ringed Plover Tla-tla NTS Swamp Recurvirostra avosetta Pied Avocet N/A NTS Swamp Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt N/A NTS Swamp Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank N/A NTS Swamp Tringa glareola Wood sandpiper N/A NTS Swamp Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint N/A NTS Swamp Sterna hirundo Common Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest Monticola solitarius Bluerock Thrush Kasiang-siang NTS Forest or open field Locustella fasciolata Gray's Grasshopper Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland Locustella ochotensis Middendorf's Grasshopper Open Grassland Warbler Tuliok NTS Grassland Muscicapa griseisticta Grey-streaked Bonga NTS Forest Flycatcher Motacilia cinerea Grey Wagtail N/A NTS Open field Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail N/A NTS Open field Anthus hodgsoni Olive Tree Pipit Bayako NTS Open field Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Kendas NTS Forest/ grassland Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

7. Fish and Aquatic Biodiversity

7.1 Fishes

61. Of the 30 species collected from the three sites, 20 or 65% of them are native and 11 or 35% are introduced. Libungan Marsh has the most number of species, of the 27 species noted, five species are marine forms known to be able to enter a few kilometers upstream of the river mouth. Of the 22 collected and noted from Ebpanan Marsh, three are predominantly marine forms. Only 18 species were collected from Ligawasan Marsh, all of which are known to live in freshwater habitats only.

62. Libungan Marsh and Ebpanan Marsh are on the downstream area of Cotobato River. High tides and low inland water levels are very good conditions by which saltwater could enter several kilometers upstream. During such occasions, marine and estuarine euryhaline fish species (trevallys, glassfishes, etc) and other biota may be able to reach far inland. As a consequence, Ebpanan and Libungan Marsh, as occasional ecotones, exhibit edge effects such as having higher species counts than Ligawasan Marsh. On the other hand, there were species, like Puntius binotatus and Clarias nieuhoffi in Ligawasan Marsh that were so far not collected nor noted from the two other marshes. Presumably, they could not tolerate the occasional intrusion of saltwater. Herre (1924) reported seven species of the genus Puntius. It is believed that only two species have remained extant among which is the Puntius binotatus. It is present in Agusan River and its tributaries as well as in Agusan Marsh. As it is native to Southeast Asia, from Thailand to Indonesia and the Philippines, it may well be fairly distributed in the whole of Mindanao.

7.2 Mollusks and Crustaceans Biodiversity

63. Fourteen (14) species of mollusks have been noted in the marsh (see Table 5). The thiarids are the most diverse, as expected in most tropical freshwater habitats. There are no notable species. All the mollusks found are widely distributed in the Philippines.

64. Table 5 shows a list of the three native species of crustaceans gathered from Ligawasan Marsh. It is highly probable that these species also exist in the two other marshes.

Table 5. List of Species of Mollusks and Crustaceans including their Local and Common Names, Origin and Distribution in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex Local Common Family Species name Name Origin LlBUNGAN EBPANAN LlGAWASAN A. MOLLUSCS VIVIPARIIDAE Vivipara costata Suso Native present present present Pomacea Golden Apple AMPULLARIIDAE Canaliculata Kuhol Snail Introduced present present present Neritina NERITINIDAE coromandeliana native present present absent Septaria parcel/ana native present present present L YMNAEIDAE Radix auadrasi native present present present melanoides THIARIIDAE Perrimosa native present present present Thiara scabra native present present present Stenomelania Juncea native present present present

Tarebia granifera native present present present Indoplanorbis PLANORBIDAE Exustus native present present present Physastra Hungerfordiana native present present present Corbicula CYRENIDAE Manillensis native present present present Solentellina TELLINIDAE Elonaata present present present Cristaria Dlicata absent absent present B.CRUSTACEANS Caridina Brachvdactvla Macrobrachium mammilodactvlus Macrobrachium Scabriculum Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

7.3 Plankton Diversity

65. The marshes are relatively depauperate. Only about a dozen plankton genera were collected and identified (Table 6). Only about four species of phytoplankton were collected and identified from Ebpanan marsh and the adjacent Cotobato River. As Libungan Marsh is just nearby and would be continuous with Ebpanan during the floods, it is assumed that Libungan would also have similar species of plankton as Ebpanan. Not only are the plankton species depauperate, they are also so rare that the average density is about 20 individuals per liter of water.

Table 6. List of Species of Plankton and Distribution in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex -- DIVISION GENUS EBPANAN LlGAWASAN Phytoplankton Chlorophyta Spirogyra RARE RARE Cyanophyta Microcystis RARE MANY Rare to abundant depending on site Lynbva RARE Oscillatoria RARE Chrvsophvta Navicula RARE FEW Fragilaria FEW Cymbella RARE FEW Amohora FEW Aulacoseira FEW Svnedra FEW Zooplankton

Brachionus RARE RARE Copepod RARE RARE Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

8. Productivity of the Marshes

66. With the paucity of phytoplankton, it is assumed that primary and secondary (zooplankton) productivity is generally low, though probably increasing a little in the more lentic areas of the marsh during the dry season. Lotic systems such as the Cotobato River and the portions of the marshes where the main river channel flows are expected to contain very few plankton species both in diversity and abundance values. With a low primary and zooplankton productivity, this becomes a deterring factor for the nourishment of the fishes. Given the available data, it appears that fish productivity is dependent on the energy pathways: a) living submerged plant as a base resource, b) preying on aquatic invertebrates, and c) detrivory.

67. Fish aquaculture appears, for now, not to be a good alternative livelihood option. Maintaining traditional methods will probably have a lesser negative impact than introducing high-energy subsidy aquaculture on the aquatic environment.

E. Socio-Economic Profile

1. Demography

68. As of the May 2000 census of the National Statistics Office, the total population in all the 21 Municipalities and one city covering Ligawasan Marsh is around 1,094,170. Table 7 shows relevant population statistics (as of May 2000) per municipality.

Table 7. Population of Municipalities within Ligawasan Marsh as of May 2000 census of the National Statistics Office PROVINCE/ MUNICIPALITY POPULATION As of May 2000 A. Maguindanao 1. Kabuntalan 23,137 2. D.O. Sinsuat 71,569 3. Talayan 33,129 4. Talitay 17,026 5. Datu Piang 67,303 6. S.K. Pendatun 28,374 7. S.S. Barongis 34,709 8. Datu Paglas 20,014 9. Pagalungan 25,908 10. Pagagawan 27,010 11. Buluan 51,098 12. Cotabato City 150,450 Sub-Total 549,727 B. North Cotabato 13. Pigkawayan 51,008 14. Midsayap 105,760 15. Aleosan 26,164 16. Pikit 68,455 17. Kabacan 61,818 18. Matalam 60,135 19. M'lang 78,170 20. Tulunan 41,741 Sub-Total 493,251 C. Sultan Kudarat 21. Lambayong 51,192 GRAND TOTAL 1,094,170 Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

69. Out of the 7,230 interviewed, about 27.2% of the households have been living in the marshland before 1960 and 25.3% in the period of 1961 to 1970. One may conclude, therefore, that majority (52.5%) of the households interviewed has been living in the marshland during the last 30 to 40 years. The rest of the households settled in the marshland from 1971-1980 (24.2%) while almost 15% came to the Ligawasan Marsh only in the 1990s or even more recently. These findings tend to suggest that there was a significant movement of people towards the Ligawasan Marsh area during the last 30 years, possibly in search of land to cultivate.

70. Age of Household-Respondents (Appendix, Table 1). Results of the survey show that majority of the household-respondents fall within the 26 to 30 years old and 46 to 50 years old age bracket. Respondents falling under 26 to 30, 31 to 35, 36 to 40, 41 to 45, and 46 to 50 age categories made up 13.8%, 17.1%, 15.0%, 13.3%, and 10.9% of the sample, respectively, for a total of 59.9%. One can, therefore, conclude that areas covered by the survey have a relatively young population. One reason, for this according to key informants, is the tendency among Muslims to marry at a young age.

71. Household Size (Appendix, Table 2). Of the 3,797 households surveyed, 1,173 or 30.9% had a household size of three to four members while nine hundred eighty four (984) respondents had a household size of five to six members. It can be inferred from this data that majority of the households surveyed (56.8%) have a household size of three to six. Less than 10% of the households had a household size of nine to ten and above. These findings tend to conform to studies which show the contraction of household size in the Philippines due to economic hardship. This trend also applies to the areas surveyed considering the economic hardship prevailing in these areas and not to mention the relatively young population that comprise the Ligawasan Marsh communities.

72. Pagalungan has the highest number of households (37.7%) with a household size of three to four followed by the Kabacan with 36.9%. M’lang and Kabacan had the highest number of respondents with a household size of five to six with 31.5% and 28.6%, respectively. S. K. Pendatun accounted for the highest number of respondents with a household size seven to eight with 28.1%.

73. Religious Affiliation (Appendix, Table 3). Eight religious affiliations were represented by the respondents, namely, Islam, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Baptist, Seventh Day Adventist, Aglipay, Iglesia ni Kristo, and Methodist. Islam was the predominant religion of the respondents especially in the Municipalities of Paglat, Sultan sa Barongis, and Datu Montawal, where 100% of the household heads interviewed were followers of Islam. Roman Catholics were noted in the Municipalities of Tulunan, M’lang, and Kabacan who comprised 28.4%, 13.5%, and 4.8% of the sample, respectively. The presence of Roman Catholics and other Christians in the survey area is basically due to migration earlier of Ilocanos, Ilonggos, Cebuanos, and other ethnic groups to the Provinces of Maguindanao and North Cotabato.

74. Educational Attainment (Appendix, Table 4). The study noted the low level of education of household-respondents across municipalities. On the average, less than two percent of the respondents had a college degree, less than four percent reached college level, less than seven percent finished and reached high school, less than six percent finished elementary, and less than 35% reached elementary level. It also appears that almost one-third of the household heads interviewed have no formal schooling. About 10% of the respondents took up Arabic studies.

75. Low educational attainment of the respondents is not a surprise considering the physical location of Ligawasan Marsh communities. Schools are usually found in the town proper and urban centers which are sometimes several kilometers away from the marsh. Access between the Ligawasan Marsh communities and the town proper becomes a problem during the rainy season due to floods. Moreover, poverty in the Ligawasan Marsh area exerts a lot of pressure to children to drop out of school so that they help earn additional income for the family.

Of the nine municipalities, S.K. Pendatun had the highest number of respondents who were college graduates with 15, followed by Sultan sa Barongis with 12, Pikit with ten while Paglat and Datu Montawal had only one each. Pikit had the highest number of respondents who finished high school with 67 and reached college with 35 and while Datu Montawal had the lowest number of respondents who finished high school with only three.

76. Ethnic Origin (Appendix, Table 5). Five (5) ethnic groups were noted among the respondents namely, Maguindanaoan, Ilonggo, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Igorot. On the average, over 90% of the respondents were Maguindanaoan, over one-fifth were Ilonggo, less than two percent were Cebuano, less than 10% were Ilocano, while Igorot made up a very small minority.

77. In each of the survey area, respondents of Maguindanaoan descent comprised a dominant majority. Tulunan has the smallest majority of respondents with Maguindanaoan descent at 62.1% while in Pagalunagn, all the respondents were Maguindanaoans. Respondents with Ilonggo descent were found in Tulunan and Malang while those with Cebuano descent were found in the Tulunan, Datu Montawal, and Pikit.

2. Land Use

Land use of the municipalities within the Marsh

78. Using remote sensing and Geographic Information System, vegetation cover mapping of Ligawasan Marsh showed, the following landcover/land uses: water bodies, forest, agriculture, brushland/shrubland, open/grassland, and built-up areas. (Table 8)

Table 8. Comparative Estimates of Landcover/Landuse during Dry & Wet season Seasonal Change (hectare) Landcover/landuse dry season % of Total Wet Season % of Total Increase Increase dry season wet season Wetlands 30,971 6 38,286 8 - 7,315 Mangrove 1,100 1,100 Flowing 1,331 2,141 Standing 25,340 35,045 Forest 7,481 2 7,616 2 - 135 closed canopy 826 826 Open canopy 6,655 6,790 Agriculture 151,999 31 240,865 49 - 88,866 Open/grassland 222,103 46 11,479 2 210,624 Brushland/shrubland 72,334 15 186,209 38 - 113,875 Built up areas 2,641 1 3,074 1 432.7 TOTAL 487529 487529 Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

79. Water bodies include rivers, creeks, swamp area, marshes, mangrove area (i.e. along the bay area). Two general categories for wet areas were used, namely, standing water (e.g. lakes and ponds) and flowing water (e.g. rivers and creeks). The dry season image showed shallow areas of the marsh which when viewed during the wet season were fully under water (see Annex 11 - Map 6). Satellite image for the wet season showed more water bodies compared to the dry season, an increase of about 7,315 ha.

80. The satellite imagery also showed the presence of about 826 ha of closed canopy forest. Patches of open canopy forest, however, can be seen. These are located in-between the two main rivers draining to the bay. Patches of open canopy forest are also apparent in small occurrences in the Ligawasan Marsh area. Closed canopy forest exhibits 50%-100% canopy cover while open canopy forest exhibits up to 50% canopy cover. It should be noted that open canopy cover includes a mixture of shrubs, grasses, and remnant mature trees and coconut plantation.

81. Land subjected to agriculture is mostly to the north of Libungan Marsh and to the north, east and south of Ligawasan Proper while few patches occur south of Ebpanan Marsh. Based on field visits to the area, this is composed of mixed agricrops of corn, rice, green leafy vegetables, and grasses. Canopy cover is low (less than 10%) with no developed vegetation communities. Areas are dry and bare due to crops harvested.

82. It is interesting to note that the declared Bird Sanctuary has remained relatively intact over the years. However, no apparent advanced vegetational development can be found in the area.

83. Brushland/shrublands show canopy cover between 10% and 50%. Canopies are developing and partially open and composed of a mixture of mostly dense grasses and trees.

84. Open grasslands are bare soil and grasses (mostly dry grasses) including eroded areas. About 45 % of the area registered as open/grassland during the dry season while only two percent registered as such during the wet season.

85. The built-up area is a mixture of residential, commercial and industrial areas. Mainly roads, building structures, galvanized iron houses such as in the Cotabato City area. One percent of the total study site is built-up.

86. Classification of satellite image for Ligawasan Marsh present interesting observations and is summarized as follows:

• During the dry season, there are fewer wetlands than during the wet season (a difference of about 7,300 ha). This is expected owing to more moisture during the wet season. • The marsh areas are more spread out and in fragments. The decrease in size is apparent during the dry season where traces of the ‘natural’ boundaries of the marshland can be observed. • Agriculture is higher during the wet season than during the dry season. • Open/grassland areas tend to increase considerably during the dry season. • Brushlands/shrublands increased by 149% during the wet season. This may be due to the spectral response of green vegetation.

2.1 Land Use/ Land Cover Trend

87. A classified satellite image from 1988 was compared with the classified satellite image from 2001 (PASA Study) covering an approximate area of 202,000 ha of Ligawasan Marsh (Annex 12-Map 7).

Table 9. Land Use/ Land Cover Trend in Percent (1988 – 2001) Open Closed Mainly Brush/ Wet Land use/cover 2001 Built-up Canopy Canopy Agri Shrub Lands Land use/cover 1988 Forest Forest Built-up 71 23 5 1 - - Mainly Agriculture 1 63 29 6 - 1 Mainly Agriculture w/ Brush - 100 - - - - Lake 78 1 21 - - - Siltation Pattern in Lake - - - 100 - - Mangrove Vegetation - - - 100 - - Marshy Area and Swamp - 30 27 38 5 - Fishponds derived from Mangrove - 1 - 99 - - Open Canopy Forest - - - - 100 - Other Plantations - 92 5 3 - - Grassland - 4 96 - - - Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

88. In 1988, there were approximately 877 ha of built-up areas. Table 9 shows, 71% or more than 620 ha also registered as built-up in the 2001 satellite image. Most of the remaining lands were converted into agriculture (23%) with some apparently being abandoned and registered as brushland/shrubland (5%). However, looking at the 2001 column on built-up, 78% of the areas that were classified as lake in 1988 have now been captured by the 2001 satellite image as built-up area. This represents more than 3,300 ha of the river boundaries and adjacent sites that have now been converted into settlement areas.

89. Other major land use/land cover categories have corresponded well between 1988 and 2001, specifically agriculture, wetlands, and especially the open canopy forest. However, out of the almost 140,000 ha estimated as mainly agricultural in 1988, around 760 hectares registered as closed canopy forest in 2001. The most recent field visit to the area indicates that these are actually herbaceous swamp forests. Under the same estimate, more than 41,000 ha registered as brushland/shrubland, more than 8,000 ha registered as wetlands while almost 900 ha registered as built-up. What was reportedly the area with an open canopy in 1988 apparently has remained the same. In all, the built-up areas multiplied more than five times (about 5,000 ha) during the period 1988 to 2001. It is also interesting to note that in 1988, the marshy area and swamp was estimated at 42,500 ha. In 2001, the area decreased by about 16,900 ha to around 25,600 ha. These could be attributed to increased anthropogenic activities in the area.

3. Proposed Protected Area [see Annex 13 - Map 8]

90. The proposed criteria in the delineation of the Ligawasan Marsh protected area is listed below:

1. 30m elevation (based on the historical map of the area, this corresponds to the upper limit of the marsh)

2. administrative boundary specifically the barangays facing the marsh (for administration purposes) 3. circumferential road (development is usually associated with accessibility in terms of facilitating interventions; physical boundary is a useful delineation) 4. presence of varied habitats 5. the bird sanctuary 6. river system (it is a convenient natural boundary)

91. The proposed protected area has an estimated area of 215,489 ha (in PASA, the proposal was an area covering about 281,567 ha). Annex 14 lists the technical description in longitude and latitude. This description is initial in nature and should be simplified and updated based on ground features (i.e. natural boundaries and landmarks).

4. Income and Livelihood

92. Results of the survey showed that farming, livestock/poultry production, and fishing are the three major sources of livelihood of the people in the marshland. Overall, 80.4% of the households rely on farming for subsistence while 46.2% and 44.5% were engaged in fishing and livestock/poultry raising. It can also be inferred from the results of the survey that the households had multiple sources of income. That is, aside from farming, they are also involved in other livelihood activities, such as fishing, livestock/poultry raising, wildlife gathering, handicraft-making, and the like.

93. It must be noted that a big portion of the marshland is submerged under water for almost six months, from the later part of June to the early part of December. Having multiple sources of income is, therefore, one coping mechanism of the people in order to survive during this period when farming is not possible. This also explains why fishing registered the highest number of respondents, next to farming, as this is the most feasible livelihood activity when most of the marshland communities are submerged under water.

94. Rice, corn, cassava, and vegetables are the major food crops planted by the household-respondents. The predominance of rice and corn cultivation in the area is confirmed by the number of respondents who are involved in this economic activity. Some 95.09% of the respondents were found to be rice farmers while 56.06% of them are corn farmers.

95. Rice is planted, either in ricefields adjacent to herbaceous swamp and freshwater forest swamp or in ricefields found in the interior of the marsh. It is usually planted in these areas as flood water recedes. Planting of rice may start as early as November or as late as June depending on how fast the flood water recedes. Harvesting may start as early as February if planted in November or as late as October if planted in June. Most farmers, however, plant rice during the January- February period when flood water has already subsided. The total area of land planted to rice by the household-respondents is estimated at 3,956 ha with a total production of 191,540 sacks of palay.

96. Corn, cassava, and vegetables are planted in areas that have been exposed after flood water had receded. Planting of corn may start as early as October but most farmers start planting during the months of March and April. Estimated total area planted with corn by the respondents is about 3,145 ha with a total estimated production of 262,498 sacks Harvesting takes place as early as February if planted in

November or as late as June or July if planted between March and April, which is just in time before the start of the rainy season.

97. Cassava and vegetables are planted in areas that are suited to corn and other upland crops. It is planted as early as November in some areas where flood water had already receded or as late as June in elevated portion of the marsh. Harvesting is done in four to five months depending on the need for cash and/or climatic consideration. On the other hand, vegetables like sitao, pechay, okra, and others are planted as early December or as late as June. Vegetable production is mostly for home consumption. Other crops grown by the households in the survey area are coconut, banana, papaya, mango, and other perennial fruit trees. Planting of these fruit trees are limited to backyard type either in small patches or as boundary marker or fencing.

98. Fishing appears to be the second major livelihood activity of the households in the survey area. Overall, almost half of the households (46.2%) depend on this livelihood activity for subsistence especially during the period when the marshland is flooded. Fishing is done either in open water of the marsh or along tributaries that empty into the marsh.

99. Fishing methods employed by the household-respondents include hook and line, pintik, fish net, fish cage, fish corral, talik, salakab, and sukob (Appendix, Table 6). Majority of the respondents (55.0%) used fish net. Some respondents, however, noted the use of electrofishing and poison that indiscriminately kill both small and big fishes.

100. Gathering wildlife from the marsh appears to be a supplementary livelihood activity of most households. However, overall, only a very small number of households (2.7%) were found to engage in this activity perhaps due to uncertainty in the volume of harvest, difficulty in locating wildlife species, and long period of time required before catching any wildlife. Some respondents even regarded wildlife gathering not as a livelihood activity but more of a past time since they sometimes end up with no catch or no harvest at all after a day of wandering in the marsh.

101. Livestock/Poultry Raising. This livelihood activity provides supplemental income among households who are engaged in farming. It is the third major livelihood activity in terms of the number of households involved.

102. Animals raised by the households include chicken, duck, cattle, carabao, goat, turkey, goose, horse, dove, and pig. More households were found to be raising chicken (28.6%), followed by those raising duck (20.1%), carabao (16.1%), goat (12.8%), and cattle (4.2%). Incidentally, chicken had the biggest population followed by duck, goat, carabao, and cattle with an estimated number of heads of 14,875; 5,508; 1,218; 759; and 186, respectively (Appendix, Table 7). The study noted the raising of pig in the towns of Tulunan, M’lang, Kabacan, and Pikit, presumably by Christian household-respondents.

103. The common method employed in raising livestock and poultry includes feedlot, teethering, cut and carry, grazing, and others (Appendix, Table 8). More households were found to employ feedlot method in raising livestock. The findings further suggest that households raising livestocks tend to adopt a combination of any of the aforementioned methods, like teethering and cut and carry. The latter is usually employed when conditions do not allow the teethering of animal in the open, especially during rainy days or when the marshland is submerged under water.

104. Handicraft-making. A total of 230 households are engaged in handicraft- making across nine municipalities, which comprise only 6.1% of the total respondents. The number is relatively small since it is not considered by the households as a major livelihood activity but more as a supplement to farming activity. The decision of the household whether or not to engage in handicraft making is apparently influenced by their skill in handicraft-making and the availability of raw materials. It was further learned during the survey that these households would normally venture into handicraft-making if there is an explicit demand or if there is already a prospective market for a particular handicraft item. Women are the ones involved in handicraft-making.

105. Of the nine municipalities, Kabacan registered the highest number of households (15.5%) who reported their engagement in handicraft-making (Appendix, Table 9). This is probably due to the municipality’s proximity to market centers and availability of raw materials for handicraft-making particularly nipa and pandan. The survey also noted 13 types of handicraft-making activities, namely: kalakat making, mat weaving, coconut leaves, nipa hat making, wall making, fish equipment, talik making, roof making, hat making, cogon making, dressmaking, wood bundling, and bagombong making. It appears that more households are into mat weaving followed by nipa hat making and kalakat making.

106. Other Sources of Income. The survey confirms the perceptions that not all households living in the Ligawasan Marsh area depend on farming, fishing, wildlife collection, livestock/poultry raising, and handicraft-making for a living. This is indicated by 1,190 respondents or 31.3% of the sample who reported their involvement in other sources of incomes, such as working as a carpenter, rice mill operator, laborer, businessman, vendor, sari-sari store owner, government employee, teacher, driver, and the like (Appendix, Table 10). Only 438 out of the 1,190 respondents, however, reported their specific livelihood activity under this category. Being a laborer ranked first followed by those involved in trade and retail (i.e. sari-sari store, vendor, buy-and-sell, and business), and drivers, in that order.

107. Estimated Household Income (Appendix, Table 11). Farming and fishing are the main sources of income of households living within or along the marshland. Their livelihood activities are affected, however, by periodic flooding during the rainy season, resulting to low income. Results of the survey tend to attest to this as shown by a majority of the households (58.1%) whose annual income is P 60,000 and below, which is way below the poverty threshold level set by the NEDA. In fact, only 14.3% of the households had an estimated annual income of P 41,000 to P 60,000 while 22.4% had an estimated income of P 21,000 to P 40,000. Over one-fifth (21.5%) of the households earned an annual income below P 20,000, which makes them the poorest among the respondents of the survey.

108. The study also noted the presence of households who earned an estimated annual income of P 100,000 and above. They made up 16.5% of the household- respondents. Their annual income, however, is still way below the poverty threshold level that would afford them better living condition.

109. Paglat had the highest number of households, at 45.1%, whose annual estimated income is below P 20,000 followed by M’lang with 29.9% and Pagalungan with 28.3%. On the other hand, Pikit had the highest number of households, at 29.4%, with an estimated annual income of above P 100,000 followed by Pagalungan with 19.4% and Datu Montawal with 18.6%.

F. Assessment of Management and Interventions

110. The management of the proposed PA would also include the Ebpanan and Libungan Marshes (zones 3, 4, and 5) and the adjacent off-site upland watersheds since the habitat and wildlife found in these minor marshes are also threatened by the people living there and because the watersheds continue to stand as a big threat to the long term sustainability of the whole marsh.

111. Ligawasan Marsh as well as the Ebpanan and Libungan Marshes have provided the Maguindanaon inhabitants of the marsh and the nearby communities, the common place (similar to money bank) to serve as livelihood project where they get the resources (fish, birds, plants, etc) freely at their own will and pleasure. The traditional leaders (Datu or any prominent citizen) are in control of the total peace and stability in the marsh. The traditional leaders served as the grand guardian of the marsh. The integrity of Ligawasan Marsh has been preserved and stands as a unique cultural heritage . . . the home of the Bangsamoro.

112. It is a wetland ecosystem and considered among the Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities. Based on the Protected Area Suitability Assessment of DENR, it is recommended as a Natural Biotic Area under NIPAS.

113. The following are management/interventions that have been done and proposed to be undertaken by various agencies. Management/Intervention can be traced as presented in the following review: • 1983 – 1986 : SPDA Projects • 1986 – 1999 : Ministry Human Settlement (KKK) Projects • 1986 –1999: PC – LGSP-assisted capability building on local governance, advocacy, strategic planning, research and profiling, educational tour and scholarship program. The output included the following: Organized Technical Working Group (TWG) composed of multi-sectoral representatives. Organized Bantay Pawas in S. K. Pendatun Organized gender and environment advocates Increased revenue generation, etc. • 2001 Ligawasan Marsh Development Master Plan (NEDA Project) • 2000 – 2002: UNDP –RNE-GEP Small Grant Assisted Community Resource Management • 2001 – 2002 : World Bank Assisted Project for Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA) of Ligawasan Marsh • 2001 : Community Based Resource Management for Ligawasan Marsh and Lake Buluan • 2001: AusAID approved training for 25 participants for Environmental Protection, Management and Conservation of Ligawasan Marsh • 2002 – Present : Ligawasan Marsh Integrated Conservation and Resource Management Project (UNDP) • 2002 – Present: Advocacy for the Conservation and Management of Ligawasan Marsh Towards Sustainable Development Project (FPE/Ford Motor Company Conservation and Environmental Grants).

Current Interventions per Municipality

114. During the last 10 years, the three provinces where the Ligawasan Marsh is located had been the focus of development assistance both from local and international sources. The following section will give an idea on what has been done in the municipality vis-à-vis the Ligawasan Marsh over the past 10 years and what still needs to be done.

115. Based on reviewed documents, it is apparent that there is a limited effort aimed at protecting and conserving the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh. Results of the PASA will show that reforestation projects were undertaken in the municipalities of Datu Piang, S. K. Pendatun, Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan involving 60 ha, one ha, 20 ha, 3.5 ha, and 312 ha, respectively. Other related interventions that were noted were road construction in Datu Piang, cooperative development in Datu Piang, flood control in Pagalungan, multipurpose building construction in Sultan sa Barongis and Pikit, toilet construction and water sanitation in Sultan sa Barongis, housing project in Sultan sa Barongis and Pikit, fish landing construction and mosque construction in Pikit, and agriculture and livelihood support project. The Municipality of Pagagawan had no on-going development projects at the time PASA was conducted (see Table 10 below).

116. LGUs Proposals for Intervention: • The summary of Development Projects and Environmental issues and Interventions (initiated or needed) is presented in Annex 15

Table 10. Inventory of Related Programs and Projects of the 10 Ligawasan Marsh Municipalities. Municipality Related Programs and Projects Datu Piang Construction of a congressional building in Barangay Sambolawan by ZOPPAD-CIDSS 3-year barangay road project by DPWH 7-year reforestation project involving 60 hectares 10-year private sector-led cooperative project in Barangay Damabalas Pagagawan No on-going development project Pagalungan Flood control project and construction of irrigation facilities S. K. Pendatun 1-hectare Integrated Social Forestry project assisted by CIDA There were other projects in health, agriculture, and education implemented in the area about 2 or 3 years ago Sultan sa Barongis 1-hectare housing project implemented by DSWD Construction of a multipurpose building project 3-hectare toilet construction project in 3 sitios by Accion Contra Hambre Water sanitation (water pump) project in a sitio by Accion Contra Hambre Kabacan 20-hectare community forest project M’lang 3.5 hectare community forest project Pikit 4.5-hectare housing project in barangay Bulod and Bagoenged undertaken by DSWD Fish landing and multipurpose hall covering an area of 2,400 sqm and

800 sqm, respectively, in Barangay Bagoenged implemented by DSWD Mosque construction in barangays Bulod and Bagoenged through a foreign donor Corn seed supply for 10 hectares jointly undertaken by the LGU and the DA Kabir chicken project with provincial LGU as implementing agency Tulunan 312-hectare reforestation project 6-year African oil palm contract growing in 150 hectares in Barangay Dungos 2-year sugarcane growing in 3 hectares in Barangay Popoyon Paglat No available data Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

CHAPTER 3

EVALUATION

A. Asset Value

1. Global and National Value

117. Ligawasan Marsh is a globally important bird area. Studies have shown that at least 170 bird species belonging to 47 families have been recorded to frequent or are considered resident of the area. Of this, 39 species are endemic, 13 are threatened and at least, 37 are considered to be migratory species, such as: Podiceps ruficollis Black-necked Grebe; Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron; Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret; Egretta garzetta Little Egret; Egretta alba Great Egret; Anas crecca Great-winged Teal; Pandion haliaetus Osprey; Recurvirostra avosetta, the rare Avocet; the common Plovers, Stilts, Redshanks, Godwits, Sandpipers and Terns like Charadrius dubius, Charadrius peron, Rostratula benghalensis, Himantopus himantopus, Tringa erythropus, Limosa limosa Sterna berg, Sterna hirundo, etc.). Ten of these species have resident populations in the Philippines such as: Burides s triatus Little Heron, Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret, Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night Heron, Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher, Circus melanoleucos Pied Harrier, Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit, etc.

118. The migratory species recorded in Ligawasan Marsh and vicinities can be classified into three: (1) species that are forest dependent (e.g. Gallicolumba criniger, Alcedo argentata, Ceyx melanurus, Dendrocopus maculates, Pernis ptilorhynchus, Halcyon coromanda, Muscicapa griseisticta etc.); (2) species that favor the open field or swamp (Podiceps ruficollis, Egretta garzetta, Butorides, Anas crecca); and (3) the species that utilize the forest but feed in the adjacent open field or swamp (e.g. Pandion haliaeetus, Circus melanoleucos, Nycticorax nycticorax).

119. A total of 13 threatened bird species has been recorded for the Ligawasan Marsh e.g. Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night Heron (Vulnerable); and the endemics like Anas luzonica (Vulnerable), Spizaetus philippensis (Vulnerable), the Gallicolumba criniger (Endangered), Alcedo argentata (Vulnerable), Ceyx melanurus (Vulnerable), Ficedula basilanica (Vulnerable), etc.

120. The Ligawasan Marsh can also be considered as one of the last strongholds of the Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis, which is threatened and endemic specie found only in the Philippines. The marsh is also known to host the more widespread and larger species Crocodylus porosus.

121. Despite the relatively wide distribution of plant species found in the site (non- endemics) and low number of species that are in the Red Data list, the unique assemblage in a wide expanse of area makes the Ligawasan Complex botanically and ecologically important. The various habitats, largely dependent on the dominant plant life form and major physio-chemical factors, offer complex sets or resources and conditions that determine distribution and abundance of fauna and microorganisms.

2 Local Value

122. Ligawasan Marsh and its surrounding areas are rich agricultural and fishing grounds. Household respondents indicated multiple livelihood activities such that 82% are engaged on subsistence farming, 46% on fishing, 44% on livestock and poultry raising, 2.7% on wildlife gathering and 6.7% handicraft making. Based on 2004 prices it is estimated that rice and corn production generated two hundred five million eight hundred eighty eight thousand pesos (P 205,888,000.00) and fishing contributed at least ten million one hundred ninety eight thousand four hundred fifteen pesos (P 10,198,415.00). This does not include the value of fish directly consumed by marginal fishermen.

123. Aside from being a source of major livelihood Ligawasan marsh serves as: (i) a source of water supply; (ii) act as storage of excess amount of water; (iii) prevents intrusion of saline water; (iv) it provides protection from natural forces; (v) it retains sediment and nutrient; (vi) it removes toxicant; (vii) it is a source of on-site and off- site natural products; (viii) it can provide source of energy; (ix) it is used for water transport; (x) it stores valuable genetic materials such as genes from wild species; (xi) it is a significant habitat for important plant and animal species; (xii) it provides recreation and tourism benefits; (xii) it is a significant component of the landscape and associated aesthetic values; (xiii) it has significant socio-cultural significance, (xiv) it serves as significant sites for research; and (xv) it contributes to the maintenance of existing processes and natural systems.

B. Threats and Proposed Actions (See Annex 16 – Threat Analysis Matrix)

1. Marsh Land Conversion

124. A comparative analysis of the 1988 and 2001 (Annex 17-Map 9) classified landsat satellite imagery covering an approximate area of 202,000 ha of Ligawasan Marsh, revealed that builtup areas multiplied more than five times during the period 1988 to 2001. This represents more than 5,000 ha of the river boundaries and adjacent sites that are now settled by communities. It is also interesting to note that in 1988, the marshy area and swamp was estimated at 42,500 ha. In 2001, the area decreased by about 16,900 ha to about 25,600 ha.

125. It is apparent that Ligawasan Marsh is slowly drying up due to the increased anthropogenic activities (i.e. sedimentation/siltation resulting from off-site industrial activities; and land use conversion within the Marsh). Land use conversion may be attributed to natural and human-made phenomena. The natural phenomenon occurs when small islands slowly and progressively rise above the water level. This is locally known as talitay. The other phenomenon is characterized by clearing (i.e. slash-and- burn) of natural vegetation (e.g. Sesbania) to make way for dry agriculture. Proposed actions include conducting research under Prescription I (Off-Site and On-Site Research subcomponent) to: (a) estimate the rate of sedimentation contributed by the denuded off-site upland watersheds and the on-site man-made cut-off channel described below, and the contribution of sedimentation to rapid build-up of new land, and (b) recommend practical solutions to alleviate the problem.

2. Illegal Cutting of Swamp Forests

126. Majority of the areas fronting the marsh are not yet served by electricity. People in the area see the swamp forests as source of materials for house construction, source of poles to sell to augment their meager income, and source of

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page 36 firewood for cooking. Destruction of forest habitat would also adversely affect two thirds of the bird population in Ligawasan since they are swamp-forest dependent. Proposed actions include providing: (i) support to protection of natural resources through habitat restoration activities, including planting of fast-growing trees for firewood, and rehabilitation of wetland forest areas (see Prescription I); (ii) providing assistance through environment-friendly livelihood activities so the inhabitants will not resort to cutting of forests (Prescription III) and (iii) promoting environmental education and awareness program to raise awareness and appreciation of the value of the Ligawasan marsh natural resources (Prescription II).

3. Population Increase

127. As of the 2000 Census, the total population of the municipalities affected by the Ligawasan is 1,094,170 with an average growth rate of 3.37%. The unabated growth would put more pressure for land conversion to agriculture, housing and subsistence extraction of natural resources. Proposed action include establishment of a viable, community-based management zones for each municipality to identify multiple use zone for settlement and agricultural areas (Prescription I).

4. Water Pollution and Human Waste Disposal

128. The communities around the marsh do not have a sewerage system that will treat waste water and human waste generated by households and commercial establishments. As a result, waste water and human waste find their way to the water bodies of the marsh. Proposed action includes provision of social infrastructure by distributing individual toilet bowls and constructing communal toilets, led by the community (Prescription IV).

5. Solid Waste Disposal

129. None of the municipalities surrounding the marsh has any system for addressing proper disposal of solid waste. Many are still resorting to open dumpsites for those areas accessible by road networks, but there is none for those residents residing in the marsh. As such solid waste are either directly thrown in the marsh or burned. Proposed action includes promoting environmental education and awareness program to raise awareness of the effect of improper disposal of solid waste on the environment and promoting practical and simple solutions to the problem, e.g. digging garbage pit on the high ground in the vicinity (Prescription II).

6. Illegal fishing

130. Illegal fishing activities also pose a threat to Ligawasan Marsh as they indiscriminately kill or eliminate aquatic fauna regardless of size and species. Some of the destructive fishing methods that have been used in the area are use of fine mesh fishing nets, use of battery-operated electrodes for fishing, and use of poison. Illegal fishing, therefore, affects the biodiversity of the aquatic habitat and endangers the existence of some fauna species. Proposed actions include implementing an environmental education and awareness program to raise awareness to stop use of illegal fishing techniques and establishing a community-based management zone for each municipality to identify communal fishing zones (Prescription I).

7. Pesticides and Fertilizers Use and Commercial Plantations

131. Improper use of pesticides and fertilizers by farmers poses a threat to the fauna of Ligawasan marsh. Also, respondents in the socioeconomic surveys hinted of fish kills caused by chemical aerial spraying, which are carried out by three nearby commercial banana plantations, which have allegedly contributed to the pollution of the marsh. However, the lack of scientific data to show the types and levels of chemicals present in the waters of main rivers passing through these plantations prevents the consultants from proposing detailed measures to be taken. Proposed action includes carrying out research under Prescription I to provide scientific data needed in formulating specific program to address the threat, if any (Prescription I).

8. Lack of Access to Schools

132. The socioeconomic survey identified the low level of education among the respondents. The low education level could also explain the lack of opportunities for employment in the Ligawasan Marsh. About 33% of the respondents have no formal schooling. About 48% of the respondents have obtained elementary and secondary education as follows: less than seven percent finished secondary school, less than six percent finished elementary, while less than 35% reached elementary but did not complete the schooling. On the average less than two percent of the respondents had a college degree while less than four percent reached college level but did not complete the schooling. Due to high rate of poverty among many families living in the marsh, many children drop out of school (the out-of-school-youth) to help the family earn additional income. Proposed action includes implementing a special literacy program for out-of-school youths under Prescription VII.

9. Lack of alternative livelihood

133. It became apparent to the team of consultants that lack of alternative livelihood in Ligawasan marsh is a major threat to the sustainability of conserving the natural resources of the marsh. Due to a lack of opportunities for employment and dependence on subsistence farming and fishing activities, the incomes of many inhabitants of the marsh are very low. Results of the socioeconomic survey indicate that a majority (58.1 %) of the households have an annual income of P60,000 and less, which is way below the poverty threshold level set by NEDA. Of the total, 14.3 % of the households had an estimated annual income ranging from P41,000 to P60,000 while 22.4% had an estimates income ranging from P21,000 to P40,000. Over one-fifth (21.5%) of the households earned an annual income below P20,000, which makes them the poorest among the respondents. Proposed action includes providing livelihood support to stakeholders under Prescription III.

10. Siltation caused by the Cut-off Channel in Kulanguwan

134. The man-made cut-off channel, which was constructed by Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) in the 1970s using its own funds, is now posing a serious threat to the Ligawasan Marsh because of heavy siltation and flooding to farm lands and residential areas. The cut-off channel is located in Barangay Tunggal in Datu Montawal, formerly Pagagawan. It was constructed to divert water from Pulangi River to the Kulanguwan creek (which is now a small river) as part of the program by the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the DPWH to convert part of the marsh into agricultural lands. By constructing the cut-off channel, it was further envisaged that Pikit and Pagalungan will be protected from perennial flooding. However, the benefits did not materialize, instead it created more problems. In

Kabacan, three barangays (Magatos, Cuyapon, and Kalagasan) are always flooded. About 70 hectares of farmlands have now been rendered unproductive. Likewise, damage to crops and lands is now being felt in S. K. Pendatun and S. S. Barongis and exerting economic hardships in the area. Proposed action includes providing funds to support research under Prescription I (Off-Site and Off-Site Research) to determine the rate of siltation and identify measures to alleviate the problems caused by the channel.

11. Natural Gas and Oil Deposits

135. Officials from the Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) and Department of Energy (DOE) officials have informed the consultants that results of three drilling tests in three barangays in Sultan-sa-Barongis revealed that the area has good economic potential for extraction of natural gas and oil in the area. However, no further development to exploit the natural deposits ensued due to the expiration in 2003 of the contract of one licensee. However, there is one new application for the development of the natural gas and oil deposits that is waiting for approval. Considering the fiscal deficit of the Government, it is probable that exploitation of the natural deposits will be pursued, so that appropriate measures could be developed in the future to safeguard and protect the environment. One recommendation is to use a part of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) funding for the adoption of a clean technology for extracting the natural gas and oil by installing safeguards for its installation and operation.

12. Smallholder Palm Oil Plantation

136. The area in Ligawasan marsh planted to palm oil is increasing. Three municipalities in Ligawasan have a combined total of about 943 hectares of palm oil planted, consisting of 500 ha in S. K. Pendatun, 50 ha in Mlang, and 393 ha in Tulunan. The nearest market where farmers sell their fruit bunches are located in Sultan Kudarat (KINRAM in Isulan), and Agusan del Sur (Guthrie and Pilipinas Oil Plantation). The positive push for increasing the area planted to palm oil is a new profitable business opportunity for large companies to sell to farmers on credit palm oil seedlings at high cost. The negative side of palm oil farming is the need to apply high rates of fertilizers which will be a potential threat to Ligawasan Marsh fauna. Proposed action includes establishing a community-based management zone for the three municipalities to identify multiple use zones where the palm oil farms will be concentrated in.

13. Commercial and Smallholder Mining Activities

137. The tailings from mining activities in many off-site locations in Tampakan, South Cotabato appear to be a long-term threat to the inhabitants and to the fauna and flora of Ligawasan marsh. Although the mines are located far from the marsh, tailings from the mines may mix with river water which finds their way to the marsh, and may be polluting more areas when the tailings pass through major rivers and tributaries.

138. The players involved in mining operations include one commercial firm and many small individual miners. The company is called Sagittarius Mining Company, which was formerly the Western Mining Company. It started operations in 1996 and has a total mining area of about 91,000 hectares. It is known that mine tailings flow through the Alep River, to the Bunawan River, and finally to the Ligawasan Marsh. Proposed action includes conducting research to establish whether mercury is

findings its way to the Ligawasan marsh by taking measurements on the Alep and Bunawan Rivers and in Ligawasan marsh (Prescription I).

139. A threat analysis matrix summarizes the on-site and off-site threats, root causes and/or management issues, environmental impacts, and proposed interventions (Annex 16).

C. Conflicts and Proposed Actions

1. Problems on Peace and Order

140. Hostilities between the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) over the last 30 years have also contributed to the degradation of the marsh. Since the marsh is the home of the MILF, many battles have been staged thereby the military, the most recent of which was in 2000. The many battles have physically altered the Ligawasan, which have disturbed the marsh ecosystem that provide important habitat for various flora and fauna. Proposed action includes the participation of representatives of the AFP and MILF in special meetings of the Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee (under Prescription II) (a substitute to the PAMB which could not be formed since the LM is not yet proclaimed as a protected area). The objective is to promote dialogue between the two parties to forestall any incident that would result to hostilities that would damage the natural resources of the marsh.

2. Political Boundaries and Alienable and Disposal (A&D) Lands

141. Due to the recent splitting of several new municipalities from the original one, conflicts in boundaries between municipalities have arisen. Examples include the separation of Paglat from S. K. Pendatun, Datu Montawal from Pagalungan, and the ongoing separation of Kabalukan from Datu Piang.

142. The municipality of Pikit has been pursuing its interest to convert and alienate about 5,000 hectares of land from being a former bird sanctuary into agricultural land. Pikit LGU officials have informed the consultants that the proposal had reached the second reading in the House of Representatives about six years ago in 1999. However, no progress ensued on this matter after the term of the Congressman sponsoring the bill expired. The incumbent Congressman, however, is following up on the issue at the moment. Proposed action includes establishing a community- based management zone for each municipality to identify the specific locations of these A & D lands in Pikit and elsewhere.

143. Five management zones, inside the proposed protected area, have been identified by the consultant team. The five management zones include: (i) multiple use, (ii) recreational/ tourism, (iii) communal fishing, (iv) strict protection, and (v) sustainable use). However, the proposed management zones need to be discussed and finalized at appropriate consultations with the communities, and boundaries delineating these zones in different barangays and municipalities should be agreed upon.

3. Socioeconomic Development

144. In terms of the level of socioeconomic development, the inhabitants and the communities located in the marsh are less developed compared to those outside the

marsh. Low income of the households is manifested by their poor living conditions characterized by inadequate access to basic social services and amenities.

145. Majority (66.0%) of the households that have been interviewed lives in houses made of temporary materials, like nipa for roofing, bamboo slats for floor, and coconut leaves or nipa fronds for walls. 85.3% of the inhabitants have no access to electricity. 67% reported that they use kerosene to light their houses and 11% use candles. This will probably explain why most of the respondents do not have household appliances.

146. A majority (79.4%) of the households were found using wood or charcoal for cooking, which has a serious implication on the sustainability of the wetland forest of Ligawasan and which could explain the declining forest cover of the marsh. Although most of the respondents have their own toilets facilities, waste disposal remains to be a serious concern since the communities are submerged under flood water for almost half of the year. Many of the households have limited household possessions. However, some of the inhabitants (44.6%) own a radio set, which indicates that radio will play an important role in the dissemination of information during the implementation of the proposed investment project in the future. Proposed action includes support for livelihood activities described in Prescription III.

D. Constraints and Proposed Actions

1. Institutional Responsibility

147. At present, the communities, municipal, regional and provincial government institutions and agencies, which are expected to provide support to the conservation and protection of Ligawasan Marsh are considered weak. The weakness stems from a combination of factors. For communities, most of the marsh people are poorly organized, including a lack of leadership to provide direction and guidance in the sustainable utilization of the natural resource, no access to employment opportunities, and lacks a viable people’s organization to belong to.

148. For institutions and agencies which are mandated to provide services and assistance in protecting the environment, they suffer from uncoordinated policies and programs, staffing and budget constraints, limited skills to properly carry our successful conservation and protection projects, and too much pressure from a heavy workload. There are no strategies and action plans for the environment contained in the development plans of most barangays and municipalities.

149. They also suffer from weak enforcement of local ordinances due to lack of capability and limited staff. The LGUs need guidance and support to enforce approved policies and rules and regulations as well as the implementing procedures and guidelines of protecting the biodiversity of the marsh. They also need skills for straight-forward arrest procedures to minimize risks in life and limbs and also avoid unnecessary court litigations. New ordinances should include a negative list of what activities are not allowed in the protected area to help simplify the enforcement of these ordinances. Proposed actions include strengthening of law enforcers in the marsh and formulating of local ordinances (Prescription I) and empowering the community and training of LGUs, GAs and NGOs (Prescription III).

2. Organizational Structure and Capacity Building

150. There is no existing single body or organization in the Ligawasan Marsh responsible for directing the conservation and protection of Ligawasan. During the implementation of the proposed investment project covering a part of the protected area involving ten municipalities from two provinces, a new organization structure would be established by forming a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee, since no PAMB can be formed before the Ligawasan Marsh can be proclaimed as a PA. The Committee would consist of the representatives of the governors of two provinces and mayors of ten municipalities participating in the project. Due to availability of infrastructure such as hotel facilities, super markets, and improve peace and order situation, it is recommended that the Committee be located in PAWD Protected Areas and Wildlife Division (PAWD)-Region XII.

151. However, support to the operations of the Committee would be provided by two regional offices, the PAWD-ARMM and the PAWD-Region XII. Each regional office would directly support the conservation activities of six municipalities which are administratively under their supervision. For example, all the six municipalities under ARMM, namely Datu Piang, S. S. Barongis, S.K. Pendatun, Paglat, Datu Montawal and Pagalungan would be supervised by PAWD-ARMM. The remaining municipalities under Region XII, namely Pikit, Kabacan, M’lang and Tulunan would be supervised by PAWD-Region XII. Proposed action includes establishing an LM steering Committee to direct and lead the protection of the Marsh (Prescription II).

3. Infrastructure and Equipment

152. The lack of social infrastructure and equipment has been identified by the respondents in the socioeconomic surveys to be one of the major problems facing the inhabitants of the marsh. Examples of social infrastructure, affecting the education and health sectors, that was included under the management prescriptions in this report, include provision of a special literacy program, individual or communal toilet facilities, and jetmatic hand pump and potable drinking water system. Proposed action includes provision of social infrastructure to stakeholders (Prescription IV).

E. Vision

“We envision Ligawasan Marsh as a prime model of natural biotic wetland managed by an empowered community to protect and preserve ecological balance, cultural diversity and economic stability for sustainable peace and development.”

F. Goals and Objectives

1. Goal 153. Based on the abovementioned vision statement, the overall goal is to conserve and manage in a sustainable manner the wetland biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh, cognizant of the current anthropological, economic and ecological problems.

2. Specific Objectives • To facilitate the process for the proclamation of the Ligawasan Marsh As a protected area under the NIPAS Law (R.A. 7586)

• To empower the community and all the stakeholders in the conservation and management of the valuable wetland with its unique and diverse wildlife as well as benefits accrued from its functions • To provide alternative environmentally-friendly livelihood activities to stakeholders to reduce the pressure on the unregulated and unsustainable utilization of the Marsh’s wetland natural resources

154. The purpose of this Management Plan is to conserve the biodiversity of the marsh on a sustainable basis and to reduce poverty of the people living in the marsh. This may be achieved through these broad categories.

(a) biodiversity conservation and management; (b) community and institutional capacity-building; (c) livelihood activity promotion/enhancement; and (d) social and rural infrastructure provision.

155. The “biodiversity conservation and management” component includes habitat rehabilitation through assisted natural regeneration, wetland forest rehabilitation, buffer zone development, riverbank stabilization, upland reforestation, and establishment of wildlife and bird sanctuaries. These are expected to directly enhance and protect the biodiversity of the Marsh. These activities were identified by the primary and secondary stakeholders.

156. The “community and institutional capacity-building” includes (a) establishing a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee to direct and coordinate the conservation and development efforts in the marsh; (b) strengthening the capacity of people’s organizations, LGUs, communities, and non-government organizations (NGOs) in planning and implementing biodiversity conservation and management programs, and (c) conducting information, education and communication (IEC) advocacy for implementation of the project within and around the marsh.

157. The “livelihood support” component shall provide asssitance to the main livelihood activities in the marsh, including duck-egg raising, goat-raising, cattle fattening, mat and kalakat-weaving, pandan hat and food cover-making. These livelihood activities were also identified by the stakeholders. Growth centers focused on fish landings or food crops markets will be established to link clusters of communities to markets located in urban centers. Cooperative stores owned and operated by the community, will be supported to address the marketing and procurement concerns of the settlers. Viable market channel and network, including support for village markets to encourage sales of locally-grown food products and small animals, will be developed.

158. The “infrastructure support” component shall have two major categories, namely: (a) rural infrastructure, such as farm-to-market roads, development of mini- growth center facilities [e.g. fish landing, cooperative stores, and village markets], and (b) social infrastructure like water supply and sanitation. These activities were also identified by the stakeholders.

Chapter 4

MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS

A. Prescription I: Ecosystem Management and Protection

Goal: To protect and maintain the ecosystem (wetland biodiversity) of the Ligawasan Marsh by undertaking habitat restoration, delineating appropriate management zones for sustainable use of resources, law enforcement, and research for the benefit of local inhabitants and future generation to come.

159. The Ligawasan Marsh is the largest wetlands in the Philippines, comprising three marshes, namely Ligawasan proper, Libungan and Ebpanan. It occupies 288,000 hectares (ha). The Marsh has been identified as a distinct and unique region among the 15 bio-geographic regions of the Philippines due to the presence of significant varieties of flora and fauna.

160. However, the ecosystem (biodiversity and natural resources) of Ligawasan is rapidly deteriorating. The primary problem lies in the lack of an overall national policy for wetlands in the Philippines (DENR, 1993). Although major laws have been enacted in the 1990s, which included the NIPAS Act, the Local Government Code, the IPRA, the protection of the ecosystem of the Ligawasan remains difficult. These laws focus on the decentralization and recognition of the rights of the local communities and or indigenous peoples to manage the resources or actively participate in the decision-making process.

1. Habitat Restoration

161. Results of consultations with stakeholders at barangay and municipal levels in October 2004 confirmed that the stakeholders are aware of the environmental issues and concerns causing habitat destruction, and that they are interested not only in restoring but also of enhancing and expanding the habitat areas. The stakeholders have proposed seven natural resources management interventions, which the consultants are endorsing: (i) assisted natural regeneration (in Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan), (ii) swamp forest restoration (in Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan), (iii) buffer zone reforestation (the herbaceous swamp habitat in Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan), (iii) riverbank protection and stabilization (in Datu Piang), (iv) upland reforestation (in Datu Piang), (v) public wildlife sanctuary for tourism and educational purposes (in Barangay Baras, Tacurong City, Bgy. Cuyapon, Kabacan, Bgy. Dunguan, Kabacan, Bgy. Kalbugan, Pagalungan, and Bgy. Badak, S.K. Pendatun), (vi) smallholder mixed tree planting (in ten municipalities involving sustainable use zone for firewood and poles planted by beneficiaries), (vii) no-take fish sanctuary zones (20%-30% of fishing area of each municipality), and (viii) recreational and mixed-use zones (the latter to delineate agricultural lands with past presidential proclamation from the protected area;

1. Objective I Finalize a program of interventions for habitat restoration.

Actions: Consult key stakeholders to reconfirm interest to participate; Delineate responsibility for various field operations involving habitat restoration; Identify income-generating activities for individual or community participation; Select the sites for different interventions; Draw maps to mark locations of these sites; Prepare work plans and budget for various interventions in each barangay and municipality ; and Submit program to the Project Management Unit (PMU) of each municipality for approval.

2. Objective II Develop specific Interventions to Conserve Natural Resources

Actions: PMU review and approve the work plan and budget for each barangay; Develop training program and provide training to participants; For tree planting interventions, the community establish the seedling nurseries, plant seedlings, and provide maintenance care; For bird sanctuary, identify appropriate financial support in terms of modest infrastructure for bird watching by students and the people, prepare brochures, and develop a program to encourage educational tours by elementary, secondary and college levels; For fishery resources, establish a system for monitoring the volume of fish and other products extracted from the PA; and Promulgate and implement resolutions and barangay ordinances to conserve and protect the restored habitats.

2. Management Zoning System

3. Objective III: Implement a Management Zoning System 162. Based on the results of the Wetland Biodiversity Study, five management zones have been identified. These include: (i) multiple use, (ii) recreational/ tourism, (iii) communal fishing, (iv) strict protection, and (v) sustainable use (see Table 13 below). However, more consultations with concerned barangays will be needed during implementation of the Project to finalize the boundary delineating these areas. The specific actions include: Conduct consultations with the community to identify and confirm the different management zones in each municipality Ask stakeholders to demarcate these zones in their specific areas in the municipalities using the maps from the aerial survey Identify critical areas inside these zones for urgent attention and action

163. Critical zones or hot spots include areas in varying stages of destruction/misuse and those prone to further destructive activities.

Table 11. Five Proposed Management Zones, Criteria, and Allowable and Non-Allowable Activities

ALLOWABLE NON-ALLOWABLE ZONE CRITERIA ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES

Multiple-Use Settlement and Existing settlement Expansion or opening of new agricultural and agricultural settlement or agricultural areas, areas (barangay practices except those supported by new proper) ordinances Recreational/Tourism Bird sanctuaries Fencing, Noise making construction of bird watching Ban catching of birds and eggs facilities Ban use of noisy, high-powered boats Communal Fishing Open Sustainable fish Electrode fishing waterways and catch large bodies of Fine-mesh fishing net water Dynamite fishing Strict Protection Swamp forest Scientific Cutting of forest Research Fish sanctuary Fishing inside fish sanctuaries zones Hunting of wild birds Collection of eggs of birds and other reptiles Buffer zone Sustainable Unsustainable extraction Sustainable Use extraction of nipa and libi Riverbank Unsustainable extraction of protection and Sustainable bamboo and other species stabilization extraction of bamboo and other Harvesting of trees Upland non- timber species reforestation None Smallholder mixed tree planting Sustainable Construction of new fishponds extraction of Mangrove area firewood, poles, and animal feed Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

3. Two-Step Process towards Declaring LM as a PA

164. The next steps leading to its proclamation as a protected area will be done in the next 10 to 12 years, by implementing a two-phase project. The implementation of the first investment project (2006-2010), will target completing a Presidential Proclamation by Year 2008, while the second investment project (2011-2015) will target completing the process through approval of a Law through the Philippine Congress, officially proclaiming the Ligawasan as a protected area.

4. Objective IV. Lay the ground works for the establishment the Ligawasan as a Protected Area and thus qualifies for a Presidential Proclamation. Actions: Finalize the documentation of occupants of the marsh Validate the General Management Plan and

Have PAWB draft the proclamation for Ligawasan to be a protected and then seek presidential approval

5. Objective V Complete preparatory work to get Congressional approval of declaring Ligawasan as a Protected Area. Action: Organize groups to lobby Congress for enactment of a law declaring Ligawasan Marsh as a Protected Area.

Table 12. Thirteen Steps to Get Legislative Approval for Declaring the Ligawasan as a Protected Area under NIPAS and Status of Preparation Step Activity Completed Action 1 Compile required maps and technical descriptions of P. A. Completed 2 Initial screening of each area regarding suitability as P. A. Completed 3 Public notification on existence of proposed P. A. Completed 4 Initial consult with affected public Completed Partially 5 Census of protected area occupants Completed 6 Profiling of unique geological features, flora and fauna Completed 7 Prepare initial land use Partially completed 8 Conduct public hearing for inclusion of the area in NIPAS To be done 9 Submit report and recommendation to DENR Secretary To be done 10 Recommendation of DENR Secretary for inclusion of P. A. in NIPAS To be done 11 Prepare and seek approval of Presidential Proclamation To be done 12 Enact laws making P. A. as part of NIPAS To be done 13 Demarcate on the ground the P. A. boundary as required by law To be done Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.

4. Law Enforcement

6. Objective VI Strengthen local law enforcers in Ligawasan Marsh

Actions: Form a cadre of volunteer members of the community belonging to people’s organizations (POs) to serve as Bantay Pawas Enforce approved policies and rules and regulations in each municipality to protect and conserve the natural resources through Bantay Pawas Provide intensive training to members of the PMU, together with the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officer (MENRO), and all the Bantay Pawas volunteers, on (i) the do’s and don’ts of conserving and protecting wetland biodiversity, and (ii) straight-forward arrest procedures to minimize risks---in life and limbs---and also to avoid unnecessary court litigations. Conduct training by utilizing the municipal police; and Forge a Memorandum of Agreement involving various agencies responsible for enforcing the law for sustainability of the program

7. Objective VII Formulate local ordinances delineating the responsibilities of various stakeholders

Actions: Promulgate new local ordinances to clearly delineate the responsibilities for enforcement, by closely involving in the process the local traditional leaders (traditional, elected, and religious) New ordinances shall include a negative list of what activities are not allowed in the protected area to help simplify the enforcement Enforce a system of penalties and sanctions to be meted out to violators of laws and regulations on the use of natural resources Penalties and sanctions shall be in addition to penal provisions in the laws to be prescribed by the courts The Bantay Pawas, working under the direction of the MENRO shall follow a program of regular visits to the protected area in the barangay to check on any irregular activity; and Prepare and place in strategic locations in each LGU appropriate and carefully-worded signage to support the conservation activities and provide maintenance of these signage

165. Examples of a negative list could include a ban on: (i) the use of battery- operated electric probes that indiscriminately kill even the young fishes, (ii) collecting wildlife animals, and migratory and endangered endemic bird species; (iii) hunting of birds; (iv) timber poaching; and (v) use of powerful motorized bancas creating excessive noise that scare and disturb the normal biology of wildlife fauna.

8. Objective VIII. Produce a record of compliance on protected area regulations

Actions: The PMUs shall include in its computerized monitoring and evaluation system documentation of all apprehensions made by the Bantay Pawas to provide benchmark and monitoring of compliance with the environmental laws and ordinances. Prepare written and oral reports to the LM Steering Committee, on a regular basis, the progress made in the monitoring of compliance by all key stakeholders of the marsh. Recommend solutions to recurrent problems affecting the conservation and protection of Ligawasan and monitor improvement in compliance.

9 Objective IX. Institutionalize a reward system.

Actions: The LGUs shall institutionalize a reward and incentive system for CENRO, MENRO and Bantay Pawas enforcers who make successful arrests of violators of environmental laws and regulations; The enforcers must also be provided with adequate and competent legal assistance, in case they are hailed to court by violators; and The PMU shall provide the Bantay Pawas with field uniforms and other necessary field equipment and supplies, including minimum PhilHealth coverage. 5. Off-Site and On-Site Research

10. Objective X. Develop a research program with the involvement of leading scientists, and research institutions and agencies

Actions: DENR-Project Management Office (PMO) establish a research committee of up to seven members to direct and manage the research grants; Prepare the committee’s TOR and the criteria to award grants; Prepare and finalize annual work plan and budget; and Establish a monitoring system recording information on details of research grants, including dissemination of research results.

166. Specialization of committee members should include ecosystem management, biologist, biochemist, irrigation or civil engineers, fishery specialist, environmentalist, and forester.

11. Objective XI. Conduct research to Solve or Mitigate Site-Specific Problems

Actions: Solicit research proposals by advertising in appropriate newspapers, apply the selection criteria, and award grant funds to successful proposals; Supervise research work by conducting field visits and conducting technical review of midterm and final reports of each funded project; and Disseminate results for use in conserving and protecting Ligawasan Marsh.

167. Examples of topics for research may include hydrological studies in selected rivers and waterways to understand and determine the extent and impact of (i) excessive siltation originating from the denuded upland watershed areas located in Bukidnon, North Cotabato, and South Cotabato Provinces, (ii) agro-chemical pollution from the nearby commercial banana plantations in Makilala, Buluan and Paglat, (iii) mercury and other hazardous tailings from commercial and smallholder mining activities surrounding the marsh, and (iv) solid and domestic wastes in rivers and in the waters of Ligawasan. The results of these studies will be discussed in dialogues with concerned parties and commercial establishments aimed at reducing or stopping the source of these health and environmental problems.

168. Other studies may include (i) determining the rate of sedimentation from the man-made cut-off channel and estimate its contribution to rapid build-up of new land areas, and providing recommendations for practical solutions to alleviate the problem; (ii) assessing different flora and fauna to determine home range, breeding, and status; (iii) assessing the status of the fishery resources and determine the maximum sustainable yield and total allowable catch of aquatic resources in Ligawasan, the extent of extraction, the impact of the use of different gear and breeding sites and seasonal variations of fish and other aquatic resources.

169. The fund may also support a project aimed at arresting the rapid conversion of the only mangrove area in Ligawasan by: (i) forming people’s organization and empowering the people to protect and conserve the mangrove area; (ii) conducting meetings and dialogues of all stakeholders (fishermen, fishpond owners and developers, local leaders, religious leaders, teachers, and others) living in or near the mangrove area; and (iii) delineating and developing a management zone for the sustainable use and development of the mangrove.

B. Prescription II: Institutional Development and Capacity Building

Goal: To organize and mobilize local government units, non government organizations, and community members and other stakeholders to enable them to engage in conservation activities and environment- friendly livelihood activities.

1. Establish a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee

170. The specific objective is to establish and make operational a management framework for the conservation and protection of Ligawasan Marsh, leading to the establishment of an Interim PA Management Board (PAMB). However, until the proclamation of LM as a protected area, a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee will be formed. This committee will provide direction, leadership, and coordination of activities to be done by ten participating LGUs to conserve and protect the marsh.

171. Community organizing is an essential task in a community development process because the people decide for themselves the kinds of project interventions they would like to undertake. In the context of the Ligawasan Marsh, the people are given due recognition as the key players in the protection of the marsh and their roles in this uncommon efforts are also well-defined. The next step will involve promoting and strengthening their roles in the management of Ligawasan, which will foster their cooperation to develop a sustainable project.

172. Three regional consultations have been completed: the first one was held in Cotabato City in April 2004 and two more held in Koronadal City in August and December 2004. As a result of these consultations, a strong consensus among the stakeholders was reached that the Ligawasan Marsh should be proclaimed as a protected area under NIPAS Act. The vision for Ligawasan was agreed upon, including a manifesto for the support to proclaim it as a protected area.

2. Empower the Community and Training of LGUs, GAs, and NGOs

1. Objective I Empower the people in the community and other stakeholders of Ligawasan Marsh

Actions: Mobilize the community by forming people’s organizations (POs) in each municipality to broaden grassroots and community-based participation Develop a community organizing and mobilization program in each of the ten participating municipalities to promote consultation and meaningful participation of LGUs and communities in the management of the protected area Train PO members to enable them to actively participate in conserving the marsh, and to take charge of implementing the livelihood activities; Strengthen governance of POs through training and enhanced stakeholder participation in governance by improving the consultation processes Strengthen the governance of LGUs by training of .secondary stakeholders, such as the staff of PAWD-ARMM, PAWD-Region XII, DENR Region XII, PENROs and CENROs, NGOs, and GAs;and Forge an inter-municipal/provincial agreement involving mayors and governors to encourage dialogues and facilitate: (i) the promulgation, adoption and implementation of local ordinances pertaining to the

management of Ligawasan Marsh, particularly dealing with illegal fishing methods, timber poaching, dumping of waste (human and industrial), (ii) strengthen existing ordinances to make them consistent and to synchronize their implementation, (iii) provide permanent fish habitats/sanctuaries through promulgation of ordinances (for example, in Sitio Katol at the boundary of S.K. Pendatun and Tulunan or in Sitio Sapsap and other locations requsted by local officials of S.K. Pendatun, Datu Montawal, and Pagalungan;

2. Objective II Promote close consultation of local stakeholder through workshops.

Actions: Organize regular stakeholders’ workshops to promote meaningful participation of LGUs and POs in conservation of the marsh Require POs to submit simple tabular reports every three months to monitor the progress being made in habitat restoration, livelihood and small rural infrastructure activities, and performance of Bantay Pawas Report and thresh out constraints and problems which delays project implementation and jointly provide measures to mitigate the problems; and Report progress in achieving performance indicators contained in the project logframe

3. Implement an Environmental Education and Awareness Program

3. Objective III Design an environmental education and awareness program for Ligawasan Marsh

Actions: Conduct an in-depth survey to determine the level of environmental education and awareness of all the stakeholders and to assess the training needs of target beneficiaries; With the assistance of consultants, develop a broad-based conservation education and awareness program to impart conservation values to local, traditional, and religious leaders, civil society, LGUs, government agencies, academe, including elementary and high school students and teachers, and all the stakeholders; and Prepare required budget for a five-year program for ten municipalities Develop a long-term information, education and communication (IEC) environmental program in Ligawasan Marsh covering ten municipalities, focusing on environmental issues affecting the Ligawasan protected area.

4. Objective IV Develop information materials suitable for use in various media including local radio and newspapers

Actions: With the assistance of the IEC consultant, develop brochures, posters, and print materials containing messages highlighting the importance of biodiversity and the progress made in implementing the investment program between 2006 and 2010; Develop short documentary films featuring the conservation efforts of communities in the protected area. Communicate through various media, including local radio and newspapers; and

Conduct meetings and dialogues with village elders, traditional and religious leaders, civil society, LGUs and government agencies to develop a two-way communication system

5. Objective V. Conduct a broad-based conservation awareness campaign, including use of multi-media

Actions: Appoint a team in each PMU in ten municipalities to implement the conservation education and awareness program, headed by a trained communications staff Prepare a yearly work plan with appropriate budget in each municipality for approval by PMO Implement the yearly campaign targeting all stakeholders; Collaborate with officials of local schools in ten municipalities and integrate the program into elementary and secondary school curricula, and provide required information materials Integrate parts of the IEC program in the barangay and municipal environmental festivities to promote awareness in the communities Collaborate with barangay health workers to promote and enhance environmental consciousness in the community and among the youth and women groups Tap PO groups in organizing joint environmental activities to deepen environmental consciousness; and Prepare a simple report every three months to record the progress made and report any major constraints and problems encountered in implementing the awareness program, including proposed mitigation measures

4. Implement a Special Literacy Program

6. Objective VI. Establish a Special Literacy Program for Ligawasan Marsh

Actions: Develop a special literacy curriculum by adopting similar curriculum developed for indigenous people elsewhere that have been proven successful with the assistance of the curriculum development experts; Develop learning modules facilitated by the curriculum development expert, teacher facilitators, and OSY students; The PMUs of ten municipalities will select and engage the services of two teacher facilitators for each municipality; Conduct classes covering 200 contact-hours or 5 months at 10 hours per week maximum; and Conduct regular monitoring and evaluation of the progress of implementing the program and determine progress made.

5. Seek Sustainable Financing

7. Objective VII. Source funds from various institutions

Actions: Establish a trust fund generated from resource fees; Actively search for funding or grants from private sector firms and foundation; Seek small share of budget appropriation from LGUs for the protection of Ligawasan Marsh through their Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA); and

Lobby for budget appropriations from the ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly and the two Provincial Governments.

8. Objective VIII. Establish a fee system to support Bantay Pawas and regular maintenance of the protected area

Actions: Collect a conservation fee from local tourists visiting the wildlife/bird sanctuaries and from the min-growth center facilities with cooperatives stores and stall rentals owned by people’s organization; and Monitor and update reports of collected fees on a regular basis.

9. Objective IX. Devise other revenue-generating activities

Actions: Collect user fees approved by the Interim PAMB for new restaurants and new commercial agricultural plantations and mining firms; and Provide the LM Steering Committe with ideas of potential revenue sources (i.e. postcards and royalties).

C. Prescription III: Support for Environment-friendly Livelihood Activities

Goal: To provide support to the main livelihood activities in the Marsh, involving farming, fishing and other environment-friendly income-generating activities.

173. The main justification for providing alternative, environment-friendly livelihood activities is based on the lesson learned in conserving biodiversity in the Philippines and in other countries that in areas which are settled and highly populated, efforts to conserve the biodiversity and protect the natural resources are more successful and sustainable if complemented with socioeconomic activities, such as livelihood and small infrastructure development.

174. For this reason, alternative and environment-friendly livelihood and infrastructure activities will be supported. Feedback from primary and secondary stakeholders obtained from results of the socioeconomic surveys and the barangay consultations have provided the basis for assessing from the list of livelihood and infrastructure interventions which can be supported after completing a pre-feasibility level assessment.

175. Only seven of the nine livelihood interventions are recommend while the remaining two interventions did not merit support. The seven interventions include: (i) duck raising (muscovy and mallard); (ii) goat raising on stilt pens; (iii) backyard cattle fattening; (iv) mat-weaving; (v) kalakat/Amakan weaving; (vi) pandan-hat making; and (vii) food cover making. Two interventions that will not be supported include: (i) kabibi shell culture and (ii) hardwood furniture making because they did not meet the criteria for choosing only environment-friendly and sustainable interventions. These assessments will be reviewed during project implementation.

176. The main strategy to promote sustainable rural development involves the development of mini-growth centers, focused on supporting existing and new fish landings or centers promoting marketing of food crops in other non-fishery centered communities. In each mini-growth center, the PO will be encouraged to establish

multi-purpose cooperative stores to meet the needs of the community (i.e daily food supply, equipment, materials, spare parts, accessories etc.) and to provide viable market channels for the agricultural produce. After each sale of fish catch, fisher folks can purchase their daily food needs from the cooperative store, and they will also benefit from dividends at the end of each year once they become a member of the coop.

177. Each cooperative building will be constructed using local labor based on typical project design and cost. It will consist of a coop store, small office, meeting hall, specialty literacy room and day care center room, fish landing shed, and five stalls for rental for generating some income.

1. Objective I: Prepare work plans and budget for livelihood projects

Actions: Consult beneficiaries and reconfirm interest to participate in livelihood projects; Prepare work plans and budget for different livelihood projects in each barangay; and Submit to the PMU of each municipality for approval.

2. Objective II: Implement the Livelihood Programs

Actions: PMU to submit the municipal work plan and budget for approval by the Project Management Office at DENR Headquarters; Develop and implement entrepreneurship training program; Provide support through proper supervision by the PMU team; Organize the timely marketing of products in urban and population centers; and Monitor on regular basis the progress made and record the increase in income of the beneficiaries.

3. Objective III: Develop Mini-Growth Centers to Strengthen Marketing of Products

Actions: Train POs on formation of cooperatives and train elected officials on running a coop; Register cooperatives; Construct cooperative buildings; Put into operation the cooperative store and establish marketing channels and contracts; and Monitor and solve problems met and record progress made.

D. Prescription IV: Support for Environment–friendly Small Rural Infrastructure

Goal: To provide support for the construction of small rural infrastructure that will enhance the effectiveness of the recommended rural livelihood activities, including provision of social infrastructure.

178. To support the concerted efforts to increase the income of poor marsh inhabitants by promoting alternative, environment-friendly livelihood activities, it is necessary to provide small infrastructure that will complement and enhance the effectiveness of the income-generating activities. However, the selected small infrastructure must be truly environment- friendly.

179. Examples of small infrastructure chosen include (i) construction of drying floors, (ii) rehabilitation of farm-to-market road, and (iii) construction of mini-growth centers.

1. Objective I: Prepare work plans for infrastructure projects in each Municipality

Actions: • Consult beneficiaries and reconfirm interest to participate; • Prepare work plans and budget for different livelihood in each barangay; and • Submit to the PMU of each municipality.

2. Objective II: Implement the Small Rural Infrastructure Interventions

Actions: • Seek technical assistance from PMU Engineers regarding specifications, cost estimates, and sourcing of materials and small equipment; • Develop and implement training program for Infrastructure Construction Program; and • Provide supervision in the construction and proper care of completed facilities; and • Monitor on regular basis the progress made.

3. Objective III Implement the Social Infrastructure Activities

180. The other part of the prescription involves the provision of social infrastructure to address the major problems faced by the beneficiaries. These problems include the lack of potable water supply due to perennial problem of flooding and improper human waste disposal. Social infrastructure interventions include the provision of communal water system by tapping natural ground water sources, distribution of jetmatic hand pumps, and provision of individual toilet bowls and construction of communal toilets

Actions: Finalize the social infrastructure program in each municipality based on the investment program and submit the yearly program work plan to the PMO; Conduct meetings at the barangay level to confirm the interest of beneficiaries and prepare a thematic map showing the location where the infrastructure will be constructed; The Engineering Section of the PMU shall provide technical assistance to the POs in finalizing the specifications and purchase of the equipment and supervising the construction of the facilities; and Record the progress made in the M & E system of the Project and to monitor any problems in implementation and to provide solutions.

E. Prescription V: Monitoring and Evaluation System for Wetland Biodiversity Conservation and Socio-economic upliftment in the Ligawasan Marsh

Goal: Development of a monitoring and evaluation system for wetland biodiversity conservation and socio-economic upliftment in the Ligawasan Marsh

181. There is a need to develop and establish a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system for the project to monitor and record the progress made in the concerted efforts towards the conservation and protection of the biodiversity of the marsh, improvement in the socioeconomic conditions of the beneficiaries, and progress of project implementation.

182. Specifically, the activities under this prescription would include: (i) development of analytical and sampling tools, (ii) monitoring to assess change in the magnitude of threats. At the same time, impact indicators shall be identified and developed, for example, presence of indicator species, expansion in wetland forests areas, and establishment of vegetations on riverbanks to stabilize the flood-prone rivers.

183. The performance evaluation will assess the appropriateness, effectiveness, and efficiency of strategy and policy in achieving its objectives and outcomes at all levels (Project Logframe). The assumptions, logical structure and performance indicators will be used to focus specific performance evaluation. Eventually, this will improve the design, re-orient the investment and improve the planning strategies.

1. Objective I Establish the set of performance indicators

Actions: Develop the set of performance indicators to measure improvement in the conditions of the natural resource of Ligawasan, such as the presence of indicator species, changes in habitat size or use, changes in human settlement pattern, etc Develop analytical and sampling tools needed to measure changes in the environment and socioeconomic conditions of the marsh; Conduct (a) field and biological surveys, (b) aerial imagery, and (c) field surveys using targeted questionnaires to assess changes in the magnitude of threats to the natural resource; and Summarize the lessons learned from other similar on-going programs and incorporate into the design of the M & E system.

2. Objective II Develop a monitoring and evaluation system for Ligawasan

Actions: Purchase two sets of computers and accessories needed for the M&E work for each municipality Develop an M&E system for Ligawasan to assess changes in the magnitude of threats, expansion in wetland forests areas, and stabilization of riverbanks to protect flood-prone rivers.

With the assistance of the consultants, provide training to the M & E Specialist of each PMU in ten municipalities on the setting up and operation of the system; and Provide regular assistance and support to the M & E team throughout the Project to ensure that the system works

Table 1. Age Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents per Municipality. Age Bracket Distribution of Respondents No Below 20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 Above 80 Total Response Frequency Municipality of Paglat Dumakling - - 2 4 4 4 2 2 - 1 - - - - 1 20 Itdig - 6 18 10 14 16 12 5 7 1 1 - 1 - 2 93 Total - 6 20 14 18 20 14 7 7 2 1 - 1 - 3 113 Percentage - 5.31 17.70 12.39 15.93 17.70 12.39 6.19 6.19 1.77 0.88 - 0.88 - 2.65 100.00

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 1 - 1 6 4 5 2 2 3 - 1 1 - - 2 28 Galidan 2 16 17 22 15 21 10 9 7 4 1 - 2 - - 126 Popoyon - 4 5 8 9 6 5 4 3 - 1 - 1 - 4 50 Total 3 20 23 36 28 32 17 15 13 4 3 1 3 - 6 204 Percentage 1.47 9.80 11.27 17.65 13.73 15.69 8.33 7.35 6.37 1.96 1.47 0.49 1.47 - 2.94 100.00

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 1 3 21 25 34 25 27 12 11 11 3 2 1 - 7 183 Dunguan - 4 9 27 20 20 21 3 14 5 1 - 1 1 3 129 Guanan 2 4 12 11 9 12 7 2 5 3 3 - - - 2 72 Total 3 11 42 63 63 57 55 17 30 19 7 2 2 1 12 384 Percentage 0.78 2.86 10.94 16.41 16.41 14.84 14.32 4.43 7.81 4.95 1.82 0.52 0.52 0.26 3.13 100.00

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan - 2 2 5 4 2 4 3 1 - 1 1 1 - 2 28 Tugal 3 8 13 6 13 14 10 5 5 2 2 - 2 - 3 86 Gadungan 3 6 17 14 14 14 9 9 4 3 1 1 1 - - 96 Angkpayamat 6 5 20 22 8 12 9 2 5 1 1 1 3 - - 95 Bulod 2 6 18 21 21 16 7 5 5 3 5 1 1 - - 111 Papakan 5 3 12 8 9 6 12 7 3 1 - 1 2 - 2 71 Total 19 30 82 76 69 64 51 31 23 10 10 5 10 - 7 487 Percentage 3.90 6.16 16.84 15.61 14.17 13.14 10.47 6.37 4.72 2.05 2.05 1.03 2.05 - 1.44 100.00

Table 1. (Continuation) Age Bracket Distribution of Respondents Below 20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 Above 80 No Response Total Frequency Municipality of SKP Bulod - 3 13 16 13 6 13 3 2 2 - - - - 1 72 Kulasi - 8 2 9 7 7 3 2 3 - - 1 - - - 42 Kaladturan - 2 5 6 4 5 5 2 3 ------32 Lao-lao 3 9 18 10 15 10 13 6 6 3 4 - - - 1 98 Lower Idtig - 4 4 8 1 10 2 1 5 2 2 - - - - 39 Midpandakan 2 7 15 6 8 5 4 - 3 - - - - - 2 52 Makainis 1 4 7 14 6 8 5 5 2 1 - - - - 1 54 Panasolen 1 8 18 21 15 18 9 6 1 2 - - 1 1 2 103 Pidtiguian 1 8 5 9 13 7 6 2 - 3 2 2 - - - 58 Badak 7 23 39 38 29 24 15 26 15 10 8 2 4 1 18 259 Lasangan 1 14 25 36 22 10 8 8 11 3 5 - 1 - 3 147 Lumabao 1 6 8 7 8 4 5 6 - 1 1 - - - 2 49 Total 17 92 155 172 140 104 86 66 46 25 20 5 6 2 30 1005 Percentage 1.69 9.15 15.42 17.11 13.93 10.35 8.56 6.57 4.58 2.49 1.99 0.50 0.60 0.20 2.99 100.00

Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 3 3 7 15 12 16 7 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 71 Dunguan 3 10 12 11 4 12 6 1 3 3 1 - 1 - 1 68 Talapas 1 6 3 9 8 4 10 1 3 3 - - - - - 48 Talitay 1 3 - 2 7 8 9 4 4 3 1 - - - 1 43 Total 147 82 23 37 31 40 32 8 12 12 3 0 1 0 2 230 Percentage 63.91 35.84 9.94 16.09 13.48 17.39 13.91 3.48 5.22 5.22 1.30 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.87 100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 3 14 22 32 34 22 12 7 10 13 3 1 - - 1 174 Kilagasan 0 13 17 19 19 18 23 12 8 9 6 2 2 - 4 152 Magatos 0 8 18 26 19 10 12 4 1 2 2 1 - - 2 105 Lower Paatan 7 17 24 36 38 21 24 16 7 5 5 2 2 - 5 209 Upper Paatan - 1 6 8 10 4 2 3 3 2 1 - - - 3 43 Total 10 53 87 121 120 75 73 42 29 31 17 6 4 - 15 683 Percentage 1.46 7.76 12.74 17.72 17.57 10.98 10.69 6.15 4.25 4.54 2.49 0.88 0.59 - 2.2 100

Table 1. (Continuation) Age Bracket Distribution of Respondents No Below 20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 Above 80 Total Response Frequency Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged - 1 2 8 6 - 7 1 2 3 1 - - - 3 34 Buliok 2 1 4 12 9 8 4 4 4 1 - - - - 3 52 Kudal - - 5 10 4 2 4 2 5 1 - 1 3 1 - 38 Kalbugan 3 5 26 19 14 16 13 2 6 5 2 - 1 - 2 114 Total 144 67 38 49 33 26 28 9 17 10 3 1 4 1 8 238 Percentage 60.50 28.33 15.91 20.59 13.87 10.92 11.76 3.78 7.14 4.20 1.26 0.42 1.68 0.42 3.36 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 1 5 4 3 9 10 - 3 3 1 - - - - 1 40 Barungis 2 1 9 14 9 16 9 3 5 7 1 - 1 - - 77 Buliok - 11 11 26 21 12 9 8 7 2 2 2 1 1 - 113 Bulod 2 8 8 6 4 1 6 4 - 2 - 1 3 - 1 46 Bulol 1 8 9 9 7 4 7 4 2 - 1 - - - - 52 Kabasalan 3 8 12 15 14 10 6 4 3 - 2 - 1 - 2 80 Katilakan - - 2 3 1 1 5 1 3 1 3 - 1 1 4 26 Kulambog - 4 5 12 11 7 7 2 2 3 1 2 - - 1 57 Langayen 1 6 11 9 12 10 2 3 1 1 1 - - - - 57 Makasendeg - 5 16 12 15 1 ------4 53 Paido Pulangi 1 8 12 13 6 9 8 2 8 4 1 - - - 1 73 Punol 1 7 6 9 15 8 5 5 3 3 4 - - - 2 68 Rajah Muda 3 9 5 10 11 8 11 3 2 4 - 1 1 - 4 72 Talitay - 3 9 3 13 12 4 3 1 - 1 - - - - 49 Total 15 83 119 144 148 109 79 45 40 28 17 6 8 2 20 863 Percentage 1.74 9.62 13.79 16.69 17.15 12.63 9.15 5.21 4.63 3.24 1.97 0.70 0.93 0.23 2.32 100.00 TOTAL 80 324 587 712 650 527 435 240 217 141 81 26 39 6 103 4207 PERCENTAGE 1.90 7.70 13.95 16.92 15.45 12.53 10.34 5.70 5.16 3.35 1.93 0.62 0.93 0.14 2.45 100.00

Table 2. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents by Number of Household Members. Number of household Members No Total Distribution of Respondents 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Above 10 Response

Municipality of Paglat Dumakling 4 10 2 4 - - - 20 Itdig 25 16 23 14 8 - 7 93 Total 29 26 25 18 8 - 7 113 Percentage 25.66 23.01 22.12 15.93 7.08 - 6.19 100

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 9 8 8 3 - - - 28 Galidan 11 30 37 29 14 5 - 126 Popoyon 11 20 10 7 1 - 1 50 Total 31 58 55 39 15 5 1 204 Percentage 15.2 28.43 26.96 19.12 7.35 2.45 0.49 100

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 12 60 52 40 18 1 - 183 Dunguan 11 31 36 36 15 - - 129 Guanan 2 20 33 17 - - - 72 Total 25 111 121 93 33 1 - 384 Percentage 6.51 28.91 31.51 24.22 8.59 0.26 - 100

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan 7 10 8 2 1 - - 28 Tugal 23 21 15 17 8 2 - 86 Gadungan 17 28 26 14 8 1 2 96 Angkayamat 16 22 32 15 9 1 - 95 Bulod 10 34 29 23 15 - - 111 Papakan 15 21 20 10 4 - 1 71 Total 43 136 130 81 45 4 3 487 Percentage 8.83 27.93 26.69 16.63 9.24 0.82 0.62 100

Municipality of SKP Bulod 4 16 13 21 18 - - 72 Kulasi 4 10 3 17 8 - - 42 Kaladturan 6 8 3 10 5 - - 32 Lao-lao 12 23 16 28 19 - - 98 Lower Idtig 5 6 7 13 8 - - 39 Midpandakan 8 15 7 12 10 - - 52 Makainis 4 10 19 14 7 - - 54 Panasolen 8 36 30 21 8 - - 103 Pidtiguian 7 19 5 18 8 - 1 58 Badak 54 84 49 48 21 2 1 259 Lasangan 30 43 46 24 4 - - 147 Lumabao 11 20 12 4 1 0 1 49 Total 153 290 210 230 117 2 3 1005 Percentage 15.22 28.86 20.90 22.89 11.64 0.20 0.30 100.00

Table 2. (Continuation) Number of household Members No Distribution of Respondents Above Total 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Response 10 Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 5 27 21 15 3 - - 71 Dunguan 8 16 16 19 9 - - 68 Talapas 4 20 11 7 6 - - 48 Talitay 3 9 5 11 15 - - 43 Total 20 72 53 52 33 - - 230 Percentage 8.70 31.30 23.04 22.61 14.35 - - 100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 21 50 61 31 11 - - 174 Kilagasan 27 68 30 18 8 - 1 152 Magatos 8 32 36 23 6 - - 105 Lower Paatan 28 82 63 26 9 - 1 209 Upper Paatan 12 20 5 5 1 - - 43 Total 96 252 195 103 35 - 2 683 Percentage 14.06 36.90 28.55 15.08 5.12 - 0.29 100.00

Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged 10 11 8 3 - - 2 34 Buliok 5 28 10 7 1 1 - 52 Kudal 9 14 4 10 1 - - 38 Kalbugan 20 37 33 15 7 1 1 114 Total 44 90 55 35 9 2 3 238 Percentage 18.49 37.82 23.11 14.71 3.78 0.84 1.26 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 3 11 10 12 4 - - 40 Barungis 12 24 30 9 3 - - 77 Buliok 6 29 33 35 10 - - 113 Bulod 5 15 13 8 5 - - 46 Bulol 4 15 13 15 5 - - 52 Kabasalan 14 22 24 15 2 2 1 80 Katilakan 10 8 6 2 - - - 26 Kulambog 6 15 13 18 4 1 - 57 Langayen 14 13 16 11 3 - - 57 Makasendeg 12 34 7 - - - - 53 Paido Pulangi 2 31 25 13 2 - - 73 Punol 13 24 17 11 3 - - 68 Rajah Muda 12 18 19 17 4 - 2 72 Talitay 1 12 17 12 7 - - 49 Total 114 271 243 178 52 3 3 863 Percentage 13.21 31.40 28.16 20.63 6.03 0.35 0.35 100.00 GRAND TOTAL 555 1306 1087 829 347 17 22 4207 PERCENTAGE 13.19 31.04 25.84 19.71 8.25 0.40 0.52 100.00

Table 3. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents According to Religious Affiliation. Year Settled Distribution of Respondents th Iglesia ni No Islam Roman Catholic Protestant Baptist 7 Day Adventist Aglipay Methodist Total Kristo Response Municipality of Paglat Dumakling 20 ------20 Itdig 93 ------93 Total 113 ------113 Percentage 100.00 ------100.00

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 5 20 - 2 1 - - - - 28 Galidan 112 13 - 1 - - - - - 126 Popoyon 25 25 ------50 Total 142 58 - 3 1 - - - - 204 Percentage 69.61 28.43 - 1.47 0.49 - - - - 100.00

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 128 52 1 - - 1 - - 1 183 Dunguan 129 ------129 Guanan 72 ------72 Total 329 52 1 - - 1 - - 1 384 Percentage 85.68 13.54 0.26 - - 0.26 - - 0.26 100.00

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan 28 ------28 Tugal 84 ------2 86 Gadungan 96 ------96 Angkayamat 95 ------95 Bulod 111 ------111 Papakan 71 ------71 Total 485 ------2 487 Percentage 99.59 ------0.41 100.00

Table 3. (Continuation)

Year Settled Roman 7th Day Iglesia ni No Distribution of Respondents Islam Catholic Protestant Baptist Adventist Aglipay Kristo Methodist Response Total Municipality of SKP Bulod 72 ------72 Kulasi 42 ------42 Kaladturan 32 ------32 Lao-lao 98 ------98 Lower Idtig 3 - - - - 36 - - - 39 Midpandakan 52 ------52 Makainis 54 ------54 Panasolen 103 ------103 Pidtiguian 58 ------58 Badak 256 ------3 259 Lasangan 145 ------2 147 Lumabao 49 ------49 Total 964 - - - - 36 - - 5 1005 Percentage 95.92 - - - - 3.58 - - 0.50 100.00

Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 71 ------71 Dunguan 68 ------68 Talapas 48 ------48 Talitay 43 ------43 Total 230 ------230 Percentage 100.00 ------100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 146 - 12 ------174 Kilagasan 101 17 - - - 11 3 - - 152 Magatos 105 ------105 Lower Paatan 164 14 4 - - - - 21 - 209 Upper Paatan 26 2 ------43 Total 542 33 16 - - 11 3 21 - 683 Percentage 79.36 4.83 2.34 - - 1.61 0.44 3.07 - 100.00

Table 3. (Continuation) Year Settled Distribution of Respondents th Iglesia ni No Islam Roman Catholic Protestant Baptist 7 Day Adventist Aglipay Methodist Total Kristo Response Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged 33 ------1 34 Buliok 52 ------52 Kudal 38 ------38 Kalbugan 114 ------114 Total 237 ------1 238 Percentage 99.58 ------0.42 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 40 ------40 Barungis 62 ------15 77 Buliok 113 ------113 Bulod 46 ------46 Bulol 52 ------52 Kabasalan 80 ------80 Katilakan 26 ------26 Kulambog 49 ------8 57 Langayen 56 ------1 57 Makasendeg 53 ------1 53 Paido Pulangi 73 ------73 Punol 64 4 ------68 Rajah Muda 72 ------72 Talitay 49 ------49 Total 835 4 ------25 863 Percentage 96.76 0.46 ------2.90 100.00 TOTAL 3877 147 17 3 1 48 3 21 34 4207 PERCENTAGE 92.16 3.49 0.40 0.07 0.02 1.14 0.07 0.50 0.81 100.00

Table 4. Highest Educational Attainment of Household Heads/Respondents per Municipality. Highest Educational Attainment Distribution of Respondents Elem. High School High School College College No Arabic Elem. Level Total Graduate Level Graduate Level Graduate Response Municipality of Paglat Dumakling - 8 - - - 1 - 11 20 Itdig - 44 3 6 11 5 1 23 93 Total - 52 3 6 11 6 1 34 113 Percentage - 46.02 2.65 5.31 9.73 5.31 0.88 30.09 100.00

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 1 4 5 7 1 1 2 7 28 Galidan 75 8 7 4 5 1 - 26 126 Popoyon - 10 9 7 5 2 1 16 50 Total 76 22 21 18 11 4 3 49 204 Percentage 37.25 10.78 10.29 8.82 5.39 1.96 1.47 24.02 100.00

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 2 80 16 23 23 10 5 24 183 Dunguan 4 38 6 20 13 9 3 36 129 Guanan 2 35 1 3 9 6 - 16 72 Total 8 153 23 46 45 25 8 76 384 Percentage 2.08 39.84 5.99 11.98 11.72 6.51 2.08 19.79 100.00

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan 1 9 1 4 4 2 - 7 28 Tugal 6 27 3 5 5 2 - 38 84 Gadungan 8 25 10 3 3 5 4 38 96 Angkayamat 10 34 5 5 5 - 1 35 95 Bulod 12 19 15 17 17 4 7 20 111 Papakan 7 27 2 - - 1 - 34 71 Total 44 141 36 34 34 14 12 172 485 Percentage 9.07 29.07 7.42 7.01 7.01 2.89 2.47 35.46 100.00

Table 4. (Continuation). Highest Educational Attainment Distribution of Respondents Elem. Elem. High School College College No Arabic High School Graduate Total Level Graduate Level Level Graduate Response Municipality of SKP Bulod 11 25 7 2 2 1 1 23 72 Kulasi 2 18 - 1 1 2 1 17 42 Kaladturan - 16 2 - - 4 2 8 32 Lao-lao 1 54 - 10 10 8 1 14 98 Lower Idtig 5 9 2 6 6 3 - 8 39 Midpandakan 8 22 - 4 4 - - 14 52 Makainis 5 16 3 - - 3 2 25 54 Panasolen 4 55 - 4 4 3 5 28 103 Pidtiguian 14 18 1 2 2 - - 21 58 Badak 29 77 5 14 14 17 10 93 259 Lasangan 21 69 1 1 1 1 0 53 147 Lumabao 6 15 2 5 5 2 4 10 49 Total 56 242 15 32 32 24 15 179 1005 Percentage 5.57 24.08 1.49 3.18 3.18 2.39 1.49 17.81 100.00

Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 5 21 - - - 1 - 44 71 Dunguan - 24 5 3 3 2 - 31 68 Talapas - 21 2 - - 3 1 21 48 Talitay - 13 - - - 3 - 27 43 Total 5 79 7 3 3 9 1 123 230 Percentage 2.17 34.35 3.04 1.30 1.30 3.91 0.43 53.48 100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 3 84 7 11 11 2 1 55 174 Kilagasan 9 57 13 11 11 3 4 44 152 Magatos 5 44 6 - - 6 - 44 105 Lower Paatan 3 88 9 8 8 6 2 85 209 Upper Paatan 1 12 6 5 5 4 2 8 43 Total 21 285 41 35 35 21 9 236 683 Percentage 3.07 41.73 6 5.12 5.12 3.07 1.32 34.55 100.00

Table 4. (Continuation). Highest Educational Attainment Distribution of Respondents Elem. Elem. High School High School College College No Arabic Total Level Graduate Level Graduate Level Graduate Response

Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged 4 9 4 3 3 1 - 10 34 Buliok 1 17 1 3 3 3 3 21 52 Kudal 3 9 2 5 5 1 - 13 38 Kalbugan 5 49 2 5 5 5 1 42 114 Total 13 84 9 16 16 10 4 86 238 Percentage 5.46 35.29 3.78 6.72 6.72 4.20 1.68 36.13 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 1 13 2 2 2 5 - 15 40 Barungis 5 20 8 9 9 4 - 22 77 Buliok 3 33 7 15 15 11 3 26 113 Bulod - 15 5 6 6 2 1 11 46 Bulol 2 19 5 3 3 2 1 17 52 Kabasalan 1 39 7 - - - - 33 80 Katilakan - 4 6 2 2 - - 12 26 Kulambog - 19 8 5 5 2 1 17 57 Langayen 2 23 2 - - 1 1 28 57 Makasendeg 1 15 4 6 6 2 - 19 53 Paido Pulangi 2 31 2 6 6 2 2 22 73 Punol 3 26 14 2 2 1 1 19 68 Rajah Muda 3 30 5 5 5 3 - 21 72 Talitay - 18 4 6 6 - - 15 49 Total 23 305 79 67 67 35 10 277 863 Percentage 2.67 35.34 9.15 7.76 7.76 4.06 1.16 32.10 100.00 TOTAL 246 1363 234 257 254 148 63 1232 4207 PERCENTAGE 5.85 32.40 5.56 6.11 6.04 3.52 1.50 29.28 100.00

Table 5. Ethnic Origin of Household Heads/Respondents per Municipality. Ethnic Origin Distribution of Respondents No Total Maguindanao Illonggo Cebuano Ilocano Christian Igorot Response

Municipality of Paglat Dumakling 20 ------20 Itdig 92 - - - - - 1 93 Total 112 - - - - - 1 113 Percentage 99.12 - - - - - 0.88 100.00

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 5 21 2 - - - - 28 Galidan 111 15 - - - - - 126 Popoyon 25 22 - - - - 3 50 Total 141 58 2 - - - 3 204 Percentage 69.12 28.43 0.98 - - - 1.47 100.00

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 131 51 - - - - 1 183 Dunguan 129 ------129 Guanan 72 ------72 Total 332 51 - - - - 1 384 Percentage 86.46 13.28 - - - - 0.26 100.00

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan 27 - - - - - 1 28 Tugal 84 - - - - - 2 86 Gadungan 95 - - - - - 1 96 Angkayamat 95 ------95 Bulod 107 - - - - - 4 111 Papakan 71 ------71 Total 479 - - - - - 8 487 Percentage 98.36 - - - - - 1.64 100.00

Table 5. (Continuation) Ethnic Origin Distribution of Respondents Maguindanao Illonggo Cebuano Ilocano Christian Igorot No Response Total

Municipality of SKP Bulod 72 ------72 Kulasi 42 ------42 Kaladturan 32 ------32 Lao-lao 98 ------98 Lower Idtig 2 - - - - - 37 39 Midpandakan 52 ------52 Makainis 54 ------54 Panasolen 103 ------103 Pidtiguian 58 ------58 Badak 253 - - - - - 6 259 Lasangan 147 ------147 Lumabao 48 - - - - - 1 49 Total 961 - - - - - 43 1005 Percentage 95.62 - - - - - 4.28 100.00

Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 71 ------71 Dunguan 66 - 2 - - - 68 Talapas 48 ------48 Talitay 43 ------43 Total 228 - 2 - - - - 230 Percentage 99.13 - 0.87 - - - - 100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 147 - - 20 5 1 1 174 Kilagasan 90 - - 54 - - 8 152 Magatos 105 ------105 Lower Paatan 160 - - 25 - - 24 209 Upper Paatan 26 - - 17 - - - 43 Total 528 - - 116 5 1 33 683 Percentage 77.31 - - 16.98 0.73 0.15 4.83 100.00

Table 5. (Continuation) Ethnic Origin Distribution of Respondents Total Maguindanao Illonggo Cebuano Ilocano Christian Igorot No Response

Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged 34 ------34 Buliok 52 ------52 Kudal 38 ------38 Kalbugan 114 ------114 Total 238 ------238 Percentage 100.00 ------100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 40 ------40 Barungis 77 ------77 Buliok 113 ------113 Bulod 46 ------46 Bulol 52 ------52 Kabasalan 80 ------80 Katilakan 3 - 22 1 - - - 26 Kulambog 50 - - - - - 7 57 Langayen 57 ------57 Makasendeg 53 ------53 Paido Pulangi 73 ------73 Punol 68 ------68 Rajah Muda 72 ------72 Talitay 49 ------49 Total 833 - 22 1 - - 7 863 Percentage 96.52 - 2.55 0.12 - - 0.81 100.00 TOTAL 3852 109 26 117 5 1 96 4207 PERCENTAGE 91.56 2.59 0.62 2.78 0.12 0.02 2.28 100.00

Table 6. Fishing Methods Employed by the Respondents. Fishing Method Frequency Percentage

Hook and line 121 9.98 Pintik 17 1.40 Fish net 615 50.74 Fish cage 32 2.64 Fish corral 27 2.23 Talik 226 18.65 Salakab 20 1.65 Sukob 61 5.03 No Response 93 7.67 Total 1212 100.00

Table 7. Types of Livestock and Poultry Raised and Estimated Population per Species. Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=383) Heads

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling Chicken 2 184 Duck 1 124 Carabao 1 5 Goat 1 7

Itdig Chicken 16 276 Duck 9 112 Cow 7 33 Carabao 7 24 Goat 8 46

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos Chicken 2 550 cattle 1 6 Duck 1 509 Cow 1 1 Carabao 1 12 Pig 1 8 Goat 1 2

Galidan Chicken 30 321 Cattle 2 2 Duck 20 136 Carabao 1 1 Goat 4 5

Popoyon Chicken 4 207 Duck 4 187 Carabao 2 4 Goat 1 5

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong Chicken 52 232 Duck 14 67 Cow 1 1 Carabao 7 12 Goat 7 22

Table 7. (Continuation) Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=383) Heads Dunguan Chicken 14 263 Cattle 2 4 Duck 18 152 Cow 1 2 Carabao 10 20 Goat 14 87

Guanan Chicken 7 510 Cow 1 1 Carabao 1 8 Pig 5 96 Goat 5 116 Duck 1 207

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan Chicken 1 128 Duck 1 93

Tugal Chicken 18 376 Cattle 1 4 Duck 14 172 Carabao 5 61 Goat 4 20

Gadungan Chicken 25 318 Duck 15 141 Carabao 8 22 Goat 1 9

Angkayamat Chicken 14 271 Cattle 2 2 Duck 6 57 Carabao 4 14 Goat 1 1

Bulod Chicken 25 431 Cattle 2 9 Duck 8 188 Cow 2 4 Carabao 7 63 Goat 4 36

Papakan Chicken 6 197 Duck 12 111 Carabao 6 20 Goat 4 48

Table 7. (Continuation)

Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod - - -

Kulasi Chicken 3 72 Duck 3 86 Carabao 2 12 Goat 1 1

Kaladturan - - -

Lao-lao Chicken 30 129 Duck 9 150 Carabao 9 24 Goat 2 8

Lower Idtig Chicken 12 158 Duck 4 47 Carabao 2 5

Midpandakan Chicken 3 221 Duck 2 210 Cow 1 2 Carabao 3 20 Goat 2 16

Makainis Chicken 8 131 Duck 5 97 Carabao 4 10 Goat 2 12

Panasolen Chicken 20 372 Duck 24 239 Carabao 6 14 Goat 4 39

Pidtiguian Chicken 9 132 Duck 5 134 Carabao 4 10 Goat 4 61

Badak Chicken 16 112

Lasangan Chicken 21 118 Goat 13 62 Duck 10 118

Lumabao Duck 8 98

Table 7. (Continuation)

Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod Chicken 16 811 Duck 5 22 Cow 1 2 Carabao 6 27 Goat 6 28

Dunguan Chicken 4 204 Duck 2 121 Goat 3 13 Carabao 2 7 Goose 1 10 Turkey 1 13

Talapas Chicken 5 238 Duck 1 41 Cattle 2 5 Carabao 5 27 Goat 3 38

Talitay Chicken 3 71 Duck 3 31 Carabao 2 9 Goat 3 13

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon Chicken 30 292 Duck 7 93 Carabao 2 2 Pig 10 62 Goat 5 45 Cow 1 2

Kilagasan Chicken 2 180

Magatos Chicken 23 623 Duck 8 134 Carabao 7 22 Goat 3 9

Lower Paatan Chicken 18 866 Duck 15 286 Carabao 7 15 Pig 5 15 Goat 12 105

Table 7. (Continuation)

Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Upper Paatan Chicken 4 266 Duck 4 47 Carabao 1 1 Pig 3 6

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged Chicken 3 42 Duck 1 20 Cow 2 6 Carabao 2 4 Goat 2 5

Buliok Chicken 3 197

Kudal Chicken 4 28 Duck 3 21 Cow 1 2 Goat 1 2

Kalbugan Chicken 4 353 Duck 3 101 Carabao 1 2 Goat 1 6

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged Chicken 5 411 Duck 2 68 Cow 2 3 cattle 1 1 Carabao 2 6 Goat 1 1

Barungis Chicken 13 422 Duck 7 68 Cow 1 3 Carabao 8 21 Goat 6 31

Table 7. (Continuation) Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Buliok Chicken 30 598 Duck 10 126 Cow 2 3 Carabao 6 16 Goat 3 16

Bulod Chicken 8 238 Duck 4 22 Cow 1 2 Carabao 3 9 Goat 4 20

Bulol Chicken 14 296 Duck 2 20 Cow 1 2 Carabao 2 3 Goat 4 35

Kabasalan Chicken 7 147 Duck 5 35 Cow 1 3 Carabao 4 5 Goat 4 10

Katilakan Chicken 3 53 Cow 1 8 Pig 3 14 Carabao 3 8 Goat 4 21

Kulambog Chicken 5 145 Duck 5 71 Carabao 5 17 Cow 2 9 Turkey 1 5 Pig 2 4 Goat 4 32

Table 7. (Continuation)

Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of Municipality/Barangay Raised (n=1391) Heads

Langayen Chicken 23 675 Duck 3 32 Cow 4 23 Carabao 6 21 Dove 1 40 Goat 4 37

Makasendeg Chicken 28 615 Duck 3 140 Cow 3 12 Carabao 2 5 Goat 4 64

Paido Pulangi Chicken 23 167 Duck 7 157 Cow 1 1 Carabao 3 7 Goat 4 32

Punol Chicken 7 157 Turkey 2 31 Duck 3 47 Cow 3 10 Carabao 5 12 Goat 5 22

Rajah Muda Chicken 11 295 Duck 5 32 Cow 2 2 Carabao 4 8 Goat 3 40

Talitay Chicken 9 188 Duck 2 8 Cow 1 4 Carabao 2 5

Table 8. Methods Employed in Raising Livestock and Poultry.

Collection Site Frequency (n=1391) Percentage

Feedlot 711 53.74 Teethering 234 17.69 Cut and carry 177 13.38 Grazing 420 31.75 Others 75 5.67

Table 9. Types of Handicraft Produced by the Respondent.

Type of Handicraft No. of Respondents Estimated Municipality/Barangay made (n=240) Yield

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling Kalakat 2 78

Itdig Kalakat 2 10 Mat weaving 5 11

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos Mat weaving 1 970 Kalakat 1 110 Coconut leaves 1 30

Galidan Mat weaving 3 15 Kalakat 6 1495 Coconut leaves 2 102

Popoyon - - -

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong Nipa hat making 5 800

Dunguan Mat weaving 4 7

Guanan Wall making 1 61000

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan - - -

Tugal Nipa hat making 6 1120 Kalakat 1 70 Mat weaving 2 4

Gadungan Kalakat 2 180

Angkayamat Mat weaving 3 19 Kalakat 3 300 Nipa hat making 1 415

Bulod Nipa hat making 5 1600

Papakan Mat weaving 1 8 Coconut leaves 1 200 Fish equipment 1 30 Nipa hat making 1 200 Talik making 1 5

Table 9. (Continuation)

Type of Handicraft No. of Respondents Estimated Municipality/Barangay made (n=240) Yield

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod - - -

Kulasi Mat weaving 2 4 Nipa hat making 1 10

Kaladturan - - -

Lao-lao Mat weaving 1 2

Lower Idtig Mat weaving 3 212 Roof making 1 200 Nipa hat making 1 750 Hat making 3 630

Midpandakan Kalakat 4 2310 Roof making 2 600 Nipa hat making 2 200

Makainis Nipa hat making 1 250

Panasolen Mat weaving 2 63

Pidtiguian Mat weaving 5 207 Roof making 2 20 Nipa hat making 2 3

Badak Mat weaving 1 2 Nipa hat making 1 600

Lasangan Mat weaving 2 27 Nipa hat making 1 600 Roof 1 300

Lumabao Mat weaving 3 163 Nipa hat making 2 250 bagombong making 1 1500

Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod - - -

Dunguan Roof making 4 600

Talapas Mat weaving 2 90 Roof making 1 400

Talitay Mat weaving 1 3

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon Mat weaving 6 300 Nipa hat making 8 15200

Kilagasan Mat weaving 27 2500 Nipa hat making 23 160000 Roof making 38 55000

Table 9. (Continuation) Type of Handicraft No. of Respondents Estimated Municipality/Barangay made (n=240) Yield

Magatos - - -

Lower Paatan Mat weaving 4 500

Upper Paatan - -

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged - - -

Buliok Hat making 1 300

Kudal - - -

Kalbugan Hat making 3 900

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged Wood Bundling 2 20

Barungis - - -

Buliok Roof making 1 600

Bulod Roof making 1 600

Bulol - - -

Kabasalan Mat weaving 1 3

Katilakan - - -

Kulambog Wood Bundling 2 20

Langayen - - -

Makasendeg - - -

Paido Pulangi - - -

Punol Wood Bundling 2 20

Rajah Muda Mat weaving 2 10

Talitay Roof Making 8 3800

Table 10. Other Sources of Income of the Respondent. No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Municipality of Paglat (n=113) Dumakling Fire wood 1 Carpenter 1

Itdig Rice mill 2 Bussiness 1 Carpenter 1 laborer 1 Driver 1

Municipality of Tulunan (n=204) Dungos Military 2 Carpenter 2 Buy and Sell 2 Fire wood 2 Laborer 2 Driver 2

Galidan Carpenter 1 Laborer 1 Driver 1 Government employee 1 Sari-sari Store 1 Cogon harvest 2 Talahib Cutting 1 Agent 2 Popoyon Carpenter 2 Laborer 1 Driver 6 Sari-sari Store 2 Vendor 2

Municipality of Mlang (n=384) Dugong Carpenter 16 Firewood 4 Buy and sell 2 laborer 52 Driver 16

Dunguan Carpenter 2 Laborer 21 Fire wood 2 Driver 6 Saw operator 6

Table 10. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1190)

Guanan Laborer 16 Driver 4

Municipality of SSB (n=487) Langgapangan Laborer 2 Saw Operator 2

Tugal Buy and sell 8 Laborer 2 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 4

Gadungan Laborer 4 Driver 12 Sari-sari Store 4 Teacher 2

Angkayamat Laborer 6 Driver 21 Buy and sell 6 Sari-sari Store 8

Bulod Carpenter 8 Buy and sell 4 Laborer 6 Driver 10 Saw Operator 2

Papakan Fire wood 2 Laborer 4 Sari-sari Store 5 Vendor 2

Municipality of SKP (n=1005) Bulod - -

Kulasi Carpenter 2 Laborer 4 Sari-sari Store 6

Kaladturan - -

Table 10. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Lao-lao Laborer 2 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 5

Lower Idtig Laborer 4 Driver 2 Sari-sari Store 2

Midpandakan Carpenter 2 Laborer 8 Driver 13 Fire wood 4 Business 2

Makainis Laborer 2 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 2

Panasolen Laborer 12 Driver 6 Business 12 Sari-sari Store 6

Pidtiguian Laborer 4 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 8

Badak Laborer 10 Driver 4 Sari-sari store 3

Lasangan Laborer 10 Driver 3 Business 1 Sari-sari store 4

Lumabao Carpenter 2 Fire wood 2 laborer 3 Govermment employee 1

Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230) Bulod Driving Boat 4 Laborer 13 Govermment employee 2 Sari-sari Store 4 Driver 2 Roof Making 2 Teacher 2

Dunguan Laborer 28 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 10

Table 10. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Talapas Laborer 2 Driver 4 Govermment employee 2 Sari-sari Store 3

Talitay Driving Boat 2

Municipality of Kabacan (n=683) Cuyapon Carpenter 4 Laborer 28 Driver 21 Saw Operator 7

Kilagasan Fire wood 7 Laborer 26 Driver 14 Business 2

Magatos Laborer 14 Driver 16 Saw Operator 2 Sari-sari Store 6

Lower Paatan Laborer 36 Driver 11 Sari-sari Store 7

Upper Paatan Laborer 26 Driver 12 Government employee 2 Sari-sari Store 6

Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238) Bagoenged Carpenter 2 Wood gathered 2 Driver 2

Buliok Carpenter 9 Laborer 2 Business 2 Sari-sari Store 5

Table 10. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Kudal Laborer 2 Driver 3 Government Employee 3 Wood gathered 4 Sari-sari Store 3

Kalbugan Laborer 8 Driver 9 Sari-sari Store 13

Municipality of Pikit (n=863) Bagu Enged Driving Boat 3 Carpenter 2 Laborer 12 Driver 8 Business 2 Sari-sari Store 8

Barungis Driving Boat 2 Carpenter 6 Driver 2 Sari-sari Store 8

Buliok Driving Boat 2 Carpenter 16 Hired Laborer 4 Laborer 6 Driver 4 Sari-sari Store 20

Bulod Driver 2 Business 2 Sari-sari Store 2 Vendor 2

Bulol Laborer 2 Driver 2 Government Employee 2 Sari-sari Store 2

Table 10. (Continuation) No. of Respondents Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income (n=1233)

Kabasalan Carpenter 2 Laborer 4 Driver 2 Business 2 Sari-sari Store 6 Vendor 4

Katilakan Driver 3 Government Employee 3 Sari-sari Store 2

Kulambog Carpenter 5 Driver 5 Business 3 Sari-sari Store 3

Langayen Driving Boat 4 Carpenter 5 Saw Operator 4 Business 1

Makasendeg Carpenter 6 Driver 1 Sari-sari Store 5

Paido Pulangi Laborer 29 Driver 3 Business 4 Sari-sari Store 6

Punol Carpenter 15 Laborer 35 Driver 28

Rajah Muda Laborer 9 Driver 6 Government Employee 4 Sari-sari Store 6

Talitay Carpenter 5 Laborer 6 Driver 2 Sari-sari Store 3

Table 11. Estimated Annual Income of Household. Estimated Annual Average Income Municipality/Barangay 100,000 & Below 20,000 21,000-40,000 41,000-60,000 61,000-80,000 81,000-100,000 No Response Total above

Municipality of Paglat Dumakling 7 5 2 2 - 3 1 20 Itdig 44 18 9 7 1 2 12 93 Sub-total 51 23 11 9 1 5 13 113 Percentage 45.13 20.35 9.73 7.96 0.88 4.42 11.50 100.00

Municipality of Tulunan Dungos 16 6 4 - - 2 - 28 Galidan 25 39 25 7 5 24 1 126 Popoyon 14 14 4 2 3 2 11 50 Sub-total 55 59 33 9 8 28 12 204 Percentage 26.96 28.92 16.18 4.41 3.92 13.73 5.88 100.00

Municipality of Mlang Dugong 55 41 36 20 8 22 1 183 Dunguan 41 50 18 5 6 7 2 129 Guanan 19 23 8 6 5 6 5 72 Sub-total 115 114 62 31 19 35 8 384 Percentage 29.95 29.69 16.15 8.07 4.95 9.11 2.08 100.00

Municipality of SSB Langgapangan 1 5 6 8 5 3 - 28 Tugal 12 21 18 14 6 15 - 86 Gadungan 22 31 10 6 5 9 13 96 Angkayamat 24 21 13 13 9 15 - 95 Bulod 24 36 20 10 8 10 3 111 Papakan 9 24 9 6 4 15 4 71 Sub-total 92 138 76 57 37 67 20 487 Percentage 18.89 28.34 15.61 11.70 7.60 13.76 4.11 100.00

Table 11. (Continuation) Estimated Annual Average Income Municipality/Barangay Below 20,000 21,000-40,000 41,000-60,000 61,000-80,000 81,000-100,000 100,000 & above No Response Total Municipality of SKP Bulod 11 20 10 8 7 15 1 72 Kulasi 16 10 5 2 2 4 3 42 Kaladturan 7 6 2 3 - 9 5 32 Lao-lao 37 22 11 6 6 12 4 98 Lower Idtig 15 9 4 5 - 3 3 39 Midpandakan 9 18 7 2 4 11 1 52 Makainis 16 14 11 2 2 4 5 54 Panasolen 27 34 17 8 4 9 4 103 Pidtiguian 13 23 10 2 3 4 3 58 Badak 121 52 18 22 8 11 27 259 Lasangan 88 14 17 8 15 2 3 147 Lumabao 22 5 13 4 - 1 4 49 Sub-total 382 227 125 72 51 85 63 1005 Percentage 38.01 22.59 12.44 7.16 5.07 8.46 6.27 100.00

Municipality of Datu Montawal Bulod 12 9 8 8 8 22 4 71 Dunguan 12 13 10 9 3 13 8 68 Talapas 10 11 11 5 3 4 4 48 Talitay 13 13 6 5 - 4 2 43 Sub-total 47 46 35 27 14 43 18 230 Percentage 20.43 20.00 15.22 11.74 6.09 18.70 7.83 100.00

Municipality of Kabacan Cuyapon 26 32 22 14 7 20 53 174 Kilagasan 31 38 27 18 13 18 7 152 Magatos 19 29 14 13 10 17 3 105 Lower Paatan 15 14 10 15 11 11 133 209 Upper Paatan 13 9 8 6 1 6 - 43 Sub-total 104 122 81 66 42 72 196 683 Percentage 15.23 17.86 11.86 9.66 6.15 10.54 28.7 100.00

Table 11. (Continuation) Estimated Annual Average Income Municipality/Barangay 100,000 & Below 20,000 21,000-40,000 41,000-60,000 61,000-80,000 81,000-100,000 No Response Total above Municipality of Pagalungan Bagoenged 16 3 6 3 1 - 5 34 Buliok 13 9 4 4 2 14 6 52 Kudal 15 10 4 1 2 4 2 38 Kalbugan 23 14 20 11 16 28 2 114 Sub-total 67 36 34 19 21 46 15 238 Percentage 28.15 15.13 14.29 7.98 8.82 19.33 6.30 100.00

Municipality of Pikit Bagu Enged 7 7 7 7 4 7 1 40 Barungis 13 16 9 10 8 20 1 77 Buliok 19 20 14 16 23 20 1 113 Bulod 13 12 10 2 2 5 2 46 Bulol 19 16 5 8 2 6 2 52 Kabasalan - 7 7 6 4 54 2 80 Katilakan 6 4 4 - 4 6 2 26 Kulambog 4 3 8 6 8 25 3 57 Langayen 5 9 7 7 6 22 1 57 Makasendeg 2 4 4 12 10 20 1 53 Paido Pulangi 10 15 16 9 5 17 1 73 Punol 2 10 10 9 3 31 3 68 Rajah Muda 12 11 14 13 6 15 1 72 Talitay 16 9 8 4 1 7 4 49 Sub-total 128 143 123 109 86 255 25 863 Percentage 14.83 16.57 14.25 12.63 9.97 29.55 2.90 100.00 GRAND TOTAL 1041 906 580 397 279 634 370 4207 PERCENTAGE 24.74 21.54 13.79 9.44 6.63 15.07 8.79 100.00

ANNEX 2

ANNEX 4

Annex 7 List of plant species found in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex based on the inventory done for the preparation of the Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA)

Local name Family Name Scientific Name (Maguindanaoan) Common Name Malvaceae Abelmoschos esculentus okra/likuway okra Pteridaceae Achrostichum aureum L. Palbek lagolo Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Kadeket-deket dokotdokot Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Aeschynomeme americana Kayulog tulog a mama makahiyang lalake Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Aeshynomene indica L. Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Kalukatlukat damong mabaho Leguminosae/ Mimosaceae Albizia saponaria Balogo saling kugi Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Biao lumbang Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. kabetek-betek dita Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Amaranthus gracilis bangkawangan kulitis Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus L. katebektebek bayamban Poaceae Andropogon citratus L. salay tanglad Marattiaceae Angiopteris palmifloris pako a tading pakong kalabaw Annonaceae Annona muricata bayabano guyabano Annonaceae Annona squamosa salikaya atis Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. paku pakong buwaya Arecaceae Areca caliso e kalido kalido Arecaceae Areca catechu e makaan bunga Moraceae Artocarpus cummunis kamasi kamansi Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus badak nangka Poaceae Arundo donax L. bagumbong tambo Axonopus compressus (SW.) Poaceae Beauv. balili a mama carabao grass Poaceae Bambusa blumeana tamlang kawayan-tinik Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris kling kawayan-kiling Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris var. striata kling a sambulawan striated bamboo Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Lecythidaceae Gaertn. sbp. acutangula Lecythidaceae Barringtonia racemosa Merr. tupak putat Asteraceae Bidens pilosa deket- deket beggar ticks Gramineae/ Poaceae Brachiaria mutica Euphorbiaceae Breynia rhamnoides pamadtingin matang hipon Convolvulaceae Calonyction Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Calopogonium mucunoides kaluming calopogonium Caricaceae Carica papaya papaya papaya Arecaceae Caryota cumingii e pula pugahan Arecaceae Caryota rumphiana e tabisan takipan Leguminosae/ Caesalpinaceae Cassia alata katiobong acapulco Leguminosae/ Caesalpinaceae Cassia tora L. balatong aso balatong aso Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra kapok silk cotton Gramineae/ Poaceae Cenchrus echinatus L. Apiaceae Centella asiatica L. WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page 99

Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Centrosema plumieri baba na ubal centrosema Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Centrosema pubescens sageket centro Parkeriaceae Ceratopteris thalictroides Gramineae/ Poaceae Chloris barbata kro-kro koroskorosan Asteraceae Chromolaena odorata kamarumaru hagonoy Gramineae/ Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz) Poaceae Trin. deket-deketan amorseco Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. niyog niyo Gramineae/ Poaceae Coix lachryma L. kabilas bilas tigbe Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa kulasi alikbangon Asteraceae Conyza canadensis (L.) Crong. keba conyza Boraginaceae Cordia sp. nonang anonang Arecaceae Corypha elata silal buri Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. kalawag dilao kawad- Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. bermuda kawad/bermuda Cyperus brevifolius (Roth.) Cyperaceae Hassk. kapugopugo pugopugo Cyperaceae Cyperus imbricatus pupao na bao balabalumutan Cyperaceae Cyperus iria L. kapayungpayung payungpayung Cyperaceae Cyperus javanicus Houtt. Cyperaceae Cyperus kyllingia basikad basikad Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus t'ke mutha Arecaceae Daemonorops mollis e tanigib ditaan Leguminosae/ Desmodium pulchellum (L.) Papilionaceae Benth. galocos payang-payang Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Desmodium triflorum (L.) D.C. kayakep desmodium Gramineae/ Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis L. pagokpok a babay pagpagay Gramineae/ Poaceae Digitaria setigera pagupok baludgangan Bignoniaceae Dolichandrone spathacea Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao e makao dao Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. mamayog kamrakamra Labiatae/ Lamiaceae Dysophylla auricullaria L. palti ni dagingan buntot pusa Gramineae/ Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Poaceae Beauv. tanagep bayakibok Compositae/ Asteraceae Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. dila na manok higis manok Ponterderiaceae Eichhornia crassipes butiti nilad Arecaceae Elaeis guinensis african oil palm african oil palm Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber kadiladila dilala Gramineae/ Poaceae Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. balili sabong-sabong Gramineae/ Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. F. Poaceae Hubb timbangan tagulinao Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. katawa-tawa golodrina Moraceae Ficus botryocarpa busikong basikong Moraceae Ficus sp. nononk balete Moraceae Ficus variegate ple/busikong/naga tangisang-bayawak Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma sumpa na balik guni

Cyperaceae Fuirena umbellata Roxb. Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Walh. madre cacao kakawate Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea gmelina gmelina Urticaceae Gonostegia hirta e Hanguanaceae Hanguana sp. Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum L. kabalakbalak buntot lion Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus malubago malibago Gramineae/ Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. gi kogon Leguminosae/ Indigofera suffruticosa Mill sbp. Papilionaceae suffruticosa L. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica kangkong kangkong Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-tigridis kauboubi kamokamotehan Convolvulaceae Ipomoea triloba talibed malasandia Gramineae/ Poaceae Ischaemum digitatum Brongn.. Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas kabitialay tubang bakod Sterculiaceae Kleinhovia hospital tamnag tan-ag Lythraceae Lagerstroemia speciosa banawa banaba Gramineae/ Poaceae Leersia hexandra Sw. barit nes barit Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosa e Gramineae/ Poaceae Leptochloa chinensis kapalaypalay palay maya Leguminosae/ Mimosaceae Leucaena leucocephala lipi lipi ipil-ipil Scrophulariaceae Lindernia sp. Arecaceae Livistonia rotundifolia blak anahao Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens kangkong dapa/gabi gabi kangkong dapa Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq) Onagraceae Raven Onagraceae Ludwigia perennis balansuet sigang dagat Schizaeaceae Lygodium nito a maputi nitong puti Schizaeaceae Lygodium circinnatum nito nito Euphorbiaceae Macaranga tanarius binunga/limbunga binunga Euphorbiaceae Mallotus multiglandiolosus alem alim Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelinum saluyot digaosen saluyot Anacardiaceae Mangifera altissima baluno baluno Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica manga manga Anacardiaceae Mangifera odorata huani/ manga huani huani Anacardiaceae Mangifera philippinensis e paho paho Euphorbiaceae Manihot utilissima ubi bangala/ kapok cassava Sterculiaceae Melochia corchorifolia L. Convolvulaceae Merremia peltata sagiket sagiket Arecaceae Metroxylon sagu libi sago Compositae/ Asteraceae Mikania cordata Ponterderiaceae Monochoria vaginalis pusaw bigabigaag Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia bunga bankoro Moringaceae Moringa oleifera kalamonggay malunngay Musaceae Musa sapientum sagin saging Rubiaceae Nauclea orientalis balikakab bangkal Nelumbaceae Nelumbo nucifera sawa lotus

Arecaceae Nipa fruticans tog nipa Nyphaeaceae Nymphaea odorata butil water lily Gentianaceae Nymphoides indica Labiatae/ Lamiaceae Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Gramineae/ Poaceae Oryza sativa palay palay Pandanaceae Pandanus sp. pandan pandan Gramineae/ Poaceae Panicum cambogiense Balansa Gramineae/ Poaceae Panicum flavidum (Retz.) A utan na manok Gramineae/ Poaceae Panicum paludosum Roxb. Gramineae/ Poaceae Panicum repens L. kaluya-luya luyaluyahan Gramineae/ Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum Berg. manumpang kulape Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L. sampirola melonmelonan Pennisetum polysachyon (L.) Poaceae Schult ikog a tanuyo buntot pusa Lauraceae Persea Americana avocado/vucado abucado Pertusadina multifolia (Havil.) Rubiaceae Ridsel Gramineae/ Poaceae Phragmites sp. Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora Solanaceae Physalis minima sakebang pantugpantugan Araceae Pistia stratioides L. kayupo kiyapo Polygonaceae Polygonum barbatum kabalakbalak sigas lupa Polygonaceae Polygonum orientale L. Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Pongamia pinnata Portulaceae Portulaca oleracea L. ludsiman ulasiman Verbenaceae Premna odorata legao alagao Myrtaceae Psidium guajava bayabas guava Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Pterocarpus indicus Willd. nara smooth narra Leguminosae/ Pterocarpus indicus Willd.forma Papilionaceae echinatus nara prickly narra Combretaceae Quisqualis indica L. Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. katangtangan castor oil plant Gramineae/ Poaceae Roettbellia exaltata L. f. bugang aguingay Gramineae/ Poaceae Rynchyletrum repens panuselen natal grass Gramineae/ Poaceae Saccharum officinale tubo sugar cane Gramineae/ Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum L. tiogaw talahib Salicaeae Salix tetrasperma baybay baibai Bombacaceae Salmania malabarica kulumpang malabulak Leguminosae/ Mimosaceae Samanea saman pansiyo raintree Pandanaceae Sararanga philippinensis e malapandan malapandan Cyperaceae Scirpus grossus balabak tikiw Cyperaceae Scleria scrobiculata talid sarat Euphorbiaceae Securinega virosa (Roxb. Ex WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page 102

Willd) Baill. e Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Sesbania cannabina (Retz) Pers. Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. tudi katuray Malvaceae Sida acuta tapanding walis-walisan Malvaceae Sida retusa sapal escoba Celastraceae Siphonodar celstrinaus salimbetuk matang ulang Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia alba pedada pedada Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia caseolaris pagapat pagapat Poaceae Sorgum halepense (L.) Pers. lagumbingan batad-batadan Asteraceae Sphaeranthus africanus patung a bai botobotonesan Sphenocleaceae Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaert. kasila na manok silisilihan Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata libas libas Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis kandikandilaan kandikandilaan Lomariopsidaceae Stenochlaena palustris Compositae/ Asteraceae Synedrella nodiflora aleb a manok tuhod manok Syzygium cf. bordenii (Merr.) Myrtaceae Merr e lumban malaruhat puti Myrtaceae Syzygium cummini inogog duhat Myrtaceae Syzygium sp. 2 Myrtaceae Syzygium sp.1 Leguminosae/ Caesalpinaceae Tamarindus indicus sampaloc Tamarind Combretaceae Terminalia catappa talisay Talisay Combretaceae Terminalia copelandii e lipao Lanipao Vitaceae Tetrastigma harmandii Aizoaceae Trianthema portulacastrum L. papet Toston Turneraceae Turnera subulata Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L. Malvaceae Urena lobata deket-deket Kolokolotan

Annex 8. List of Fauna in the Ligawasan Marsh

BIRDS SURVEY DATA SHEET Protected Area Assessment for Ligawasan Marsh Observer: Boying Fernandez Coordinates: N 06 92 41.7 Stratum Wetland Habitat Date: May 31, 2004 Location: Brgy. Dugong, Mlang Cotabato E 124 87 66.5 A. Canopy Time Started: 8:30 AM Weather Condition: Sunny Elevation: B. Understory A. Herbaceous Time Ended: 11 :30 AM Scientific Name Common Name Local Name No. of Perp. C. Ground B. Shrub C.Swamp Seen Heard Station Indv. Dist. 1. Stem Remarks Forests 2. Branches <5cm. D. Peat Swamp 3. Branches <5cm. E. Rite Field' Maguindanaonon 4. Leaves F. Grassland 5. Flying 1 Streptopelia chinensis 10 B-C-5 I I 2 Streptopelia bitorquata 15 B-C-5 I I 3 Geopelia striata Korokokok 6 8-C-5 I I 4 Nectorinia juqularis 10+ B-C-5 I I 5 Artamus leucorhynchus Pas-pas 10 B-C E I I 6 Rhipidvra javanica 9 5-B-C E I I 7 Ardeola speciosa Tala-ong 20+ 5-C E-F I 8 Egretta garzetta M Kugkubangay 25 100 5-C E-F I 9 Egretta sacra 5 50 5 E-F I 10 Aplonis panayensis Tabasal flocks 5 I I 11 Merops viridis 20+ 5 I I 12 Cisticola exilis Pit-pit 5 B E-F I I 13 Nectarinia sperata 2 B I I 14 Dicaeum australe , 4 A-B I I 15 Dicaeum trigonostigma 2 I I 16 Collocalia esculenta 10+ 5 E I 17 Collocalia troglodytes . 10+ C E I 18 Amourormis pheonicurus 2 C F I 19 Ralliana sr. Tugling 5 C-5 20 Rallus torquatos Tugling 1 21 Porzana fusca Tugling 1 C-5 22 Alage nigra 2 5 23 Lonchura malacca flocks 5 F 24 Lonchura lencosastra 10+ C-5 F WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page 104

25 Megalurus palustris Kakassi 5 10 B-F F 26 Pycnonotus goiavier 5 20 I 27 Porzana sr. 1 I 28 Ardea sumatrana Bagok 5 29 Collocalia esculenta Baera-bidaanle 16 100 5-8 30 Halcyon chloris Kasmg-sina 7 8 I 31 Oriolus chinensis Teolan 2 8 I 32 Dicaeum anthonyi 2 20 I I

BIRDS SURVEY DATA SHEET Protected Area Assessment for Ligawasan Marsh

Observer: Boying Fernandez Coordinates: N 07 20 62.1 Stratum Wetland Date: May 26, 2004 Location: Brgy. Pob. #9, Cotabato City (Tamuntaka) E. 124 26 28.9 Habitat Time Started: 8:30 AM Weather Condition: Elevation: 25 m. A. Canopy A. Herbaceous Time Ended: 11 :30 AM Scientific Name Common Name Local Name No. of B. Shrub Perp. B. Understory C. Swamp Forest Indv. Dist. C. Ground D. Peat Swamp Seen Heard Station Remarks 1. Stem E. Rice Field 2. Branches <5cm F. Grassland 3. Branches <5cm 4. Leaves 5. Flying 1 Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird 25 A-B-F I I 2 Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-Vented Bulbul 10 B-F I I 3 Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker 6 A-B-F I I 4 Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole 2 B I I 5 Nectarina sperata Purple-throated Sunbird 3 B I I 6 Anthreptes malacencis Plain-throated Sunbird 4 B-F I I 7 Aethopyga pulcherrima Metallic-winged Sunbird f(/ 2 B-F I I 8 Celage nigra Pied Thriller 4 F C I I 9 Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird 6 C-1 I I 10 Halcyon chloris White-collared Kingfisher 7 F E I I 11 Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow 10 F F I I 12 Acrocephalus stentorois Clamorous Reed-warbler 20 F I I 13 Acrocephalus orientalis Oriental Reed-warbler 104 F I I 14 Streptopelia bitorquata Island-collared Dove 107 A-B-F I I 15 Centropus viridis Philippine Loucal 3 10 C I I 16 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher 2 20 B-F I I 17 Butorides striatus Little Heron 2 F F I I 18 Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove 10 F F I I 19 Aplonis panayensis Asian-glossy Starling 4 B-F I I

BIRDS SURVEY DATA SHEET Protected Area Assessment for Ligawasan Marsh

Observer: Baying Fernandez Coordinates: Stratum Wetland Habitat Date: May 2004 Location: Payan, Kabuntalan, Maguindanao Time Started: 8:30 AM Weather Condition: Fair Elevation: A. Canopy A. Herbaceous Time Ended: 11 :30 AM Scientific Name Common Name Local Name No. of Perp. B. Understory B. Shrub Indv. Dist. C. Ground C.Swamp Seen Heard Station Remarks Forest 1. Stem D. Peat Swamp 2. Branches <5cm E. Rice Field 3. Branches <5cm F. Grassland 4. Leaves 5. Flying 1 Ixobrvchus sinensis Yellow Bittern 2 10 F G-L I 2 Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinammon Bittern 1 10 F I 3 Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird 2 5 F-B I I 4 Orthotomus castaneiceps Phil. Tailorbird 2 5 G F I 5 Halcyon chloris White-collared Kingfisher 5 20-30 F-B I I 6 Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron 2 100 F open area I 7 Egretta garzetta Little Egret 4 100 C-F E I 8 Acrocephalus stentorois Clamorous Teed-warbler 6 10 G F I I 9 Anas luzonica Philippine Duck 2 100 F open area I 10 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 3 100 F C I I 11 Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia flocks 50 I I 12 Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird 2 50 F F I I 13 Cisticola exilis Bright-capped Cisticola 3 F E I I 14 Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen 4 F I 15 Rallus torquatus Barred-rail 6 C E I , 16 Ardeola speciosa Javano-pond Heron 4 F open area I 17 Cacomantis merulinus 1 B I 18 Aethopyga shelleyi 1 B-F I I

BIRDS SURVEY DATA SHEET Protected Area Assessment for Ligawasan Marsh Observer: Boying Fernandez Stratum Wetland Date: May 29, 2004 Coordinates: For security purposes,we were not Habitat allowed to take GPS readings Location: SKP Time Started: 6:00 AM Weather Condition: Fair A. Canopy A. Herbaceous Time Ended: 8:00 AM Scientific Name Common Name Local Name No. of Perp B. Understory B. Shrub C.Swamp Indv. Dist. C. Ground Seen Heard Station Remarks Forest 1. Stem D. Peat Swamp 2. Branches <5 cm E. Rice Field 3. Branches <5cm F. Grassland 4. Leaves 5. Flying 1 Dicaeum australe 3 10 A 1 1 2 Nectarinia sperata Purple-throated Sunbird 2 10 A 1 1- 3 Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail 4 10 F-C 1 1 4 Streptopelia bitorquata Black-naped Oriole 2 20 1 1 5 Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia 4 50 1 6 Pycnonotus goiavier 10 57 A-B-F 1 1 7 Cacomantis variolosus 1 10 A 1 8 Paser montanus Eurasia-tree Sparrow 107 10 1 1 9 Aplonis panayensis Asian-glossy Starling 2 107 A-F 1 1 10 Halcyon chloris 4 30-50 F-B 1 1 11 Nectarina jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird 2 10-20 1 1 12 Arachnothera clarae Naked-spider Hunter 5 / 1 13 Dicaeum anthonyi Flame-crowned Flowerpicker 2 5 B 1 14 Artamus leucorhvnchus White-breasted Wood-swallow 4 502 A-F 1 15 Orthotomus cuculatus Mountain Tailorbird 2 20 1 1 16 Ardeola speciosa Javan Pond-heron 10 1 17 Caprimulgos affinis Savanna Nightjar 2 1 Heard at about 8:30PM Within the Brgys. SKP NOTE: Poor negotiation with the MILF. The fauna team was not permitted to explore further area

Annex 8. List of some migratory species of birds recorded in Ligawasan Marsh after the conduct of three (3) field surveys in May-June, September and November-December 2004. SCIENTIFIC COMMON NAME LOCAL CONSERVATION HABITAT NAME NAME STATUS Podiceps ruficollis Black—necked Grebe Balisuk NTS Swamp Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron B’gok (B-gok) NTS Swamp Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Egretta garzetta Little Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Egretta alba Great Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Butorides striatus Little Heron Bigua NTS Swamp Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field Mamawa-sa- NTS Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron Swamp, forest kuden Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night Heron Bigua NTS Swamp, forest Tayabpis-sa- NTS Ixobrycus eurvthmus Shrenk's Bittern Swamp bagombong Anas crecca Great Winged Teal Itik NTS Swamp Pandion haliaeetus Osprey Banog Open field swamp forest Circus melanoleucos Pied Harrier Kuligi NTS Open field Swamp forest Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey Buzzard Banog NTS Open field Swamp forest Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen T’lek (T-lek) NTS Swamp Charadrius dubius Little-ringed Plover Tla-tla NTS Swamp Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet N/A NTS Swamp Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt N/A NTS Swamp Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank N/A NTS Swamp Tringa glareola Wood sandpiper N/A NTS Swamp Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint N/A NTS Swamp Sterna hirundo Common Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest Monticola solitarius Blue-rock Thrush Kasiang-siang NTS Forest or open field Locustella fasciolata Gray's Grasshopper Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland Locustella ochotensis Middendorf's Grasshopper Open Grassland Warbler Tuliok NTS Grassland Muscicapa griseisticta Grey-streaked Bonga NTS Forest Flycatcher Motacilia cinerea Grey Wagtail N/A NTS Open field Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail N/A NTS Open field Anthus hodgsoni Olive Tree Pipit Bayako NTS Open field Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Kendas NTS Forest/ grassland

Annex 9. List of Endemic Species in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex

Arecaceae Areca caliso e Kalido Kalido Arecaceae Caryota cumingii e Pula Pugahan Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao e Makao Dao Arecaceae Daemonorops mollis e Tanigib Ditaan Euphorbiaceae Securinega virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd) Baill. e Rubiaceae Pertusadina multifolia (Havil.) Ridsel Pandanaceae Sararanga philippinensis e malapandan Malapandan Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosa e Myrtaceae Syzygium cf. bordenii e Lumban malaruhat puti Urticaceae Gonostegia hirta e Anacardiaceae Mangifera philippinensis e Paho Paho Combretaceae Terminalia copelandii e Lipao Lanipao

Annex 10. LIST OF MAMMALS SPECIES OBSERVED AT LIGAWASAN MARSH AND VICINITY (Poblacion # 9; Brgy. Payan, Kabuntalan; Brgy. Dugong, M-Lang, Cotabato City)

Survey Period: May 26-31, June 1, 2004

B. CLASS: MAMMALIA -MAMMALS

Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Distribution Habitat Preference

XXXI. F AMILY: PTEROPODIDAE - OLD WORLD FRUIT BATS

96 Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat Endemic Open lowlands 97 Cynopterus brachyotis Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat Resident Open lowlands 98 Rousettus amplexicaudatus Common Rousette Resident Open lowlands 99 Eonycteris spelaea Common Dawn Bat Resident Open lowlands 100 Taphosus Sr.

XXXII. F AMILY: RHINOLOPHIDAE - HORSESHOE AND ROUND LEAF BATS

101 Hipposideros diadema Diadem RoundleafBat Resident

XXXIII. FAMILY: CERCOPITHECIDAI

102 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Resident Open and Forest

XXXIV. FAMILY: MURIDAE - MICE AND RATS

103 Rattus exulans Polynesian Rat Resident Grassland/Aggie 104 Rattus argentiventer Ricefield Rat Resident Grassland/Aggie 105 Rattus tanezumi Oriental House Rat Resident Grassland/Aggie

NOTE: Names in bold are endemic

Annex 14. Technical Description of the Proposed Ligawasan Marsh Protected Area

In general, the proposed protected area embraces the three Marshes along with a portion of the mangrove area on the Cotabato Bay to act as natural buffer. In most cases, natural and artificial boundaries and landmarks were followed for ease in identification and consequent demarcation.

Corner Easting Northing 1 639155.8 799590.8 2 638551.4 799418.2 3 637222.2 799372.6 4 636323.3 800006.2 5 636308.6 801081.8 6 635733.9 801759.6 7 635571.9 803424.7 8 634474.1 803793.1 9 632853.3 802584.8 10 631527.1 802231.2 11 630834.6 801700.7 12 626878.3 795718.3 13 627114.0 795305.7 14 629044.3 795762.5 15 631085.1 795070.0 16 631821.8 794996.3 17 632499.6 795438.4 18 633148.0 795674.1 19 633693.2 795408.9 20 634341.5 794289.0 21 634404.9 793357.8 22 634440.2 793204.5 23 634770.3 792968.8 24 635359.7 792626.9 25 635560.1 792426.5 26 635890.1 792167.2 27 647007.8 774351.7 28 648458.4 774457.7 29 648624.9 774230.6 30 648720.8 774069.2 31 648776.3 773574.7 32 649306.1 773186.2 33 649724.9 773630.2 34 649851.0 773655.4 35 649967.1 773574.7 36 650422.6 773846.8 37 650963.6 774260.9 38 651185.6 774387.0 39 651796.1 774634.3 40 651205.7 775441.6 41 651639.7 775895.7 42 652124.0 775567.7 43 652858.2 774175.1 44 652845.6 773393.1 45 652759.8 773317.4 WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page 115

46 652401.6 772868.3 47 651962.6 772722.0 48 651765.8 772550.4 49 651557.8 772383.4 50 651755.7 772222.5 51 651987.8 772101.4 to the next point moving south east at coordinates 656785.2349N, 766537.6826E 52 656785.2 766537.7 53 663517.7 771453.0 54 668583.6 775564.9 55 670517.1 774890.4 56 670742.0 774170.9 57 671371.5 773361.5 58 671911.1 772507.1 59 673440.0 770843.3 60 675013.9 769089.6 61 675913.2 767201.0 62 676142.6 762353.5 63 682436.9 747074.2 64 682461.2 747060.9 65 682507.7 747054.5 66 682566.4 747067.2 67 682627.8 747091.6 68 682672.9 747105.2 69 682722.0 747121.8 70 682755.5 747128.0 71 682815.3 747131.3 72 682858.5 747137.2 73 682897.9 747158.8 74 682941.1 747205.4 75 682991.4 747236.8 76 683062.4 747286.0 77 683102.3 747316.7 78 683143.1 747330.0 79 683191.4 747335.7 80 683217.9 747333.5 81 683241.3 747332.6 82 683266.3 747338.4 83 683297.0 747348.6 84 683343.3 747383.1 85 683373.5 747400.4 86 683393.7 747412.2 87 683409.8 747416.6 88 683424.2 747421.1 89 683434.9 747424.2 90 683444.1 747427.1 91 684117.2 748849.0 92 686269.2 749043.1 93 688103.9 748863.3 94 689698.0 748825.9 95 691180.1 748501.7

96 692523.2 747945.9 97 693634.7 747251.2 98 694051.5 746417.5 99 694445.2 745143.9 100 694537.8 744148.1 101 694838.9 743384.0 102 695070.5 742249.3 103 695464.1 741323.0 to the next point following the road moving north east and north at coordinates 709797.38N, 784183.60E 104 709797.4 784183.6 at the bridge to the next point following the road moving northwest and southwest at coordinates 686616.70N, 779911.68E 105 686616.7 779911.7 following the river in a westward direction at the next point 675994.18N, 779076.63E 106 675994.2 779076.6 107 675832.1 779307.5 108 675473.4 780250.8 109 675163.9 780403.1 110 674887.7 780478.6 111 673757.4 782467.9 112 673933.1 783105.9 113 675342.9 783096.0 114 677630.2 786093.2 115 677807.7 786221.3 to the next point following the road in a northwesterly direction at 676320.17N, 787019.45E 116 676320.2 787019.5 117 676297.6 786881.8 118 676225.9 786674.1 119 676165.5 786677.9 120 675818.1 786693.0 121 675629.4 786855.3 122 674893.2 787002.6 123 674714.6 787436.0 124 674159.1 788610.2 125 673606.6 788817.4 126 673054.0 788149.7 127 672501.4 788149.7 128 671557.5 788426.0 129 670820.7 789876.4 130 670636.5 791580.2 131 670981.9 792178.8 132 671396.3 792731.3 133 671051.0 793191.8 134 670935.9 793905.5 135 670590.5 794319.9 136 670659.6 795379.0 137 670694.1 795712.9 to corner point 1 following the road moving northwesterly, westerly and southwesterly at 639155.79N, 799590.84E

Annex 15. Summary Of Development Projects And Environmental Issues Per Municipality1

Activities/Interventions initiated or Municipality Development and Environmental Projects Environmental Problems/Issues needed 1. Pagagawan Construction of Municipal Hall Bldg. Over flooding/siltation of Rio-Grande Construction of flood control (dike) Construction of Municipal Perimeter Fence de Mindanao (Brgy. Bulod,, along Rio-Grande de Mindanao and Construction of Tunggol boat Landing Dungguan) cut-off channel (Brgy. Dungguan) Construction of Solar Drier and Warehouse Passing resolutions to funding (Brgy. Dungguan) agencies for the construction of flood Core houses (Brgy. Talitay) control IEC, training (Brgy. Talitay) 2. Pagalungan Replacement of Line Agencies Bldg. Siltation of Rio Grande River that Proposed construction of flood control Construction of Multi-Purpose Center cause flooding during rainy days along Rio Grande River Rehabilitation of highway Siltation of Kulangwan cut-off channel Proposed dredging of Rio Grande Construction of communication tower Peace and Order (Brgy. Kudal) River Road Repair (Brgy. Kudal) Proposed dredging of the Kulangwan Health Center (Brgy. Bagoenged) cut-off channel Livelihood projects (Brgy. Kudal) 3. Sultan Sa Barongis Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Gadungan) Siltation Resolution address to National Solar Dryer (Brgy. Gadungan) Black bug infestation Government for comprehensive flood Human waste disposal control programs Land Conflict (Brgy. Gadungan) Initial construction of drainage canal Deforestation, illegal logging and from Sitio Dundongan, Brgy Gadungan timber poaching (Brgy. Gadungan) to Ligawasan March (Brgy. Gadungan) Overflowing of Marsh, lack of drainage Lack of Farm to Market Road, canal specially the Allah river (Brgy. Irrigation, Sources of Potable Water Gadungan) and Fish Landing (Brgy. Angkayamat, Low productivity Tugal) Poor fish production & regulation Poor accessibility 4. Paglat Duck raising (Brgy. Upper Idtig) Illegal Fishing (Brgy. Damakling) IEC on the effect of illegal fishing and Slash and Burn (Brgy. Damakling) kaingin (Brgy. Damakling) Siltation (Brgy. Upper Idtig) Livelihood assistance (Brgy. Presence of waste, effect of Lafruitera Damakling) chemical waste (Brgy. Upper Idtig) Lafruiteria should construct diversion canal for proper disposal of waste materials/chemicals (Brgy. Upper Idtig) Tree planting (Brgy. Upper Idtig)

1 Compiled from the Municipal and Barangay Questionnaires, Comprehensive Land Use Plans and Socio-Econ Profiles WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page 118

5. Gen. S.K. Pendatun AMORE Kaingin during dry season Meetings/consultation Reforestation Unregulated use of flora and fauna Peace and Order Campaign INFRA Siltation (Brgy. Lasangan) Reforestation/Tree planting (Brgy. Housing Project Peace and Order Lasangan, Panosolen) Solar electrification (Brgy. Panosolen, Kulasi) Black bug infestation(Brgy. Lasangan, Provide drainage canal (Brgy. Environmental Conservation: establish Panosolen) Lasangan, Panosolen) community nursery center (Brgy. Panosolen) Rat (Brgy. Lasangan) Provide insecticide that can prevent the Provincial Road/Farm to Market (Brgy. Flood (Brgy. Lasangan, Panasolen) attack of blackbug (Brgy. Lasangan) Midpandacan, Kulasi) Forest/Grassland Fire (Brgy. Educate farmers on effective Solar dryer (Brgy. Kulasi) Panosolen) technology or training like organic Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Kulasi) Lack of CR, potable water, garbage farming (Brgy. Panosolen) facilities and drainage canal (Brgy. Ask assistance from funding donors Midpandacan) (Brgy. Midpandacan) 6. Datu Piang - Siltation of Bansalan River/Rio Grande Construction of road dikes/earth dikes de Mindano or farm to market roads

7. Pikit Construction of Better Drainage in the Poor drainage system in the market. Government to find peace solution Poblacion There is a widespread practice of (Brgy. Bulod) Reforestation Program /Tree Planting kaingin in forest areas Dig-up wells and install jetmatic pumps Clean and Green Program Peace and order situation (Brgy. Bulod, (Brgy. Barungis) School building (Brgy. Bulod, Langayen, Kabasalan) Flood Control dikes (Brgy. Barungis, Macasendeg) Man-made and natural calamities Punol) Deep oil (Brgy. Kabasalan) (Brgy. Rajah Muda) IEC on pest control (Brgy. Barungis) C.R./Toilet (Brgy. Kabasalan, Punol) Flooding (Brgy. Barungis, Talitay, Training to address Dagewell (Brgy. Punol) Punol, Bulol) problems/protection of resources (Brgy. Solar dryer (Brgy. Punol, Langayen) Lack of potable water (Brgy. Barungis) Talitay, Bulol) Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Punol) Black bug infestation (Brgy. Barungis, Farm to market roads (Brgy. Punol) Nat’l/ Brgy. Road (Brgy. Punol, Paido Talitay, Bulol, Paido Pulangi, Control of illegal fishing (Brgy. Punol) Pulangi, Langayen) Macasendeg) Health Center (Brgy. Paido Pulangi) Siltation of river (Brgy. Punol, Bulol, Fish Landings (Brgy. Paido Pulangi) Paido Pulangi, Macasendeg) Mosque (Brgy. Langayen) Madrasa School (Brgy. Langayen) Dike (Brgy. Macasendeg)

8. Kabacan Solid waste management development Solid waste disposal Provision of (2) Garbage Compactor Acquisition of land for controlled dumpsite Siltation of rivers/irrigation canal and one (1) dump truck to collect and Gawad Pangulo sa Kapaligiran Black bug infestation dispose to dumpsite solid waste from Nursery Development Public Market and around the Agricultural crops and protection program Poblacion Livestock and Poultry Protection and Animal NIA maintaining the siltation at

Health and Sanitation Program: Potable irrigation canals but not siltation at the water system rivers Drainage and Flood control MAO taking action to provide pesticide (Rehab/Maintenance of Drainage canal) fro crop protection and coordinate with other line agencies for support 9. Mlang Construction of Basketball Court (Brgy. Siltation of rivers (Brgy. Dungo-an, Excavation of drainage canal going to Dungo-an) Dugong) Ligawasan Marsh (Brgy. Dungo-an) Renovation of Purok Center (Brgy. Dungo-an) Black bug infestation (Brgy. Dungo-an, IEC on proper disposal of wastes Construction of Health center (Brgy. Dungo- Dugong) (Brgy. Dugong) an) Dumping of wastes in the NIA main Rehabilitate NIA main canal and Construction of shallow well (Brgy. Dungo-an) canal (Brgy. Dugong) continue construction of main drainage Brgy. Road improvement (Brgy. Dugong) up to Mlang River (Brgy. Dugong) Const. Of Brgy Hall (Brgy. Dugong) Trainings and IEC for farmers (Brgy. Construction of Multi-purpose Hall (Brgy. Dugong) Dugong) Const. Of School Fencing (Brgy. Dugong) Fencing of Brgy. Site (Brgy. Dugong) Ins. Of Electrical Line (Brgy. Dugong)

10. Tulunan Farm to Market Road (Brgy. Dungos) The need to relocate the present Provision of livelihood to affected Brgy. Drainage (Brgy. Dungos) dumping site. areas Solar Drier (Brgy. Dungos) No daily collection of garbage and Continue tree-planting activities School Bldg. (Brgy. Dungos) other waste in public places due to Implementation of Municipal Solid Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Dungos) limited laborers/casuals because of waste management Palm Oil Development (Brgy. Dungos) budgetary constraint. Preparation of drainage master plan Housing shelter assistance (Brgy. Dungos) Unhealthy waste disposal practices. Purchase of lot for relocation of “O” Ilaw-Energization (Brgy. Dungos) Frequent occurrence of floods. dumping site. Livelihood: 3 units jetmatic pump (Brgy. Indiscriminate logging practices and Formulation of drainage, sewerage and Poypoyon) rampant harvesting of minor forests flood control system plan. products. Installation of sanitary toilet facilities. Prevalence of Kaingin system in the Continuous reforestation program. area. IEC regarding pest management Lots of barangay community does not Excavation of drainage/Rivers (Brgy. own a sanitary toilet.Kaingin Dungos) Absence of garbage facilities and equipment Absence of relocation site for dumping area Improper solid waste management Pest (blackbug)/rat infestation (Brgy. Dungos) Flooding (Brgy. Dungos) Siltation (Brgy. Dungos)

Annex 16. Threats Analysis Matrix A. Identified On-Site Root Causes and/or Environmental Impacts Proposed Interventions Threats Management Issues High potential for oil and • With fiscal crisis facing • Any oil exploration • Adoption of an natural gas the country, there is a efforts in Ligawasan appropriate technology very high probability Marsh will destroy and for extraction of natural that the national alter the natural habitat gas and/or set-up government may for wildlife and aquatic environmental pursue or support oil fauna. safeguards during its exploration efforts in • Pollution of waterways installation and Ligawasan Marsh. and rivers resulting to operation. • It is not clear how the decrease in fish benefits of oil population. exploration will accrue to the communities. It might be a source of conflict. High population pressure • The Ligawasan Marsh • Increased pressure on • Provision of alternative is considered as a the natural resources of and/or supplementary source of livelihood the marsh by livelihood activities. and income which household settlers. • Identification of explains the presence • Intensified land management zones. of settlements within conversion. • Conduct of information and around the marsh. and education • Absence of an effective campaign on family family planning planning and program. environmental protection. Poor environmental • Inadequate information • Clogging of waterways • Conduct of information practices among marsh and education resulting to and education settlers like dumping of campaign on proper overflooding during campaign on proper solid wastes in the river. solid waste disposal. rainy days. solid waste disposal. • None of the • Pollution of marsh • Enforcement of local municipalities water. ordinances on surrounding the marsh environmental has any system for protection and addressing proper solid sanitation. waste disposal. • Implement institutional development and capacity building activities. Unregulated use of • Intensified food • Pollution of marsh • Conduct of information inorganic fertilizers and production campaign of water. and education chemicals. the government • Poisoning of wildlife campaign on requiring heavy particularly birds and environmental application of fertilizers aquatic fauna. protection and organic and chemicals. farming. • Surplus production • Enforcement of local orientation. ordinances on environmental protection and sanitation. • Implement institutional development and capacity building activities. Weak enforcement of • Lack of coordination • Violators of • Conduct of information WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page 122

A. Identified On-Site Root Causes and/or Environmental Impacts Proposed Interventions Threats Management Issues environmental laws. between LGUs and environmental laws are and education concerned NGAs in the not meted out campaign on execution of policies. appropriate sanction environmental • Inadequate knowledge which encourage them protection. on environmental laws to continue doing among law enforcers. illegal activities.

• This results to • Implement institutional continued degradation development and of the natural resources capacity building in Ligawasan Marsh. activities. • Adoption of a reward system. Conversion of some • High population growth • Siltation of the marsh • Provision of alternative parts of the marsh to rate in the area (3.37%). resulting to loss of and/or supplemental agricultural, residential, • Lack of alternative natural habitat for birds livelihood activities. and other land uses. and/or supplemental and aquatic fauna. • Identification and livelihood • Flooding of lying areas. demarcation of opportunities. management zones. • Poverty incidence • Conduct of information among households. and education campaign on environmental conservation. Illegal cutting of swamp • Marsh settlers see the • Loss of forest habitat • Implementation of forest. swamp forest as for migratory and non- habitat restoration source of housing migratory bird species. activities. materials and firewood • Loss of habitat leads to • Provision of alternative for cooking. decrease in bird and/or supplementary • Clearing of swamp population. livelihood activities. forest to make way for • Changes in micro- • Enforcement of laws settlements. climate. and local ordinances • Lack of alternative on illegal logging. and/or supplemental • Conduct of institution livelihood development and opportunities. community organizing • Weak enforcement of activities. environmental laws and • Conduct of information local ordinances. and education campaign. Illegal fishing. • Lack of alternative • Indiscriminate killing or • Adoption of local and/or supplemental elimination of aquatic ordinances (e.g. no fish livelihood fauna regardless of size zone, etc.) to address opportunities. and economic utility. this problem. • Weak enforcement of • Decreased fish • Provision alternative environmental laws and population. and/or supplementary local ordinances. livelihood activities. • Conduct of institution development and community organizing activities. • Conduct of information and education campaign. Bird hunting and wildlife • Lack of alternative • Unabated bird hunting • Provision of alternative

A. Identified On-Site Root Causes and/or Environmental Impacts Proposed Interventions Threats Management Issues (including egg) and/or supplementary and egg collection and/or supplementary collection. livelihood activities. activities will result to livelihood activities. • Weak enforcement of decrease in bird • Conduct of institution environmental laws. population. development and • Wildlife collection will community organizing lead to loss of activities. biodiversity. • Conduct of information and education campaign. ntroduction of exotic fish • Scientific curiosity. • Extinction of native fish • Banning the species (e.g. armor fish) species. introduction of in the area. incompatible fish species. Weak institutional • Inadequate training and • Uncoordinated efforts • Implement institutional capacity of LGUs and preparation on in addressing development and other stakeholders. community-based environmental capacity building resource management. problems. activities. • Complex cultural and • Conduct of information institutional setting and education prevailing in the area. campaign. Outbreak of war between • Continuing hostilities • Military clashes • Continuing dialogue the AFP and the MILF. between the two between the AFP and between government protagonists have the MILF have and the MILF. political and cultural physically altered and underpinning which the disturbed the marsh proposed project may that provide habitat to not be able to address. birds and aquatic fauna. Construction of cut-off • Government decision • Heavy flooding results • Review of the technical channel in Pagalungan. to divert flow of river to to heavy siltation of design of the cut-off prevent the Ligawasan Marsh and channel. municipalities of expansion of built-up • Introduction of Pagalungan and Pikit areas. mitigation measures from being submerged • Destruction of flora and against flooding and under water. fauna in Ligawasan soil erosion. Marsh. Slash-and-burn farming • Intensification of • Incidence of soil • Strict enforcement of practices in the upland agricultural production erosion leading to high environmental laws and surrounding the marsh. activities. sediment load in rivers local ordinances. • Weak enforcement of that empty to the • Conduct of information environmental laws. marsh. and education campaign. • Conduct of institution development and community organizing activities. Conversion to fishpond • Lack of alternative • Loss of habitat and • Strict enforcement of of mangrove areas in and/or supplemental breeding ground for environmental and Cotabato City. livelihood activities. fish and other marine fishery laws. fauna. • Mangrove rehabilitation intervention. Intensive use of • Commercial plantations • Chemical pollution of • Adopt and enforce chemicals by commercial adopt modern farming marsh water leading to regulatory measures. plantations around the technologies that rely fish kill and negative • Conduct of water marsh. so much on heavy effects to inhabitants. monitoring activities.

A. Identified On-Site Root Causes and/or Environmental Impacts Proposed Interventions Threats Management Issues input utilization. • Conduct of information and education campaign.

B. Identified Off-Site Root Causes and/or Environmental Impacts Proposed Interventions Threats Management Issues Operation of mining • Continued operation of • Poisonous tailings from • Adopt and enforce companies. mining companies is mining operation lead regulatory measures. permitted due to local to chemical pollution • Conduct of water revenue they provide. and poisoning of monitoring activities. inhabitants. • Conduct of information • Alteration of water and education quality and reduction campaign. and/loss of biodiversity. Dumping of non- • Absence of an effective • Pollution of marsh • Adopt and enforce degradable waste solid waste water. regulatory measures. materials in rivers. management system. • Clogging of waterways • Conduct of water and subsequent monitoring activities. flooding during heavy • Conduct of information rain. and education campaign

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan 125

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WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT Winrock International • SUSTEC and • Minsupala Foundation Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation