Azwh$ Ouh$M/Index

Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 1

AZwH´$_oUH$m///Index

01... AZwH´$_oUH$m /Index ...... 01

02... j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _S>b ...... 06/07

03... oZUm©`H$ _S>b...... 08

04... ‡d∑Vm gmWr ...... 10

(((Science / ndkmZ)

05. Screening For Bio-Cementing Bacilli From Soils Of Gujarat ...... 12

(Dr. Dilip N Zaveri, Anurag Zaveri, Avani Zaveri,Shivangi Prajapati) 06. Ethno-Medico Plants To Cure Calculi Disease Of Amarkantak, Anuppur ...... 16 District Central India (Dr. Radheshyam Napit, Dr. Uma Singh) 07. Effect Of Light On The Infectivity Of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Mosaic Virus ...... 20 (Dr. Madhu Mishra) 08. 2-Amino-5 (3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl phenyl)-1:3:4-thiadiazole and its N-substituted ...... 22 derivatives - A Synthesis (Dr. Seema Negi ) 09. Fundamental Of Nanoparticles (Dr. Neeraj Dubey) ...... 25 10. Keratinolysis Of Keratinic Wasts (Dr.Shashi Tiwari, Pratima Bisen) ...... 28 11. Natural Plant Catharanthus Roseous Anticancer Droug (Sushama Singh Majhi)...... 31 12. General Common Fixed Point Theorems for Two mapping in fuzzy metric spaces...... 34 (Dr. Sangeeta Biley, Dr. Rajesh Shrivastav) 13. Some Medicinal Plants Of Bhopal (M.P.) (Dr. Sadhna Goyal) ...... 36 14. gm_d{X _{ß [mnaoÒWoVH$ VßÃ H{$ AO°odH$ H$maH$ Edß CZH$m em{YZ (S>m∞. AÍ$Um [mS{> )...... 37 15. A‹`m[H$ oejm H{$ JwUmÀ_H$ Cﬁ`Z H$s AmdÌ`H$Vm (odoZVm _{hVm) ...... 40

(((Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)

16. Knowledge of Adolescent Girls Regarding STDs, HIV and AIDS & Teenage Pregnancy ...... 41

(Neeraj Singh, Dr. Renubala Sharma) 17. Energy Consumption Pattern of Adult Females Residing in Urban Areas of Bikaner ...... 44 (Rajasthan) (Madhu Kagat) 18. Dietary Habits And Effect Of Educational Tool On Nutrition Knowledge Of Affluent...... 47

Class Women In Chhindwara City (Akanksha Sharma, Dr. Meera Vaidya, Dr. Smita Pathak) 19. Indigenous Dietary Practices Of Bhariya Tribes Of Patalkot Valley, Tamia Block, ...... 50

Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh (Kavita Juneja, Dr. Meera Vaidya, Dr. Nandita Sarkar ) 20. _‹`m›h ^m{OZ `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r C[oÒWoV [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z ...... 53 (ardm oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß)(S>m∞. ewoMVm oVdmar, a°Zm ogßh) 21. BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m oH$em{a ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a ‡^md (S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, oZaßOZm Ym{Q{>) ..... 57 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 2

22. odH$mgerb X{em| _| [m{fU H$m`©H´$_m|$ H$m ‡]ßYZ (O`ßVr Om{er) ...... 61 23. oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ghoejm Edß EH$b oejm _{ß A‹``ZaV≤ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m A‹``Z ...... 64 ( (S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, AmhyoV gmhy )))

(((Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)

24. Study To Assess Socio-Economic Status Satisfaction In Railway Employees Of ...... 67

Ratlam Division (Dr. J.C. Porwal, Priyanka Chauhan) 25. Analyses the dimensions & perspectives to manage the stress at work places ...... 70 (Dr. N. S. Rao, Lalit Pipliwal) 26. Chhattisgarh as a Tourism Brand: Possibilities and Potentials ...... 73 (Dr. Kaustubh Jain, Prem Shankar Dwivedi ) 27. Socio-Environmental Issues Of Bus Rapid Transit System At Bhopal (Dr. Rita Sachdev) ...... 77 28. Impact Of armed Conflict On Economy And Tourism - A Study Of State Of Jammu ...... 81 And Kashmir (Mohd. Sajad Dar) 29. Marketing Potential In India Rural Market(Dr. Pradeep Kumar Sharma) ...... 84 30. ^maVr` ]¢oH$ßJ ‡Umbr _{ß J°a oZÓ[mXZr` [nagÂÂÂ[oŒm`m∞ Am°a [y±Or [`m©·Vm _mZH$...... 86 (S>m∞. odd{H$ Hw$_ma [Q{>b, S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm) 31. ^maV H$r ‡JoV H$m ge∫$ KQ>H$- H$m°eb odH$mg(S>m∞. grVm MVwd}>Xr) ...... 89 32. Ï`dgmo`H$ dmVmdaU Edß CgH{$ KQ>H$ (S>m∞. ¡`m{oV Om`gdmb) ...... 92 33. [gßX ]´{S> H$Â[Zr H{$ CÀ[mXZ Edß odVaU Ï`dÒWm H$m A‹``Z (ardm H{$ aVham oÒWV ﬂbmßQ> H{$ gßX^© _{ )...... 94 (((oH´$oVH$m ogßh, Í$[{e o¤d{Xr))) 34. Q>mBÎg Edß Zb o\ q>Q>J H$m A‹``Z (ardm oOb{ H{$ AZ›V[wa oÒWV C⁄m{J H$m A‹``Z) ...... 96 (amO{e Hw$_ma odÌdH$_m©, Í$[{e o¤d{Xr) 35. _yÎ` [oadoV©V H$a - AdYmaUm Edß ‡^md (S>m∞. amOy a°Xmg ) ...... 98

(((Economics / AW©emÒÃ)

36. Globalization And Indian Agriculture- General Consequences (Dr. R. P. Saharia) ...... 100 37. Economic Reforms Policies - Environment And Sustainable Development(Usha Iyer) ...... 104 38. Socio-Economic Potential Of Handicraft Industry In Jammu And Kashmir - Opportunities ...... 107 And Challenges (Mir Shahid Ul Islam) 39. OZ-YZ [a ^yH$Â[ H$m od‹dßgH$ H$ha (S>m∞. Eg. H{$. d_m©) ...... 110 40. odŒmr` g_md{eZ _{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> H$r ^yo_H$m-EH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. oaI]M›– O°Z) ...... 113 41. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm-EH$ gßoj· odÌb{fU (gm_moOH$ gßaMZm H{$ [na‡{˙` _{ß) (amd{›– ogßh) ...... 116 42. d°oXH$H$mb Edß H•$of AW©Ï`dÒWm (S>m∞. Amem ew∑bm) ...... 119 43. d°ÌdrH$aU Am°a oejm Edß _mZdr` _yÎ` (S>m∞. eo∫$ O°Z )...... 121 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 3

(((Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ)

44. ^maVr` gßodYmZ _{ß AßVoZ©ohV gm_moOH$ ›`m` H{$ oH´$´`m›d`Z _{ß g]g{ ]∂S>r ]mYm am¡` Ï`dÒWm _{ß...... 124 Ï`m· ^´ÓQ>mMma : EH$ g_rjm (‡^md, H$maU d oZXmZ H{$ gßX^© _{ß)(cÎbm a°Xmg) 45. ^maV MrZ gß]ßYm{ß H{$ ]XbV{ Am`m_- _m{Xr H$r MrZ `mÃm H$m gßX^©(S>m∞. lrH$mßV Xw]{ ) ...... 134 46. bm{H$VßÃ _| OZodam{Y H{$ AoYH$ma H$r g_rjm (S>m∞. H$Î[Zm d°Ì`) ...... 137 47. ^maV _{ß oZdm©MZ A[amY Edß ^´ÓQ> AmMaU ( ^mdZm R>mHw$a )...... 140 48. ‡mMrZ ^maVr` ›`m` Ï`dÒWm H$r C[`m{oJVm dV©_mZ g›X^© _{ß (((S>m∞. O{. H{$. gßV))) ...... 142 49. gm_moOH$ ›`m` H{$ [jYa - Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX (S>m∞. AoZb Hw$_ma O°Z) ...... 145 50. od›‹` ‡X{e H{$ odb` _{ß gaXma ]Ñ^ ^mB© [Q{>b H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. [yoU©_m e_m©, Aem{H$ Hw$aoa`m) ...... 148 51. dJ© gßKf© H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß bm{H$Zm`H$ O`‡H$me Zmam`U H{$ odMmam{ß H$m A‹``Z ...... 150 (S>m∞. [wÓ[bVm o_lm, S>m∞. [r.H{$. MVwd}Xr) 52. _ohbm odH$mg h{Vw ^maV gaH$ma H$r ZroV`m∞ Edß H$m`©H´$_ (gw_Z _amdr) ...... 151

(((History / BoVhmg)

53. Role Of Early Buddhism In Cultural Continuum Of Asia ...... 152 (With Special Reference To Central Asia And China) (Dr. Preeti Prabhat ) 54. Development Of Buddhism In Maharashtra- A Historical Context (Dr. Manik Gajbhiye) ...... 154 55. amÓQ≠>r` M°V›` H{$ ‡H$me _{ß AmYwoZH$ BoVhmg b{IZ - EH$ odõ{fU (S>m∞. oZoVZ ghmoa`m) ...... 157 56. ^m{[mb na`mgV _ß{ J°a _woÒb_ Ymo_©H$ ÒWbm{ß H$m oZ_m©U (S>m∞. __Vm Im{B©`m) ...... 162 57. X{dmg am¡` H$m E{oVhmogH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. _obH$m ImZ) ...... 164

(((Sociology / g_mOemÛ)

58. _ohbm CÀWmZ - _‹`‡X{e emgZ H$r [hb (S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m)...... 165 59. IVa{ ]XbV{ [`m©daU H{$ (‡m{. JrVm _{ham) ...... 168 60. _ohbmAm| H{$ A[amY am{H$Z{ _| g_mO H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. e°bOm Xw]{, g_Vm oVdmar) ...... 170 61. OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ M{VZm gmohÀ` H{$ gßX^© _{ß (S>m∞. Eg.Eg. amR>m°a))) ...... 172 62. g_mO Am°a _roS>`m (S>m∞. _ßOy Jm`H$dm∂S> ) ...... 174 63. gm_moOH$ OrdZ _| ‡VrH$m| H$m _hÀd (‡m{. o‡oebm A›–{Êg)...... 176

(((Geography / ^yJm{b)

64. Changing Scenario Of Agriculture Marketing In Madhya Pradesh (Dr. Mini Kochar) ...... 177 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 4

65. gmjaVm ‡oVÍ$[ - C¡O°Z gß^mJ H{$ g›X^© _{ß ÒWmoZH$ VWm H$mobH$ odõ{fU (S>m∞. AªVa ]mZm{))) ...... 179 66. Ob ‡XwfU H$r g_Ò`m H{$ oZdmaU _{ß OZgmYmaU H$r ^yo_H$m - ^maVr` ZoX`m{ß H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß...... 181 (((S>m∞. odH´$_ $d_m©, ‡m{. emßoVbmb B©adma))) 67. _›Xgm°a oOb{ _{ß ÒdmÒœ` g{dmE{ß Edß XemE± (S>m∞. ]r.Eb. [mQ>rXma, S>m∞. Ama.H{$. $lrdmÒVd )...... 184

(((Philosophy / Xe©ZemÛ)

68. ^JdX≤JrVm _{ß `m{JemÛ - bm{H$_m›` oVbH$ H{$ AZwgma (S>m∞. [wÓ[m H$[ya ) ...... 187

(English Literature / AßJ{´Or gmohÀ`)

69. Inspiring By Literature (Dr. Manisha Dwivedi, Gopal Prasad Rathore) ...... 189

(((Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

70. ‡{_ H$m CÀH•$ÓQ> Í$[ - Amgm∂T> H$m EH$ oXZ (‡roV Hw$_mar) ...... 191 71. amO{›– `mXd - EH$ oMßVZ H$hmZr gmohÀ` H{$ gßX^© _|$(S>m∞. ‡{_bVm oVdmar) ...... 194 72. oh›Xr C[›`mg Xbm{XmoZe _{ß Zmar OrdZ H$m `WmW© ]m{Y (S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b))) ...... 196 73. gÂ[mXH$ Edß [Ã b{IH$ - [ß0 ]ZmagrXmg MVwd}Xr (S>m∞. AM©Zm X{dr AhbmdV) ...... 198 74. J´mÂ` OrdZ H{$ g_W© aMZmH$ma _wßÌmr ‡{_MßX (S>m∞. gam{O O°Z))) ...... 200 75. oh›Xr ^mfm H$m CX≤^d Am°a odH$mg (S>m∞. godVm d_m©)...... 202 76. H$m_m`Zr _|$ gm°›X`© ]m{Y (S>m∞. Jm`Ãr dmO[{`r ) ...... 204 77. aßJ ]XbV{ oaÌV{ - oÃ[Xr - Amem[yUm© X{dr (S>m∞. gß‹`m Ia{ ) ...... 206

(((Psychology / _Zm{odkmZ)

78. Domestic Violence-Causes And Remedial Measures (Dr. Smita Jain ) ...... 208 79. oH$em{a A[amY - H$maU Am°a oZdmaU (¡`m{ÀgZm Pmoa`m ) ...... 211

(Law/ odo‹m)

80. Compositon Of Arbitral Tribunal (Poorva Jadhav) ...... 214

((( Education / $ oejm)

81. Higher Education In India And Its Challenges (Neeti Trivedi) ...... 216 82. _›Xgm°a oOb{ H{$ J´m_rU Edß ehar j{Ã H{$ 10+2 ÒVa H{$ ]mbH$-]mobH$m H{$ AW©emÛ odf` _{ß C[bo„Y ...... 219 ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. oZem _hmamUm, gßO` S>mJa) 83. JoVodoY AmYmnaV oejU g{ ]Ém{ß _{ß JoUV H$r _yb^yV XjVmE{ß odH$ogV H$aZm ...... 223 (((‡_m{X Hw$_ma g{oR>`m, S>m∞. _h{e Hw$_ma oVdmar))) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 5

84. ‡mWo_H$ embm H{$ od⁄moW©`mß{ _{ß A[Ï`` Eßd Adam{YZ H{$ H$maUm{ß H$m A‹``Z (ZdZrV ogßh, BoÂV`mO _ßgyar) ...... 227 85. Om∞Z S>rdr H{$ e°ojH$ odMmam{ß H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. ew^´m lrdmÒVd) ...... 231 86. emgH$r` Edß AemgH$r` ÒHy$bm| _{ß H$m`©aV A‹`m[H$m{ H$r H$m`© g›VwoÓQ> H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z...... 234 (_•Xwbm Xw]{, S>m∞. gwYm oaN>moa`m)

(((Physical Education / emarnaH$ oejm)

87. Effect Of Air Pollution On Selected Physical Fitness Variables Of School Children ...... 235 (Ravi Bhadoria)

(((Others / A›`)

88. CÉ oejm - Xem Edß oXem (‡m{. odO`m dYdm)...... 237 89. AmYwoZH$ oejm [a d°oXH$ oejm H$m ‡^md (S>m∞. AßoV_ ]mbm O°Z)...... 239 90. JmßYrOr H$m Am‹`moÀ_H$ Xe©Z d _m∑g©dmX (S>m∞ AßOy lrdmÒVd) ...... 241 91. Regional Agriculture Development & Disparities in Punjab (A Geographical Analysis) ...... 246 (Dr. B.L Jat, Dr. Jagseer Singh) 92. ZmJnaH$ AoYH$ma [Ã : ‡emgoZH$ [maXoe©Vm H$r Am{a ]∂T>V{ H$X_ (S>m∞. Jm{[mb ogßh) ...... 250

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 6

j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _S>b A›Vam©Ô≠>r` Edß amÔ≠>r` (((Regional Editor Board- International & National) _mZX≤

(01) S>m∞. _Zrfm R>mHw$a ...... \w$ÎQ>Z H$m∞b{O, EoaOm{Zm ÒQ{>Q> `yoZdog©Q>r, A_{oaH$m (02) lr Aem{H$Hw$_ma ...... EÂflbm∞`p„bQ>r Am∞[a{e›g _°Z{Oa, E∑eZ Q≠>{qZJ g{›Q>a ob. b›XZ, `yZmB©Q>{S> qH$JS>_ (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. ogbÏ`y o]Ò`y ...... dmB©g S>rZ (dmoU¡` Edß ‡]›Y) H•$of Edß J´m_rU odH$mg _hmod⁄mb`, ]yMma{ÒQ>, am{_moZ`m (04) lr IJ{›–‡gmX gw]{Xr ...... groZà gm∞`H$m{bm∞oOÒQ>, [p„bH$ god©g H$_reZ, g{›Q≠>b Am∞o\$g, AZm_ZJa, H$mR>_m±Sy>, Z{[mb (05) ‡m{. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_{gam ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡_m{X Hw$_ma amKd ...... em{Y oZX{eH$, ¡`m{oV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) ^maV (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd...... gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV (08) [´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg...... ([yd©) gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡`, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (09) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.[r. [mS>{ ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdY{e ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ^maV (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ^`mZr...... A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$m{Q> (JwOamV) ^maV (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Vm[ amd H$X_ ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, IS>dm (_.[´.) ^maV (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$m{bm (_hmamÔ≠>) ^maV (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e e_m©...... A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) ^maV (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` Ia{...... ‡m‹`m[H$, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmV. CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hm., gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV (15) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m`...... [arjm oZ`ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hm., Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV (16) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hm., ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (17) ‡m{. AoIb{e OmYd ...... [´m‹`m[H$, ^m°oVH$s, emgH$r` O{. `m{JmZ›X_≤ N>ÀVrgJ∂T> _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) ^maV (18) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z ...... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ^maV (19) [´m{. S>m∞.S>r.EZ. I∂S>g{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, YZdV{ Z{eZb H$m∞b{O, ZmJ[wa (_hmamÓQ≠>) ^maV (20) ‡m{.S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (21) ‡m{. S>m∞. haX`mb Aohadma ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ehS>m{b (_.‡.) ^maV (22) ‡m{. S>m∞. emaXm oÃd{Xr ...... g{dmoZd•ÀV [´m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (23) [´m{. S>m∞. Cfm lrdmÒVd ...... A‹`j, oh›Xr od^mJ, AmMm`© BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ J{´¿`yQ> ÒQ>S>r. gm{bX{dmZbr, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©.$) ^maV (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. JU{e‡gmX Xmda{ ...... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.[´.) ^maV (25) ‡m{. S>m∞. EM.H{$. Mm°aog`m ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, Q>r.EZ.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, ^mJb[wa (o]hma) ^maV (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. odd{H$ [Q>{b...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (27) ‡m{. S>m∞. oXZ{eHw$_ma Mm°Yar ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmnd⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV (28) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. Jm°V_...... ‡m‹`m[H$ ,dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _mZHwß$da ]mB© H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (29) ‡m{. S>m∞. oOV{›– H{$. e_m©...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY, _hof© X`mZ›X odÌdod⁄mb` H{$›–, [mbdmb (hna`mUm) ^maV (30) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.[r. ghmoa`m...... ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$r` O{.E_.[r. _hmod⁄mb` VªV[wa oObm,o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) ^maV (31) ‡m{. S>m∞. Jm`Õmr dmO[{`r...... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (32) ‡m{. S>m∞. AodZme e{›–{...... od^mJm‹`j, AW©emÛ, ‡JoV H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, S>m{Â]rdbr, _wÂ]B© (_hmamÔ>≠) ^maV (33) ‡m{. S>m∞. Or.gr. _{hVm ...... A‹`j, A‹``Z _S>b dmoU¡`, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (34) ‡m{.S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∏$∂S> ...... A‹`j, A‹``Z _S>b dmoU¡`, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (35) ‡m{.S>m∞. [r.[r. o_lm ...... od^mJm‹`j, JoUV, N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim, (_.‡.) ^maV (36) ‡m{.S>m∞. gwZrb Hw$_ma ogH$adma.... ‡m‹`m[H$, agm`Z, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV (37) ‡m{.S>m∞. H{$.Eb. gmhy...... ‡m‹`m[H$, BoVhmg, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (38) ‡m{.S>m∞. _mobZr Om∞ZgZ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _hy (_.‡.) ^maV (39) ‡m{.S>m∞. odemb [wam{ohV ...... E_.Eb.]r. emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 7

gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _S>b (((Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA) _mZX≤

(01) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za{›– lrdmÒVd...... ‡og’ d°kmoZH$ "Bgam{' ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$) ^maV (02) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ...... oooZX{eH$, Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` O°Z ...... ghm`H$ oZ`ßÃH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (04) ‡m{. S>m∞.Eg.H{$. Om{er ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV (05) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r.EZ. [mS>{`...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwo_Ãm dmÒH{$b ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ^maV (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.Ama. M›X{bH$a ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßJb o_l ...... ‡mMm`©, lr ∑bm∞W _mH}$Q>, H$›`m dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (09) ‡m{. S>m∞.Ama.H{$. ^≈> ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aem{H$ d_m© ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ) X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. Q>r.E_. ImZ ...... [´mMm`©, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_Zm{X, oObm-Yma (_.‡.) ^maV (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e T>S> ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r qhXr odÌdod⁄mb`,,, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>{b ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (15) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw Xw]{...... gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), J•h odkmZ gßH$m`, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.[´.) ^maV (16) ‡m{. S>m∞.E.H{$. Mm°Yar ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, _Zm{odkmZ, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV (17) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ ogßh amd> ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, amOZroV od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm-aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV (18) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.H{$. o_lm ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ ,[´mUr emÒÃ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]°Vyb (_.‡.) ^maV (19) ‡m{. S>m∞. H{$. H{$. lrdmÒVd ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ ,AW©emÒÃ, odO`m amOOO{{ { emgH$sèmgH$sèmgH$s` H$›`mH$›`mH$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ŒmaÒZmVH$m{ŒmaÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`,_hmod⁄mb`,_hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 8

oZUm©`H$ _S>b (((Referee Board) _mZX≤ *** odkmZ gßH$m` *** JoUV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞.dr.H{$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß em{Y gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^m°oVH$s:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV, emgH$s` hm{ÎH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. aod H$Q>ma{, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. C_{e Hw$_ma qgh A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) agm`Z:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Z_rV H$m°a _∏$∂S>, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) dZÒ[oV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. AoIb{e Am`mMr, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ‡moUH$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. _ßOwbVm e_m©, E_.Eg.O{., amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, âV[wa (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_•Vm IÃr, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) gmßpª`H$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. a_{e [S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) g°›` odkmZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _m{Vrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) Ord agm`Z:-...... (1) S>m∞. Hß$MZ S>tJam, emgH$s` E_.EM. J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.Eg. aKwdßer, emgH$s` _m{Vrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwè Hw$_ma, emgH$s` AmXe© _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) oMoH$Àgm odkmZ:-...... (1) S>m∞. EM.Or. dÍ$YH$a, Ama.S>r. Jma∂S>r _{oS>H$b _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) *** dmoU¡` gßH$m` *** dmoU¡` :- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.H{$. O°Z, emgH$s` h_roX`m _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. e°b{›– ^mab>, emgH$s` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) *** ‡]ßY Edß Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` *** ‡]ßY :- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_{Ìda gm{Zr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmZ›X oVdmar>, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$›`m CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) _mZd gßgmYZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. haod›Xa gm{Zr>, [°g{o\$H$ o]OZ{g ÒHy$b, CX`[wa (amO.) Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$o[bX{d e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) *** odoY gßH$m` *** odoY:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` _mYd odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za{›– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.) *** H$bm gßH$m` *** AW©emÒÃ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r. o_lm, emgH$s` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. AßOZm O°Z, E_.Eb.]r. emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) amOZroV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. adrß– gm{hm{Zr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZb O°Z, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwb{Im o_lm, _mZHwß$da ]mB© emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) Xe©ZemÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_›V Zm_X{d, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 9 g_mOemÒÃ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda{, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Bo›Xam ]_©Z>, emgH$r` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m>, emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm-gmJa (_.‡.) oh›Xr:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. M›Xm Vb{am O°Z, A‹`j A‹``Z _S>b, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xe©Zr ew∑bm, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$bm Om{er, lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) AßJ´{Or:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AO` ^mJ©d, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOar Aoæhm{Õmr, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.) gßÒH•$V:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd, emgH$s` Òdemgr _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]mbH$•Óm [Óm[oV, ÌmmgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm°Xm oObm odoXÌmm (_.‡.) BoVhmg:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^yJm{b:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. amO{›– lrdmÒVd emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_S>r, oObm _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm ^mJ©d, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) _Zm{odkmZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` amO_mVm qgoY`m H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. gam{O H$m{R>mar, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) oMÃH$bm:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) gßJrV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm J´m{da (H$WH$), gw^maVr odÌd od⁄mb` _{aR> (C.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. lr[mX Aam{UH$a, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›XdmS>m (_.‡.) *** J•h odkmZ gßH$m` *** Amhma Edß [m{fU odkmZ:- ....(1) ‡m{.S>m∞. ‡JoV X{gmB©, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Yw Jm{`b, Òdm_r H{$edmZ›X J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ]rH$mZ{a (amO.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. gß‹`m d_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.) _mZd odH$mg:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _rZmjr _mWwa, A‹`j, O`ZmamÙ Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, Om{Y[wa (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, A‹`j A‹``Z _S>b amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) [mnadmnaH$ gßgmYZ ‡]ßY:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Z_´Vm Aam{am, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.) *** oejm gßH$m` *** oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{a_m _mWwa, ‡mMm`©, Aamdbr oejm _hmod⁄mb`, \$arXm]mX (hna`mUm) (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.E_.Or. _mWwa, ‡mMm`© Edß S>rZ [{g{o\$H$ oejm _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm lrdmÒVd, ]r.gr.Or. oejm _hmod⁄mb`, X{dmg (_.‡.) (4) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZrZm AZ{Om, ‡mMm`©, E.Eg. H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ EOwH{$eZ,Ifim ([ßOm]) *** AmoH©$Q{>∑Ma gßH$m` *** emarnaH$ oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. oH$aU [r. oeßX{ , ‡mMm`©, ÒHy$b Am∞\$ AmoH©$Q{>∑Ma, AmB©.[r.Eg. EH$S{>_r, BßXm°a (_.‡.) *** emarnaH$ oejm gßH$m` *** emarnaH$ oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aj`Hw$_ma ew∑bm, A‹`j emarnaH$ oejm [{g{o\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) *** J´›Wmb` odkmZ gßH$m` *** J´›Wmb` odkmZ ...... (1) S>m∞. AoZb ogam°oR>`m, emgH$s` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 10

‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤) (01) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. JwO{oQ>`m...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (02) ‡m{. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (03) S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV ...... kmZm{X` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _{Z{O_|Q> EßS> Q>{∑Zm{bm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.) (04) ‡m{. S>m∞. X{drbmb Ahra ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (05) lr Amerf o¤d{Xr ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{O _hmOZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gm{ZH$¿N>, oObm X{dmg (_.‡.) (07) lr C_{e e_m©...... H•$ÓUm oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Omdr, oObm- Zr_M (_.‡.) (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.[r. [ßdma ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (09) [´m{. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. ojoVO [wam{ohV ...... O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (11) [´m{. S>m∞.EZ.H{$. [mQ>rXma ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. dm`.H{$. o_lm ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwa{e H$Q>mna`m ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ ...... emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (15) ‡m{. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.) (16) ‡m{. S>m∞. J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ...... emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (17) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (18) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (19) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_bm Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (20) ‡m{. S>m∞.Am^m XrojV...... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (21) ‡m{. S>m∞. [ßH$O _mh{Ìdar ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, VamZm, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (22) ‡m{. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r ...... Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (23) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZVm JJam∂S{>...... emgH$s` hm{bH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` [ßoS>V ...... emgH$s` E_.O{.]r. H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (25) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_]m]y Jw·m ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. AßOZm g∑g°Zm...... emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) (27) ‡m{. S>m∞. gm{Zmbr ZaJw›X{ ...... [ÃH$mnaVm Edß OZgßMma A‹``Zembm X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.[´.) (28) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^maVr Om{er ...... AmOrdZ oejU od^mJ X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (29) ‡m{. S>m∞. E_.S>r. gm{_mZr ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _hˇ, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (30) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡roV ^Q≤Q> ...... emgH$sg EZ.Eg.[r. odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (31) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ‡gmX ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmßd{a, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (32) ‡m{. S>m∞. _rZm _Q>H$a ...... gwJZrX{dr H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (33) ‡m{. _m{hZ dmÒH{$b ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm - Pm]wAm (_.‡.) (34) [´m{. S>m∞. oZoVZ ghmoa`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) (35) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw amOm{na`m ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, X{dmg (_.‡.) (36) ‡m{. S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er ...... emgH$s` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _yßXr, oObm IS>dm (_.‡.) (37) ‡m{. S>m∞. e°b dmbm Jm±Yr ...... _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (38) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡drU Am{Pm...... lr ^JdV ghm` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (39) ‡m{. S>m∞.Am{_‡H$me e_m© ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ì`m{[wa (_.‡.) (40) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.H{$. lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` odO`m amO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (41) ‡m{. S>m∞. AZy[ _m{K{ ...... emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (42) ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_bVm Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.) (43) ‡m{. S>m∞. _h{eM›– JwflVm...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (44) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (45) [´m{. S>m∞. H{$.Ama. Hw$Âh{H$a ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (46) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. `mXd ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (47) ‡m{. S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 11 (48) ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_ogßh _S>bm{B©...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (49) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^m [mS>{` ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.) (50) S>m∞. amO{e Hw$_ma ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` A_a[mQ>Z, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.) (51) ‡m{. S>m∞. amd{›–qgh [Q>{b ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.) (52) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{habmb JwflVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.) (53) ‡m{. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm{Xm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.) (54) ‡m{. `wdamO lrdmÒVd ...... gr.dr. a_Z odÌdod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m-o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) (55) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[{`r ...... emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.) (56) ‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. [mS{> ...... emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.) (57) ‡m{. S>m∞. `Vr›– _hm{]{...... emgH$s` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.) (58) [´m{. S>m∞. eoe ‡^m O°Z ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.) (59) ‡m{. S>m∞. oZ`mO Aßgmar ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`,qghmdb, oObm grYr (_.‡.) (60) ‡m{. S>m∞. AOw©Zqgh ]K{b...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, haXm (_.‡.) (61) S>m∞. gwa{e Hw$_ma od_b...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ^°ßgmX{hr, oObm ]°Vyb (_.‡.) (62) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_aM›– O°Z ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.) (63) ‡m{. S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw]{ ...... emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) (64) ‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. O°Z ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.) (65) ‡m{. S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H{$H$a ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.) (66) ‡m{. S>m∞. amOrd e_m©...... emgH$s` Z_©Xm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) (67) ‡m{. S>m∞. apÌ_ lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) (68) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_rH$mßV MßX{bm ...... emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, qN>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) (69) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]bam_ qgJm{oV`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` gm¢ga, oObm-oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) (70) ‡m{.S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mbm [r[b, oObm - emOm[wa (_.‡.) (71) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b...... emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_Vqgh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) (72) ‡m{. S>m∞. _rZy JOmbm ImZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _∑gr, oObm-emOm[wa (_.‡.) (73) ‡m{. S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ZB© J∂T>r, oObm- ardm (_.‡.) (74) ‡m{. S>m∞. E_.[r. e_m© ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.) (75) ‡m{. S>m∞. O`m e_m© ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.) (76) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwerb gm{_dßer ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Z{[mZJa, oObm ]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.) (77) ‡m{. S>m∞. BeaV ImZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am`g{Z (_.‡.) (78) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b{eqgh Z{Jr ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.) (79) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` a{hQ>r, oObm grhm{a (_.‡.) (80) ‡m{. S>m∞. H{$ed_oU e_m© ...... [ßoS>V ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, emOm[wa (_.‡.) (81) ‡m{. S>m∞. a{Uw amO{e ...... emgH$r` Z{hÈ AJÚr _hmod⁄mb`, Aem{H$ ZJa (_.‡.) (82) ‡m{. S>m∞. AodZme Xw]{...... emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, IS>dm (_.‡.) (83) ‡m{. S>m∞. dr.H{$. XrojV...... N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim (_.‡.) (84) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_ Ad{Ye e_m© ...... E_.O{.Eg. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, o^S> (_.‡.) (85) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{O Hw$_ma Aoæhm{Õmr ...... gam{oOZr Zm`Sy> emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (86) ‡m{. S>m∞. g_ra Hw$_ma ew∑bm ...... emgH$r` M›– odO` _hmod⁄mb`, oS>S>m{ar (_.‡.) (87) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.gr. [m›Q{>b...... emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_Zm{X, oObm-Yma (_.‡.) (88) [´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB© ...... emgH$s` O{. `m{JmZ›XZ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ŒmrgJ∂T>) (89) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZbHw$_ma O°Z...... dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm odÌdod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) (90) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR> ...... amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.) (91) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$Î[Zm [marI ...... Eg.Eg.Or. [marI [r.Or. H$m∞b{O, O`[wa (amO.) (92) ‡m{. S>m∞. JO{›– ogam{hm...... [{ogo\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (93) ‡m{. S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m...... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>m{Q>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.) (94) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh ...... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (hna`mUm) (95) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ...... em{Y gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 12

Screening For Bio-Cementing Bacilli From Soils Of Gujarat

Dr. Dilip N Zaveri * Anurag Zaveri ** Avani Zaveri *** Shivangi Prajapati ****

Abstract -Crack formation is a commonly observed phenomenon in concrete structures.Thus, there is always a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self- repairing material which can remediate cracks and fissures in concrete.Bacterial concrete is a material, which can be successfully remediating cracks in concrete.The aim of this research was to investigate effects of bacterial calcite precipitation and characterize different groups of bacteria with regards to their ability to form calcite precipitation under different environmental conditions and indifferent culture media aimed to investigate application of bacterial concrete technique to surface cracks and structural crack filling. Keywords - Bio-cementing, Calcite, Concrete cracks, Gujarat, Biocare.

Introduction - Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are insolutionchemistry that leads to over saturation and mineral one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other precipitation. Use of these Bio-mineralogy concepts in salts seep through these cracks corrosion initiates, and thus concrete leads to potential invention of new material called- reduces the life of concrete.Crack formation is a commonly Bacterial concrete4.Many common types of bacteria can use observed phenomenon in concrete structures. Although micro urea, main component of urine, as their source of nitrogen. crack formation hardly affects structural properties of They break down urea, creating carbon dioxide and ammonia. constructions, increased permeability due to micro crack The ammonia reacts with water to form ammonium hydroxide, networking may substantially reduce the durability of concrete which makes any nearly by calcium precipitate out as structures due to risk of ingress of aggressive substances calcium crystals or lime stones. It is a very slow process in particularly in moist environments1,2,3.So, there is always a nature, says Stock-Fischer (2001)5.Unlike conventional need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self repairing sealants bacteria fill up fissures in cement from the inside material which can remediate cracks and fissures in out, completely meshing with the existing material. Bang concrete4. and Stocks-Fischer (2001)5 hope their bacterial builders can Bacterial concrete is a material, which can be be used to seal up cracks and fissures in concrete buildings successfully remediating cracks in concrete. This technique and other structure.Certain bacteria like Bacillus pasteurii, is highly desirable because mineral precipitation induced a common soil bacterium can continuously precipitate as a microbial activity is pollution free and natural.Bacterial calcite. Calcite precipitated works as a sealant for the cracks concrete is the most widely used construction material. and fissure. The microbial induced calcite precipitation is Despite its versatility in construction, it is known to have highly desirable as it is pollution free and natural. This several limitations. It is weak in tension, has limited ductility technique can be used as improve compressive strength and little resistance to cracking. The ongoing research in and a stiffness of cracked specimen.The aim of this research the field of concrete technology has lead to the development was to investigate effects of bacterial calcite precipitation of special concrete considering the speed of construction, and characterize different groups of bacteria with regards to the strength of concrete, the durability of concrete and the their ability to form calcite precipitation under different environmental friendliness with industrial material like fly ash, environmental conditions and indifferent culture media aimed blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakeolin etc… Subsequent to investigate application of bacterial concrete technique to bacterially mediated calcium carbonate formation results in surface cracks and structural crack filling. physical closure. Experimental results showed crack healing Media - of up to 0.46mm wide cracks in bacterial concrete but only Nutrient agar plates up to 0.18mm wide cracks in control specimens after 100 Urea broth days submersion in water. NH4Cl broth Often bacterial activities simply trigger a change Methods - Sample collection:

*** Director, Biocare Research (I) Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad (Gujarat) INDIA ** Research Assistant, Biocare Research (I) Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad (Gujarat) INDIA *** Research Assistant, Biocare Research (I) Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad (Gujarat) INDIA **** Research Assistant, Biocare Research (I) Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad (Gujarat) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 13

Soil samples were collected from different sites of the Gram Positive cocci and Gram negative coccobacilli. mines in Gujarat state. There are some countable mines in Table 4: (See in the last page ) - Table 4 indicates result Gujarat. They are under control of Government and not of biochemical tests of different bacterial species. Bacillus permitted for common public. Soil samples were collected megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus in plastic bag by using sterile specula. Labeled well and pasteurii, Bacillus megaterium were identified from their stored. characteristics of biochemical result. Preparation - Table 5: Identified different bacteria inoculated in Glass slides were drenched in chromic acid for 30 different media for producing calcite precipitation minutes and after that soaked in distilled water for 15 Bacteria isolated from Different media minutes to remove alkalinity. different soil

Prepare sterile 0.85% NaCl solution. (Normal Saline) TSB NH4Cl Urea Prepare sterile Nutrient agar plates, urea broth and Bacillus megaterium(S1) ++ ++++ +++

NH4Cl broth. Bacillus subtilis(S3) ++ +++ +++ Sample preparation: Bacillus coagulans(S4) ++ ++++ +++ Weigh 1 gm of lignite soil sample by using sterile Bacillus pasteurii(S5) ++ ++++ ++++ specula. Bacillus pasteurii (NCIM) ++ ++++ ++++ Add it into 99 ml sterile distilled water. Table 5 indicates different bacterial species (identified in Allowed it to stand for 10 min to settle down the soil Table 4) inoculated in different media- TSB (Tryptic soya after that serial dilution is done if needed. broth), NH4Cl, and Urea. Over all calcite precipitation was

Standard Plate Count Method - high in NH4Cl by all the strains of Bacillus spp. isolated from The sample was diluted before it was plated. soil. It was also observed its known Bacillus pasteurii behaved

1 ml supernatant was spread on Nutrient agar plate. similar in NH4Cl media. TSB was found to be less helpful in o Plates were incubated for 24 hrs. at 37 C. calcite precipitation. Urea and NH4Cl were found similar After the incubation, colony were counted and note down result in calcite precipitation. its characteristics and perform other tests. Conclusion and Discussion - Lignite rich soil is a very Other Tests which were carried out on the isolated good source for isolating Bacillus spp. Isolate No.5 Bacillus organisms were - pasteurii and strain procured from NCIM (2477) Pune showed Gram’s Staining similar activity in all three media tested. Isolate no.S1 Bacillus Catalase Test megateriumisolate no.S4 also shows similar activity in all Carbohydrate fermentation Test three media tested. This study further needs exploration of Methyl Red Test all 5 strains of Bacillus spp. in terms of actual experiment Vogus-Proskaur’s Test using in cement blocks mixture of sends. Citrate utilization Test Many workers have exploited various spp. of Bacillus Indole Production Test for production of enzyme. Bacillus pasteurii and Bacillus Gelatin hydrolysis Test subtilis are well known agent for producing biological sealants Triple sugar iron Test (Ramakrishnan V., Ramesh Panchalan., and Bang,S.S., Urease utilization Test 2000). In present study, we have screened various Bacillus Starch hydrolysis Test spp. to find out potential agent of Bacillus group producing Results - urease which can be further used to produce calcite / calcium Table: 1 (See in the last page ) - Table 1 indicates that pH carbonate in medium which can be used in biocementical. of all soil samples collected from various sites is acidic. S. Sunil Pratap Reddy et al (2010) attempted Bacillus subtilis Sample S1 was having little higher pH 5.28 then other for bacterial concrete preparation.This study showed a samples. Soil collected from Bhavnagar region was having significant increase in compressive strength was observed low pH 4.09. All soil samples were found dry in appearance. due to the addition of bacteria for a cell concentration of 10 The color ranging from brown to black. cells per mi of mixing water. Table: 2 (See in the last page ) - Table 2 indicates number In present study, we identified three Bacillus spp. of colonies isolated on nutrient agar plate after 24 hours namely Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus incubation at 370C in incubator. There were more than 300 coagulans. These are the three bacterial spp. which consist colonies isolated. So, dilution was needed for countable of five different strains, S1 named Bacillus megaterium, S3 colonies. In S3 there was less than one colony was isolated Bacillus subtilis, S4 Bacillus coagulans, S5 Bacillus and highest 32 colony was isolated in S6. pasteurii, S7 Bacillus megaterium. They had shown similar

Table 3: Distribution of organism isolate (See in the result in NH4Cl containing media for calcite production. last page ) - Table 3 indicates result of Gram’s staining, Isolated S5 Bacillus pasteurii had shown similar activity in number of colonies isolated, and colony characteristics media containing NH4Cl and urea containing media. studies. Sample no.S1, S3, S4, S5 and S7 yielded Gram References :- Positive bacilli. However, S4 and S5 showed presence of 1. Jonkers, H. M. (2007) Self-healing concrete: a Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 14

biological approach. In self-healing materials – An 4. Ramakrishnan, V., Ramachandran S.K., and Bang S.S. alternative approach to 20 centuries of materials Jan-Feb 2001, “Remediation of Concrete using science (ed. S. van der Zwaag), pp. 195-204. Springer, Microorganisms”, ACI Materials Jounals, V.98, No. 1, the Netherlands pp. 3-9. 2. Jonkers, H. M. and Schlangen, . (2008) Development 5. Ramakrishnan, V., Ramesh Panchalan., and Bank S.S., of a bacteria-based self-healing concrete. In Tailor May 2001, “Bacterial Concrete – A self-Remediating made concrete structure – new solutions for our Biomaterial” Proceedings of 10th International Congress society. Proc. Int. FIB symposium (ed. J. C. Walravem on the Polymers in Concrete, Hawaii. & D. Stoelhorst), pp. 425-430. Amsterdam, the 6. V. Ivanov and J Chu, 2008, “Applications of Netherlands. microorganisms to geotechnical engineering for 3. Jonkers, H. M., Thijssen, A., Muyzer G., Copurogly, cioclogging and biocementation of soil in situ,” Rev. O., and Schlangen, E. (2010) Application of bacteria Environmental Science Biotechnology., Vol. 7, pp. 139- as self-healing agent for the development of 153. sustainable concrete, Ecological Engineering 7. Bang SS, Galimat JK, Ramakrishan V (2001). Calcite 36(2):230-235. precipitation induced by polyurethane-immobilized Bacillus Pasteurii. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 28 (4-5): 404-409.

Results: Table: 1 Properties of soil samples collected from various sites Sr.No. Code No. Sites of Samples Physical Characteristics collected in Gujarat Color pH Appearance 1 S1 Mata no madh (Bhuj) Reddish brown 5.28 Dry 2 S2 Rajpardi (Bharuch) Black 4.33 Dry 3 S3 Tadkeshwar (Surat) Brownish black 4.78 Dry 4 S4 Thangadh Brown 4.13 Dry 5 S5 Bhavnagar Brown 4.09 Dry 6 S6 Mata no madh (Bhuj) Reddish brown 4.86 Dry 7 S7 Tadkeshwar (Surat) Brown 4.52 Dry

Table: 2 Distribution of bacterial growth from various soil samples. Sr.No. Soil Sample No.of colony on nutrient agar plate 10-1 10-2 10-3 1 S1 >300 99 12 2 S2 No bacterial No bacterial No bacterial and Fungal and Fungal and Fungal growth growth growth 3 S3 78 25 <1 4 S4 >300 78 08 5 S5 >300 112 25 6 S6 258 125 32 7 S7 >300 65 03 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 15

Table 3: Distribution of organism isolate Soil Sample Gram Stain Result Colony Characteristics Colony Count S1 a)Gram Positive bacilli Pin point, Round, Smooth, 07 Sticky b)Gram negative bacilli Big, Round, Rough, uneven 08 margin, moist S2 No bacterial growth No bacterial growth — S3 a)Gram Positive bacilli Small, Smooth, Moist, Opaque 01 S4 a)Gram Positive bacilli Big, Smooth, Moist, dewdrop 05 like colony b)Gram Positive cocci Small, dry, Rough, translucent 03 S5 a)Gram Positive bacilli Small, Rough, moist, Opaque 12 b)Gram negative coccobacilli Small, Rough, moist, Opaque S6 TNTC bacterial growth —— S7 a)Gram Positive bacilli Pinpoint, uneven margin, Rough, 03 Dry, Opaque

Table 4: Biochemical profile of bacterial strains isolated from soil Sample code S1 S3 S4 S5 S7 Catalase Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Spore formation Positive Positive Negative Positive Positive Starch hydrolysis Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Indole production Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative Methyl Red Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative Voges-Proskauer Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Simmon citrate Positive Positive Negative Negative Positive Urease Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative Gelatin liquefaction Positive Positive Negative Negative Positive / Negative Fermentation Glucose AAAAA Mannitol - AAA - Xylose AAAA - Dextrose - AAA - Identification of Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus bacteria from megaterium subtilis coagulans pasteurii megaterium isolated soil

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 16

Ethno-Medico Plants To Cure Calculi Disease Of Amarkantak, Anuppur District Central India

Dr. Radheshyam Napit * Dr. Uma Singh **

Abstract - For a long period of time plants have been a vulnerable sources of neutral products for maintaining Human health especially in the last decade with more intensive studies for natural treatments. Frequent ethnobotanical surveys were conducted during July 2012 - Dec 2013 in Shahdol district. Results of these surveys indicated that three species “Patherchata / Punarnava” Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), and Phyllanthus niruri Linn., is interestingly used by the tribal and local peoples. This paper reports on ethnomedicinal used of 3 potential medicinal plants belong to 2 families of medicinal plants used for ailment of diseases like Calculi. Medicinal plants part and parcel of human society to combat disease from dawn of civilization some most useful traditional medicinal plant and still regarded as “village dispensary” in India. It has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani Homoeopathic and folk medicine and has become a cynosure of modern medicine. Led by these considerations, 90% ethanolic extract from the plant parts has been tested against human cell organ in Calculi and remarkable ethnomedicinal pathic was ancient formula applied for various diseases. The belief on folk medicine for healthcare is associated with the traditional reliance of effectiveness as well as lack of modern medicines and medication and poorness status. The scientists by discovered had been various cell in growth of Calculi. (Kidney, Urinary tract, Penis and Liver). The growth inhibition was observed in the range of 70-80% and this part of the plant can be further exploited to get better compounds that may have the potential to treat Calculi. Indiscriminate collection and over-exploitation of some commercially important medicinal plants was also noted. It is suggested that local forest management needs to be made conversant with sustainable harvesting methods, cultivation of commercially important plant species, and detailed assessment of the economic value of medicinal plants. Key word - Ethnomedicinal plants to cure stone diseases.

Introduction - The use of traditional medicine is widely and different castes live (Pranaya Verma 1994) viz., Gond, accepted by rural people in Amarkantak. Amarkantak was Baiga, Kol, Panika, Pav, Pavia, Agaria, Bheel, Bhaina, Oraon, rich in medicinal plant’s having a biodiversity of about 500 - Bhumia, and Kanvar etc. The density of Baiga & Gond 1000 species occurred. About 75 percent of these are Population is higher than others. They live in remote areas collected from wild. Maheshwari (1992), Jain (1967a.) of the forest. They mainly depend on natural products of the reported that the country has many areas where the forest for their livelihood and have retained their traditional traditional medicine culture is rich and diverse, making it an cultures and folklores. Due to close and constant association ideal site for ethnobotanical study. with the forests areas. They have fairly good knowledge of Amarkantak, a beautiful hill station in Anuppur district the medicinal and other value of their surrounding plants of Madhya Pradesh, is situated in 220 41’ N and 81---0 46’ E and mostly depend on them for the remedies of their ailments on the eastern most extremity of Maikal range. It is a holy and diseases. place of pilgrimage and origin of river Narmada, Son, Johila Study Sites - Four study sites were selected in different and Mahanadi. It lies on a plateau at an altitude of parts of Amarkantak as Bhundakona, Jaleshwar, Sonemuda approximately 1100 meters. and Narmada Kund (Mai ki bagiya), Podki, Pondi, Lalpur, The forest vegetation of the Plateau is of sub tropical Damedi, Bilaspur village; Pushprajgrah- for the collection of type dominated by Sal trees. The soil in usually latrite the Plant’s being used ethnobotanically. These areas were climate is monsoonic tide with well defined summer, rainy selected on the basis of varied altitude and richness of and winter. May and June are the hottest month December species, which also comprise rich cultural diversity. and January are the coldest Month (T.0.40C). The average Map of Anuppur - (See in the last page) annual rain fall is 1000-1500 mm. Methodology (Ethnomedicinal Information) - The local Anuppur, Amarkantak is the home of many ethnic healers and knowledgeable villagers were consulted during groups. Within this small district, more than 12 ethnic groups the field trips covering different season during July 2012 - *** Guest Faculty (Botany) Govt Degree College, Pali, Distt - Umaria (M.P.) INDIA ** Deptt. of Botany, Pt. SNS Govt P.G. College, Shahdol (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 17

Dec 2013 Ethnomedicinal information were collected following the methods discribed by Jain (1967a.). Knowledgeable people and medicine men use, part used method of drug preparation, dosage and local name. Under enumeration plant names have been alphabetically. The correct botanical name is followed by family within parentheses’ local names and medicinal uses. All the specimens have been deposited in the department of Botany, Pt. S.N.S. Govt. P.G. College Shahdol (M.P.). Description of plant species - Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) syn. B. repens (Linn.) “LN.,-Patherchata, H., - Sat, San., - Punarnava ,Eng.,- Horse Puruni spreading, Hog Weed” Habit - Common throught M.P. Decumbent or diffuse, extensive perennial herb. A deep tap root – 10 -15cm. long prostrate stem branching. Leaves, ovate, smooth, fleshy, whitish underside, unequal, in pairs. Flowers, Calyx Biologicat Activitiy - Alc. ext. of the whole plant shows + persistent umbels, small pink on an axillary stalk in panicle ve calculi activity in men. heads. Involucre leaves reduced to scales, the parienth is Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) “LN. - Bhui folded into bud. Stamens 3. Fruit club shaped with glands Alma” on the five ribs, covered with stalked, glandular hairs, one H. - Bhumi Avnla; Jar Amla; S. – Bhumyamalaki; Eng.,- seeded. Calyx persistent with the fruit. Flowering throught Carry-me-seed. the year. Perpetuation by seed and cuttings. Habit- An erect 15-45 cm tall, smooth, spreading annual, Distribution: Throughout the hotter parts of Anuppur. with leaf bearing branches. Leaves sub sessile, elliptical, oblong, obtuse, overlapping, branch, like a compound leaf. FF – Å, P A G + (5), 5, 1. Stipules lanceolate, subulate, acute. Flowers small, axillary, Medicinal Parts - Whole plant (Fresh) clustered, minute, unisexual, greenish. Male flowers 3 to 4 Active constituents - Plant yield as Alkaloids – Punarnavan, in the axile of the lower leaves of the branch, sessile. Sterol, â- Sitosterol, Elentine, Stearic acid, Palmitic acid, Perianth 5-6, free in two whorls, stamens 3, female flowers Minerals, Potassium nitrate, Sodium, Sulphate and Chloride borne singly in the leaf axile of upper leaves of the branch. and also root contains hypoxanthin- 9- L- arabinofuranosid Ovary tricarpalary, styles 3, trifid. Fruit- schizocarpic regma. (plant) , hentriacontane, b- sitosterol ursolic acid, Flowering Sept. - Oct. A very common weed. Reproduce triacontaonol boeravinone C, and punarnavoisde(roots). cycle - (Flowering) Aug-Oct. .Biological Actions - Anti – bacterial, anti-inflammatory, Distribution: Throughout the hotter parts of Anuppur. anti-viral, astringent, bitter, cooling, diaphoretic, laxative, stimulant, stomachic. Reference - Asolkar et al, (1992); Kshirsagar and Singh, (2000); Paranjpee, (2000). Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) “L.N. -Dudhia” Medicinal Parts - Whole plant (Fresh) H. - Badi Dudhi; S. - Laghududhika; Dugidica; Eng., - Active Constituents - Leaves mainly contain phyllanthin, Australian asthma herb. hypophyllanthin, linetetralin, phyltetralin and hydroxyniranth. Habit – Herbaceous, annual or perennial, common milky References - Johnson, (1998); Kurian, (1995); weed. Occur in waste and moist places. Root- tap, Stem- Lalramnghinglova, (1996); Paranjpe, (2001); Ross, (1999); herbaceous. Leaf- opposite, ovate-lanceolate, simple, Sivarajan and Balachandran, (1994). stipulate. Inflorescence- cyathium. Flower- pink, bracteate, History - The fresh whole plants or dry, of the plants have unisexual, incomplete, actinomorphic, hypogynous, perianth been used residing in and around the wild for checking stone absent. Androecium- Capsules gynoecium tricarpellary disease and rapidly use. This is widely and local known syncarpus superior trilocular. Flowering - Throughout the year. healer among the tribal; and local inhabitants. The tribes have been using it since time immemorial. It is said that Distribution - Throughout the hotter parts of Anuppur. they used the together pasted that the stone disease had good result meat since than they have been using it for healing breaking Stone (Calculi) diseases. Folk use - How to Use - “Patherchata / Punarnava” Medicinal Parts - Whole plant (Fresh) Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Pasted of leaves and root both1 Active constituents – Plant yield like- Albuminoids, Cathin, spoon, mixed with “Badi Dudhi” Euphorbia hirta Linn, whole Ellagic acid, Euphosterol, Oleic, Linoleic acid Gallic acid, plant 1/2 tea spoon and “Bhumi Avnla” Phyllanthus niruri Mellistic, Mucilage, Oxalate, Palmitic Phenolics,Phytosterol, Linn. Whole plant 1/2 tea spoon together given orally once Phytosterolin, Resin Tannins, Triacentane, Zanthorhamnin a day for 7-21 days to cure calculi. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 18

Conclusion - Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Euphorbia hirta 11. Napit, R. S., Shrivastava D. K. & Mishra S. K. 2011. Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), and Phyllanthus niruri Linn., has Ethno-medico Botanical Study of Paliha Tribe of been found to be a wonderful stone healer. Application of Gohparu Block Distt. Shahdol M. P. (India) Journal of fresh whole plant, stem and leaf stops Stone (calculi) Tropical Forestry Vol. 27. Pag N0. 62-64. diseases. It is likely that some anti Stone diseases 12. Napit, Dr. Radheshyam, 2015.Ethnomedicinal Studies properties associated with the plant species prevent this on Baiga Tribes in Jaisinghnagar Block District Shahdol disease. The conducted ethnobotanical studies on the M.P. Central India. Research Hunt An International Multi plant’s species of Anuppur (Amarkantak) remote forest and Disciplinary e-journal, Vol.÷ Issue. I, Jan-Feb - 2015 local areas. Pag. 9- 12. Acknowledgement - The research scholar R.S.Napit, 13 Napit, Dr. Radheshyam, 2015. Medicinal Plant King of thankful to the Dr. Smt. Darshan Thakur, Principal Govt. P.G. Bitters “Swertia chirata Buch.Ham.” (Gentianaceae) College Narsinghpur, Jabalpur and also thankful to the tribes Chirayata Used by Tribals of Amarkantak regions (Medicine men) and local inhabitants who are provided the District Anuppur Central India. Research Hunt An information. International Multi Disciplinary e-journal,. Vol.÷ Issue. References :- I Jan-Feb -2015 Pag.1-4. 1. Jain, S. K. (ed.) 1996. Ethnobotany in Human welfare 14. Napit, Dr. Radheshyam, 2015. Ethnomedicinal Plants deep publications, New Delhi. (Ptreridophytes) Study and Indegenous Knowledge 2. Jain, S. K. 1967. Plants in Indian medicine and folklore of Pushprajgrah block with Special Reference to associated with healing of bones - Indian Med. J. Amarkantak Anuppur District M.P. India. Research Hunt 57:307-369. An International Multi Disciplinary e-journal, Vol.÷ 3. Chopra, R. N. 1933. Indigenous Drugs of India. The Art Issue. I Jan-Feb -2015 Pag.5-8. press Kolkata. 15. Napit, Dr. Radheshyam, 2015. Calotrapis (Asclepia- 4. Anonymous, 1968. Medicinal plants of India, Vol. daceae) Plants Used By The Tribal And Local 1.ICMR, and New Delhi. Peoples. In The Administered Of Skin Disease 5. Bhattacharjee, S. K. 1998 Handbook of medicinal “Leucoderma” District Shahdol Central plants. Pointer Publishers, New Delhi. India.Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International 6. Chopra, R.N. Chopra, I.C. and Verma, B.S. 1968. Refereed Research Journal) Jan. to March Vol.1 Supplement to Glossary Indian Medicinal Plants CSIR, Pag.34-35 New Delhi. 16. Sinha, A. 1959 a, Chemical examination of the seeds 7. Paranjpe, P. 2001. Indian Medicinal Plants Forgotten of Jatropha curcas Linn. J. Inst. Chem. (India) 31, 213. Healers. A guide to Ayurvedic, Healer Medicine. 17. Ramachandran, V.S. and Nair, N.C. 1981 Ethnobotanical Chakhamba Sanskrit Publishers. observation on rurals of Tamil Naidu (India). J.Econ. 8. Jain S.K. 1991.Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Taxon. Bot. 2:183-190. Ethno botany Deep, Publications , New Delhi, India 18. Sinha, B.K. and Dixit, R.P. 2001 Ethnobotanical studies P.135 on Sarcostemma acidum (Asclepiadacea) from 9. Maheshwari, J.K. 1970. New vistas in ethnobotany. J. Khargaon Distt., Madhya Pradesh Ethnobotany 13:116- econ. Taxon Bot. (Addl.ser) : 1-11. 117. 10. Napit, R. S. and Kumar K. 2012. Ethnomedicinal use 19. Shah, N. C. 1987. Ethnobotany in the mountainous Euphorbia Plants by Tribal, Communities of Shahdol Region of Kumaon Himalaya. Thesis submitted to the District of M. P. Agrobios News Letter Page. N0. 47-48. Kumaon University, Nainital for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany. 1-255.

(See Photos in Next Page) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 19

1. Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.

Fig.9. A of Couple, Vaidya & Village Pradhan (Sarpanch) . Photo plate

2. Euphorbia hirta Linn. 3. Phyllanthus niruri Linn.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 20

Effect Of Light On The Infectivity Of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Mosaic Virus

Dr. Madhu Mishra *

Abstract - Light was found to be one of the important factors in determining the incubation period and disease development. The optimum light period for disease development was 12 hours in a day and incubation period was 8-10 days. Incubation period was increased by increasing or decreasing the optimum light period. In the continuous light period, the incubation period was 18-20 days while in continuous darkness; plants did not survive up to symptom expression. Total infection was found in case of normal sunlight with an incubation period of 9 days. Blue light showed 95% infection with

incubation period of 11 days. Green light was found to be less effective. Hundred percent infections was noted at L2

(11000 Lux) & L3 (21000 Lux) intensities and incubation period was 11 days at both the times while at L1 (3500 Lux) intensity, percentage of infection was 90 with incubation period of 13days. Key Words - Groundnut Mosaic Virus, Infectivity, Incubation Period.

Introduction - Light intensity and duration affects the virus (c) Intensity of Light- To provide different light intensities production and disease expression in different ways, but wooden frames of 4" x 4" x 3" size were made and generally, high light intensity for long period favors three levels of light intensity were maintained by covering multiplication (Takahashi, 19477; Pound and Bancroft, 19565; these chambers with varying thickness of muslin cloth. Pound and Graces - Orejuela, 19596; Bancroft, 19582). The intensity in each chamber was measured by However contrary to this Asomaning and Lockhard (1964)1 Luxmeter. Young healthy seedlings of test plants after found that high light intensities inhibit the development of inoculation with the standard virus inoculum were kept stem and root swellings caused by cocoa swollen shoot virus in these chambers. Five plants were kept in ech in cocoa. Coast and Chant (1970)3 observed that plants chamber. The test plants which were kept in the sunlight exposed for 24-72 hrs. to light of different wavelengths differed (natural light) were treated as control. Plants were kept in their subsequent susceptibility to virus infection. Dorozhin under observations for development of infection. and Grebenshchikova (1976)4 studied the effect of light intensity Result And Discussion - Results are presented in table 1, on the concentration of mosaic viruses in potato plants. 2 & 3. It is concluded from the results presented in table-1 Material And Methods - Effect of light on the infectivity of that the optimum light period for disease development was virus and the disease development was studied under three 12 hours in a day. The incubation period was increased by experiments viz; duration of light, quality of light and light increasing or decreasing the optimum light period. In the intensity. contiunous light period (24 hrs.), the incubation period was (a) Duration of light- The effect of duration of light on the 18-20 days while in continuous darkness plants did not incubation period was studied by subjecting the test survive up to symptom expression. Infection was observed plants to different durations of exposure to light after in 90% of the plants at the optimum light period with inoculation, every day till they developed symptoms. incubation period of 8-10 days. (b) Quality of Light- To study this aspect, four qualities of It is obvious from the results presented in table that the light viz; blue, green, yellow and red were used to see incubation period for blue, green, yellow red and normal their effect on the incubation period and the disease sunlight (control) were 11, 17, 15, 13 and 9 days respectively. development. The chambers of 2" x 2" x 3" size were Hundred percent infection was noted for control plants. While prepared and they were covered with double layer of percentage infection was less in case of green light (75%). transparent celluloid paper. Alternate holes were made Results mentioned in table 3 clearly indicate that at in the side walls of the chambers to provide full aeration low light intensities, symptoms appeared earlier than the to the plants. For the control plants, white transparent control i.e., incubation period was less in low light intensities paper was used. Seven days old healthy seedlings of as compared to control (normal sunlight). Percentage test plant after inoculation with the standard virus infection was hundred percent at 11000 Lux and 21000 Lux inoculums, were kept in the chambers. Five plants were Light intensities. At 3500 Lux Light intensity, infection was kept in each chamber. seen in 90 percent test plants and incubation period was 13

*** Principal, Anand Vihar College for Women, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 21 days. 85% infection was observed in control plants with an 4. Dorozhkin, N.A. and Grebenshchikova, S.I. 1976: Effect incubation period of 15 days. of light intensity on the concentration of mosaic viruses References :- in potato plants from Referativnyi Zurnal; No. 18, 192- 1. Asomaning, E.J.A. and Lockhard, R.G. 1964: Studies 195. on the physiology of cocoa (Theobroma cocoa L.). 5. Pound, G.S. and Bancroft, J.B. 1956: Cumulative Suppression of swollen shoot symptoms by light. Ann. Concentration of tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco at appl. Biol.; 54 : 193-198. different photoperiods and light intensities. Virology; 2: 2. Bancroft, J.B. 1958: Temperature and temperture-light 47-56. effects on the concentration of squash mosaic virus in 6. Pound, G.S. and Graces - Orejuela, C. 1959: Effects leaves of growing cucurbits. Phytopathology; 48 : 98- of photoperiod on the multiplication of turnip mosaic 102. virus in grape. Phytopathology; 49:16-17. 3. Coast, E.M. and Chant, S.R. 1970: The effect of light 7. Takahashi, W.N. 1947: Respiration of virus - infected wavelength on the susceptibility of plants to virus plant - tissue and effect of light on virus multiplication. infection. Ann. appl. Biol; 65: 403-409. An. J. Botany; 34 : 496-500.

Table-1 : The effect of duration of exposure to light on incubation period(Each reading is mean of 5 replicates) S. No. Light Duration Number of Plants % Transmission Incubation period (days) in hrs. Inoculated Infected 1. 4 20 5 25 19-21 2. 6 20 7 35 16-18 3. 8 20 9 45 15-17 4. 10 20 13 65 13-15 5. 12 20 18 90 8-10 6. 14 20 17 85 10-12 7. 16 20 16 80 11-13 8. 18 20 14 70 12-14 9. 20 20 12 60 15-17 10. 22 20 9 45 16-18 11. 24 20 6 30 18-20 12. Darkness 20 0 0 —- = Plants did not survive up to symptom expression.

Table-2 : Effect of quality of light on the incubation period S. No. Quality of light Number of Plants % Transmission Incubation period (days) Inoculated Infected 1. Blue 20 19 95 11 2. Green 20 15 75 17 3. Yellow 20 17 85 15 4. Red 20 18 90 13 5. Control 20 20 100 9

Table-3 : Effect of different light intensities on the incubation period S. No. Light Intensity Number of Plants % Transmission Incubation period (days) Inoculated Infected

1. L1 20 18 90 13

2. L2 20 20 100 11

3. L3 20 20 100 11 4. Control 20 17 85 15

L1 = 3500 Lux, L2 = 11000 Lux, L3 = 21000 Lux, Control = Normal sun light

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 22 2-Amino-5 (3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl phenyl)- 1:3:4-thiadiazole and its N-substituted derivatives - A Synthesis

* Dr. Seema Negi

Introduction - It was thought that antimaterial activity of compounds is due to presence of quinoline structure in the molecule present in cinchona alkaloid.1 Various experiments and chemicals tried for antimalerial activity, Ree2 reported mepacrine active against schizots of three types of malaria. Introduction of Thiadiazole as antibacterial agent and variation made in structure gave it faimiliarity with the structure of 3-4 pyrimidine. Various Derivatives - R=HCOC6H4Cl(p), COC6H5, COCH3, 5 Crowther Britwell have mentioned N artyl and alkyl COC6H4(p), SO2CH3, SO2C6H4CH3(p). trio urias as active antimalrials. Various derivatives were prepared and listed in table-I. Voughan Jr and Co-workers6 prepared 2-Sulphonamido Table - I (Table see in the last page) derivative of thiadiazole and found it active in vitro. Further sythesis is confirmed by estimation and I R 7 -1 - Chemotherapy of thiadiazoles reported by Tappi . He spectra showing NH2 (Stret. vib) 3350 cm , OCH3 1190 cm 1 -1 reported 2-sulphoramido 5- methyl- 1:3:4 - thiadiazole (Sharp and strong), CH2-CH=CH2 1290 cm . NMR Datas exhibited heighly specific activity against Microbium have shown absorbtion-OCH3 proton at 2.8 d, -CH2-CH=CH2 Tuberculosis. Interesting pharmacological activity at 2-amino 1.6 d, aryl protone 7.2 d, -NH 2.8 d. and 5-substituted thiadiazoles.8,9 The biological activity of these compounds is under Cyclization of aldehyds thiosemicarbazone by ferric investigation. cholride11 or by bromine gives thiadiazoles. oxidative Experimental - cyclization with Br2 found more yielding than ferric chloride 1. Preparation of 3-methoxy 4-acetoxy 12 cyclizing agent. Br2 was introduced by Skaigues . Use of benzaldehyde- Mixture of vaniline 12.6g, pot. carbonate sulphuric acid is also reported as cyclizing agent. (20g), allylbromide (6.8 ml), dimethyl formamide (25 ml) was Looking to the importance of thiadiazoles as shaken vigourously till homegenicus solution was obtained. chemotherapeutic agent such as bacteriostat, antimalerial Contents left for overnight and poured in water (ca. 150 ml), and carbonic anhydrase inhibitator present. acidified with 2 N hydrochloric acid and extracted with ether Thiadiazole have been synthesized by the cyclization washed with aq. sodium hydroxide until free from veniline of thiosemicarbazone of 3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl further washed with water dried over anhy. magnecium benzaldehyde with the procedcure suggested by Gibson 2- sulphate. amino-5(-3methoxy-4-acetaxy-5-allylphenyl) 1:3:4 thiadizole Yield 10.79 g BP 2000c with molecular formula. 2. Claisen rearrangement of 3-methoxy-4-allyloxy- o C14H15O3N3S with mp (69 c) and N-substituted benzaldehyde to 3 methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-allyl- derivatives of 2-amino-5 (3-methoxy-4aceoxy 5-allyl phenyl) benzaldehyde. 1:3:4 thiadiazole synthesised. 3-methoxy-4-allyloxy-benzaldehyde 5 g was heated in oil bath at 200 to 2200c for two hours. The viscous liquid on cooling gave pale yellow solid which was purified by recrystallization by ethanol. Y; 4.92 g (98%) mp 860c 3. Acetylation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy 5-allyl benzoldehyde; formation of 3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5 allyl benzaldehyde. A mixture 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5allyl-benzaldhyde (3g), dry pyridine (10ml) with acetic anhydride (5ml) was shaken *** Asst. Professor, Govt. J.M.P. College, Takhatpur (C.G.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 23 mechanically for two hours. Cool the contents, left overnight benzamido) -5-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl phenyl) 1:3:4 and then poured in ice when the solid separated. thiacliazole Yield 2.289 g 63% mp 71-720c The thiadiazole (0.305g) was dissolved in acetone (10ml) 4. Preparation of 3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5 allyl- and aquerous sodium hydroxids (10ml. 10%) was added. benzaldehyde with thiosemicarbazide formation of The contents were cooled in ice/water mixture and p-chloro- thisemicarbazone-3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl benzoyl-chloride was added in portions with vigourous benzaldehyde. shaking. The solid separated was collected washed with The aldehyde dissolved (2.34 g) in aqueans ethanol water and petroleum ether and recrystallised from alcohol. (30ml, 95%) and thio semicarbazide (0.91 g) in water (4 ml) Yield; 0.37 g (83.4%) mp 1380C together, with acetic acid (10 drops) were reflexed for thirty Found N; 9.42, S 7.20, C21H18N3O4SCl minuites. On cooling the contents, solid precipitated out Requires N, 9.42, S, 7.21% which was filtered under suction washed with water and Other N-substituted-5-(3-methoxy-4-atetosy-5-allyl- ethanal further recrystallised from acetic acid. phenyl)-1:3:4 thiadiazoles, are also prepared by the same Yield; 2.3 g mp 1600c method. Datas collected are tabuled in table – II. 5. Cyclization of 3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl - benzalatehyde thiosemicarbazone; formation of 2- amino-5 (3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl-phenyl) 1:3:4 thiadiazole. Thiosemicarbazone of-3-methoxy – 4-acetoxy-5-allyl benzaldehyde (2.83 g), powdered anhydrous sodium acetate (4.0 g), glacial acetic acid (15 ml) solution of bromine was stirred for half an hour. The mixture was poured in ice (ca. Table - II (Table see in the last page) 180 ml). Solid separated out collected, dried, recrystallised from ethanol. References :- Yield; 2.4g (65.6%) mp 690c

Found : N 10.48, S 1.47, C14H15O3N3S requires N, 10.49 1. P.J. Pelletier and J.B. Caventou; Am. Chim at phys. S 1.49%. 15, 289 (1870). 6. In another method mixture of thisemicarbazone of 2. Ree Mortin, Bevan J. Pharmacol, 77, 127 (1943). aldehyde (1.535 g), ferric chloride hexa hydrate (11.00 g, 3. Rose and Swain J. 689 (1945). 0.2 mol) in ethanol (90 ml) was stirred and heated on water 4. Rose and Tuer J. 81 (1946). both for half an hour. Alcohal removed under reduced pressure 5. Crowther, Curd, Hendry and Rose. J. 1636 (1948). distillation, recedue cooled and treated with hydrochloric acid 6. Jomes are Vaughan Jr. Joyle A. Richler and George W (8 ml). The contents were left at 00c for two hours. Anderson J. Amer. Chem, Soc. 21, 700, 1956. Precipitated solid on collection washing with HCL. Base 7. Tappi and Nigliardi, Arch. Sci. Biol, 27, 170 (1941) was liberated with Liquor ammonia and mixture heated on 8. Nothey E. H. The sulphonamides and allied compounds water bath for fifteen minutes the resulted thiadiazote was (Reinhold publishing carp. New yark) 55, 36, 92, 93, extracted with boiling ethanol, concentration of this gave 408. (1948). thiadiazole. 9. Maffi, C Testa E. Etlorre, R. Elframco (Pavia) Ed. Sci, Yield; 0.5 g (32.4%) mp 690c 13, 187 (1958).

Found : N 10.48, S 1.47, C14H15 O3N3S requires N, 10.49, 10. C.A. 47, 9324(1953) S 1.49% 11. M.S. Gibson Tetrahedron, vol18, 1377 (1962) 7. Reaction of p-chloro-benzoyl chloride (and other 12. Saaglues K. Acta Chem. S. Can. 14, 1054 (1950) chlorides) with 2-amino-5(-3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl 13. Dr, S. K. Latta (Ph.D. thesis) A.P.S. University Rewa phenyl)-1:3:4-thiadiazole; formation of N- (p-chloro (MP) 1977.

Table - I, II ( see in next page) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 24

Table - I N-Substituted derivatives of (3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl phenyl) -1:3:4-thiadiazole

S. No. Group R. Yield Colour M.P. oC. Moleculer Analytical % g. % formula Found Requires

1 COC6H4Cl(p) 0.37 83.4 Brown 138 C21H18N3O4SCl N, 9.42 9.42 S, 7.20 7.21

2 COC6H5 0.21 51.3 Light Brown 96 C21H19N3O4S N, 10.26 10.262 S, 7.82 7.82

3 COCH3 0.120 34.6 Yellow 122 C16H17N3O4S N, 12.13 12.13 S, 7.15 7.16

4 CO(C6H4)F(p) 0.301 69.03 Yellow Unspecified C21H18N3O4SF N, 9.83 9.83 S, 7.44 7.496

5 SO2CH3 0.159 49.6 Brown 98 C15H17N3O5S2 N, 10.93 10.96 S, 10.70 16.71

6 SO2C6H4 C3H(p) 0.09 13.3 Brown 80 C21H21N3O5S2 N, 9.23 9.23 S, 13.9 13.9

Table - II N-Substituted derivatives of (3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-allyl phenyl) -1:3:4-thiadiazole

S. No. Group R. Yield Colour M.P. oC. Moleculer Analytical % g. % formula Found Requires

1 COC6H4Cl(p) 0.37 83.4 Brown 138 C21H18N3O4SCl N, 9.42 9.42 S, 7.20 7.21

2 COC6H5 0.21 51.3 Light Brown 96 C21H19N3O4S N, 10.26 10.26 S, 7.82 7.82

3 COCH3 0.120 34.6 Yellow 122 C16H17N3O4S N, 12.13 12.13 S, 7.15 7.16

4 CO(C6H4)F(p) 0.301 69.03 Yellow Unspecified C21H18N3O4SF N, 9.83 9.83 S, 7.44 7.496

5 SO2CH3 0.159 49.6 Brown 98 C15H17N3O5S2 N, 10.93 10.96 S, 10.70 16.71

6 SO2C6H4 C3H(p) 0.09 13.3 Brown 80 C21H21N3O5S2 N, 9.23 9.23 S, 13.9 13.9

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 25

Fundamental Of Nanoparticles

Dr. Neeraj Dubey *

Introduction - Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and inhomogeneities. Differential stresses that develop as a result 100 nanometers in size. In nanotechnology, a particle is of non-uniform drying shrinkage are directly related to the defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit with rate at which the solvent can be removed, and thus highly respect to its transport and properties. Particles are further dependent upon the distribution of porosity. Such stresses classified according to diameter. Ultrafine particles are the have been associated with a plastic-to-brittle transition in same as nanoparticles and between 1 and 100 nanometers consolidated bodies, and can yield to crack propagation in in size, fine particles are sized between 100 and 2,500 the unfired body if not relieved. nanometers, and coarse particles cover a range between Properties - Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest 2,500 and 10,000 nanometers. Nanoparticle research is as they are, in effect, a bridge between bulk materials and currently an area of intense scientific interest due to a wide atomic or molecular structures. A bulk material should have variety of potential applications in biomedical, optical and constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at electronic fields. the nano-scale size-dependent properties are often observed. Particles in size range 10-9 m are known as Thus, the properties of materials change as their size nanoparticles or sub-micron particles. They are also Known approaches the nanoscale and as the percentage of atoms as quantum dots due to quantum property possess by them. at the surface of a material becomes significant. For bulk In nanotechnology , a sub- classification of ultrafine particle materials larger than one micrometer (or micron), the with lengths in two or three dimensions greater than 0.001 percentage of atoms at the surface is insignificant in relation micrometer (1 nanometer) and smaller then about 0.1 to the number of atoms in the bulk of the material. micrometer (100 nanometers) and which may or may not Particle Size- A reduction in the size of nano-sized particles exhibit a size-related intensive property. increases the particle surface area. Additional chemical Nanoparticles are considered a discovery of modern molecules may attach to this surface, enhancing the science, they actually have a long history. Nanoparticles reactivity and increasing toxic effects. Nanoparticles smaller were used by artisans as far back as the ninth century in than 100 nm have been observed being absorbed by the Mesopotamia for generating a glittering effect on the surface intestine’s cells. Due to the smaller size, nanoparticles can of pots. cross cell membranes, reaching the bloodstream and other The luster originated within the film itself, which organs and consequently are generally more toxic than larger contained silver and copper nanoparticles dispersed particles of the same composition. homogeneously in the glassy matrix of the ceramic glaze. Surface Area- Small nanoparticles have more pathological These nanoparticles were created by the artisans by adding and destructive power on the lungs due to the larger surface copper and silver salts and oxides together with vinegar, area, greater tendency to conjugate and energy ochre, and clay on the surface of previously-glazed pottery. sustainability. The object was then placed into a kiln and heated to about Chemical Components- Chemical components of the 600 °C in a reducing atmosphere. particle surface have important effects on nanoparticles and The chemical processing and synthesis of high- may react with metals (e.g. iron can be affected by performance technological components for the private, nanoparticles, which increases toxicity in the free cell industrial, and military sectors requires the use of high-purity system.) ceramics, polymers, glass-ceramics, and composite Surface Charges- High surface charge densities may cause materials. In condensed bodies formed from fine powders, higher cytotoxic effects than those with low charge densities. the irregular particle sizes and shapes in a typical powder High surface charges react more intensely with cell often lead to non-uniform packing morphologies that result membranes, creating additional damage to the cell. in packing density variations in the powder compact. Free Radical Production- Most of the nanoparticles Uncontrolled agglomeration of powders due to attractive produce free radicals which cause oxidative stress. Biological van der Waals forces can also give rise to in microstructural oxidative stress may cause inflammation, cell destruction,

*** Professor & Head (Physics) Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 26 and genotoxicity. The particle surface of the free radicals rapidly cooled by quenching with oxygen, thus ensuring the can activate the redox cycle and cause particle toxicity. quality of the fumed silica produced. Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible since the In RF induction plasma torches, energy coupling to the interaction of the particle surface with the solvent is strong plasma is accomplished through the electromagnetic field enough to overcome density differences, which otherwise generated by the induction coil. The plasma gas does not usually result in a material either sinking or floating in a liquid. come in contact with electrodes, thus eliminating possible Clay nanoparticles when incorporated into polymer sources of contamination and allowing the operation of such matrices increase reinforcement, leading to stronger plastics, plasma torches with a wide range of gases including inert, verifiable by a higher glass transition temperature and other reducing, oxidizing, and other corrosive atmospheres. The mechanical property tests. These nanoparticles are hard, working frequency is typically between 200 kHz and 40 MHz. and impart their properties to the polymer (plastic). Laboratory units run at power levels in the order of 30–50 kW, Nanoparticles have also been attached to textile fibers in whereas the large-scale industrial units have been tested at order to create smart and functional clothing.[42] power levels up to 1 MW. As the residence time of the injected Metal, dielectric, and semiconductor nanoparticles have feed droplets in the plasma is very short, it is important that been formed, as well as hybrid structures (e.g., core–shell the droplet sizes are small enough in order to obtain complete nanoparticles).[2] Nanoparticles made of semiconducting evaporation. The RF plasma method has been used to material may also be labeled quantum dots if they are small synthesize different nanoparticle materials, for example enough (typically sub 10 nm) that quantization of electronic synthesis of various ceramic nanoparticles such as oxides, energy levels occurs. Such nanoscale particles are used in carbours/carbides, and nitrides of Ti and Si (see Induction biomedical applications as drug carriers or imaging agents. plasma technology). Semi-solid and soft nanoparticles have been Inert-gas condensation is frequently used to make manufactured. A prototype nanoparticle of semi-solid nature nanoparticles from metals with low melting points. is the liposome. Various types of liposome nanoparticles Nanoparticles can also be formed using radiation chemistry. are currently used clinically as delivery systems for anticancer Radiolysis from gamma rays can create strongly active free drugs and vaccines. radicals in solution. This relatively simple technique uses a Nanoparticles with one half hydrophilic and the other minimum number of chemicals. These including water, a half hydrophobic are termed Janus particles and are soluble metallic salt, a radical scavenger (often a secondary particularly effective for stabilizing emulsions. They can self- alcohol), and a surfactant (organic capping agent). High assemble at water/oil interfaces and act as solid surfactants. gamma doses on the order of 104 Gray are required. In this Synthesis - There are several methods for creating process, reducing radicals will drop metallic ions down to nanoparticles, including attrition, pyrolysis and hydrothermal the zero-valence state. A scavenger chemical will synthesis. In attrition, macro- or micro-scale particles are preferentially interact with oxidizing radicals to prevent the ground in a ball mill, a planetary ball mill, or other size- re-oxidation of the metal. Once in the zero-valence state, reducing mechanism. The resulting particles are air classified metal atoms begin to coalesce into particles. A chemical to recover nanoparticles. In pyrolysis, a vaporous precursor surfactant surrounds the particle during formation and (liquid or gas) is forced through an orifice at high pressure regulates its growth. In sufficient concentrations, the and burned. The resulting solid (a version of soot) is air surfactant molecules stay attached to the particle. This classified to recover oxide particles from by-product gases. prevents it from dissociating or forming clusters with other Traditional pyrolysis often results in aggregates and particles. Formation of nanoparticles using the radiolysis agglomerates rather than single primary particles. Ultrasonic method allows for tailoring of particle size and shape by nozzle spray pyrolysis (USP) on the other hand aids in adjusting precursor concentrations and gamma dose. preventing agglomerates from forming. Characterization- Nanoparticle characterization is A thermal plasma can also deliver the energy necessary necessary to establish understanding and control of to cause vaporization of small micrometer-size particles. nanoparticle synthesis and applications. Characterization The thermal plasma temperatures are in the order of 10,000 is done by using a variety of different techniques, mainly K, so that solid powder easily evaporates. Nanoparticles drawn from materials science. Common techniques are are formed upon cooling while exiting the plasma region. electron microscopy (TEM, SEM), atomic force microscopy The main types of the thermal plasma torches used to (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), x-ray photoelectron produce nanoparticles are dc plasma jet, dc arc plasma, spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier and radio frequency (RF) induction plasmas. In the arc plasma transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), matrix-assisted laser reactors, the energy necessary for evaporation and reaction desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is provided by an electric arc formed between the anode and (MALDI-TOF), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Rutherford the cathode. For example, silica sand can be vaporized with backscattering spectrometry (RBS), dual polarisation an arc plasma at atmospheric pressure, or thin aluminum interferometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). wires can be vaporized by exploding wire method. The Laser applications - The use of nanoparticles in laser dye- resulting mixture of plasma gas and silica vapour can be doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) laser gain media Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 27 was demonstrated in 2003 and it has been shown to improve “Plasmonic “pump–probe” method to study semi- conversion efficiencies and to decrease laser beam transparent nanofluids”. Applied Optics 52 (24): 6041– divergence. Researchers attribute the reduction in beam 6050. divergence to improved dn/dT characteristics of the organic- 3. Granqvist, C.; Buhrman, R.; Wyns, J.; Sievers, A. inorganic dye-doped nanocomposite. The optimum (1976). “Far-Infrared Absorption in Ultrafine Al Particles”. composition reported by these researchers is 30% w/w of Physical Review Letters 37 (10): 625.

SiO2 (~ 12 nm) in dye-doped PMMA. 4. Kiss, L. B.; Söderlund, J.; Niklasson, G. A.; Granqvist, References :- C. G. (1999). “New approach to the origin of lognormal 1. Taylor, Robert A; Otanicar, Todd; Rosengarten, Gary size distributions of nanoparticles”. Nanotechnology 10: (2012). “Nanofluid-based optical filter optimization for 25. PV/T systems”. Light: Science & Applications 1 (10). 5. Reiss, Gunter; Hutten, Andreas (2010). “Magnetic 2. Hewakuruppu, Y. L.; Dombrovsky, L. A.; Chen, C.; Nanoparticles”. In Sattler, Klaus D. Handbook of Timchenko, V.; Jiang, X.; Baek, S.; Taylor, R. A. (2013). Nanophysics: Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 28 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 29 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 30 with cystine giving rise to cysteine and S-sulphocysteine. Biology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi,

cys-SS-cys + HSO3 ————— cys-SH + cys-SSO3 2. Grumbt et al, 2013, Keratin Degradation by Cystine sulphite cysteine S-sulphocysteine Dermatophytes Relies on Cysteine Dioxygenase and a In this way the substrate is gradually denatured and Sulfite Efflux Pump, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, rendered susceptible to the attack by fungal proteases. vol.:133, page 1550–1555. (Kunert J., 2000, Grumbt et al 2013). 3. Ingle S.S. et al, 2012, Biodegradation of Poultry feather Conclusion- Insoluble structure and hard-to-degrade keratin by non dermatophytic filamentous Keratinolytic Fungi. proteins are ubiquitously present in an animal body. A lot of Asian Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, Volume: 1 these proteins are generated as industrial waste from meat, Issue: (1) e102, page 1-8. poultry, wool, hair salon and leather industries. Currently, 4. Karthikeyan et al. 2007, Industrial application of keratins- disposal of these wastes is preferred by incineration or by a review, Journal of scientific & Industrial research, land filling. Additionally physical and chemical treatments vol.:66, page710-715. are used currently to increase the digestibility of keratin. 5. Kunert J., 2000, Physiology of keratinophilic fungi, In: But these processes require consumption of large amounts Biology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi, of energy and money. Keratinolytic activity of keratinophillic Kushawaha RKS, Guarro J, editors. Revista fungi represents an attractive alternative to improve the overall Iberoamericana de Micologia. Spain, pp. 77-85. value of the wastes and decompose it. The keratinase obtain 6. Mathison G.E. 1964, The microbiological decomposition from keratinophillic fungi could be applied for the detergent of keratin, Ann. Soc.belge Med. Trop., vol.:44, issue: industry, leather industry, cosmetic and medical industry. 4/5, page 767-792. Thus, these fungi and their keratinases offer an attractive 7. Scott J. A. & Untereiner W. A. 2004, Determination of solution for biotechnological potential applications in keratinic keratin degradation by fungi using keratin azure, waste management. Medical Mycology, June 2004, vol.42,page 239-246 References :- 8. Singh I. and Kushwaha R. K. S., 2015, Keratinases 1. Fillipello M.V., 2000; Keratinophilic fungi: Their role in and microbial degradation of Keratin, Adv. Appl. Sci. nature and degradation of keratinic substrates; In: Res., vol. :6 issue: 2 page 74-82.

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Natural Plant Catharanthus Roseous Anticancer Droug

Sushama Singh Majhi *

Abstract - India possesses a rich biodiversity of the medicinal plants that were still not explored completely. The need for the novel pharmaceutical products out from the plant has attained a great interest in the present research world due to the cost and the higher side effects that are associated with the chemically manufactured drugs. Catharanthus roseus, which is a potent medicinal plant many of the pharmacological actions such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihelmintic, antifeedant, antisterility, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, anticancer effect etc. That is used to treat many of the fatal diseases. The major phytochemical constituent of the above medicinal plant and have different types possessing various medicinal uses. Plant found in gardens and homes across the warmer parts of the world. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, which also known as “an anticancerous drug yielding plant” is a tropical and subtropical plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae.

Introduction -Expected to be the basis of many main (Rankem) while ethyl acetate was obtained from Qualigens, technological innovations in the 21st century. Research and silica-gel. RPMI-1640, Fetal calf serum, Trypsin, PBS, development in this field is growing rapidly throughout the Tryphan blue, Penicillin, Streptomycin, Gentamycin, DMSO, world. A major output of this activity is the development of Sulpho rhodamine, Mitomycin C, Palcitaxel (taxol), 5 new materials in the nanometer scale. A natural product is Fluorouracil, were obtained from sigma chemical Co. USA a chemical compound or substance produced by a living and rest of the chemicals were of high purity and obtained organism - found in nature that usually has a pharmacological locally. Tissue culture flasks and 96-Well cell culture plates or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery were obtained from NUNC, Germany. and drug design. A natural product can be considered as Pre - Extraction Operation - The Plants were selected on such even if it can be prepared by total synthesis. These the basis of their wide local use in traditional medicine. The small molecules provide the source or inspiration for the leaves are collected from the healthy plant. majority of FDA-approved agents and continue to be one of Identification – the plant material is identified in a local the major sources of inspiration for drug discovery. In herbarium. particular, these compounds are important in the treatment Drying - The leaves were dried at room temperature under a of life-threatening conditions. Natural products may be well-ventilated shade by distributing them homogeneously; extracted from tissues of terrestrial plants, marine organisms the material had kept away from the direct sunlight because or microorganism fermentation broths. A crude (untreated) the ultraviolet radiation may produce chemical reaction giving extract from any one of these sources typically contains rise to compound artifacts. novel, structurally diverse chemical compounds, which the Communication and classification were done to obtain natural environment is a rich source of Chemical diversity in certain fractions in high yield and as free of dust as possible. nature is based on biological and geographical diversity, so The leaves were cut on shredders, the communication researchers travel around the world obtaining samples to of the plant material were done by grinding in a mixture, analyze and evaluate in screens or bioassays. This effort to followed by blast sifting for the removal of the dust. search for natural products is known as bioprospecting. Extraction - The dried leaves were powdered and weighted Materials and methods - Flowers of Catharanthus Roseus 150 gm and filled in Soxhlet apparatus for extraction. First (L) G. Don were collected from a field grown in the Bhopal in the drug was defeated with 95% methanol for 8 hour, defatted the month of May-June, 2008, Leaves and of her plant tissues drug then dried and again filled in apparatus for extraction were carefully removed from the flowers of C. roseus. with alcohol. Alcoholic extract were concentrated by The plant collection, 95% ethanol extraction procedure recovering solvent. And by collecting various fractions of and fractionation of the dried extract using different organic extract under different solvents for characterization and solvents in different proportions by column chromatography pharmacological activity and processed the extract for was described. Ethanol, chloroform and methanol were of anticancer activity. The present study titled “Chemical GR Merck grade. Hexane LR, benzene was of HPLC grade investigation of Catharanthus roseus for anticancer plant

* Deptt. of Chemistry, C.S.A.Govt P.G. Nodle College, Sehore (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 32 drugs found in Bhopal Division” deals with the extraction, reports on use of Catharanthus roseus in the form of isolation, purification and identification of the compounds “Triphala” as a potent anticancer drug in ayurveda the present from the leaves and flowers of the plant Catharanthus roseus, study was taken up for evaluating anti-cancer potential in with an additional objective to assess and understand the extract and various fractions of leaves of Catharanthus medicinal value of Catharanthus roseus anticancer activities roseus against human cancer cell lines have also been studied. The main activity of the present In vitro cytotoxicity of extracts against human cancer study involves: cell lines - The human cancer cell lines were procured from Experimental - Ultra violet spectra were recorded or National Cancer Institute, Frederick, U.S.A. Cells were grown ShiMadzu UV-240 and Pye Unicom SP 800 A in tissue culture flasks in complete growth medium (Roswell spectrophotometers. Infrared spectra were recorded on a Prak Memorial Institute (RPMI) -1640 medium with 2mM Jasco-IR A-1 spectrophotometer. Mass spectra were glutamine, pH 7.4, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, measured on Finnegan MAT 312 rind Finnegan MAT 312 100 µg/ml streptomycin and 100 units/ml penicillin) in a double focusing mass spectrometers connected to PDP 11/ carbon dioxide incubator (37°C, 5% CO 2, 90% RH). The cells 34 computer system. High resolution mass measurements at sub confluent stage were harvested from the flask by were carried by peak matching using PFK as internal treatment with trypsin [0.05% in PBS (pH 7.4) containing standard and by accurate mass measurements on DEC PDP 0.02% EDTA]. Cells with viability of more than 98% as 11/34 Computer system linked to Finnegan MAT 312 mass determined by trypan blue exclusion were used for spectrometer. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were determination of cytotoxicity. The cell suspension of 1 x105 recorded on Bruker VIP-100 SY FT-NMR and a Bruker AN cells/ml was prepared in complete growth medium. Stock 300 FT-NMR (1H: 300 MHz, 13C: 75 MHz, dual probe 5 mm solutions (20mg/ml) of extracts/fraction were prepared in sample tubes), C-13 NMR spectra were recorded at 75 MHz dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The stock solutions were serially and assignments made by using gated spin echo (APT) and diluted with complete growth medium containing 50µg/ml of polarization transfer (ADEPT) pulse sequences optical gentamycin to obtain working test solutions of required rotations were recorded on a Schmidt and Haensh Polatronic concentrations. D electronic polarimeter. Thin layer chromatography was In vitro cytotoxicity against six human cancer cell lines carried out on silica gel GF-25.1 precoated plates from was determined (Monks et al., 1991) using 96-well tissue E.Merck which were viewed in UV light or developed with culture plates. The 100 µl of cell suspension was added to iodine vapors. Column chromatography was generally carried each well of the 96-well tissue culture plate. The cells were out, using columns packed with silica gel type-60 (70-230 allowed to grow in carbon dioxide incubator (37°C, 5% CO2, mesh). Melting points were determined with a Gallenkamp 90% RH) for 24 hours. Test materials in complete growth melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. medium (100µl) were added after 24 hours of incubation to 13C-NMR spectra analysis the wells containing cell suspension. Suitable controls, 13 The C-NMR spectrum in CDCl3 (broad band and DEPT) blanks and positive controls were also included. The plates showed interesting similarities to that reported for vindoline. were further incubated for 48 hours in a carbon dioxide The assignments of the 13C-resonance signals are shown incubator. The cell growth was stopped by gently layering in Table II. The signals of most carbon atoms were very close trichloroacetic acid (50%, 50µl) on top of the medium in all to those reported for vindoline or to the corresponding carbons the wells. The plates were incubated at 4°C for one hour to in those molecules in which vindoline is found bound to fix the cells attached to the bottom of the wells. The liquid of another alkaloidal moiety. The C-10 carbon interestingly all the wells was gently pipette out and discarded. The plates appeared at ä121.20 and was shown by DEPT measurements were washed five times with distilled water to remove to be non-proton bearing, thus confirming that C-10 was the trichloroacetic acid, growth medium low molecular weight site of substitution. metabolites, serum proteins etc and air-dried. The plates anticancer Activity - Cancer, which is characterized by were stained with Sulforhodamine B dye (0.4 % in 1% acetic abnormal and autonomous cell proliferation, is a well known acid, 100µ1) for 30 minutes. disease of this century. Chemotherapy is the most The plates were washed five times with 1% acetic acid commonly used method for treatment of cancer. But as the and then air-dried. (Skehan et al., 1990). The adsorbed dye chemotherapeutic drugs are highly toxic and possess was dissolved in Tries HCl Buffer (100 µl, 0.01 M, pH 10.4) devastating side effects thus several new strategies are being and plates were gently stirred for 10 minutes on a mechanical developed to control and treat cancer. stirrer. The optical density (OD) was recorded on ELISA Catharanthus roseus extract exhibited anti-proliferative reader at 540 nm. The cell growth was determined by, effects in several cancer cell lines including Shiongi 115, subtracting mean OD value of respective blank from the mean breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer OD value of experimental set. Percent growth in presence PC-3 and DU-145 cells (Kaur et. al., 2005 and Pinmai, of test material was calculated considering the growth in 2008). Catharanthus roseus leaves have been found to have absence of any test material as 100%. in-vitro anti-HIV-1, antimalarial, antimutagenic, antifungal, 8. Result and discussions - Samples were evaluated antibacterial and in-vivo hepatoprotective. Considering the against four cell lines of three different tissues i.e. PC-3, Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 33

DU-145 (Prostrate), A-549 (Lung) and Colo-205 (Colon) at 4. Baily, R.W. and Scott, G.E., 1966. Diagnostic 100 g/ml. All samples showed cytotoxicity up to depending Microbiology (2 nd ed.), The CV 1 Mosby Co. Saint on the cell lines. Louis, Japan.5. Belal, F., Elashry, S.M., Elkerdawy, Conclusion - Describe the isolation and structure M.M. and Elwasseef D.R., 2001.Jof Phar and Bio. Ana. elucidation of three new alkaloids, ‘Bannucine, Gomaline 26, p. 435. and Rosamine’. Three other compounds isolated have been 6. Boer, H.J., Kool, A., Broberg, A., Mziray, W.R., identified as rhazimol, cathovaline and catharine. Rhazimol Hedberg, 1. And Levenfors J.J.(2005). J. and cathovalilne have not previously been reported from this Ethnopharmacol., 96, p. 461. 1 13 plant. A detailed study on the H- and CNMR spectra of 7. Bonjar, S. (2004). J. Ethanopharmacol., 94, p. 301. catharine has provided insights into the conformations of 8. Camporese, A., Balik, M.J., Arvigo, R., Esposito, R.G., the molecule in isolation. Morselling, N., Simone, F. and Tubaro, A., 2003. J. References :- Ethnopharmacol., 87, p. 103. 1. Adelakun, E.A., Fin bar, E.A., Agina, S.E. and Makinde, 9. Chung, T.H., Kim, J.C. and Kim, M.K., 1995. A.A., 2001. Fitoterapia., 72, p. 822. Phytotherapy Res., 9, p. 429 2. Anand, K.K. and Singh, B., 1994. Pharmacological 10. Cowan, M.M. 1999.Plant products as antimicrobial Research, 36(4), p.315 agents. Clinical Microbiology. Reviews. 12, p. 564. 3. Aquil, F., Ahmad, 1. And Mehmood, Z., 2006. Turk J. Bio., 30, p.177

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Some Medicinal Plants Of Bhopal (M.P.)

* Dr. Sadhna Goyal

Abstract - Herbal and natural products of folk medicines have been used for centuries in every culture through out the world. The medicines have been obtained from all parts of plants such as roots, shoots, leaves , flowers ,barks and fruits .The medicinal value of the drug plants is due to presence of some bio chemical constitutes in them ,which produce a definite physiological action on the human body . We select Bhopal(M.P.) for our study. Key word - Medicinal, physiological.

Introduction - Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh. Table 2- The medicinal plants with their uses are as follows- Present study is carried out of different sites of Bhopal during S.No Name of the Plants parts Application winter ,summer and rainy season .The medicinal plants are plant used very useful for us and having no side effects .Plants play a 1. Neem Leaves , bark Aczema very vital role in human life as every basic need like food 2. Tulsi Leaves Common cold ,fiber ,fuel ,cloths medicine etc are provided to them .Wild 3. Pimpali Root , thickest Bronchitis and cultivated plants have known to be used by man over parts of leaves generations by practice and experience . All plants produce 4. Nilgiri Leaves Cold chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic 5. Pudina Green leaves Colic pain activities. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates 6. Bel Ripe fruit Cooling drink that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African 7. Chameli Flowers Perfumes countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of 8. Mahendi Dried leaves Skin disease primary health care. powder Observation - 9. Awla Fruit Contain vitamin Table 1 - The medicinal plants with their local name, botanical A and C name and habit are given below – 10. Gulab Flowers Perfume S.No Local name Botanical name Habit 11. Bahera Fruit Asthama 1 Neem Azadiracta indica Tree 12. Ghee kumar Fleshy leaves Burning and 2 Tulsi Ocimumsanctum Herb plains 3 Pimpali Piper longum Tree 13. Jambun Seed powder Diabeties 4 Nilgiri Euclayptus globules Tree 14. Kamar kastur Leaves juice Body pain 5 Pudina Mentha spicata Herb Refrences :- 6 Bel Aegle marmelas Tree 1. Almeida S.M the flora of savantiwadi Scientific 7 Chameli Jasmin e officinale Shrub publishers, jodhpur, 1990 8 Mehandi Lawsonia intermis Shrub 2. Jain , S.K The dictionary of Indian Folk medicine and 9 Awla Mangifera indical Tree Ethnoboteny, Deep publication, New Delhi 1991 10 Gulab Rosa damascene mill Shrub 3. Shisode, S.B and Patil D.A. Bio-journal ,1993 11 Bahera Terminalia belerica Tree 4. Choubey V.B. and Khare P.K. All India Botanical 12 Ghee Kumar Aloebarbdence Tree conference , October 2005 13 Jambun Syzygium cumin Tree 5. Agrawal V.S. and Ghosh B. Drug plants of India, Kalyani 14 Kamar kastur Octimum basillusium Shrub publishers , Ludhiana 1985 6. NARKHEDE, P.N. International multi Disciplinary journal Research Hunt 2007

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*** Professor (Chemistry) Govt. M.V.M. Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 37

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*** (‡mUremÛ) emgH$r` Ì`m_ gwßXa AJ´dmb _hmod⁄mb`, oghm{am, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 38 emgZ H$aZ{ H$r gbmh Zht Xr& gm_d{X Z{ ‡H•$oV C[mgZm H$m{ Edß ‡H•$oV [MVm [d›Vradg{ H•$Uw‹do_À[•U ofiÀ[•UV{ _`:& H{$ JwUm{ß H$m{ oZÀ` JmZ{ H$r ]mV H$hr& JmZ{ g{ JwUm{ß H$m ‡gma gma{ g_mO _{ß ^mfmW©- ajm Am°a gwI H{$ ob`{ ‡mW©Zm oH$`m hwAm [a_{Ìda, `h OmZ H$a hm{Vm h°& JwUm{ß H$m{ OmZH$a A[Z{ ob`{ ohVH$mar ‡H•$oV H$m gh`m{J oH$`m oH$ _ZwÓ`m{ß H$m g_ÒV gwI Am°a ajm, ew’ dm`w Ob d•oÓQ> Am°a Am°foY Om gH$Vm h°& gm_d{X H$r F$Mm 40 bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ‡mV:H$mb CR>Z{ H$r gbmh AmoX [a oZ^©a h¢& C[X{e H$aVm h° oH$ h{ _ZwÓ`m{ß ! 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ZoH$ X{dm BZr_og Z∑`m`m{[`m_og& d°oXH$ kmZ Edß X°oZH$ M`m©-d°oXH$ g_` _|$ gmam kmZ gyÃ H{$ Í$[ _{ß _›ÃlwÀÀßMam_og& d{Xm{ß _{ß obIm J`m& odÒV•V kmZ Jm`Z H{$ ¤mam ‡gmnaV hm{Vm ahm& d°oXH$ ^mfmW©- h_ C[mgH$ bm{J q>hgm Z H$a{ß g] Am{a g{ oH$gr H$m{ AkmZ`w∫$ gmohÀ` H$r ode{fVm `h h° oH$ kmZ H{$ ¤mam ‡m· oZÓH$fm~ H{$ AmYma [a Z H$a{ß Am°a d{Xm{∫$ H$_m~ H$m AZwÓR>mZ H$a{ß&1 OrdZ OrZ{ H{$ ob`{ OZ-_mZg H$m{ ‡{naV oH$`m J`m& OZ-_mZg H{$ ob`{ gm_d{X H$rV©Z H$aZ{ Am°a JmZ{ H$r ]mV H$hZm h°& `h Bgob`{ oOgg{ Xm{ ]mV{ß OÍ$ar Wr [hbr d{ oH´$`m`{ß oOZg{ [`m©daU [odÃ ah{ Am°a Xygam gy`©, Ob, dm`w, Aoæ AmoX H{$ ]ma{ _{ß OmZH$mna`m{ß H$m ‡gma oZaßVa hm{Vm ‡H•$oV H{$ VÀdm{ß H$m H$rV©Z d Jm`Z Om{ CZH{$ _hÀd H$m{ ‡gmnaV H$a gH{$ ah{& oOgg{ [rT>r Xa [rT>r `h kmZ [hw±MVm ah{& oOgg{ bm{J ‡mH•$oVH$ VÀdm{ß H$r [odÃVm ]Zm`{ aIZ{ H{$ ob`{ ‡`mgaV ah{ß& 255. ‡ o_Ãm` ‡m`©ÂU{ gMœ`_•Vmdgm{& Aoæ _{ß hdZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ dm`w, dm`w g{ dfm© Ob Edß dfm© Ob g{ Ym›` H$r dÍ$œ`{3dÈU{ N>›⁄ß dM: ÒVm{Ãß amOgw Jm`V&& [m°oÓH$Vm Edß [odÃVm oZo¸V H$aZm `h ‡mUr _mÃ H$m H$Œm©Ï` oZYm©naV ^mfmW©-h{ `kYZ ! 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Vo_›–ß dmO`m_og_h{ d•Ãm` h›Vd{& ^mJ H$m{ OmZ{ dmb{ g] _ZwÓ`m{ß H{$ ohVH$mar CÀ[fi oXImZ{ dmb{ XhH$V{ hwE g d•fm d•f^m{ ^wdV≤& gXm MbZ{ dmb{ ‡moU`m{ß H{$, ajH$ _wI AoæH$m{ g] Am{a g{ ‡H$Q> H$a{ß&1, ^mfmW©- ]S{> _{K H$m{, oJamZ{ H{$ ob`{, h_ Cg B›– H$m{ ]obÓQ> H$a{ß, oOgg{ 293. B_ B›–m` gwo›da{ gm{_mgm{ X‹`moea:& dh, dfm©Z{ dmbm dfm©Z{ bJ{&1 Vm Am _Xm` dO´hÒV [rV`{ hna‰`mß `mhm{H$ Am&& `{ ‡`mg E{g{ W{ oOgg{ ew’ Ob ‡m· hm{& CŒm_ dÒVw ‡m· H$amZ{ H$m ^mfmW©- h{ d°⁄wVV{Om{Ya ! `{ XoYo_olV gm{_moX Am°foY`mß VwP B›– H{$ AW© `h h° oH$ Iam] dÒVw`{ß ‡H•$oV _{ß Z [hw±M{& AmO ‡XyfU H$m _wª` H$maU ob`{ gwgß[fi H$r h°& hf© H{$ ob`{ CZ gm{_{ß H{$ J´hU H$aZ{ H$m{ oVaN>r grYr ‡XyfH$m{ß H$m Ob dm`w Am°a [•œdr _{ß [hw±MZm h°& Xm{Zm{ß JoV`m{ß g{ `kÒWb H$m{ Am&1 dm`w H$m _hÀd -gm_d{{X Z{ ]hwV g{ ÒWmZm{ß _{ß dm`w H$m{ X{dVm H$hm h°& Aoæ 338. 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Ao^ ‡`mßog dmhgm XmÌdm± AÓZm{oV _À`©:& ^mfmW© - h{ B›– !amOZ≤ ! dm [a_mÀ_Z≤ ! h_ma{ ˆX` H{$ ob`{ am{Je_ZH$maH$ j`ß [mdH$em{oMf:&& gwIXm`H$ Am°fY H$m{ dm`w ]hmd{ Am°a h_mar Am`wAm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>md{&1 XmZr Ò_mZ _ZwÓ` em{YH$ oH$aUm{ß dmb{ Aoæ g{ oZdmgJ•h H$m{ Am°a ‡H•$oV H{$ g^r KQ>H$m{ß H$m Am[gr gß]ßY - gm_d{X Z{ gy`©, Aoæ, dm`w, Afim{ß H$m{ g] Am{a g{ [mVm h°&1 Ob Am°a [wÓQ> Afi H{$ Am[gr gß]ßY H$m{ AZ{H$ F$MmAm{ß _{ß Xem©`m h°& F$Mm 83 `k H$aZ{ H$r ‡{aUm [a_mÀ_m ^r X{V{ h¢ _{ß Aoæ Am°a dfm© Ob H$m gß]ßY h°, 93 _{ß hdZ H$m gß]ßY ew’ Ob H$r dfm© g{ 362. AM©V ‡mM©V Za: o‡`_{Ymgm{ AM©V& h°& F$Mm 148, 245, 1317, 1327 Edß 1328 _{ß B›ht gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]ImZ h°& AM©›Vw [wÃH$m CV [wao_X≤ Y•ÓdM©V&& gm_d{X H{$ 285dt F$Mm ]hwV hr _hÀd[yU© h°& `h ew’ dm`w, Ob Am°a ^mfmW©- [a_mÀ_m C[X{e H$aVm h° oH$ h{ Z{Vm _ZwÓ`m{ß ! h{ `k g{ fl`ma H$aZ{ Am°foY H$m{ _mZd gwI Am°a ajm H{$ ob`{ AoV AmdÌ`H$ ]VbmVr h°& dmbm{ß ! 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*** ‡m‹`m[H$ (agm`Z odkmZ) Eg. Eg. H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ EOwH{$eZ, C_aS>m, oObm-CX`[wa (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 41 Knowledge of Adolescent Girls Regarding STDs, HIV and AIDS & Teenage Pregnancy

Neeraj Singh * Dr. Renubala Sharma **

Introduction - Adolescence is the critical phase of human Level of Awareness in Adolescent Girls Regarding life that links the period of childhood and early youth with AIDS(Table see in the last page) adulthood. It is marked by profound and dynamic changes, Table indicates various levels of awareness in adolescent yet it is virtually neglected by health care provides, by society girls with reference to AIDS and its prevention. Table shows and even by most parents, teachers and health professionals. that awareness level of only 11 percent girls were high followed Adolescents are neither covered by pediatric nor by adult by 29.66 percent girls having average and 59.33 percent medicine, although adolescence is a period of turmoil, with adolescent girls having low level of awareness. drastic physical, biological, sexual and psychological As the present study was focused at finding out levels changes. Their reproductive life may start early while their of awareness in adolescent girls regarding awaress to AIDS. mental potentialities, perceptions and emotional facilities It was necessary to extract existing knowledge possessed are sties being formed. For reaching mental health problems by adolescent girls regarding the AIDS & HIV. To attain this (for example, depression, antisocial behaviour and lack of requirement adolescent girls were interrogated with the help education) may arise. In addition they are vulnerable to of a pretested interview schedule which contained questions exposure to the risks of smoking, drug addiction, alcohol regarding HIV, AIDS and its prevention, reproductive, health, and violence. This is also a time of high risk of contracting STDs etc. The questions were of multiple choice types. In sexually transmitted disease, including AIDS. All these this way the existing knowledge and information of the changes are too drastic to be comprehended and faced by adolescent girls obtained and then scored. the adolescent alone without adequate protective preparation. There were 25 questions in the interview schedule and Objectives - awareness level was measured on the basis of scores 1. To study the awareness on knowledge of adolescent obtained from these 25 responses. Taking maximum scores girls regarding HIV/AIDS and STDs and teen pregnancy. (i.e. 75) into consideration, three ranges of the scores were Locale of the Study - Madhya Pradesh (Gwalior) and formulated (1/3 of 75 is 25 and 2/3rd of scores is 50), thus Haryana (Karnal) were chosen as locale of the study. This the three ranges of formulated scores i.e. - 0-25, 26-50 and was done with the intention that M.P. and Haryana are major 51-75 reflected there levels of awareness viz, low, average states of the country and adolescent girls (as future mother) and high awareness level respectively. have an important role to play in the development of the Knowledge of Adolescent Girls Regarding STDs, HIV family, state as well as the country. and AIDS (Table see in the last page) Selection of Adolescents - A list of adolescent girls were Table shows the knowledge of adolescent girls regarding prepared separately for each school and college, three groups STDs, HIV and AIDS. Table indicates that at karnal urban were selected in this study. One group of 100 adolescent study group 60 percent adolescent girls are ignorant about girls from karnal urban area, second group of 100 adolescent STDs, HIV and AIDS. This response is seen nearly same girls from karnal rural area and third group of 100 adolescent among the karnal rural and Gwalior city. This ignorance is girls from Gwalior district. Thus total sample size of 300 an alarming sign. 20.33 percent girls gave the wrong respondents was selected in this study. responses, whereas 15, 11 and 12 percent respectively from Distribution of Adolescent Girls According to Age Group karnal urban, karnal rural Gwalior group gave partially correct (Table see in the last page) responses. Only 9.33 percent girls gave correct responses. Table shows distribution of adolescent girls according Adolescents are tomorrow’s adults. Now-a-days to age group. 47 percent girls belonged to 12 to 16 years adolescents are exposed to media and internet, traditional age group, 52 percent 14 to 16 years age group where as family system is also breaking down. Looking to the 32.33 percent from 16 to 19 years of age group. Age of increasing cases of HIV/AIDS in India, there is an urgent adolescents plays very important role to safe motherhood need to pay attention to ARH. and for better survival. The incidence of STDs continues to grow throughout *** Research Scholar, Govt. Auto. Girls P. G. College, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA ** Professor & Head, Govt. Auto. Girls P. G. College, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 42 the world. The World Health Organization estimates the Quitting school (termination of education); annual incidence of curable STDs, such as syphilis and Honour-related measures against the girl; gonorrhea to be approximately 33.5 million cases worldwide. Psychological problems. Today the estimated, worldwide number of HIV cases There is a crying need for adolescent education across is estimated to be approximately 36,000,000 with the highest the country in order to prevent adolescents from being percentage of cases residing in under developed countries exploited. and those with lower socio-economic conditions. Poverty Aging is the process that continues through out the clearly has direct correlation with the incident rates of duration of once lifetime, but adolescents are the future and sexually transmitted throughout the world, backbone of any nation, so their issues need special In summary, education and knowledge about STDs is attention. important as primary means of changing sexual behaviour There is a need to universalize AIDS training programme and practices. Rehabilitation programmes should be and AEP (Adolescent Education Programme) not only for including such information on a routine basis as part of their adolescent girls but for adolescent boys also. sexuality education classes, since this is seldom Education and prevention programmes on HIV/AIDS, accomplished, it is important for each of us to work toward STDs and RH should be motivated in rural community, controlling the spread of these diseases through prevention because the people of rural areas most of the time live under of their occurrence. conditions of scarcity. Knowledge of Adolescent Girls Regarding Teenage References :- Pregnancy (Table see in the last page) 1. Amudha Poobalan (2010), Factors Associated with Table reveals the knowledge of adolescent girls Teenage Pregnancy in South Asia. A Systematic regarding teenage pregnancy. 24.33 percent adolescent girls Review: Vol 4: (1), gave correct responses. 38.33 percent responses were 2. Acharya Dev Raj (2010), Factors Associated with partially correct where as 37.33 percent adolescent girls Teenage Pregnancy in South Asia. gave wrong responses pregnancy before the age of 18, is 3. Chauhan, A., Pankh, V., Singh, S., Trivedi, S.J., and considered globally to be “high risk pregnancy”. Pregnancy Zaveri, H. (1998), Towards better Reproductive Health: related diseases such as preeclampsia, urinary tract An Intervention Experience with the under Privileged infection, fetal-pelvic disproportion, premature rupture of Adolescents of Vadodara, Gujrat : Baroda Citizen’s membranes, prolapsed of the umbilical cord, fetal distress, Council. high prenatal mortality of the offspring and low birth weight 4. Charkrovarty, A., Sarswati, N., Roy, R., Sengupta, B., of the surviving child are high risks of morbidity before the Choudhuri, R.N. (2007), A Study of Awareness on HIV/ age of 20 years. AIDS among Higher Secondary School Students in There are many effects of teen pregnancy : Central, Kolkata For married adolescents - 5. Kaur Jaspinder (2013), A Case Report: Unsafe Abortion. Pregnancy related hypertension; International Journal of Medical Science and Public Anemia and malnutrition; Health, 2(1), 156-158. Cephalo-pelvic disproportion; 6. Lal, P., Nath, Anita, Badhan S., Ingle, Gopal (2008), A Vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulae; Study of Awareness about HIV/AIDS among Senior Retardation of fetal growth or intrauterine growth Secondary School Children of Delhi. Premature birth; 7. Sharma, A.K. (2003), Pregnancy in Adolescents a Low birth weight; Community based Study, Indian Journal of Pediatrics. Perinatal mortality. Vol. 34, No.1,2. For Unmarried adolescents -s 8. Sodhi, S., Mehta, S. (2008), Level of Awareness about The same problems may occur plus : AIDS :- A Comparative Study of Girls of two Senior High risk of abortion with attempts to hide it; Secondary School of Chandigarh. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 43

Distribution of Adolescent Girls According to Age Group

Age group Karnal Urban Karnal Rural Gwalior Total (Years) (n=100) (n=100) (n=100) (n=300) 12 to 14 14 18 15 47 (15.66) 14 to 16 52 50 54 156 (52.0) 16 to 19 34 32 31 97 (32.33) Total 100 100 100 300 (100.0)

Level of Awareness in Adolescent Girls Regarding AIDS

Level of Karnal Urban Karnal Rural Gwalior Total Awareness (n=100) (n=100) (n=100) (n=300) High 14 08 11 33 (11.00) Average 32 27 30 89 (29.66) Low 100 65 59 178 (59.33) Total 100 100 100 300 (100.00)

Knowledge of Adolescent Girls Regarding STDs, HIV and AIDS

Response Karnal Urban Karnal Rural Gwalior Total (n=100) (n=100) (n=100) (n=300) Ignorant 60 55 58 173 (57.67) Partially 15 11 12 38 (12.67) Correct Correct 10 08 10 28 (9.33) Wrong 15 26 20 61 (20.33) Total 100 100 100 300 (100.00)

Knowledge of Adolescent Girls Regarding Teenage Pregnancy

Response Karnal Urban Karnal Rural Gwalior Total (n=100) (n=100) (n=100) (n=300) Correct 27 21 25 73 (24.33) Partially 35 40 40 115 (38.33) Correct Wrong 38 39 35 112 (37.33) Total 100 100 100 300 (100.00)

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 44

Energy Consumption Pattern of Adult Females Residing in Urban Areas of Bikaner (Rajasthan)

Madhu Kagat *

Abstract - During present investigation hundread middle aged women (50-55years) residing in ten poshed colonies of Bikaner belonging to MIG and HIG were selected in equal numbers i.e. 50 from each group on the basis of convenient sampling. Results of dietary survey revealed that the intake of roots and tubers, fruits, milk and milk products, fats/oils and sugar/jiggery was in excess of the suggested intakes given by ICMR (1998). The mean daily intake of energy and carbohydrate was noted to be inadequately by all the subjects, while rest of the nutrients like fat were noted to be higher against the RDA. Energy consumption pattern of the adult females under study was not found to be satisfactory and indicates the need for nutritional education of the subjects.

Introduction - Energy is defined as the ability to do work. poshed colonies of Bikaner belonging to MIG and HIG were The human body requires a supply of chemical energy for selected in equal number i.e 50 from each group on the survival. The ultimate source of energy is the sun. sunlight basis of convenient sampling technique. Willingness of the is used by plants to produce chemical energy and the source subject to co-operate during the study was considered as of this chemical energy are the dietary macronutrients – an important criteria for their selection. The subjects selected carbohydrates, fats and protein that are consumed in large for the study were then interviewed to collect all the relevant quantities and constituent the bulk of dietary dry matter. information with the help of pretested structural interview We convert the energy from the food we eat into ATP energy. schedule. For leading an active healthy life energy is vital to it. The 2. Collection of data - An interview schedule was energy allowances recommended are designed to provide developed to collect detailed information from selected enough energy to promote satisfactory growth, provide energy subjects regarding background information (age, educational for physical work, maintain body weight and good health. level, occupation, religion, food habits, type of family, income, Energy requirement is influenced by age, body size, activity physical activity pattern), food intake, frequency and type of and to some extent by climate and physiological status. fats &oils consumed, incidence of various diseases and There are number of studies emphasizing the importance of activity pattern. total intake of calories as well as the proportions of energy 3. Dietary survey - Dietary survey was carried out to derived from protein, fat and carbohydrate. assess energy consumption pattern of the subjects. Detailed Indian Council of Medical Research (1990) information regarding the dietary pattern of the subjects was recommended that carbohydrate intake should be in the range noted by using interview schedule. A 24-hr dietary recall of 55-70 percent, protein intake in the range of 10-15 percent method for 3 consecutive days was adopted to find out the and total fat intake in the range of 20-30 percent.Fats and intake of various foods consumed by the subjects. The data oils play an important role in our diet of supplying energy, collected included recording the daily consumption of cereals, enabling absorption of fat soluble nutrients, providing pulses, milk & milk products, eggs, meat, sugar and jaggery, essential fatty acids (EFA) and producing sense of satiety. fats and oils, vegetables and fruits. The nutritive value was Rising incomes in the developing word have associated with calculated using the food consumption tables(Gopalan increase in the availability and consumption of energy dense et.al.,1989). Nutrient composition of food consumed by the high fat and sugar diet. Sugar plays an important role in our subjects was calculated in terms of energy, protein, fat, diet for supplying energy. In India sugar occupy a privileged carbohydrate, fiber, ash, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, place in social customs, being always associated with happy niacin, vitamin C, vitamin B12, folic acid, zinc, magnesium, and gay occasions. Most of the confections are dense in calcium and phosphorus by using the food composition sugar and jaggery. tables(Gopalan et.al.,1989). The nutrient intake of the Methodology - subjects was compared with the recommended dietary 1. Selection of subject - Subjects was taken from Bikaner intake for Indians(ICMR, 1990). city. Bikaner is one of the prominent cities of Rajasthan, 4. Statistical Analysis of Data - Observation collected situated in the northwest of the state. Hundred middle aged on the various aspects of the study have been statistically women of 50-55 years (Diane et.al,1978) residing in the ten analyzed as suggested by Gupta(1997). Mean and standard *** Research Scholar (Home Science) Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 45 deviation was calculated for each set of observation. Table II. (See in the last page) - It was observed that Results and Discussion - All the individuals need a wide among MIG the percent contribution of carbohydrates, protein range of nutrients to lead healthy and active life. The and total fat to energy was 58.8 + 4.17, 13.18+ 0.84 and component of the diet should be chosen judiciously so as 28.02 + 03.53 respectively. The corresponding values for HIG to provide all the nutrients in proper proportion. The dietary subjects were 58.96+ 4.10, 11.88+0.49 and 29.16+3.95 adequacy was assessed by calculating the amount of various percent (Table II) and Fig.I. Immaterial of the income group, foods compared with balanced diet suggested by ICMR contribution of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat was (1998). The pertinent results are presented in Table 1. within the range as suggested by ICMR (1990). The percent Table 1. (See in the last page) - Cereals are major source adequacy of carbohydrate and total fat was noted to be non- of energy in Indian diet contributing 70 to 80 percent of daily significant in both income groups, whereas a significant energy intake. The cereal intake by the MIG and HIG subjects (P<0.01) difference was noted in protein intake. Similar was 63 and 62.3 percent of the suggested intake respectively results were also obtained by the Raghuram et al. (2000) in indicating lower consumption. The adequacy of pulses by a study of 150 subjects, they reported that 52 to 58 percent MIG was 80 percent and for HIG it was 83.3 percent, of total energy derived from carbohydrate, protein provided indicating inadequate intake by both the income groups. 11 to 14 percent of the calorie intake and 25 to 30 percent The percent adequacy of intake of GLV by MIG and HIG was derived from fat. subjects was 16 percent and 28 percent of the suggested Conclusion - The result of present study revealed that the intake indicating very low consumption. There was non intake of cereals, pulses, GLVs, other vegetables and meat significant difference in intake of the other vegetables by and meat products was inadequately consumed by all the MIG and HIG subjects when compared with suggested intake subjects of present study, whereas the consumption of roots (100 g) adequacy by MIG and HIG was found to be 74 and and tubers, fruits, milk and milk products, fats and oils and 58 respectively. Thus it can be stated that the consumption sugar jaggery was found to be in excess when compared of GLV and other vegetables by the study group was with suggested intakes given by ICMR (1998). There was evaluated to be grossly deficient. The percent adequacy of non significant effect of income on the overall energy fruits by MIG and HIG was 145 and 155 of the suggested consumption of the subjects, whereas significant difference intakes indicating higher fruit consumption status by the was noted for the consumption of fats and oils as well as study subjects, indicating their affordability and awareness sugar and jaggary being higher in HIG. Thus results of study about the beneficial effects of fruit intake. The adequacy of clearly indicates need for nutrition education specially for intake by MIG 154 and by HIG 158.3 percent of the suggested adequate and low fat diets to the study group. intake, indicating higher consumption of milk and milk References :- products by all the subjects irrespective of their income 1. Diane Papalia, E., Sally Wendkos olds, Ruth Deskin status. When compared with suggested intake (30 g), the Feldman (1978). Chronological terms as the year percent adequacy for MIG was 20 and for HIG it was 10, between 40 to 65. Human development, 9th edition, P.52. indicating very low consumption of meat and meat products. 2. Gopalan, C., Ramasastri, B.V. and Balasubramaniaym, Fats is a concentrated source of energy. The adequacy of S.C. (1989). Nutritional value of Indian Foods. Revised fats and oils by MIG was 130 percent and by HIG it was 155 and updated by Rao, B.S.N. Deoshthale, Y.G. Pant, percent of the suggested intake (20 g), indicating overall K.C., NIN, ICMR, Hyderabad, pp.47-67. higher intake by all the subjects. The difference in intake 3. Gupta, S.P. (1997). Statistical methods, Sultan Chand was significant (P< 0.05) between the MIG and HIG. The and Sons Publishes, New Delhi. difference in intake of sugar and jaggery was significant (P< 4. ICMR (1990). Nutrient requirements and recommended 0.05) between the income groups. This food group was dietary allowances for Indians. NIN, Hyderabad. included in the diet chiefly as sweetening agent for beverages 5. ICMR (1998). Dietary Guidelines for Indians – A manual, (tea and milk) and other food items like halwa, ladoo, other National Institute of Nutrition, NIN, Hyderabad. sweets, biscuits etc. to increases palatability. The percent 6. Raghuram, T.C., Pasricha, S. and Sharma, R.D. (2000). adequacy of intake by MIG was 140 and by HIG it was 170 Diet and diabetes. National Institution, ICMR, of the suggested intake (20 g) indicating higher consumption Hyderabad, pp. 11-16. of sugar and jaggery by all the subjects.

(See Table & graph in next page) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 46

Table 1. Percent adequacy of food intake by the subjects

Food groups Percent adequacy Suggested intake MIG (n=50) HIG (n=50) (ICMR, 1998) Cereals millets (g) 63 62.3 300 Pulses (g) 80 83.3 60 GLV (g) 16 28 100 Roots & tubers (g) 168 186 100 Other vegetables (g) 74 58 100 Fruits (g) 145 155 100 Milk and milk products (ml) 154 158.3 300 Meat & meat products ()g 20 10 30 Fats and oils (visible) (g) 130 155 20 Sugar and jaggery (g) 140 170 20

Table II. Percent contribution of energy contributing nutrients to the total energy

Nutrients (g) Percent energy derived ‘Z’ value Percent* MIG (n=50) HIG (n=50) Carbohydrate 58.8+4.17 58.96+4.10 0.23NS 55-70 Protein 13.18+0.84 11.88+0.49 9.48** 10-15 Total fat 28.02+3.53 29.16+3.95 1.54NS 20-30 *= Recommended by ICMR (1990) NS= Non significant **= Significant at 1% level

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Dietary Habits And Effect Of Educational Tool On Nutrition Knowledge Of Affluent Class Women In Chhindwara City

Akanksha Sharma * Dr. Meera Vaidya ** Dr. Smita Pathak ***

Abstract - All the Women if given proper guidance and education regarding Food Practices would be able to make significant improvement in their lifestyle which is helpful for maintaining sound health of not only their but of whole family, Thus a study was conducted to assess the general knowledge of affluent class ladies of Chhindwara city. 47% were overweight or obese and 21% had wrong assessment about their bodyweight. 45% had sedentary lifestyle.58% had poor knowledge, 33.5% had negative attitude or were disagreed about healthy food practices .55% didn’t practiced healthy cooking methods. Thus to enhance their knowledge an educational tool a booklet named “change for life” was distributed among them and sessions were organized .A significant improvement in the nutrition related knowledge was observed among the experimental group after intervention. However, no significant difference was noticed among the control group. Key words: Affluent class ladies, Dietary habits, Food frequency Questionnaire, Nutrition education. Introduction - Proper nutrition is the foundation of good families were selected and 50 women were selected as a health and wellbeing. Surveys to assess dietary intake and control group. Pregnant and lactating women were excluded. nutritional status of the population are essential to monitor Baseline data- A Structured interview schedule was ongoing nutrition transition and initiate appropriate administered to find out the general details of the study interventions. According to the latest WHO report, there is subjects. A pre tested knowledge assessment questionnaire now a global epidemic of obesity that is associated with (KAQ) containing multiple choice questions on various increased mortality and multiple morbidities. The underlying aspects of health and nutrition was administered to women. etiology and risk factors for obesity, inadequate physical Data on food preferences and consumption was noted by activity and unhealthy dietary pattern are found to be using food frequency questionnaire. important causes of many heart related disorders. Dietary Chart Number 1.Pre Knowledge of Women about Healthy knowledge and access to resources are critical to improve Food Practices (number of subjects=200) (See in the health and nutrition in a sustainable way. Chhindwara city is last page) district headquarters and ranks first in area of Madhya Intervention- After obtaining the baseline data, 50 women Pradesh state. Business community is predominant in were considered as control group while rest of the 150 women Chhindwara city. was experimental group. The experimental group was given All the Women if given proper guidance and education nutrition education through booklet and counseling sessions regarding Food Practices would be able to make significant while no intervention was given to the control group. The improvement in their lifestyle which is helpful for maintaining post intervention data were obtained at two different times- sound health of not only their but of whole family, Thus a one immediately after giving counseling and booklet and the study was conducted to assess the dietary habit, knowledge second with a gap of 3 months. The impact of the booklet ,attitude and practices of affluent class ladies of Chhindwara and counseling was assessed by again applying KAQ. city and nutrition education was given by the means of a Figure number 1: Experimental Plan (See in the last page) health booklet and counseling sessions. Results- The average age group was found to be 36 years Materials and methods: and education was found to be satisfactory. More than 85% Study design and subjects- Purposive sampling method women were graduate and above rest of them were diploma was adopted to select ladies. Total 150 ladies from affluent holders or higher secondary pass. 68% of the women were *** Research Scholar, Govt. MH College of Home science And Science for Women, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA ** Professor & Head, Food & Nutrition Deptt., Govt. MH College of Home science and Science for Women, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA *** Professor, Food & Nutrition Deptt., Govt. MH College of Home science and Science for Women, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 48 not taking daily breakfast, 8% never had breakfast. The daily use educational medium to spread the message which could consumption of protein in the form of pulses was observed change the attitude of people in future. However, in 39% of the women daily followed by 3-4 times a week by understanding the perceived needs and barriers to healthy 20% women. As regards the consumption of green leafy dietary behavior contribute to develop appropriate educational vegetables 36% of women indicated daily intake while, 62% programmes for the community (Nicklas et al., 1997) Creating reported consumption either once or twice a week. awareness and empowering women with the information on Consumption of other vegetables was reported by 92% of nutrition and Healthy Food Practices not only provides an the women. Daily fruit consumption was observed in opportunity to understand the importance of it but also help 59%.Most of them consumed guava, bananas and apples them to share their gained knowledge with their family as these are available in plenty throughout the year in city. members and kids too. Consumption of wheat was 100% while 52% of them included Conclusion - Educational and awareness programmes rice as well in their diet. 67% consumed millets seasonally, should be organized to bring awareness about healthy mostly in winter. lifestyle. It should be informative as well as easy to implement Chart number 2: Breakfast eating habit (n=200) (See in the in day to day life. next page) Suggestion - Studies like this can be taken up on a larger Chart number 3: Green leafy vegetables consumption (See scale to develop and popularize effective nutrition education in the next page) tools. Impact of nutrition education - At the baseline, the average References:- nutritional levels were not significantly different between the 1. Aravjo R.B.,I dos Santos, 1999 “Assessment of diabetic control and experimental group indicating the homogeneity patient management at primary health care level”. Rev. of the group. Over all knowledge regarding Healthy food Saude. Pulica, 33:24-32. practices before intervention was not very good. Around 58% 2. Badruddin, Basit A, M.ZafarIqbalHydrie, 2002 had poor knowledge, 31% had fair knowledge. While only “Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Patients visiting 11% had good knowledge. Post intervention data analysis a Diabetes Care Unit” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition1 by KAQ test indicated that there was a significant (2):99-102 improvement in the knowledge levels of the experiment group. 3. GuptaNeetu, KocharKaur Gurusharan.2009. Dietary and After a gap of three months, the same KAQ was re- Socio-EconomicFactors Associated With Obesity In administered to the experiment group and no significant North Indian Population. The Internet Journal of Health. difference was observed that indicates retention of the Volume 9 Number 1 knowledge through booklet and counseling. 4. Joanna Sadowska, Magdalena Radziszewska, Discussion - Administration of FFQ offer the advantages of Agnieszka Krzymuska.2010. Evaluation Of Nutrition assessing the food habits of the community (Anderson et MannerAnd Nutritional StatusOf Pre-School Children. al.,1995).In the present investigation, data from FFQ’s Acta Sci. Pol., Technol. Aliment. 9(1) 105-115. indicated less consumption of millets. Similar findings with 5. Leupker RV, Petry CL, Mc kinlay SM, Nader PR, Parcel regard to consumption of green leafy vegetables were GS, Stone EJ(1996).Outcomes of a field trial to improve reported by Ahmed et al.,(1997), consumption of dark leafy children’s dietary patterns and physical activity. JAMA vegetables at least four times per week showed significantly 275,768-776. higher serum vitamin A levels in the women than the one 6. KaurNavjot and Sangha.J.K.2006.Assessment of who consumed less. Concepts of healthy Food consumption Dietary Intake by Food Frequency Questionnaire in at were not clear also it was supported by (Badruddin et al, Risk Coronary Heart Patients. J. Hum. Ecol. 19(2): 125- 2002) that due to lack of proper knowledge as regards diet 130. requirements of each person should be given individual 7. Silman Alan, Elena Loysen, Graaf.D. Waiter,Sramek dietary advice with clear view of its purpose. So, that they Michael.1985. High dietary fat intake and cigarette understand and follow it in practice.Nutrition education on smoking as risk factors for ischaemic heart disease in healthy food practices would help women to understand the Bangladeshi male immigrants in East London.Journal importance of it. Similar study was done and findings were of Epidemiology and Community Health. 39, 301-303. that Nutrition education is an effective tool in promoting 8. Theron.Oldwage, Egal.A.A.2010. Nutrition knowledge healthy eating habits among the adolescents (Leupker et and nutritionalstatus ofprimary school children in al., 1996). To bring change in attitude of any person educating QwaQwa.S Afr J ClinNutr .23(3):149-154. them is the most important thing. The reasons of the poor 9. Trans A.S,L.S.Yong, S.Wan,M.L.Wong 2007 “Patient knowledge need to be further studied in detail of population. education in the management of Diabetes Mellitus”. Thus there is need for arranging large scale awareness Singapore Med.J,38:156-60. programmes for the general public and also to identify and Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 49

Chart Number 1 - Pre Knowledge of Women about Healthy Food Practices (number of subjects=200)

Figure number 1- Experimental Plan

Chart number 3 - Green leafy vegetables consumption Chart number 2 - Breakfast eating habit (n=200) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 50

Indigenous Dietary Practices Of Bhariya Tribes Of Patalkot Valley, Tamia Block, Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh

Kavita Juneja * Dr. Meera Vaidya ** Dr. Nandita Sarkar ***

Abstract - Bharias tribes meal primarily consisted of cereals, with maize being the major cereals consumed. Intake of pulses was negligible. Pulses like tuar dal and legume like kidney bean, black gram were consumed if grown in favorable conditions. Consumption of Tuar dal was in the form of pods. Green leafy vegetables such as ‘Palak’, ‘Methi’, ‘Choulai’, were eaten seasonally.. Consumption of milk and milk product was almost negligible in the valley Consumption of non- vegetarian food was confined to only ceremonial and festival days. Mahua flowers formed an important item of their diet. These flowers were eaten after boiling or sometimes they were boiled with kutki also. Drinking of indigenous liquor, ‘gapai’, was found to be a popular practice among Bhariyas. Avoidance of certain food during pregnancy and lactation was also found to be prevalent in the valley.

Introduction - India is a home to almost more than half of such as type of foods included in routine diet, special the world’s tribal population. Over 84 million people belonging occasions such as marriage, festivals, pregnancy, lactation, to 698 communities are identified as members of scheduled weaning was taken and in addition the informations regarding tribes (India Ministry of Tribal Affairs 2004), constituting 8.2% food, fads and fallacies and management of food at the time of the total Indian population (census 2001) and is larger of crises were also taken. Clarifications regarding questions than that of any other country in the world. The concentration were made whenever required. The cooking methods were of scheduled tribes varies substantially between the Indian also observed. In addition to the families the key people of states. (census 2001) There are 635 tribes in India located the villages such as ICDS workers, school teachers, in five major tribal belts across the country (Integrated sarpanch, were also contacted and interviewed to gather Disease Survillance Project 2003) The main concentration supportive informations. The observations made are of tribal people is the central tribal belt in the middle part of discussed under the following heads - the India and in the north-eastern States. DietaryPractices - It was observed that food was eaten twice Bharia is one of the main tribe residing in this zone. A daily, on around 11-12 a.m. and another in the evening before small section of this community lives in an area known as it gets dark and the diets of Bharias of all the villages Patalkot valley. Patalkot is a bow shaped formation on the primarily consisted of cereals and millets. Among cereals, Satpura plateau and area consists of ridges and valleys. their diet was confined to Maize. Maize and other cereals The approach into the area is very difficult being a deep were eaten either as Chapatti, Gruel or cereal porridge, locally depression in hilly region. called ‘pej. Pej was usually taken in the morning after meals Tribes are not only particular regarding their beliefs, before leaving home for economic activities. It was found practices, social organization but are more particular that chapattis were eaten during day time where as in the regarding their food system. Indigenous diet is an important evening; they only consumed gruel, rice or porridge of kutki. component of indigenous knowledge system, which is widely It was further observed that the size of chapatti was very practiced by tribal communities across India. Thus the big. A cooked chapatti weighs almost 120 grams and each present study was planned to know the indigenous dietary adult member was consuming three chapatti a day with curry practices of Bhariyas. or dal. Methods and materials - The cross sectional was carried Among the various food items consumed by the out for a period of 1 year in 6 villages of Patalkot valley of Bhariyas only few items like ‘Pej’ remained constant in the Tamia block of Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh. diet throughout the year where as the consumption of other Lottery method was used for the selection of villages. items were seasonal and occasional. Singh and Palta (2004) Information in depth on their indigenous dietary practices also reported in a study that Abujhmaria tribes morning meal *** Research Scholar, Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA ** Professor & Head, Department of Food and Nutrition Deptt., Govt M.H. College of Science and Home Science, Jabalpur (M.P.) (M.P.) INDIA *** Professor, Govt M.H. College of Science and Home Science, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 51 consisted of ‘Pej’ and left over rice of previous night. of marriage preparation of kutki bhaat or kanki bhaat with Intake of pulses was negligible. It was found that pulses gram flour paste and brinjal curry was done. like tuar dal and legume like kidney bean, black gram were Food During pregnancy & lactation - Consumption of any consumed if grown in favorable conditions. Consumption special food was not observed in the valley during pregnancy. ofTuar dal was in the form of pods. Pods were grinded on Women were consuming normal routine diets. Soon after the stone grinder and the paste was than cooked and eaten. delivery, women were preferably given kutki gruel and it was Pods of tuar dal were also eaten after boiling. continued for 2-3 months women were not given any kind of Green leafy vegetables such as ‘Palak’, ‘Methi’, chapatti for 2-3 months because of the belief that ‘Choulai’, were eaten seasonally. Vegetables were locally consumption of chapatti may affect stomach of the infant. It grown and were not purchased from the market. Drum sticks was further observed that lactating women were taking leaves were eaten as chutney. Pakodas of Munga leaves ‘jaggery laddu’ prepared at home after purchasing it’s were also prepared and eaten occasionally. Vegetables were ingredients from the weekly market known as ‘sauda’. The eaten in the form of curries. Kundru curry was eaten with concept of hot and cold foods was deep-rooted among them. Maize and Wheat chapattis. Small tomatoes chutney was Strict avoidance of cold foods such as guava, custard apple, also prepared and eaten. Mushrooms known as ‘Bhamori’is banana after delivery was seen where as gur, kutki, mahua, eaten after frying wih spices and oil. Edible tubers occupy a tuar dal were given after delivery as were considered to be very important place in their diet. It was found that roots and hot. Similar findings were reported by Qamar et al 2006 in tubers were a good source of carbohydrate in the diet. their study on Bhils that most of the foods were banned to Fruits trees like jamun, mango, papaya, custard apple, eat either being hot or cold. They preferred to eat ‘gur’, ram phal, tamrind, Indian plum, amla, papaya, jamun and ‘coconut’ and ‘desi ghee’ after delivery and consumed lot of guava grown in their vicinity. Gathering of wild fruits and buttermilk if available to enhance flow of breast milk. Bhil vegetables was also found. women did not consume any special diet during pregnancy. In the social life and economy of Bhariya tribes Mahua Weaning practices - It was found that Bhariyas tribes were plays an important role. One of the important item of this not giving any special weaning food to their children whatever tribe diet was found to be Mahua. Mahua flowers were also was in their routine diet was being provided to wean the fried in ghee and were eaten if ghee was available. Mahua child. The average weaning age among selected Bharia tribes laddus were also made by Bhariyas at times with jaggery was between 9 to 16 months. The common weaning foods after processing the flowers.Food prepration was mainly were ‘Maize pej’, ‘Kutki Gruel’ ‘Boiled Agitha’. The take home limited to boiling and roasting. Consumption of milk and milk ration given at ICDS centers were observed not to be given product was almost negligible in the valley. Hardly any to the child and were consumed by the entire family. The respondent of these villages were consuming milk. To the mothers further reported that if milk was available they prefer extent, milk was not given to infants and small children. to give chapatti soaked in milk as they were aware of the This shows that the consumption of milk was almost absent fact that it was nutritious for the child. from their routine diet. Agrahar and pal (2005) stated that Food during crisis - At the time of crisis tribes were the consumption of dairy products among the khasi tribes depending upon wild leaves, fruits and seeds of various plants of Meghalaya was also nonexistent. Similar eating practices which can be eaten either raw or cooked. They also prepare were observed on Oraon tribe of West Bengal by Mittal and chapatti from mango seed flour. Collection of seeds was Srivastava (2006) on different tribes of M.P. under ITDP by done from the forest and were preserved for the crisis period. NNMB (National Institute of Nutrition, 2000). Sugar was The process of making chapatti from mango seed flour was consumed only in the form of tea if available no other a bit difficult. Dried mango seeds were taken near stream purchased sweets or home made sweets were consumed there these seeds were kept with continous supply of water by them. for three four days. The wet seeds were than grinded and Bhariyas were purching salt, spices such as turmeric, the paste was converted in the form of chapatti with the help chilli powder, coriander powder from the weekly market at of hands and this chapatti was cooked and eaten. chhindi. Consumption of iodised salt was seen in the valley Food preservation practices - Drying is the most effective which was known as ‘society ka namak’ to them. way of preservation practiced by the Bhariya. Preservation Food on different occasion - Consumption of nonveg- of grains was done in home made bamboo baskets coated tarian food was preferred with liquor on every occassion. with cow dung called ‘Bhakra’. Size of these baskets The main festivals of Bhariyas were Diwali, Madai, Badga may vary depending on the food available. The coated and Pola. It was also found that prepration of food such as containers were left in the sun for drying. Seeds were kept ‘puri’, ‘bada’, ‘kadi’( made with only gram flour paste without in the baskets for preserving them from insects and pests. curd), was done on Diwali and non veg on ‘Badga’ which Bhariyas were also preserving ‘tomatoes’ and ‘kaccharia’ was celebrated in the month of july. Urad dal was considered by drying. Similar findings were also reaveled by Nandi and to be a high value food and its oil fried cakes (bada) are bhattecharjee (2001) in their study on Bhils. Bhils preserve prepared on festivals and for offering to guests. In the occasion Karsani niger seeds in bamboo baskets which are coated Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 52 with cow dung manure. 5. Singh, R. K., Anamika Singh, Surej, A. K. 2007. Alcoholic Practices - Mahua plays an important role in the Traditional foods of Monopa tribe of West Kameng, social life and economy of tribals in Madhya Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh. Ind. J. of Trad. Know. 6(1):25-27 Drinking of indigenous liquor, ‘gapai’, was a popular practice 6. Dakshyani, B. and Gangadhar, M. R. 2008. Breast among Bhariyas. Men were found to be habitual drinker and feeding practices among the Hakkipikkis: A tribal consumed almost daily while its consumption by women population of Mysore district, Karnataka. Ethno-med. was limited to occasions, during festivals and ceremonial 2(2):127-129. days. The prepration of liquor was locally by mahua flowers 7. Mittal, P. C. and S. Srivastava. 2006. Diet, nutritional on an improvised distillery. It has high ritual sanctity and status and food related traditions of Oraon tribes of New was important for all festivals specially Holi, Diwali, Badga, Mal (West Bengal), India. The International Electronic Madai and Pola. Singh and Palta (2004) also reported in J. Rural and Remote Health Research, Education, their study on Abujmaria tribes that they consume mahua Practice and Policy, 6: 385. spirit salphi chindrus which was a fermented juice of sago 8. National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau: Diet and Nutritonal palm and wild date palm.They also consume landa (rice beer) Status of Tribal Population. NNMB Tech Report No. 19, made by boiling equal proportion of rice or kutki and madia National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad (2000). (ragi). Singh et al (2007) stated that Monopa tribes prepare 9. Dipika Agrahar and Pal. 2005. Dietary pattern and food a range of alcoholic beverages from finger millet, maize, consumption pattern of the tribals of Meghalaya and its barley and rice. relation with socio economic factors. Indian Journal of References :- Nutrition and Dietetics. 42:71-80 1. Census of India, 2001 10. Food consumption pattern and Associated habits of the 2. Census of India-2001, Population Profiles (India, States Bhil tribe of Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. www. and Union Territories): Total Population and Scheduled rmrct,org/file-rmrc-web/centers/NSTH06-27.SR.Qamara Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population, Government .Pdf. of India. 11. www.researchgate.net/publication/264851346_ Infant_ 3. Integrated Disease Surveillance Project 2003: Tribal Feeding... Development Plan 12. Infant Feeding Practices of Paroja: A Tribal Community 4. Rekha Singh and Aruna Palta. 2004. Foods and of Orissa on Research Gate. (2012) Page 2 beverages consume by Abujhmarias – A primitive tribe 13. Indigenous foods and nutrition security in india: A case of Bastar in Chhatisgarh. Tribal Health Bulletin; 10(1 study nutritionfoundationofindia.res.in/FetchSchriptpdf/ &2) Jan. & July 2004. .../Nandi%20B.pd

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[nadmam{ß H{$ AßVJ©V AmZ{ dmb{ AÀ`›V Jar] JoVodoY`m{ß g{ gÂ]¤ H$a OrdH$m{ß[mO©Z H{$ Adga C[b„Y H$am`{ [nadmam{ß H{$ od⁄mWr© hr "_‹`m›h ^m{OZ `m{OZm' H{$ _wª` C[^m{∑Vm H{$ Í$[ Om gH$V{ h°& Bg H$maU g{ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m od⁄mb` H$r Am{a Í$PmZ _| [m`{ J`{ h°, d E{g{ [nadma Om{ A[Zr dmof©H$ Am` _{ß ]MV H$a [mZ{ H$r ]∂T>Z{ H{$ gmW-gmW C[oÒWoV _{ß ]∂T>m{Œmar ^r gwoZoÌMV hm{ gH{$Jr& oÒWoV _ß{ h° VWm CZH{$ ¤mam A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$m Zm_mßH$Z emgH$r` od⁄mb` od⁄mb`rZ g_` _{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ [•WH$ g{ EH$ H$mb-IS> H$r A[{jm AemgH$r` od⁄mb` _ß{ H$am`m OmZm CoMV g_Pm OmVm h°, Om{ ]Zm`m OmH$a `m{J, Ï`m`m_, oMÃH$bm, Z°oVH$ oejm, C⁄moZH$r emgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß _| od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r C[oÒWoV H{$ ‡oVeV H$m{ H$_ H$aVm (]mJdmZr), gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ CZ_{ß ZdrZ H$bmAm{ß h°& Edß j_VmAm{ß H$m odH$mg oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& oOgg{ od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd (Conclusion & Recommendation) - em{Y od⁄mb` AmZ{ H$r Í$oM odH$ogV hm{Jr Edß C[oÒWoV Xa _{ß ]∂T>m{ÀVar A‹``Z ¤mam ‡m· [naUm_m{ß H{$ JhZ odÌb{fU ¤mam oZÓH$f©V: `h H$hm H$r [yU© gß^mdZmE ]Zß{Jr & Om gH$Vm h° oH$ "_‹`m›h ^m{OZ `m{OZm" H{$ AßVJ©V od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß gßX^© J´ßW gyMr (Bibliography) ïñïñïñ H$r C[oÒWoV _{ß df© 2012-13 H$r A[{jm df© 2013-14 _{ß ‡mWo_H$ d 1. 2011-12 Edß 2013-14 H{$ gß]ßY _ß{ gd}ojV od⁄mb`m{ß ¤mam _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa _{ß AÀ`›V ›`yZ d•o’ [mB© JB© & emgZ ¤mam oejm H{$ bm{H$ C[b„Y H$am`{ J`{ gß]ßoYV Am±H$∂S{>& Ï`m[rH$aU d od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß [m{fU ÒVa _{ß gwYma H{$ ob`{ oH$`{ 2. Ahmad F (2004), Vitamin-A deficiency in Bangladesh: Om ah{ gVV ‡`mgm{ß H{$ ]mX ^r em{Y A‹``Z H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡m· [naUm_ A Review & recommendations for Improvement. Public oMßVZr` h°, oOgH{$ ob`{ ZdrZ —oÓQ>H$m{U H{$ gmW oZÓR>m[yU© [wZ_y©Î`mßH$Z Helth Nutrition 2(1):1-14. 3. Afridi, Farzana; EPW April (2005)" Mid day meals" A oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& comparison of the financial an Institutional organization gwgßJoR>V Edß oeojV amÓQ≠>≤ oZ_m©U H$r oXem _{ß "_‹`m›h ^m{OZ of the programmer in two sates" cited by net. `m{OZm' emgZ H$r AÀ`›V _hÀdmHß$mjr Edß H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZm h°, 4. Mathur, Beena et.al:(2005)" Situation analysis of mid oOgH{$ ‡oV od⁄moW©`m{ß Edß Am_ OZVm H$r Í$oM Edß odÌdgZr`Vm odH$ogV day meal in Rajasthan" University of Rajasthan & H$aZ{ H{$ gmW od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r C[oÒWoV _{ß ]∂T>m{ÀVar H{$ ob`{ Hw$N> _hÀd[yU© UNICEF Cited by net. ( www.unicef.org) 5. Khera R. (2006). “Mid Day Meals in Primary Schools: gwPmd Bg ‡H$ma h° - Achievements and challenges" Economic and Political. _‹`m›h ^m{OZ H{$ oZYm©naV _rZy H$m ‡oVoXZ oZ`_mZwgma [mbZ Weekly, Nov.18 , 2006 oH$`m OmZm gwoZoÌMV oH$`m OmZm MmohE gmW hr _rZy H$m{ Am°a 6. NielsonA.C.(2007) `'School feeding in Karnataka; impact AmH$f©H$ Edß ododYVm [yU© ]Zm`m Om`{ oOg_{ß ¡`mXmVa CÉ[m{fU on enrollment and attendance' (CARE.india/ www. akshayapatra.org./. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 56

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O]b[wa Edß emgH$r` _m{.h.J•hodkmZ Edß odkmZ _ohbm _hmod⁄mb` (Òdemgr), O]b[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 58 (2) emgH$r` Edß AemgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ oH$em{a ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß gß]ßYr [naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma H$r BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m CZH{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a H$m{B© gmW©H$ ‡^md [a gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ ‡m· H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV H$m _mZ Zht [∂S>Vm h°& 0.05 ÒVa H{$ ›`yZV_ gmaUr _mZ H$r A[{jm H$_ h°& AV: [yd© _{ß br JB© ›`mXe© - em{Y H$m`© h{Vw oZÂZmZwgma ›`mXe© ob`{ J`{ h¢ - [naH$Î[Zm gÀ`mo[V hm{Vr h°& ›`mXe©VmobH$m dV©_mZ g_` _| odkmZ H$r ‡JoV H{$ gmW-gmW Ohm± EH$ Am{a g^r H´$. _m‹`_ ]mbH$ ]mobH$m `m{J bm{Jm{ß H$r g^r ‡H$ma H$r gwI-gwodYmAm{ß _{ß d•o’ hwB© h° dht Xygar Am{a 1 emgH$r` od⁄mb` 150 150 300 odkmZ H$r ‡JoV H{$ od[arV [naUm_ ^r gm_Z{ Am`{ h{ß& BßQ>aZ{Q> od⁄moW©`m{ß 2 AemgH$r` od⁄mb` 150 150 300 H{$ A‹``Z H$m`© _{ß EH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡oVÒWmo[V hm{ J`m h°& `m{J 300 300 600 od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß ^r ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa g{ H$Âfl`yQ>a H$m C[`m{J H$aZm ogIm`m OmVm C[am{∫$ ‡maßo^H$ ›`mXe© _{ß oH$em{am{ß [a BßQ>aZ{Q> C[`m{J _m[Zr H$m h°, oOgg{ oH$ AmJ{ MbH$a od⁄mWr© BgH$m C[`m{J o]Zm oH$gr H$oR>ZmB© H{$ ‡emgZ oH$`m J`m& \$bmßH$Z H{$ C[am›V BßQ>aZ{Q> H$m AoYH$ Edß H$_ H$a gH{$ß& gß^dV: `hr H$maU h° oH$ ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m`© _{ß BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m C[`m{J H$aZ{ dmb{ oH$em{am{ß H$m{ oZÂZmZwgma ob`m J`m, ]mbH$ Edß oH$em{a ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a gmW©H$ ‡^md ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r gßª`m oZÂZmßoH$V VmobH$m _{ß AßoV_ ›`mXe© H{$ Í$[ _{ß Zht Am`m h°, Mmh{ d{ od⁄mWr© emgH$r` `m AemgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß A‹``Z ‡Xoe©V H$r J`r h° - H$a ah{ hm{ß& h_mar gßÒH•$oV _{ß [nadma H$m AÀ`›V _hÀd h°& [nadma H{$ ]∂S{> AßoV_ ›`mXe© Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m g^r H$m{B© AmXa Edß gÂ_mZ H$aV{ h¢& d{ ]∂S>m{ß H{$ AZw^d H$m BßQ>aZ{Q> od⁄mb` ]mbH$ ]mobH$m `m{J bm^ CR>mH$a BßQ>aZ{Q> H$m H{$db CVZm hr C[`m{J H$aV{ h¢ Om{ CZH{$ e°ojH$ AoYH$ bV emgH$r` o∂d⁄mb` 39 50 89 OrdZ H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°& d{ gm_moOH$ OrdZ _{ß CgH$m C[`m{J Zht AemgH$r` o∂d⁄mb` 39 32 71 H$aV{& gß^dV: BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a ‡^md Z AmZ{ H$m H$_ bV emgH$r` o∂d⁄mb` 44 38 82 `h ^r EH$ H$maU h°& Bg gß]ßY _{ß Eg.Ama. grogobßJ (2012) H$m em{Y AemgH$r` o∂d⁄mb` 36 42 78 _hÀd[yU© h°, oOg_{ß BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV Edß obßJ H{$ _‹` H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va `m{J 158 162 320 Zht [m`m J`m& od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß dV©_mZ _{ß H$Âfl`yQ>a H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gmW-gmW C[H$aU - 1. od⁄mWr© gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma _m[Zr - S>m∞. 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BßQ>aZ{Q> H$m C[`m{J gß]ßYr ÒdoZo_©V [arjU& CZH$r od⁄mb`rZ C[bo„Y H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ hmoZH$maH$ hm{ gH$Vm h°& AV: odoY - emgH$r` Edß AemgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ›`mXe© _{ß MòZV N>mÃ oH$em{a ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ Bg Am{a ‹`mZ X{Zm Edß N>mÃmAm{ß [a BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV _m[Zr H$m ‡emgZ H$a \$bmßH$Z oH$`m MmohE oH$ CZH{$ [mÎ` CZH{$ gmoZ‹` _{ß hr BßQ>aZ{Q> H$m ‡`m{J H$a{ß, oOgg{ J`m Edß BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r AoYH$ Edß H$_ bV dmb{ N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$m{ AbJ- oH$ oH$em{a BßQ>aZ{Q> H{$ XwÓ‡^md g{ ]M gH{$ß& AbJ H$a CZ [a gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma _m[Zr H$m ‡emgZ oH$`m J`m, AV: BßQ>aZ{Q> H{$ C[`m{J _{ß [nadma H$r Ah_≤ ^yo_H$m hm{ OmVr h°& \$bmßH$Z H{$ C[am›V gmßoª`H$r` odõ{fU H$a oZÓH$f© ‡m· oH$`{ J`{& [nadma H{$ g^r ]∂S{> gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ [nadma H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ `h odÌdmg [naUm_m{ß H$m odõ{fU Edß Ï`mª`m - BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m oH$em{a oXbdmZm MmohE oH$ CZH$m dV©_mZ od⁄mWr© OrdZ CZH{$ ôdÓ` H{$ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a ‡^md h{Vw ›`mXe© g{ ‡m· Ï`mdgmo`H$ OrdZ H$r AmYmaoebm h°& `h AmYmaoebm oOVZr gw—∂T> hm{Jr [naUm_m{ß H$m odõ{fU oZÂZmZwgma h° - CZH$m ôdÓ` H$m OrdZ CVZm hr gwI_` d gßVm{f‡X hm{Jm, ∑`m{ßoH$ d{ Zm VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01 (X{I{ AJb{ [•> [a) - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 H{$db A[Z{ H$m`© g{ gßVwÓQ> hm{ßJ{ daZ≤ A[Z{ OrdZ g{ ^r gßVwÓQ> hm{J{ß Am°a _{ß BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r AoYH$ Edß H$_ bV dmb{ ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ goÂ_obV [nadma, g_mO Am°a X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß `Wm{oMV `m{JXmZ X{ gH{$ßJ{& BßQ>aZ{Q> g_yh H{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV gß]ßYr [naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> EH$ daXmZ h°, O] VH$ oH$ BgH{$ XwÍ$[`m{J g{ h_ Òd`ß H$m{ Bgg{ ]Mm gH{$ß& hm{Vm h° oH$ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht h°, oZÓH$f© - ∑`m{ßoH$ ‡m· H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV H$m _mZ 0.05 ÒVa H{$ ›`yZV_ gmaUr _mZ 1. BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m oH$em{a ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ H$r A[{jm H$_ h°& AV: [yd© _{ß br JB© [naH$Î[Zm gÀ`mo[V hm{Vr h°& Ï`dhma [a gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h°& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 02 (X{I{ AJb{ [•> [a) - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 2. emgH$r` Edß AemgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ oH$em{a ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß _{ß emgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r AoYH$ d H$_ bV dmb{ ]mbH$ Edß H{$ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m CZH{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a H$m{B© gmW©H$ ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ goÂ_obV g_yh H{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h°& gß]ßYr [naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV H$m gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma gßX^© J´›W gyMr ï - [a gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ ‡m· H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV H$m _mZ 0.05 ÒVa 1. gwa{e ^Q>ZmJa, ]mb odH$mg Edß ]mb _Zm{odkmZ, [•.gß. 355-361. H{$ ›`yZV_ gmaUr _mZ H$r A[{jm H$_ h°& AV: [yd© _{ß br JB© [naH$Î[Zm 2. Eg.H{$. _ßJb (2013) oejm _Zm{odkmZ VWm [r.EM.AmB©. boZ™J gÀ`mo[V hm{Vr h°& ‡mBd{Q> obo_Q{>S>, oXÑr, [•.gß. 172-182. VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 03 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) C[am{∫$ VmobH$m H´$.3 3. www.fubmed.com _{ß AemgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r AoYH$ d H$_ bV dmb{ ]mbH$ Edß 4. www.google.com 5. www.wikipedia ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ goÂ_obV g_yh H{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma [a BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV 6. www.hchi.nim-nih.20V Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 59 VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01 BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r AoYH$ d H$_ bV dmb{ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ goÂ_obV g_yh H{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma _{ß AßVa gß]ßYr [naUm_ obßJ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV gßª`m _‹`_mZ _mZH$ odMbZ H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV "[r' _mZ ]mbH$ AoYH$ 78 145.35 22.58 0.42 > > 0.05 H$_ 80 143.73 27.31 ]mobH$m AoYH$ 82 149.62 17.81 0.39 > > 0.05 H$_ 80 148.53 18.03 ]mbH$ Edß AoYH$ 160 147.13 20.37 0.41 > > 0.05 ]mobH$m H$_ 160 146.13 23.19 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße - 158,162 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 1.98 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 2.61 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße - 320 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 1.97 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 2.59

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 02 emgH$r` od⁄mb` H{$ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r AoYH$ d H$_ bV dmb{ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ goÂ_obV g_yh H{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma _{ß AßVa gß]ßYr [naUm_ obßJ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV gßª`m _‹`_mZ _mZH$ odMbZ H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV "[r' _mZ ]mbH$ AoYH$ 39 148.67 17.79 0.76 > > 0.05 H$_ 44 145.36 23.10 ]mobH$m AoYH$ 50 152.34 14.79 1.67 > > 0.05 H$_ 38 145.53 21.59 ]mbH$ Edß AoYH$ 89 150.73 16.18 1.76 > > 0.05 ]mobH$m H$_ 82 145.44 22.23 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße - 81,86 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 1.99 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 2.63,2.64 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße - 169 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 1.98 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 2.61 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 60

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 03 - AemgH$r` od⁄mb` H{$ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r AoYH$ Edß H$_ bV dmb{ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$m H{$ goÂ_obV g_yh H{$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma _{ß AßVa gß]ßYr [naUm_ obßJ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r bV gßª`m _‹`_mZ _mZH$ odMbZ H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV "[r' _mZ ]mbH$ AoYH$ 39 140.36 26.10 0.20 > > 0.05 H$_ 36 141.72 31.94 ]mobH$m AoYH$ 32 145.50 21.26 1.36 > > 0.05 H$_ 42 151.24 13.76 ]mbH$ Edß AoYH$ 71 142.62 24.00 1.07 > > 0.05 ]mobH$m H$_ 78 146.35 24.23 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße - 75,74 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 1.99 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 2.63 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße - 149 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 1.98 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ - 2.61 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 61

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‡ÒVmdZm - “Healthey nation develop from Healthey Citizen.” b∂S>oH$`m± Om{ Òd`ß AÎ[[m{ofV h° d{ H$_ dOZ dmb{ Hw$[m{ofV ]É{ H$m{ O›_ Healthey Citizen develop From healthey children X{Vr h°& (oMÃ X{I| Ao›V_ [•> [a) so the health of nation is in the hands of the poeple. Ka{by d [mnadmnaH$ [hby - [rZ{ h{Vw gm\$ [mZr Edß Amg[mg H{$ dmVmdaU AZ{H$ odH$mgerb X{em| H{$ ob`{ ÒdmÒœ` Edß [m{fU H{$ j{Ã _{ß Hw$[m{fU _{ß Òd¿N>Vm H$m A^md hm{Z{ g{ odo^fi ]r_mna`m{ß H{$ gmW Hw$[m{fU H$m IVam EH$ Jß^ra MwZm°oV h°& Hw$[m{fU H{$ H$maUm{ß _{ß gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ [hbwAm{ß H{$ ^r ]∂T> OmVm h°& em°Mmb` H$r gwodYm _{ß amÓQ≠>r` Am°gV H{$db 44.6 ‡oVeV gmW-gmW oejm Edß ÒdmÒœ` g{dmAm{ß H$m A^md, A‡mßgoJH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ h°& h_ma{ X{e H$r bJ^J EH$ Mm°WmB© OZgßª`m H{$ [rZ{ H$m gm\$ [mZr [aÂ[am`ß{ Edß AmMaU ‡_wI h°& C[b„Y Zht h°& oOgH{$ H$maU AoVgma gß]ßYr ]r_mna`m± ]Ém{ß _{ß Òdm^modH$ amÓQ≠>r` [nadma ÒdmÒœ` gd}jU H{$ AZwgma bJ^J 53 ‡oVeV Í$[ g{ AoYH$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU CZ_{ß Hw$[m{fU H$r Xa _{ß d•o’ [mB© OmVr h°& ]É{ Om{ Mma df© g{ H$_ Am`w H{$ h° Hw$[m{fU H{$ oeH$ma h°& 85 ‡oVeV g{ VmÀH$mobH$ [hby - odH$mgerb X{em{ß _{ß Hw$[m{fU H$m EH$ ]∂S>m H$maU h° AoYH$ _ohbm`{ß IyZ H$r H$_r H$r oeH$ma h°& J^m©dÒWm Edß ‡gd H{$ Xm°amZ Jar]r& BgH{$ H$maU ]mbH$ H$m{ [`m©· Amhma Edß JwUdŒmm[yU© Amhma H$r OoQ>bVm Edß IyZ H$r H$_r H{$ H$maU ‡oVdf© 58,5000 _ohbmAm{ß H$r _•À`w AZw[b„YVm hm{Vr h°& Hw$[m{fU H$m EH$ ]∂S>m H$maU h° Aoejm d AkmZVm hm{ OmVr h°& H{$ H$maU ]Ém{ß H$m{ [yaH$ Amhma H$] X{Zm h°, oH$VZr _mÃm _{ß X{Zm h° [m{fH$ S>„by.EM.Am{. H{$ AZwgma [mßM df© g{ H$_ Am`w dmb{ 60 ‡oVeV Amhma H$r JwUdŒmm H$r OmZH$mar H$m A^md ^r Hw$[m{fU H$m H$maU h°& ]mbH$m{ß H$r _•À`w _mb›`yoQ≠>eZ H{$ H$maU hm{Vr h° Am°a Bg_{ß 90 ‡oVeV ]r_mna`m{ß H$r Ï`m[H$Vm - 5 df© g{ H$_ Am`w H{$ bJ^J 50 ‡oVeV ]É{ odH$mgerb X{em{ß H{$ h°& ]Ém{ß H$r _•À`w gßH´$m_H$ am{Jm{ß O°g{ oZ_m{oZ`m, S>m`na`m, _b{na`m Am°a Iga{ odH$mgerb X{em{ß _{ß _wª` Í$[ g{ ‡m{Q>rZ EZOr© _mb›`yoQ≠>eZ d gy˙_ H{$ H$maU hm{Vr h°& Bgob`{ ]¿Mm{ß _{ß gßH´$_U g{ hm{Z{ dmb{ am{Jm{ß H{$ AoYH$ VÀdm{ß H$r H$_r AoYH$ X{Ir OmVr h°& J^©ÒW oeew d ZdOmV oeew H{$ ob`{ \°$bmd Am°a Q>rH$mH$aU H$r H$_ Xa H{$ H$maU ]¿Mm{ß _{ß Hw$[m{fU H$r oÒWoV `h ]hwV ZmOwH$ oÒWoV hm{Vr h°& X{Ir OmVr h°& (oMÃ X{I| Ao›V_ [•> [a) ]mbH$ H$m [m{foUH$ ÒVa oZ^©a H$aVm h° - odH$mgerb X{em{ß _{ß [m{fU H$m`©H´$_ - odH$mgerb X{em{ß _{ß _wª` Í$[ Im⁄mfi H$r C[b„YVm ^m{OZ H$r [`m©·Vm g{ ‡m{Q>rZ EZOr© _mb›`yoQ≠>eZ VWm _mBH´$m{›`yoQ≠>`ZQ> H$r H$_r AoYH$ O›_ g{ N>: _mh VH$ [yU© ÒVZ[mZ gßH´$m_H$ am{Jm{ß g{ ]Mmd X{Ir OmVr h°& oÒWoV `h h° oH$ ZJarH$aU d Am°⁄m{JrH$aU H{$ H$maU ÒdmÒœ` g{dmAmß{ H$r C[b„YVm CoMV Q>rH$mH$aU ^m{OZ H$m VarH$m ]Xb J`m h°, emarnaH$ JoVodoY`m± H$_ hm{ JB© h°, odQ>mo_Z "E' gÂ[yaU J^m©dmÒWm _{ß _m± H$m [m{fU M`m[mMmo`H$ oH´$`mAm{ß _{ß ]Xbmd AmZ{ g{ _mVm`{ß _m{Q>m[{ g{ J´ÒV hm{H$a ew’ [{Òb H$r C[b„YVm Òd¿N> dmVmdaU Hw$[m{ofV ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ O›_ X{ ahr h°& _m± H$m ÒdÒœ` d C_´ Hw$[m{fU H$r Bg Jß^ra g_Ò`m H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ g_mO _{ß [m{fU odH$mgerb X{em{ß _{ß Hw$[m{fU H{$ H$maU g{ gß]ßoYV OmZH$mar H$m{ ]∂T>mZm, ^m{OZ gÂ[yaH$ [XmW© Eßd \$m{Q>r©\$mBS> gm_moOH$ [hby - (KURUP P.J. Khandker) "Z{ em{Y _{ß [m`m oH$ ^m{¡` [XmWm~ H{$ C[`m{J H{$ ob`{ ‡{naV H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& BgH{$ ob`{ h_{ß ]¿M{ß H$m O›_ H{$ g_` dOZ,O›_ H´$_ Edß Sibling _{ß PEM HISTORY _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ H{$›– o]›Xw ]ZmH$a [ya{ [nadma H$m{ Bg_{ß emo_b H$aZm hm{Jm hm{Z{ [a CZ_{ß ‡m{Q>rZ H{$bm{ar _mb›`yoQ≠>eZ H$r gß^mdZm AoYH$ X{Ir OmVr h°& _ohbm gmjaVm Edß oejm H$m{ ]∂T>mZm hm{Jm ∑`m{ßoH$ oejm [m{fU H{$ ÒVa (Ayana So Esamai Fo, 2004) "H{$ em{Y _{ß X{Im J`m h° oH$ H$m{ ]∂T>mVr h°& Jar]r, gm_moOH$ ÒVa Ohmß ]¿Mm ahVm h°, obßJ Am°a A[yU© Q>rH$mH$aU amÓQ≠>r` ZroV _{ß [m{fU PEM> H{$ _wª` H$maU h°& AÀ`moYH$ H$_ dOZ dmb{ ]mbH$m{ß H$m ‡oVeV H$_ H$aZm& amÓQ≠>r` gm_moOH$ [aÂ[amAm{ß d Í$o∂T>`m{ß H{$ H$maU bJ^J 50 ‡oVeV ]´{ÒQ> \$roSß>J H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Zm (_wª` Í$[ g{ H$m{bÒQ≠>_ \$rS>tJ)& b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m oddmh 18 df© H$r Am`w _{ß hm{ OmVm h°& H$_ Am`w _{ß oddmh hm{Z{ EoZo_`m H$m{ H$_ H$aZm& g{ d{ H$_ Am`w _{ß J^©YmaU H$a b{Vr h°& Aoejm d AkmZVm H{$ H$maU H$_ odQ>mo_Z ìEí H$r H$_r H$m{ Xya H$aZm& A›Va g{ ]ma-]ma J^©YmaU H{$ H$maU oeew d _m± Xm{Zm{ß Jß^ra Hw$[m{fU H{$ Am`m{oS>Z H$r H$_r H$m{ Xya H$aZm& oeH$ma hm{V{ h°& Hw$[m{fU H$m `h MH´$ [r∂T>r Xa [r∂T>r MbVm ahVm h° E{gr [m{fU oejm H$m{ EH$ [•WH$ odf` H{$ Í$[ _{ß oMoH$Àgm [m{am_{oS>H$b *** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (J•hodkmZ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 62

H$m{g© _{ß ÒZmVH$ ÒVa VH$ AoZdm`© H$aZm& Ï`dhma [nadV©Z H$m C⁄{Ì` bojV [nadmam{ß _{ß kmZ H{$ ÒVa,AmXVm{ßd National guidelines on infent and young child feeding —oÓQ>H$m{U H$m{ gwYmaZm Am°a gm_moOH$ ZroV`m{ß _{ß [nadV©Z bmZm h°& (IYCF) H$m{ Zogß©J d _{oS>H$b [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß aIZm& A›Vd©°`mo∫$H$ Am°a g_wh gßMma BgH{$ ob`{ _wª` gmYZ hm{ßJ{, O]oH$ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß Hw$[m{fU H$r g_Ò`m, H$_ dOZ O›_, ÒVZ[mZ, _Zm{aßOZ Am°a OmZH$mar `w∫$ OZgßMma H{$ H$m`©H´$_ ge∫$ AmYma [m{fU d ÒdmÒœ` oejm H$m{ _hÀd oX`m Om`{& ‡XmZ H$a{ßJ{& (oMÃ X{I| AJb{ [•> [a) gm_moOH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m`©H$Vm© ASHA H$m{ H$_ g{ H$_ 03 oXdg H$r odOZ S>m∑`w_{›Q> 2020 _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ _.‡.emgZ Q≠>{oZßJ Xr Om`{ oOg_{ß oeew Edß ]mb [m{fU H$r OmZH$mar Xr Om`{& gm_moOH$ gh^moJVm Am°a g:eo∫$H$aU H{$ obE gm_moOH$ _m[XS> ‡mWo_H$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$›–, oObm AÒ[Vmb H{$ aoOÒQ>aS©> S>m∞∑Q>g© H$m{ Edß gm_wXmo`H$ dmVm©bm[ H$m{ bojV oH$`m OmE& gm_wXmo`H$ g_whm{ß IYCF H$r [yU© OmZH$mar hm{& ¤mam [yd© g{ oMo›hV AZm°[MmoaH$ Am°a Am°[MmnaH$ gm_moOH$ g_wh [m{fU C›_woIH$aU H$m`©H´$_ ‡À`{H$ oOb{ _{ß Mbm`m Om`{& BgH{$ ‡_wI gmYZ hm{J{ß& gßgX H{$ ¤mam ^r g^r am¡`m{ß _{ß Hw$[m{fU H$r g_Ò`m H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$m _ohbmAm{ß Am°a ]Ém{ß H{$ ohV _{ß dmVmdaU oZ_m©U H{$ ob`{ b˙` CÉ ‡mWo_H$Vm [a aIm J`m h°& [nadma,g_wXm`,amOZroVH$ ÒVa [a gbmh H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Jr [m{fU OmJóV Ao^`mZ H{$ ¤mam [m{fU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm, Hw$[m{fU BgH{$ ob`{ Ï`dgmo`H$ g_whm{ß,N>o] oZ_m©U H$aZ{ dmb{,gm_moOH$ H$m ]mbH$ H{$ odH$mg [a ‡^md, gy˙_ VÀdm{ß H$m ÒdmÒœ` H{$ ob`{ amOZ°oVH$ gßaMZm Am°a _mg _roS>`m _wª` gmYZ hm{ßJ{& _hÀd, oeew d ]mbH$m{ß H{$ ob`{ [m{fU H{$ _hÀd g{ gß]ßoYV OmZH$mar Ï`dhma [nadV©Z gßMma Am°a ZroV EH$ JhZ H$m`© `m{OZm h° oOg_{ß ‡XmZ H$aZm& AZ{H$ ÒVa [a bm{Jm{ß Am°a gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ emo_b oH$`m OmVm h° O°g{ :- NRHM (Narional Rurla health, Mission) H{$ AßVJ©V oObm [nadma H{$ _woI`m,g_mO H{$ ‡^mdembr Ïò∫$, Ymo_©H$ gßÒWmEß, oejmodX, ÒVa [a _mBH´$m{›`yoQ≠>`{›Q> S>m{o\$oe`{›gr d _mb›`yoQ≠>eZ H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ odÌdod⁄mb`,_hmod⁄mb`, AgßJoR>V d gßJoR>V `wdm,O°g{ amÓQ≠>r` g{dm H{$ ob`{ AmàZ Am°a \$m{obH$ EogS> VWm odQ>mo_Z ìEí H{$ gflbr_{ßQ> `m{OZm,Z{hÍ$ `wdm H{$›–, ^maV ÒH$mD$Q> JmB©S> AmoX& oX`{ OmV{ h°& N.N.E.P. (National Nurtitional Education Program) H{$ d{] AmYmnaV ‡]ßYZ ‡Umbr H$m gw—∂T>>rH$aU Am°a Cfi`Z - emgZ ¤mam [m{fU H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ H$aZ{ H{$ ‡`mg oH$`{ Om ah{ h°& FNB (Food ¤mam d{] AmYmnaV oZJamZr Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z VßÃ odH$ogV oH$`m J`m & Nutrition Board) VWm _ohbm ]mb odH$mg _ßÃmb` H{$ ¤mam ^r [m{fU h° oOgg{ ha ÒVa [a odÌdZr` AmßH$S{> EH$oÃV oH$`{ Om gH{$ Am°a OmJÍ$H$Vm H{$ H$m`©H´$_ Mbm`{ Om ah{ h°& ]{hVa oZU©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ CZH$m odõ{fU oH$`m Om gH{$ß& Bg ‡Umbr H{$ [m{fH$ H$r oejm d OmJÍ$H$Vm _{ß Am±JZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm©, &N>S> Edß Cfi`Z g{ ]¿Mm{ß _{ß Hw$[m{fU H$r dmÒVodH$ oÒWoV H$m{ OmZm Om gH{$Jm, Amem H$m`©H$Vm© H$r ‡_wI ^yo_H$m h°& AmB©.gr.S>r.Eg. ¤mam C›h{ß Bg H$m`© d ôdÓ` H$r H$m`© `m{OZm ]ZmB© Om gH{$Jr& BgH{$ ob`{ g^r ÒVam{ß H{$ ob`{ ‡oejrV oH$`m Om ahm h°& _wª` Í$[ g{ Hw$[m{fU H{$ ob`{& [a [`m©· gßª`m _{ß _mZd gßgmYZ Edß AmB©.Q>r.C[H$aUm{ß H$r C[b„Ym odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß ÒZmVH$ ÒVa [a b∂S>oH$`m{ß Am°a b∂S>H$m{ß Xm{Zm{ß H{$ ob`{ gwoZoÌMV H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Jr& `h odf` AoZdm`© hm{ oOgg{ [m{fU OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m{ ]∂T>mdm o_b{Jm& Ï`dhma [nadV©Z gßMma Edß OmJÍ$H$Vm - gm_m›`V`m X{Im J`m h° gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ oH$ H$mZyZ ]ZmZ{ Edß ZroV`m± V` H$aZ{ g{ Ï`dhmnaH$ [nadV©Z Zht bm`m 1. Nutrition Science - B. Shri Laksmi. Om gH$Vm h°& g_mO _{ß [nadV©Z bmZ{ H{$ ob`{ EH$ g_J´ Am°a o_brOwbr 2. Food science & Nutrition- Sunetra Roday. 3. The Double Burden of malnutrition in Asia - Stuart aUZroV oOg_{ß o‡ßQ>, a{oS>`m{ß, Bb{∑Q≠>moZH$ o_oS>`m ^r emo_b hm{ AmdÌ`H$ Gillespie h°& 4. Vision Document 2020 - Woman & Child Department (M.P.)

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 64

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*** ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j (_mZd odH$mg) emgH$r` _m{.h.J•h odkmZ Edß odkmZ _ohbm _hmod⁄mb` (Òdemgr), O]b[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** em{YmWr©, emgH$r` _m{.h.J•h odkmZ Edß odkmZ _ohbm _hmod⁄mb` (Òdemgr), O]b[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 65 C‘{Ì` - oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ghoejm Edß EH$boejm _{ß `m{Ω`Vm, Ò_•oV `m{Ω`Vm Am°a oZU©` `m oZÌM` b{Z{ H{$ AoVna∫$ ]wo’ _{ß A‹``ZaV≤ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m A‹``Z& ‡À`` [aH$ `m{Ω`Vm ^r goÂ_obV h°, oOgH$r ghm`Vm g{ Ïò∫$ A[Z{ [naH$Î[Zm - oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ghoejm Edß EH$boejm _{ß AZw^d H{$ gmW bm^ CR>mZ{ H$r j_Vm H$m ^r ‡Xe©Z H$aVm h°& ]wo’ EH$ A‹``ZaV≤ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht hm{Vm gd©Ï`m[r Edß ]hwV AoYH$ C[`m{J _{ß AmZ{ dmbm ‡À`` h°& ]wo’, grIZ{ h°& g_m`m{OZ H$aZ{ Edß VH©$ H$aZ{ H$r `m{Ω`Vm h°, `{ `m{Ω`Vm`{ß ]wo’ _{ß hr hm{Vr em{Y odoY - h°& `{ g^r `m{Ω`Vm`{ß ]wo’ _{ß g_mZ Zht hm{Vr h°, daZ≤ CZ_{ß _mÃm H$m A›Va ›`mXe© - hm{Vm h°& BgH$m kmZ Ïò∫$ H$r oH´$`mAm{ß Edß Ï`dhmam{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A‡À`j H´$. _m‹`_ embm H$r ‡H•$oV N>mÃ N>mÃm `m{J Í$[ g{ hm{Vm h°& oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß ]wo’ oH$em{am{ß H{$ AmÀ_ _yÎ`mßH$Z Edß AmÀ_ 1 oh›Xr ghoejm 60 60 120 AdYmaUm H$m{ ‡^modV H$aZ{ dmbr _hÀd[yU© ode{fVm h°& Bg AdÒWm _{ß EH$boejm 60 60 120 oH$em{a H{$ odMma gßJoR>V Edß [na[π$ hm{ OmV{ h¢, Vm{ Bg AdÒWm _{ß H$^r- 2 AßJ´{Or ghoejm 60 60 120 H$^r oH$em{a ]mbH$ VH©$ H$m oeH$ma hm{ OmVm h°, oH$›Vw Bgr AdÒWm _{ß dh EH$boejm 60 60 120 dmÒVodH$Vm Edß AdmÒVodH$Vm _{ß A›Va g_PZ{ bJVm h°& ]wo’ _{ß oH$em{am{ß odoY - H$m{ odd{H$erb oMßVZ Edß A_yV© oMßVZ H$aZ{ _{ß Edß dmVmdaU H{$ gmW 1. oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ghoejm Edß EH$boejm od⁄mb`m{ß H$r ‡^mdH$mar Tß>J g{ g_m`m{OZ H$aZ{ _{ß _XX o_bVr h°& ]wo’ _{ß d°ò∫$H$ gyMr ]ZmB© JB©& o^fiVm ^r [m`r OmVr h°& EH$ Ïò∫$ H$r ]wo’ Xyga{ Ïò∫$ H$r ]wo’ g{ o^fi 2. BZ gyoM`m{ß _{ß g{ Xm{-Xm{ od⁄mb`m{ß H$m `m—o¿N>H$ odoY g{ M`Z oH$`m hm{Vr h°, Bg o^fiVm H{$ Xm{ H$maU h°, AZwdmßoeH$Vm Edß dmVmdaU& J`m& C[am{∫$ [naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ _m‹`_ Edß oejm H$r ‡H•$oV H$m 3. BZ od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ 60-60 ]mbH$m{ß Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ ›`mXe© _{ß MwZm gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& EH$b oejm H{$ oh›Xr _m‹`_ J`m& H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ g]g{ AoYH$ Edß EH$b oejm H{$ hr 4. ›`mXe© _{ß MòZV oH$em{a ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß [a gßkmZmÀ_H$ AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ g]g{ H$_ h°& gm_m›` ]wo’ H$m [arjU H$m ‡emgZ oH$`m J`m& Í$[ g{ AoYH$mße od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r _mÃ ^mfm oh›Xr ahVr h° Edß A›` ^mfm H{$ 5. ]wo’ [arjU H$m \$bmßH$Z H$a [naH$Î[Zm H{$ gÀ`m[Z h{Vw ‡XŒm H$r Om{ od⁄mWr© hm{V{ h¢ CZH$r Am[g H$r ]m{bMmb H$r ^mfm _{ß ^r oh›Xr H$m gmßoª`H$r` JUZm H$r Edß oZÓH$f© ‡m· oH$`m J`m& ‡_wI ÒWmZ ahVm h°& od⁄mWr© H$r oM›VZ j_Vm _m‹`_ g{ ‡^modV hm{ C[H$aU - g_yh gmYmaU _mZogH$ `m{Ω`Vm [arjU - S>m∞. Eg.Eg. OmVr h°, Vm{ E{g{ _{ß oh›Xr ]m{bMmb dmbm{ß H$m{ Cgg{ bm^ o_bVm h°& E{g{ _{ß Obm{Q>m (1972) oh›Xr _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [arjU _{ß AoYH$ ‡m·mßH$ [naUm_m{ß H$m odõ{fU Edß Ï`mª`m - oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ AmZm Òdm^modH$ h°& ghoejm Edß EH$boejm _{ß A‹``ZaV≤ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ EogS>m{ Edß BnaAmhQ{> (2011) Z{ oH$em{am{ß H$r Òd A‹``Z odoY H$m H{$ [naUm_ oZÂZmZwgma h° - gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a ‡^md H$m A‹``Z oH$`m& A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` `h VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ghoejm Edß _mby_ H$aZm Wm oH$ ∑`m oH$em{am{ß H$r Òd-A‹``Z odoY H$m gßkmZmÀ_H$ EH$boejm _{ß A‹``ZaV≤ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ ]wo’ [a ∑`m ‡^md [∂S>Vm h° ? `h A‹``Z 109 oH$em{a od⁄moW©`m{ß [a VwbZmÀ_H$ [naUm_ oH$`m J`m& CZH$r Am`w gr_m 13-17 df© H$r Wr& A‹``Z _{ß [m`m J`m _m‹`_ oejm H$r ‡H•$oV gßª`m _‹`_mZ _mZH$ odMbZ oH$ Om{ oH$em{a Òd`ß oZYm©naV H$m`©H´$_ H{$ A›VJ©V A‹``Z H$aV{ h°, CZH$r oh›Xr ghoejm 120 37.96 4.97 gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ AoYH$ odH$ogV hm{Vr h°& oZò_V A‹``Z H$m ‡^md EH$b oejm 120 40.51 12.56 gßkmZmÀ_H$ `m{Ω`Vm H$m{ ]∂T>mVm h°& Òd`ß oZYm©naV A‹``Z H$aZ{ dmb{ AßJ´{Or ghoejm 120 31.63 5.25 od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ Vrd´ JoV g{ odH$ogV hm{Vr [m`r J`r, EH$b oejm 120 31.57 5.59 O]oH$ AoZò_V A‹``Z H$aZ{ dmb{ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r odH$mg JoV H$_ ‡gaU odõ{ÓU H$r gmamße VmobH$m (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) - [m`r JB©& gwZrVm Edß ImXr (2012) Z{ hmB© ÒHy$b H{$ AßJ´{Or Edß H$fi∂S> [naUm_m{ß H{$ AmYma [a H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ _m‹`_ Edß oejm H$r ‡H•$oV _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ AoYJ_ Edß gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a dmVmdaU H$m gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& EH$b oejm H{$ oh›Xr H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z oH$`m& B›hm{ßZ{ 2450 oH$em{a od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ ob`m _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ g]g{ AoYH$ Edß EH$b oejm Om{ ghoejm od⁄mb` H{$ od⁄mWr© W{& C›hm{ßZ{ A[Z{ A‹``Z _{ß [m`m oH$ H{$ hr AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ g]g{ H$_ h°& od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ AoYJ_ Edß gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a Ka H$m dmVmdaU, ]wo’ EH$ ‡H$ma H$m gß`m{JrH$aU h°, oOgg{ Ïò∫$ odd{H$erb VWm od⁄mb` H$m dmVmdaU, ghoejm H$m dmVmdaU gmW hr gm_moOH$- A_yV© oMßVZ H$a gH$Vm h°, ‹`{`[yU© oH´$`m`{ß H$a gH$Vm h°, kmZ Am°a gßH{$Vm{ß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV ^r ]mbH$m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ AoYJ_ H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVm h°& em{Y g{ `w∫$ AoYJ_ H$a gH$Vm h° VWm ZB© [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß ‡^md[yU© g_m`m{OZ H{$ ‡_wI oZÓH$fm~ g{ kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moœm©`m{ß H{$ H$a gH$Vm h°& ]wo’ _{ß AoYJ_ H$r `m{Ω`Vm ^r oZohV h°& Bg `m{Ω`Vm H{$ od⁄mb` _{ß A¿N>r JwUdŒmm, oejH$-oeojH$m, Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ ¤mam `h gmYmaUV: AoYJ_ hr Zht H$aVm, ]oÎH$ dh kmZ Am°a gßH{$Vm{ß g{ Edß Ka [a [∂T>mB© h{Vw A¿N>m dmVmdaU (Q{>o]b, bmBQ>, d{ßQ>rb{eZ Edß emßV `w∫$ AoYJ_ ^r H$aVm h°& ]wo’ H$r `m{Ω`Vm _{ß emo„XH$ Am°a AmßoH$H$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 66 dmVmdaU) H$m ‡^md CZH{$ e°ojH$ AoYJ_ [a [m`m J`m& H$fi∂S> _m‹`_ 2. Jw·, am_]m]y, (2000), odH$mgmÀ_H$ _Zm{odkmZ, AÓQ>_ gßÒH$aU, H{$ od⁄mb` H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ ^r gH$mamÀ_H$ dmVmdaU Edß CÉ gm_moOH$- aVZ ‡H$meZ _ßoXa, ‡m{\{$gg© H$m∞bm{Zr, oXÑr J{Q>, AmJam, [•.gß. AmoW©H$ oÒWoV Xm{Zm{ß hr ‡^md od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß gH$mamÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ X{IZ{ H$m{ 469-470. o_b{& [naUm_V: A‹``Z H{$ Xm{Zm{ß _m‹`_m{ß H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ AoYJ_ 3. ogßh, AÍ$U, (2006), AmYwoZH$ gm_m›` _Zm{odkmZ, MVwW© Edß gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a dmVmdaU H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [m`m J`m& gßÒH$aU, ]ßJbm am{S>, oXÑr, 110007, _m{Vrbmb dZmagr Xmg oZÓH$f© - C[am{∫$ [naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ _m‹`_ Edß oejm H$r ‡H$meZ& ‡H•$oV H$m gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& EH$b oejm H{$ 4. Gontard, AV : K. Zeries, (2002) Intelligence and eognitive oh›Xr _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ g]g{ AoYH$ Edß EH$b function in Children and adolescent with spinal muscules atrophy. J. Educational psychology. 12(2) : 130-136. oejm H{$ hr AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ ]wo’ g]g{ H$_ h°& 5. Sunitha; N.H. (2012), Academic Learning Environment gßX^© J´›W gyMr ï- of student from english and canada medium high school 1. H$o[b, EM.H{$. (1975), gmßoª`H$r` H{$ _yb VÀd, odZm{X [wÒVH$ J. Agricultualscience, 20 (4) 827-830. _ßoXa, AmJam, [•.gß. 607.

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 67

Study To Assess Socio-Economic Status Satisfaction In Railway Employees Of Ratlam Division

* ** Dr. J.C. Porwal Priyanka Chauhan

Abstract - Railways in India unfolded a page in history constantly accelerating its momentum, Indian Railways, today is speeding its way in to future This paper is devoted to study on effect of welfare measure and fringe benefits on employees overall socio-economic satisfaction. The Railway has done a lot in respect of providing welfare facilities for the staff to improve their socio-economic status. Keywords - Indian Railway, socio-economic status, satisfaction level. Introduction - Indian Railway is the life line of the nation self- designed questionnaire was used for the purpose of and the life line is in the hand of their employees. Railway data collection. Questionnaire consisted statements based does lots of efforts to improve the socio-economic status of on Likert type 5 point scale which were designed to gauge their employees. Socio-economic status (SES) is an the factors constituting the socio-economic status of economic and sociological combined total measure of a respondents belonging to different department. person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s Discussion And Analysis - In order to obtain primary data, economic and social position in relation to others, based field survey with the help of a questionnare and responses on income, education, and occupation. When analyzing a of 507 employeees were taken. (Dept. wise No. of person’s SES, the household income, earners’ education, employees) (Graph see in the last page) place of residence, marital status, religion and occupation Table 1: Educational Qualification of respondent are examined. Educational No. of %Percentage Objectives Of The Study - Qualification Respondent of Respondent To find out the perception of employees towards various Below 10th 33 7 fringe benefits and other facilities provided by Railway. 10th-12th 113 22 To identify the socio-economic status satisfaction of Graduate 283 56 employees of various departments of Ratlam division. P.G. 278 15 To make suggestion for improvement of employees Total 507 100 welfare measure and status. Table -1 revels that out of 507 respondents about 56% of the Indian Railway - Railways were first introduced to India in respondents are graduate, 22% are between 10th to 12th , 1853 from Bombay to Thane. In 1951 the systems were 15% are post graduate and rest 7% are below 10th. nationalized as one unit, the Indian Railways, becoming one Table 2: Place of posting respondents of the largest networks in the world. IR operates both long Place of No. of %Percentage distance and suburban rail systems on a multi- posting Respondent of Respondent gauge network of broad, meter and narrow gauges. Railway Rural 81 16 network has been split in to 17 zones and 68 divisions. Semi-urban 122 24 Spanning 64,456 km with more than 7,133 railway stations, Urban 304 60 India’s rail network is the largest in Asia and the second Total 507 100 largest in the world. Table – 2 shows that 60% of the respondent belongs to urban Profile Of Ratlam Division - Ratlam Division of Western areas, where 24% are from semi-urban and 16% from the Railway came into existence on the 15thof August 1956, rural areas. under Divisionalisation scheme of Indian Railways. The rail Table 3: Drug profile of respondents (Alcoholism & smoking) link of Ratlam Division has a glorious history of more than Drug Profile No. of %Percentage 130 years. The division transports more than two lakh of Respondent of Respondent passengers per day by running107 BG Mail express train No 296 58 and 49 (31+18) BG/MG passenger train per day. There are Occasionally 153 30 more than 16000 employees in Ratlam division. Often 59 12 Data Sources And Methodology - A total of 507 Total 507 100 respondents have been approached for data collection. A *** Ex. Principal, Govt college, Mandleshwar (M.P.) INDIA ** Research Scholar, Swami Vivekanand Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 68

Table -3 shows that 58% respondent should not use any Table 9: Satisfaction level of respondent towards Pass drug, where 30% are occasionally use alcohol and smoke Facility and 12% are addicted to these. Satisfaction Level No. of Respondent Socio-Economic Status Satisfaction Strongly Satisfied 152 Table 4: Satisfaction level of respondent towards Satisfied 294 Family environment Neutral 31 Satisfaction Level No. of Respondent Dissatisfied 17 Strongly Satisfied 124 Highly Dissatisfied 13 Satisfied 188 Total 507 Neutral 102 Table – 9 shows that employees are highly satisfied with Dissatisfied 64 the Railway pass facility provided to them. Highly Dissatisfied 29 Table 10: Satisfaction level of respondent towards Total 507 Salary Table - 4 revels that a number of employees are satisfied Satisfaction Level No. of Respondent with their family environment, a few are not satisfied because Strongly Satisfied 147 of odd working hours and over burden. Satisfied 212 Table 5: Satisfaction level of respondent towards Neutral 59 Housing Facilities Dissatisfied 79 Satisfaction Level No. of Respondent Highly Dissatisfied 10 Strongly Satisfied 94 Total 507 Satisfied 100 Table – 10 reveals that most of the employees are satisfied Neutral 61 with their salary, a few are not satisfied with their salary and Dissatisfied 194 other allowances. Highly Dissatisfied 58 Table 11: Satisfaction level of respondent towards Total 507 Promotion Policy Table – 5 shows that most of the employees are not satisfied Satisfaction Level No. of Respondent with housing facility. Only those who live in their own house Strongly Satisfied 46 are satisfied. Satisfied 86 Table 6: Satisfaction level of respondent towards Neutral 103 Education, sports & Entertainment facilities Dissatisfied 178 Satisfaction Level No. of Respondent Highly Dissatisfied 94 Strongly Satisfied 99 Total 507 Satisfied 152 Table – 11 reveals that most of the employees are not satisfied Neutral 79 with the promotion policy. Dissatisfied 126 Table 12: Satisfaction level of respondent towards Job Highly Dissatisfied 51 satisfaction & working environment Total 507 Satisfaction Level No. of Respondent Table – 7 revels that employees are satisfied with the medical Strongly Satisfied 168 and health care provided by Railway, but still some are not Satisfied 198 satisfied. Neutral 29 Table 8: Satisfaction level of respondent towards Dissatisfied 79 Holidays and Leave rule Highly Dissatisfied 33 Satisfaction Level No. of Respondent Total 507 Strongly Satisfied 126 Table – 12 shows that most of the employees are satisfied Satisfied 181 with their job and working. A few employees show Neutral 56 dissatisfaction for working environment. Dissatisfied 111 Summary And Conclusion - Highly Dissatisfied 33 The employees of Ratlam division are satisfied with the Total 507 family environment, which is further helpful for their Table – 8 shows that employees are satisfied with the efficient working. A Satisfied family environment holidays and leave rule, but some shows their dissatisfaction upgrades their status in the society. for the sanction of leave. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 69

Most of the employees are not satisfied with their Suggestions - quarters. They complaint that the quarters are not in Pay commission increases their socio-economic status, good position. Those who live in their own or rented so implementation of 7th pay commission is required. accommodations are also not completely satisfied with More focus should be done for entertainment of the location, water and electricity supply etc. Poor employees and their families like Rail Mela, exhibitions accommodation should decrease their status in the and other activities. society. Proper maintenance of service buildings, supply of Most of the employees are satisfied with the education drinking water and proper sanitation conditions in railway & sports facility which maintain their status in the society colonies should need improvement. but also dissatisfied with the entertainment facility for Promotion should be given to the employees on the them. basis of their working efficiency not on the basis of A good number of employees are satisfied with the reservation and seniority. medical facility and health care. Some of them are Health care and medical facilities should need dissatisfied with the emergency medical care and improvement at all levels, especially emergency medical treatment for the major disease of employees. care; more efforts should be required for the treatment Most of the employees are satisfied with the holiday of major disease of employees. and leave rule. But running employees are not satisfied Some employees are having tendency to develop with the holidays and leave rule. To maintain their social smoking and drinking habits. These staff should be status they need proper holidays and easy leave facility. suitably counseled about the ill effects of the Almost all the employees show their satisfaction consumption of these dangerous items. towards pass facility. This facility maintains their social References :- position. Mary Edwards (1995) socio economic impact analysis. The employees of Ratlam division are satisfied with Ankur Sharma (2009), Employee welfare measure taken the salary benefits provided by the Railway. Pay in the Indian south central railway. commission increases their socio-economic status in Dr Eshwari Rangaswamy, (2011), Socio-economic the society. dimensions of the textile workers, University of Madras. Most of the employees are not satisfied with the Mahendranath Chaturvedi, (2013), Handbook for promotion policy. Reservation in promotion and seniority Railwaymen, Bahri publications. based promotion policy need some changes. K. Ashok Kumar, Ch Bala Nageswar Rao, K Hari Prasad Employees are extremely satisfied with their job and Reddy (2013), Employees satisfaction in Indian Railway working environment and socio-economic position. ISSN vol 2 no 1. A number of respondent said that, they occasionally Websites :- drink and smoke, while a few accept that they are http://www.historyofindianrailway.com addicted of alcohol and smoking. http://www.indianrailwayemployee.com

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 70 Analyses the dimensions & perspectives to manage the stress at work places

* ** Dr. N. S. Rao Lalit Pipliwal

Introduction - Within the dynamism of social scenario symptoms, some of them are irritability, feet taping, stress is defined as a non specific response of the human compulsive behavior, frustration & unsociability are shows . body to any pressure made upon it. It is viewed as interactive Exhibit -Different signs or symptoms of stress at individual forces between biological, psychological, individual & & group levels of workers. sociological concern. When a person feels uncomfortable, The signs or symptoms of stress as shows within body while discharging his functions, he often expresses his anger organs may broadly be divided into three major parts vise anxiety, irritability & intolerance etc. presently, the social, mental, physical as well as attitudinal . The exhibit shows technical as well as environmental changes have been taken them with their inner contents as given here - place. In human life, the motives, attitudes, believes, faith & Signs or Symptoms of stress (Table see in the last page) perceptions of individuals are also changing. As fast changes Degrees of the symptoms and signals of stress at work are taking place within a life span of an individual at the places - The nature & operational working design has gone present juncture, there seems to be less time to update the through drastic changes over the last century and it is still value system. As such, the modern life & its chronic changing at fast speed. The wide & dimensions of stress at pressures & challenges created fissures in our social fabrics work place causes by conditions in that working areas are thereby to creates stress. dyeing negatively affect an individual’s performance. The Objectives - The objectives of this study are stating here – symptoms of job stress may be created from the unrequited 1. To analyze the symptoms & causes for stress within & unpleasure attitude & behavior arising from the human work places. body & mind in a particular situation. Comprehensively there 2. To analyze different causes to be responsible to create are different degrees to show the level of symptoms of stress stressful situations at worker’s personal life. which have been arising within male and female workers. 3. To analyze the causes & effects of stress within the life Here, the symptoms of work, stress are being categorized style as well as at work places of workers. on the basis of both types of workers as mentioned earlier. 4. To analyze most & chronic effects of stress on body Exhibit - Showing the degrees of symptoms of stress to be organs of workers. create as well as consequences of stress among male & 5. To find out & analyze the ways & means to face & female workers at work places. (Table see in the last page) overcome the stressful situation at work place & society The exhibit shows the different symptoms as created also. within the organs of human body of workers at their work 6. To analyze the perspective approaches to develop a places. In respect of male workers quite a large part of them, comfortable life scenario as well to overcome the i.e. more than average have the stress with their anxiety, stressful situation at the part of working class. worry, guilty, mental pressure, non concentration and family Symptoms’ of stress at work places - The different persons conflicts. On an average the symptoms like angriness, are living in our society as individual basis or as group basis. frustration, depression, nervous habits absenteeism and There are several imbalances and in orderly forces are physical illness are shows in male workers. Out of them as created within our body organs may be identified as signals below average shows the symptom of insomnia and nightmares of the symptoms of stress. It may develops the distortions at their life routine. In respect of female workers quite a large in the functioning of body organs that create the symptoms part of them i.e. more than average shows the symptoms of of stress. Here, the exhibit produce some important signs stress by their anger men, frustration, absenteeism, physical or signals to show the symptoms of stress as arising within illness as well as by way of family conflicts. On an average the attitude & behavior of human body . In respect of mental the symptoms like anxiety, nervous habits, depression, mental phenomenon of stress, there are some symptoms’ like pressure and non concentration are shows in female workers. insomnia, nightmares depression, irritability, distrust & need Out of them as below average shows the symptoms of to get love from others are being arise. In respect of physical insomnia & nightmares at their life style. symptoms, the exceeds anxiety, worry, guilt, nervousness Causes to be responsible for stress at work places - In heart burn, stomach pain & frequent urination are being present scenario the stress at work places as caused by shows. While studying about attitudinal & behavioral modern life style accelerated rhythm of life, complications *** Research Guide, Mewar University (Raj.) INDIA ** Research Scholar, Mewar University (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 71 in job performance, unhealthy work environment indifferent Sr.no Area of the Symptoms of Ranked attitudes, greater information flow, excessive competition, the consequences of stress chronic shortage of time & fast social life etc. Within the 1 Biological I present life style of workers, it has observed that there are 2 Psychological II several causes to be responsible for stress at their work 3 Sociological III places. 4 Economical V Exhibit No. – Showing the causes of stress in context of 5 Environmental III IV worker’s family and social levels. The exhibit depicts different area of the symptoms of Different causes to be responsible for stress Ranked the consequences of stress within the purview of worker’s 1. Constant tiredness, weakness & fatigue IV life style. Accordingly, most comprehensive & major part 2. Family withdrawal, isolation and feeling V concerning of biological effects have been put up by first overwhelmed ranks. The next & important area is psychological 3. Poor facilities & opportunities VI consequences have been stands its second rank. The third 4. Self oriented nature VII rank shows the sociological aspects which represent the 5. Old customs & traditions II factors of the social consequences of the stress at worker’s 6. Continue heavy cost of living I life style. Afterwards the environmental and economic 7. Smoking & drug habits VIII aspects having the fourth and fifth ranked respectively arising 8. Illiteracy & low education III within the consequences of stress . The exhibit shows that within the overall life style of Managing “stress” - While analyze the stressful situations workers, the foremost & most important cause to be at work places, it is important to identify & recognize the responsible for stress is continue heavy cost of living and symptoms & signals of the stressful situations towards old customs & traditions as prevailing at their family & society. managing the critical & undesirable happening of the attitude Afterwards, the illiteracy, low education, constant tired man, & behavior of worker’s life style. Within present scenario of weakness & fatigues are also having the causes for stressful life style of average family of workers, it is required for them situation on the part of workers. Then the next important by individual as well as group level to overcome the stressful rank denotes the family withdrawal, isolation & feeling situations & to make an optimum stress level by overwhelmed with poor facilities & opportunities are also empathetically understanding the relations between their responsible for stress. Some other causes as self oriented family & job as well as their worthwhile strength & nature , smoking & drug habits may also be responsible for weaknesses. It has stated that some of the foremost & perfect stress concerning of worker’s life style. ways & means to be very needful to face the negative Consequences of “ Stress” - The consequences of stress situations as well as to overcome the mental distortion & within the life style of workers on their body and behavioral imbalances as arising out of stressful situations. Broadly patterns may broadly be divided into five major parts i.e. some of them are stating here biological, psychological, sociological, economical and 1. Life style - A major part of working class realize that environmental etc. In respect of biological effects of stress the life style is the decisional part not only to create & to are as spasmodic pains in neck & shoulders , minor overcome the stress at their social as well as work places . muscular twitches, excessive hair losses, digestive It include the living standards, daily routines ignore the bad imbalances duodenal ulcers and skin out breaks etc. It also habits, punctuality, medicated & hygienic, cares, encourage triggers mental & emotional problems such as insomnia, civil affairs, developing discipline & morale values . headaches, irritability & depression . In respect of 2 Thoughts - Within the present scenario , the vicious, psychological consequences as arising from stressful outlooks, perceptions mental preparedness, opinions and situations are shyness, insomnia, depression, hopelessness, overall thoughts are much important to make the stressful fatigue, self-hate hyper sensitive to criticism, hostile, situation. It is very critical part to make perspective thoughts irritability, lack of self control, poor self image as well as a & perceptions among workers to overcome the stressful state of panic situations. The mental & emotional stress situations on their part. For it, the tolerance ability, sacrificing adverse effects with asthmatic conditions. Moreover, the habits, devotional attitudes, pleasure moments, healthy frequent urination, boredom and acute cynicism are also working environment as well as yoga methods may be very the consequence of stress. The social consequences may useful for them . be insecurity, non co operation, conflict, loneliness, 3. Behavior - The behavioral patterns of workers have the disloyalty, irresponsibility, violence, exploitations and heavy multidisciplinary field that seeps knowledge of behavior smoking & drug habits. The economic consequences may among the segments of individual, group & organization. It be more devotion to earn income , long stay at work places is required to make trustfulness, rational, inspirational, heavy cost of living, cutoff in some consumption habits etc. collaboration, devotional & emotional attitudes & behavior The indifferent behavior, undesirable contacts in society, among workers. The behavior of workers may be influenced mutual entrust and insecurity may be includes in by a variety of different forces & work place environment environmental situations. might be able to make some perspective behavioral patterns Showing the exhibit area & level of the symptoms of among workers. the consequences of stress at individual & group level of 4. Developing Physical Ability - Physical abilities may workers. be reoffered to people’s capacities to engage in the physical Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 72 tasks to perform a job which required different physical aspects of it such as customary trends, time schedule, capabilities. The capabilities are strength, flexibility, stamina dress code, Communication patterns, hierarchy, & speed etc. While analyze the managing stress, it is most responsiveness as well as the behavioral patterns with required to make a force able & agile manners to develop each other. proper abilities to perform the required job & overcome the To encourage new, innovative & creative ideas, views stressful situations. Moreover it is required to manage & thoughts & approaches from workers aims to ensure maintain the healthy working conditions with harmonious that we are making maximum use of our resources & environment. capacities. 5. Nourishments - Undoubtedly it is fact that to some Create morale & values by means of code of conducts, extends the contribution of nourishments are being proper counseling , devotionality, reliability & informal worthwhile to make healthy overcome the body organs as relations with workers. well as to stressful situations. Concentrate on controlling the overall situations to create There are several evidences indicates that increased visualization. consumption of fiber, proteins & Vitamin rich fruits, food & Have some optimistic approaches to job & its vegetables are steps that can greatly increase the body’s performance & appraisal process. ability to cope with the physiological effects of stress. Provide several motivational applications specified as 6. Personality - Personality plays an important role in fair wages & allowances, job, security, promotion, the process for managing stress. Personality of workers recognition of work, participation & opportunities for denotes the unique , comprehensive perspective & stable advancements. pattern of behavior, thoughts and emotions as shown by Provide facilities & opportunities allowing people the them. There are several ways to make better personality liberty to lead the life they choose and providing them are trustfulness, co operative attitudes, self disciplined cultural liberty is important for human development. responsive & emotional stability etc. to make to reduce the More attention to give workers to make an appropriate stress at work places. work life balances which are beneficial to all. For it Complementary ways & means to overcome “ stress” workers may be given a balancing & fair attention – role of managerial cadres towards their work schedule, relationship patterns, Develop the right optimum & perspective attitudes & children, family leisure & personal development etc. behavior and do not react under pressure. References :- More attention to be given towards the development of 1. Chandan J.S. “ Organizational Behavior “ ( 1994 ) Vikas self by discipline, healthy behavior, positive attitudes, Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. integrity, enthusiasm & devotion to work etc. 2. Sharma G.D. “ Management and the Indian Ethos “ ( Appropriate & optimum adjustments may be set up with 2001 ) Rupa & co. work place culture. Making one self adapt to the various

Signs or Symptoms of stress Mental Physical Attitudinal Insomnia Irritability Excess anxiety Feet Tapping Nightmares Distrust Worry, Guilt Irritability Depression Need to be love Nervousness Compulsive behavior Heart burn Frustration· Stomach pain unsociability Frequent urination

Symptoms of work CATEGORY OF WORKERS stress in workers MALE FEMALE More than Average Below More than Average Below Average Average Average Average 1. Angerness & Frustration 2. Anxiety, Worry & Guilt 3. Depressions & Nervous habits 4. Mental pressure & non concentration 5. Absenteeism 6. Insomnia & nightmares 7. Physical illness 8. Family Conflicts Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 73 Chhattisgarh as a Tourism Brand: Possibilities and Potentials

Dr. Kaustubh Jain * Prem Shankar Dwivedi **

Abstract - Tourism is an important sector playing a crucial role in the economic development of the country. It is one of the highest growing sectors in the world as well as in our country. In the recent years attraction of tourism has increased to Chhattisgarh state but still less when compared with the other states of our country. Tourism in the state can be divided in following types: cultural and ethno- tourism, pilgrim tourism, adventure tourism, business and travel tourism, eco – tourism, rural tourism etc The state is full of potential and unexplored tourist sites which needs serious and sincere efforts for its exploration. Against this background an effort has been made in this paper to make SWOT Analysis and tried to offer suggestions for positioning the brand image of Chhattisgarh state as a tourist destination. Key Words - SWOT Analysis, brand image, economic, tourist sites.

Introduction - Over the years the graph of growth and was ¹ 1,20,083 crore with a growth of 11.5%.To promote diversification of tourism in the world has continuously been and encourage tourism the government of India has launched growing rapidly. This sector can provide jobs to even poor of the scheme of tourist visa on arrival(TVoA) enabled with the poorest because tourism does not come alone; it grows electronic travel authentication (ETA) scheme on 27th with the growth of its stakeholders. The contribution of Travel November 2014 to travel to India for the purpose of tourism & Tourism reached to a total of 9.8% of world GDP (US$7.6 related short stay of 30 days . trillion) in 2014. The sector now supports nearly 277 million India has rich cultural, historical, religious, and natural people in employment – that is 1 in 11 jobs on the planet. heritage which provides a huge potential for development of Instead of global challenges of economic, social and political tourism and creation of job. In due recognition of this potential fluctuations this sector’s growth is forecasted to grow by two major schemes of Swadesh Darshan and Prasad have 3.8 annually over the next ten years. Tourism gives been initiated to improve carrying capacity of the tourist confidence to local people, community, employers and destinations and to promote sustainable development. The government to conserve and protect biodiversity of our eco- schemes focus on integrated development of theme based system and thus it strengthens the concept of sustainable circuit and pilgrim centres to attract both domestic and development. international tourists. To promote river cruise, working group Thus it can be said that tourism is a way of making this was constituted by the central government to examine the earth a more beautiful and safe place which gives an equal modalities of cruise tours connecting places of religious opportunity for growth to everyone, Whether it is hotel/motel, importance. The working group in its report identified 8 tourist transport, construction, railway, banking, insurance and circuits on national waterways. Along with this special focus many other allied sectors. is given to promote Swachh Bharat – Swachh Paryatan with Tourism in India – Tourism in India has grown in leaps and the aim to ensure cleanliness and hygiene at tourist bounds over the years. Many states of the country are full of destinations. possibilities and potentialities of tourism development like Below the given table - 1 shows the importance of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Kerala, Gujarat etc. tourism in the revenue and employment for the country: Diversity of this country is reflected through its languages, Table - 1 (See in the last page) cuisine, traditions, customs, music, dance, religious practices Above table elucidates the importance of tourism sector and festivals, art and craft and its holistic healing traditions. in our country, which contributes to nearly 7% of GDP and Recent years have witnessed high growth in foreign 12.36% of employment to our country. tourist arrivals (FTAs) which result in high foreign exchange Tourism in Chhattisgarh - The 26th state of India which earnings (FEEs).In year 2014 the global rate of international was formed on 1st November,2000 by partitioning 16 tourist arrivals was 4.7% where as India witnessed growth Chhattisgarhi-speaking south-eastern districts of Madhya of 10.6% in FTAs. FTAs during 2014 was 77.03 lakh as Pradesh, now which has nearly completed its 15 years of compared to the FTAs of 69.68 lakh during 2013.The foreign independent identity by maintaining the high growth rate exchange earnings from tourism in rupee term during 2014 among the other states of the country . *** H.O.D. (Commerce) AISECT University, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA ** Research Scholar (Management) AISECT University, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 74

As per a report on tourist footfall in India in 2013 released now become home for the endangered wild buffalo(Bubalis by the market research division of the Ministry of Tourism, bubalus) and the even more endangered hill myna(Gracula Chhattisgarh has climbed to 10th rank from 16th in 2012. religiosa peninsvlaris) are the state animal and state Tribal and rural tourism are still to be explored as it has birdrespectively. The state has taken several steps for their immense potential. The outstanding scenic beauty, historical preservation. Natural attractions are being prompoted with and archaeological sites, the water falls, the hill stations, increased local participation and incouragement to herbal the wild life sanctuaries, the national parks, the heritage gardens and natural health resorts. The mystique of aboriginal monuments, forts and unexplored forests, scenic hill ranges, tribal ethno-medicine, which predates even Ayurveda has Buddhist sites, caves, hill plateaus and friendly people have been preserved and practiced over the millennia. placed the state in an advantageous position. The state is Mainpat(Sarguja), Keshkal valley(Kanker), Chaiturgarh stepped in traditions yet is exposed to information technology (Bilaspur), Bagicha(Jashpur), Kutumbsar caves, Kailash revolution in the country. Swami Vivekananda Airport Raipur, caves, Tirathgarhfalls, Chitrakot falls(Bastar) are all Chhattisgarh got national award of Best Airport (Rest India) exhilarating destinations being promoted for nature and in 2013-14, from the ministry of tourism, government of India. wildlife tourism. Wildlife areas, camping grounds and trekking As data shows below in the table - 2 that Chhattisgarh facilities would be few of the prime attractions. state was among top 10 states in number of domestic tourist Pilgrim tourism - The state encourages development of arrivals in 2013 but again in the report of 2014 it could not pilgrimage centres. Rajim, Champaranya, Dongargarh, come under the list of top 10 states neither in domestic Shivrinarayan, Girodhpuri, Dantewada, Ratanpur, Sirpur and tourist arrivals nor in foreign tourist arrivals. others are popular and main destinations for pilgrim Share of top 10 states /UTs of India in Number of tourism.Sirpur would be part of the wider Buddhist tourism Domestic Tourist Visits in 2013 circuit. Sirpur is a historical town in the district of Table - 2 (See in the last page) Mahasamund in the state of Chhattisgarh, on the banks of Against this background an attempt has been made in the river Mahanadi. It was an important centre of Buddhist the present paper to make SWOT Analysis of the state and from the 6th the 10th century A.D. and was visited by Hieun to offer suggestions for positioning brand image of Tsang, the 7th Century Chinese Pilgrimist and Scholar. The Chhattisgarh around its strengths as a tourist destination. beauty of this magical place has witnessed the presence of Geographical Features of Chhattisgarh – Chhattisgarh His Holiness Dalai Lama too in March 2013. The three holy state is situated in the central of India. The geographical rivers mahanadi, Pairi and Sondur, meet at Rajim which is location of the state is 17p 46 ’north to 24p 5’ north latitude popularly known as the “Prayag” of the Chhattisgarh. From and from 80p 15’ east to 84p 46’ east longitudes. The total pilgrim tourism point of view it an important tourist destination area of Chhattisgarh is 1, 35,191 sq km. the north –south which attracts tourists on annual Rajim Lochan Mahotsav. length of the state is 360 km, while the width from east to Rajim is famous for its rich cultural heritage and the beautiful west is 140km. Area wise it ranks 10th state in the country. ancient temples. Shri Rajim Lochan mandir is dedicated to Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the Lord Vishnu which is at Rajim. north – west, Maharashtra in the west, Telangana to south – Business and travel tourism- Chhattisgarh encourages west, Andhra Pradesh in the south, Odisha in the east, investments in establishment of business- cum- recreation Jharkhand in the north – east and Uttar Pradesh .Raipur is centers to cater to the needs of business travelers. the capital of the state. Majority of the people in Chhattisgarh Investments for the entertainment needs of business tourists speak Hindi, Chhattisgarhi and local dialects, they can also with high purchasing power, facilities such as hotels, understand English language. entertainment and amusement parks, multiplexes, health Chhattisgarh offers the tourist a destination with a spas, shopping malls and golf courses are being encouraged. difference for those, who are tired of the crowds at major Culture and ethno – tourism- Chhattisgarh is very rich in destinations, Bastar with its unique cultural and ecological its culture, traditions and festivals. Now it has identified and identity will come as a breath of fresh air. The green state of is developing ethnic villages and private sector is encouraged Chhattisgarh has 44% of its area under forests and is one of for proper maintenance and professional site management the richest biodiversity areas in the country. The northern of important heritage sites/ monuments. Bhoramdeo , rajim, and southern state has hilly area whereas central of the sirpur,Tala, Malhar and Sheorinarayan are prime sites for state has plain area. heritage tourism. SWOT Analysis - Culture, Heritage and village Tourism - State will identify Strengths- and develop heritage properties i.e. old palaces, Havellies Eco – tourism – This state is fortunate to have 12% share etc as places of tourist interest. These will be integrated of India’s forests, three national parks and 11 wild wildlife with the Eco tourism Circuits. Bhoramdeo, Rajim, Sirpur, sanctuaries. The national parks are the major attraction of Tala, Malhar, Sheorinarayan, Rock paintings of Raigarh, Chhattisgarh. It has several modern attractions in protected Ramgarh, Tumhan , Barsur and Kharod will be promoted as areas such as Kanger Vally national parks, Barnawapara, prime heritage sites.Festivals like Dusshera of Bastar, Madai Sitanadi, Udanti and Achanakmar sanctuaries which has of Narayanpur and Dantewada, Ramoram mela of Sukma, Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 75

Bhoramdeo,Khairagarh, Malhar, Sheorinarayan Mahotsav which pose a serious threat to the development of this sector. and Chakradhar Samoroh of Raigarh will also be This is the reason why Chhattisgarh has still not been promoted.Festivals like Dusshera at Bastar, Madai at connected to the south part of Chhattisgarh which immense Dantewada and Narayanpur,Bhoramdeo, Raut Nacha and potential to be explored. Chakradhar Samaroh are being marketed for global exposure. Government Policies and Future Plans- Chhattisgarh is Weaknesses/Challenges- emerging as a promising tourist destination in the country. Inadequate transport facility is proving to be weakness The state government has taken several policy initiative of the sector. measures for the development of various segments in tourism. Lack of enough security arrangements does not let The following are the measures undertaken by government people to be relaxed. of Chhattisgarh. They are: Lack of trained and educated Guides may less the 1. The state government has decided to bring tourist activities interest and curiosity of tourists. under the priority sector. Limited availability of tourism information and new 2. It has decided to create infrastructure facilities so that updates is also being a barricade in developing tourism. entrepreneurs could open hotels/motels, amusement Limited railway routes to the southern part of the state parks etc. create a lot problem for tourists. 3. Developing Raipur as a tourist destination by promoting Facilities and services are poor in many sites of tourist adventure sports. Chhattisgarh’s first and largest man- importance. made Jungle Safari at Naya Raipur is expected to be providing healthy environment to tourist places is also ready for visitors soon. a challenge. 4. To promote economically, culturally and ecologically Local people are also not interested or aware of sustainable tourism in the State. importance of tourism who can contribute in the growth 5. Strengthen the quality and attractiveness of the tourism of the sector with the growth of their own art and crafts in Chhattisgarh. by preserving the environment if supported properly. 6. Preserve, enrich and showcase the rich and diverse There are many spots which can be developed as a cultural and ecological heritage of the State. tourist sites but Lack of proper marketing and 7. Increase the contribution of tourism to the economic advertising and sometimes government willpower is development of interrelated sectors. the reason behind there backwardness. 8. Encourage and promote private sector initiatives in Opportunities- Chhattisgarh is rich in forest area which is developing tourism related infrastructure. 44% of total area of the state with three national parks and 9. Transform the role to Government of that of facilitator. 11 wildlife sanctuaries. The state is full of greenery and full 10. Promote new concepts in tourism such as time-share of tourism potential. After becoming news state Chhattisgarh eco tourism, village tourism, adventure tourism. has progressed a lot but it could not focus much on tourism. 11. Respect the intellectual integrity and rights of the local Development of basic infrastructure is the biggest opportunity communities. To meet these objectives, the State has for the tourism of the state. Chhattisgarh is known for its identified specific initiatives. tribal culture; their culture, traditions, rituals, dance and Suggestions - songs are the real identity of the state and they offer great 1. Allow corporate sponsorship for heritage buildings potentials for the rural tourism in the state. Other states instead of leaving it in an abandoned state so that the have been given funds and they have identified sites for rural potential of the sector is explored. tourism hence if central and state governments along with 2. The aim of tourism should not limit itself to only the local people show their will power the state may get the sightseeing but it should create an experience. For glory of growth which is waiting for it. example there can be activities for the children, The state also has unexplored opportunity in many spots interactivity for the tourist with the culture of the place of historic and pilgrim importance. Many tourist sites like etc. Sirpur, Rajim, Ratanpur, Dongargarh and many more can be 3. Linking bus services to the rail and air services developed with the international standards so that we can encourage the tourists to travel freely. be in the position to create the state as tourist center for 4. Packaged train travel, easy bus connections and safe domestic and foreign tourists. car hire services with knowledgeable personnel. Threats- The Chhattisgarh tourism industry is facing internal 5. The tourism ministry should surely pursue aggressive as well as external threats. The tourism sector is facing the online and other marketing strategies to promote competition from other states, especially from neighboring Chhattisgarh as a must-visit location. states such as Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, 6. Sell niche tourism areas separately, this state of India Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh states attract more domestic is currently in a position where it can make a cash cow as well as foreign tourists in the field of heritage tourism. out of selling customized experiences, luxury spa Tourism can develop and survive in a safe and secured sessions, rare animal sanctuaries, religious pilgrimage environment. The state suffers from the threat of Naxalism tours. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 76

7. The state government must take action to solve security 2. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, Annual Report problems and regional conflicts. 2014-15, P-95, 97. 8. Proper training is to be given to the guides to provide 3. Depertment of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism & Culture, correct information about the places. Government of India; National Tourism Policy 2002 9. The state government should come along with attractive 4. India tourism statistics at a glance,2014, P-12-13 packages. 5. De,Sumit Kumar and Shrivastava,Dr.Rajesh, Sarguja 10. Proper long term plans should be laid down to develop Sambhag Me Paryatan Udyog Ki Sambhavna Ka the tourist spots. Adyayan, Research Zone vol-5,June 20013,P-63-66 Conclusion- Chhattisgarh has a beautiful array of ancient 6. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, National sculptured temples, monuments, religions spots; hill ranges Tourism Awards 2013-2014, P-12 wildlife sanctuaries, bird sanctuaries and unexplored forests. 7. Research Journal of Arts, Management & Social Chhattisgarh is a peaceful state surrounded with green sciences, vol-V, September, 2011, P-183 -192, 235-241. forests which may attract anyone to visit and to connect 8. India tourism statistics at a glance,2013, P-12 him with nature. Government has also taken steps for its 9. Patwal, Anup Singh; The contribution of eco-tourism tourism developments but a lot depends on the way for sustainable livelihood development in Rajaji National information is packaged and distributed which can go a long Park,Uttarakhand,vol-1(4) ,2013,P- 108 way in improving tourist traffic in the state. Chhattisgarh has 10. www.tourism.nic.in a lot of potential and unexplored tourist sites with sincere 11. www.chhattisgarhtourism.net efforts and will power the state and stakeholders it can 12. http://bastar.gov.in/bastar_tourism.htm become a tourist destination not only for our country but for 13. http://surguja.gov.in/tourist_places.htm the world. 14. http://bilaspur.gov.in/Tourism.html References :– 15. http://raipur.nic.in/tourism.htm 1. G.Satyanarayana and M.V. Raghavalu; Problems and 16. http://durg.gov.in/DistrictProfile_TouristPlaces.html prospects of tourism in Backward Areas, Southern 17. http://www.cso.gov.bw/index.php/sector-statistics Economics vol.-44, June15, 2005, P-13

Table - 1 Year Contribution of tourism in GDP Contribution of tourism in of the country (%) employment of the country (%) Direct Indirect Total Direct Indirect Total 2009-10 3.68 3.09 6.77 4.37 5.80 10.17 2010-11 3.67 3.09 6.76 4.63 6.15 10.78 2011-12 3.67 3.09 6.76 4.94 6.55 11.49 2012-13 3.74 3.14 6.88 5.31 7.05 12.36 Source: Annual report 2014-15, Ministry of tourism, Government of India.

Share of top 10 states /UTs of India in Number of Domestic Tourist Visits in 2013 Table - 2 Rank State/UT Domestic Tourist Visit in 2013(P) Number Percentage Share % 1. Tamil Nadu 244232487 21.3 2 Uttar Pradesh 226531091 19.8 3 Andhra Pradesh 152102150 13.3 4 Karnataka 98010140 8.6 5 Maharashtra 82700556 7.2 6 Madhya Pradesh 63110709 5.5 7 Rajasthan 30298150 2.6 8 Gujarat 27412517 2.4 9 West Bengal 25547300 2.2 10 Chhattisgarh 22801031 2.0 Total of Top 10 States 972746131 84.9 Others 172534312 15.1 Total 1145280443 100.0 Source: State/UT Tourism Departments (Provisional) ************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 77

Socio-Environmental Issues Of Bus Rapid Transit System At Bhopal

* Dr. Rita Sachdev Introduction - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) concept is becoming Access to Public Transport - To cater for the intra-city travel increasingly utilized by the cities looking for cost effective demand the public transport comprises of minibuses and transit solution. Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) attempts tempos. In terms of capacity, road space utilization and to address the deficiencies of the earlier public transport environmental degradation the tempos, mainly operating from system by providing a rapid, high quality, safe and secure the urban fringes to city core, have been found to be quite transit operations. However, in order to gather a large number insufficient. Moreover the quality of service provided by of commuters to public transport, there is a need to offer minibuses and tempos is poor with no arrival / departure good quality and comfortable service. For Bhopal, the first schedules and request stops anywhere on the route. Even step in this direction was the launch of ‘My Bus,’ the Bus with this service quality, the minibuses and tempos cater Rapid Transit System (BRTS), a new form of public transport nearly 31% and 12% of the intra-city travel demands by system in India. My Bus was carefully named to highlight a mechanical modes. Both minibuses and tempos do not have sense of public ownership of the new improved version of any organized terminal facilities. The intercity bus terminal at public transport in the city. Bhopal is the capital city of Nadra in the old city acts as a major node for the inter-city. Madhya Pradesh. My Bus, for the first time in India have Transport, Energy and the Environment - The amount of added push button features for pedestrians to access the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions caused by system and has special security measures to ensure women transport activities depends upon factors that are specific to safety. Thus with a view to improve the public transport individual cities, including: the number of vehicles and the system in the city and encourage people to use it, Madhya extent to which these vehicles are used; characteristics of Pradesh Govt. introduced the BRTS in Bhopal on September the transportation fleet (e.g., vehicle type, engine and 27 ,2013 under its Integrated Mass Transit Plan. According emission control technology, average vehicle age, and quality to the 2011 Census, the city of Bhopal has a population of of maintenance); types of fuel used; and local conditions, 18.43 lakhs and the municipal area is spread out in 285 sq such as topography and climate. Except for topography and km, with 647 Km of urban roads. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) climate, governments have the ability to enact policies and can help to reduce oil consumption and associated emissions programs that can significantly address each of these factors. of air pollution and greenhouse gases. BRT also can help These include standards for fuel economy and quality, mitigate growing traffic congestion and encourage more inspection and maintenance programs, and transport sustainable urban development. demand management programs, such as improved public Environmental Degradation - One of the critical and most transport, parking management, congestion pricing, and immediate problems faced by Bhopal is the health impact vehicle occupancy requirements. More efficient use of energy of urban environmental pollution. The reasons being air and a cleaner energy supply will simultaneously boost our pollution inadequate water, sanitation, drainage, solid waste energy security, grow our economies and lower our services and urban and industrial waste management. There emissions. is phenomenal increase in traffic load in the city, which is Benefits of BRTS - Socio-economic and environmental one of the major causes of pollution in the city. SPM and benefits of BRTS are summarized herewith: NOx levels also showed a diurnal variation consistent with Category Description traffic variations while, the SO2 levels were generally low. Urban Form More sustainable urban form, including Though the ambient levels of Carbon mono-oxide could not densification along major corridors· detected, a large number of vehicles emitting greater than Reduced cost of delivering services such 5% of carbon mono- oxide and higher than 7000 ppm of as electricity, water and sanitation hydrocarbons were detected, the levels being much higher Economic Reduced travel time· than the standards. Environmental Problems associated with More reliable product deliveries· the different water resources are identified to be; ground water Increased economic productivity· contamination, chemical pollution, microbial contamination, Increased employment, improved work affecting Human health due to waterborne diseases condition *** Asst. Professor (Commerce) Govt. Arts and Commerce College, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 78

Environmental Environmental reduced emission of Observations - The transport sector also is a leading cause air pollutant of local air pollution, causing two million air pollution-related Reduced noise deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization. Social More equitable access throughout The transport-related pollutants that impact human health

the city· include lead, particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), Volatile

Reduced accident and injuries organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon

Increased civic pride and sense of monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2). community Air pollution also damages waterways, agriculture, and man- Impacts of BRTS - The potential impact of this project can made structures, such as buildings. be seen on three stages- the design stage, construction Social Impacts - As with other indicators, the social impacts stage and operational stage whereas positive impacts are of a BRTS will depend on how the system is designed, some observed such as Time saving benefits to transit users, Fuel of these impacts are stated above. Savings from public transport operations, Reduction in air Property expropriation and resettlement - Usually the pollution, Reduction in traffic congestion, Noise and vibration greatest concern in social appraisal of infrastructure projects reduction, etc. Negative impacts on components of is with property expropriation and involuntary resettlement. environment at design stage are Removal of Structures, Normally BRT systems will be designed in such a way as to Removal of trees and vegetation, Land Acquisition. Social minimize involuntary resettlement, and in fact BRTS Impacts are Impact on road safety and Accidents while frequently make it possible for municipalities to put off or environmental impacts are on air quality in that area and stop all together new road projects which would have much Change in SPM, CO, NO levels ( See in the last page) higher levels of involuntary resettlement. Climate - There are no adverse effects on climatic conditions System Sociability - Public transport systems can also such as temperature; wind etc. microclimate may get provide one of the few places in a city where all social groups affected due to removal of vegetation and addition of road are able to meet and interact. An affordable and high-quality surface. There may be a temperature difference in the areas system can attract customers from low income, middle adjacent to road surface and other areas due to reduction in income and high income sectors. This role as a common roadside plantation. public good can be quite healthy in creating understanding Physiography- BRTS Project may alter the local and easing tensions between social groups. The new system physiographic as well as the drainage pattern. Minor cut- may also mean that persons who previously had no travel and-fills are designed to improve the road geometry and options now can visit the entire city. parallel cross structure is added to improve drainage. These Safety - The separation of public transport vehicles from changes are minor as there will be a slight change in height mixed traffic and the improvements to pedestrian crossings and width of the road cross-section. and traffic signalization are measures typically employed to Drainage - There is no alteration of existing drainage system make a new BRT operate efficiently. These same measures but there will be slight changes in drainage characteristics also tend to produce significant safety benefits. Thus because of topographical changes. This project can only reductions in vehicle accidents and pedestrian, accidents have a negative impact when the slopes created for the often accompany the implementation of a new system. improvement of road geometry are not re-vegetated or Design Stage - Plans should be made such that minimum stabilized. vegetation is removed. Excavation should be avoided during Vegetation - Number of mature trees were cut during monsoon to reduce soil erosion. Rainwater harvesting construction of BRTS corridor and compensatory plantation system should be proposed to reduce water runoff. was planned by authority to reduce the impact and Some major social impacts like displacement of Para- environmental degradation. Transit workers could be avoided by negotiation and Ambient Noise - Noise, aptly defined as unwanted sound compromise to ensure that at least some existing operators is one of the most undesirable consequences of road enjoy the benefits of the new system, while at the same development. Crushing plants and asphalt production plants time not holding the public interest hostage to the demands produce high noise levels, 90-100 dBA. Movement on of these private interests. vehicles, unloading of construction materials, construction Construction Stage - As majority of waste generated consist activities are some of the sources during construction phase of concrete and masonry, recycling of this waste by whereas heavy traffic adds to the noise pollution during conversion to aggregate can offer benefits of reduced landfill operation phase. Average noise levels increase from 1 to 2 space and reduced extraction of raw material for new dB for each 10 km per hour increase in average traffic speed. construction activity. Recycled aggregate can also be used The higher level of noise may because of continuous traffic as a sub base for road construction. Domestic waste flow on majority of road stretch which was a part of NH generated from labor camps should be collected and Carrying state traffic during day as well as night. But after composted on site along with the biomass from the land implementation of BRTS the noise levels have considerably clearing activities. The non-compostable and non-recyclable reduced due to free traffic flow and no congestion problem. portion of the waste should be collected and transported to Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 79 the nearest identified landfill site. Noise prone activities could residents in a safe and environment friendly mode of be restricted to the extent possible during night. transport. The rapid growth in the number of motor vehicles OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT - has resulted in severe traffic congestion and air pollution in Analysis of air composition along the corridor: Pre BRTS many cities of the country. Bus rapid transit (BRT) is a term and Post BRTS applied to a variety of public transportation system using Table showing the change in the Pollutant levels. buses to provide faster, more efficient service than an ordinary

YEAR SO2 Level NOX Level SPM Level bus line. The goal of these systems is to approach the service 2009 6.24 20.83 522.16 quality of rail transit while still enjoying the cost savings and 2012 3.36 19.12 412.80 flexibility of bus transit so the city can be self sustainable. 2014 2.00 9.50 218.90 BRTS Bhopal has improved access for local riders and (Source- CPCB) advanced public transportation systems while reducing the The data shows that level of pollutant has reduced. environmental impacts of transportation. Moving people Analyzing the characteristics of the city in terms of quickly, at a low cost, with reduced greenhouse gases and climate, socio economic activities, land use, network and air pollutants helps cities grappling with rapid growth, connectivity, it was easily seen that the city enjoys a congestion and environmental concerns. moderate climate, being centrally located it is well connected Level of pollutant reduced. to all the regions, and being a state capital a large number The Carbon monoxide (CO) which is the major of people are engaged in administrative activities, about 47% constituent of the vehicular emissions has reduced to of the total land-use belongs to residential area, and that of considerable level. transportation is 15%. Talking about the project, as 48% of Improved air quality. the trips depend on public transportation, the BRTS is divided among 4 different corridors; all the corridors put together References :- account for a total length of 44kms. All in all, the project is not only time saving, fuel saving, but also reduces traffic 1. Draft Environment and social management, framework congestion and noise pollution. But as every job has its for the GEF-5 project on Efficient and Sustainable City pros and cons, the project comes up with problems like, Bus Services (ESCBS) for the Bhopal city, PPC: LEA land acquisition and removal of green cover. The suggested associates South Asia Pvt Ltd., 2014 measures from our side are that plans should be made such 2. Bhopal Municipal Corporation. www. bhopalmunicipal .com that minimum vegetation is removed, for every amount of 3. Environmental Impact Assessment for BRTS, www. isca. in removed vegetation, new green belt should be proposed. 4. Bajracharya, Ashim (2008), The impact of modal shift Avoiding excavation during monsoon and noise prone on the transport ecological footprint, A case study of activities during night will be of great relief to the city dwellers. the proposed BRTS in Ahmedabad,India. Lastly, restriction of speed should also be imposed to reduce 5. Chaurasia Devarshi , BRTS: A Sustainable way of city emission rate. Regular maintenance of the vehicle should transport (case study of Bhopal BRTS) , (IJEAT). ISSN: be made mandatory. 2249-8958,volume-3,issue-4,april2014. Conclusion And Discussion - A sustainable transport 6. APEC Energy database system must provide mobility and accessibility to all urban 7. Bhopal City Development Plan under JNNURM

Impact on Soil Design Stage Construction Stage Operational Stage Loss of useful soil Erosion of top soil· Spill from accidents Generation of debris Contamination by Deposition of lead Wearing away of top soil lubricants and fuel Compaction of soil Contamination from wastes

Impact on Air Design Stage Construction Stage Operational Stage Dust generation during Dust generation Noise dismantling Reduced Asphalt odour Dust buffering of air and noise Noise, dust, pollution Pollution pollution, Odour/ smoke Hotter and drier microclimate Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 80

Impact on water Design Stage Construction Stage Operational Stage Siltation due to loose earth Change of drainage Spill contamination by Stagnant water pools in fuel lubricants and quarries washing of vehicles Decrease of ground water recharge area Contamination by fuel and lubricants Contamination by asphalt leakage Contamination from overuse waste

Impact on Flaura and Fauna Design Stage Construction Stage Operational Stage Loss of Biomass Loss of ground for Impact of pollution vegetation Removal of on vegetation vegetation/Tree Cutting Toxicity of vegetation Lowered productivity use as fuel wood Disturbance Disturbance Collision with traffic Loss of Habitat Poaching

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Impact Of armed Conflict On Economy And Tourism - A Study Of State Of Jammu And Kashmir

* Mohd. Sajad Dar

Abstract - During the last two and half decades Jammu and Kashmir has been under the political turmoil. During the turmoil hundreds and thousands of precious lives have been wasted. When we look into the circumstances in Jammu and Kashmir it is not only the precious lives that has been lost, other segments of the state also received a considerable down fall. In this study we have tried to identify the impact of this armed conflict on the economic growth in Jammu and Kashmir region with special reference to tourism sector. The specific objective of the study is to get the inferences about the impact of armed conflict on: (i) the overall Economy of Jammu and Kashmir (ii) tourism sector in Jammu and Kashmir.The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage we have identified the relationship between the growth in the armed conflict and growth in economy of the state. Number of fatalities every year due to armed conflict has been taken as proxy for the growth in armed conflict and NSDP has been taken as the indicator of the economic growth. In the second stage the relationship between number of fatalities and tourist count has been identified. Thestudy finds a significant negative relationship between the growth in the armed conflict and economic growth of the Jammu and Kashmir. Also a significant negative relationship between the armed conflict and economy of the state was found to be occurring. Results revealed that with every unit increase in the armed conflict (which in this case is number of fatalities) decreases the NSDP by .065 units (unit is Rs in Billions). Also when we tried to identify the relationship between the armed conflict and tourism a very significant negative correlation between the two variables was found to be existing (correlation=-.65). While analyzing the impact of armed conflict on the tourist count of the state it was found to be having very high impact. The regression results imply that with every one unit increase in the armed conflict there is a decline of .232 units in the tourist count (here unit of tourist count is in thousands). Thus supports the results which were interpreted by the graphical representation. Implications of the study are also discussed. Introduction - Kashmir is a stunning and captivating land Kashmir valley, but with the eruption of violence the tourist that abounds with natural beauty. Adorned by snow-capped lands were deserted and also the people who used to visit mountains, wildflower meadows, immense glaciers, and Shri Mata Vaishno Devi shrine and Amarnath also sparkling lakes, Kashmir has often been compared to heaven diminished. From last few years jammu and kashmir has on earth. However, this pristine image of Kashmir has been witnessed increase in number of the tourists to Vaishno Devi replaced by a much more frightening one. India and Pakistan shrine, in Jammu region and to Leh in Ladakh Though the both claim ownership of Kashmir and this dispute has number of tourists to Srinagar has increased with the launch resulted in two major wars as well as thousands of deaths, of the peace process, their specific targeting by the militants human rights violations, and atrocious acts of aggression. have led to decline in their numbers. The local people bemoan The conditions of violence in Kashmir are beyond the minds this tragedy befalling on them. In Kashmireconomy has been of people. Suicide bombings, attacks by militant groups and completely shattered due to ongoing turmoil. While earlier open fire by security forces are the main reasons for hostility. thousands of outsiders thronged to the city, now only Civilians are killed on a daily basis. Every year, there are hundreds visit the valley. The count of the tourists has fallen countless reported cases of torture, rape, deaths in custody, from millions in 1980,s to thousands during the peak of the extrajudicial executions, and disappearances. Indiscriminate turmoil. Violence has also directly affected other important violence has marked the area since 1989. During the turmoil sources of livelihood such as agriculture, horticulture, and it is not only the expensive and valuable lives that have been the handicraft industry. These sectors have become the lost but it has also affected theeconomic condition of Kashmir survival mechanisms for the local people but are not very badly. Reluctance of businessmen to set up business flourishing. The state is known for wide variety of agricultural and decline in the number of tourist count has very drastically and horticulture products. However, the conflict environment affected the economy of the Jammu and Kashmir. During has prevented people from maximally utilizing this gift of the the Pre-militancy era the favorite destination was the beautiful nature. The horticulture industry has also suffered directly

*** Research Scholar, R.D.V.V., Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 82 as well as indirectly due to conflict situation. horticulture and handicraft industries also (Ahmad &Hussain, Impact of armed conflict on the Economy of Jammu 2011). Nevertheless, terrorism and violence are not the only and Kashmir - Terrorism imposes significant economic cause for Jammu & Kashmir s economic depression but effects on societies and will not only lead to direct material “poor policy management, corruption and lack of damage, but also to long term effects on the local economy. infrastructure” as well (Mohapatra, 2007). So in this study The identification and the estimation of these economic we will identify how much terrorism has impact on the effects of terrorism have received broad attention in economic economy of the state. literature and research during the last few decades. Primary Impact on armed conflict on the tourism of Jammu and economic impact of terrorism “refers to the effects arising Kashmir - Tourism which was thought to be the backbone from the immediate aftermath of a terrorist event”. These of Jammu and Kashmir has been drastically affected by the effects include the physical destruction of urban objects, evolution of the armed conflict. The state which was the and the human casualties (injuries and losses of human favored situation of the tourists till 90 s has been deserted of life). There is a direct relationship between the armed conflict the tourists for a very long time. Terrorism often causes and economy of the state. Armed conflict has led to decline cancellations and withdrawal of travel plans to certain in handicraft business, agricultural production and tourism destinations; though indicate the tourism industry as count, especially in the late 1980 s (Mahapatra, 2007). Even extremely indestructible (Chauhan & Khanna, 2009). The basic infrastructure like power supply, roads, communication negative news by most of the international and national news systems and drinking water remain poor because resources channels makes it unthinkable to the people around the world are diverted to counter-terrorism activities (Mahapatra, 2007). to visit Jammu and Kashmir, because the way they present Likewise silviculture is not possible anymore since Kashmir the news makes jammu and kashmir the terrorist paradise s forests have become the perfect hiding place for terrorists. (Buckley and Klemm, 1993). Further it is suggested that Inevitably there is a clear connection between terrorism and locals and foreigners are equally likely to be involved in a increasing unemployment as well. Statistics have shown that crime scenario which causes the crucial variable “fear of the the employment rate declined from 44.3 percent in 1981 to unknown and the risk” (Chauhan & Khanna, 2009). The news 36.6 percent in 2001. Considering that the government is channels and reports play a very important role, the way almost the only employer (due to the lack of private they make situation worse in Jammu and Kashmir no one investments), that fact is not really surprising. Another very else has contributed to that. They make the dead bodies important cost of violence is the waste of human talent” and speculative in their news channels like they are showing “loss of creativity that has stunted development and has some sort of miraculous objects not keeping in view the forced people to think only of survival not of progress psychological effects they have on people. (Ashraf, 2008). (Mahapatra, 2007). Quality of education has suffered In order to avoid “this intentional or unintentional damage to dramatically since schools and universities are often closed the travel business in Jammu & Kashmir, and to keep a or even come under fire because of terrorism related activities positive image alive media and officers of the travel industry (Jarudi, 2002). What remains are thousands of low level must cooperate and closely work together. In addition, the educated students with no hope for a job driving them to local tourism industry could try to implement common enter into terror groups. Thousands of local boys turned to marketing strategies such as incentive airline tickets or hotel militant training across the border. The basic cause is not rate discounts (Sonmez & Graefe, 1998) to promote the ideological or the jihad factor. Most went because they have destination and to limit the impact of militancy on this sector.In nothing here. No future. No job. No hope. If they had hope, an attempt to gain a deeper inside view into the special they would not go” (Jarudi, 2002). Thisevolution gave the relationship between terrorism and tourism many studies aggrieved party the opportunity to demonstrate their proposed that tourists (and sometimes also important sights) displeasure against the government, however, those who might be the perfect victim for terrorism since they are perceived a slight chance to find employment elsewhere and sensed as representatives of their countries and therefore had sufficient funds to leave Kashmir migrated to different cause a much higher media coverage and international parts of India (Ahmad & Hussain, 2011). As a matter of fact, attention. Consequentially, the involvement of the concerned Jammu & Kashmir s economic growth could not keep up countries of origin increases pressure on the actual targeted with the national level (Ahmad & Hussain, 2011) and can government and the worldwide publishing of the militants exhibit only 5.27 percent annual growth during the first three opinions makes travellers the best channel for militants to years of the tenth five year plan in comparison to the national get the messages and demands across (Richter, 1983). In average of 6.6 percent (Finance & Planning Commission, this regard also the attack on the tourist is perceived as 2007). Similarly, “in 2007, the per capita income of the state attack on the government that is why tourists are sometimes is only two-thirds of the national average in India (Finance & attacked to show their anger against the government (Ryan, Planning Commission, 2007). The economic cost of the 1993). In Jammu and Kashmir many such incidents have conflict cannot be confined to a particular sector of industry also taken place where the people from the resistance have or investment prospect, but it had affected the important attacked the local and foreign tourists. So in this study we sources of livelihood of local people such as tourism, Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 83 will also try to identify the impact of armed conflict on the 4. Ashraf, F. (2002): „Jammu and Kashmir Dispute: tourism of the state. Examining Various Proposals for its Resolution. References :- Published by The Institute of Strategic Studies in 1. Ahmad, I. M. & Hussain, N. A. (2011): „Impact of Turmoil Islamabad, Series: Islamabad Papers (20), pp. 1-51 on Tourism of Kashmir. Journal of Economics and 5. Chaudhary, P. (2002): „Religious Terrorism – The Latest Sustainable Development 2(7), pp.1-7 Threat (Juxtaposition of Jammu s Heritage –Living and 2. Akhtar, S. (2007): „War on Terrorism & Kashmir Issue. Vibrant versus Dead and Decaying. Strategies for the Research Fellow, Institute of Regional Studies, pp. 1-9. World s Cultural Heritage. Preservation in a globalized 3. Arunatilake, A. et.aI. (1999), The Economic Cost of the world: principles, practices and perspectives. 13th War in Sri Lanka, Institute of Policy Studies, Colombo. ICOMOS General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Madrid, pp. 311-314

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Marketing Potential In India Rural Market

Dr. Pradeep Kumar Sharma *

Introduction - Indian Rural Market - India consists of about government plans to invest considerably in rural 650,000 villages. These villages are peopled by about 850 electrification. million consumers making up for about 70 per cent of The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector in population and contributing around half of the country’s Gross rural and semi-urban India is expected to cross US$ 20 Domestic Product (GDP). Consumption patterns in these billion by 2018 and US$ 100 billion by 2025. rural areas are steadily changing to increasingly resemble The rural FMCG market extended at a CAGR of 13.2 the consumption patterns of urban areas. Some of India’s per cent to US$ 100 billion during 2009–15. largest consumer companies serve one-third of their consumers from rural India. Owing to a constructive changing Challenges in Indian Rural Market - Although the rural consumption trend as well as the probable size of the market, market does offer a huge untapped potential, it should also rural India provides a large and striking investment opportunity be recognized that it is not that easy to operate in rural for private companies. India’s per capita GDP in rural regions market because of numerous problems. The major issues has grown at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of are as follows:- 6.2 per cent since 2000. Several Languages and Dialects - The existence of local Opportunities in Indian Rural Market - Almost 70% of languages causes major difficulty for companies in promoting the Indian population lives in villages and rural areas. Rural their products in rural market and it is difficult for the India consumes almost 60% of the total goods manufactured companies to prepare promotional advertisements in every in India with majority of the products coming from FMCG local language. sector. Market research firm Nielsen expects India’s rural Low Literacy Level - It is hard to educate the potential FMCG market to reach a size of US$ 100 billion by 2025. consumers in rural market about products due to low level According to another report by McKinsey Global Institute of literacy. forecasts the annual real income per household in rural India Logistic Problems - The deprived state of rural infrastructure to rise to 3.6 per cent 2025, from 2.8 per cent in the last 20 is one of the major concerns of most of the companies years. Rural market offers significant growth potential. planning to invest in this sector. Although the rural population Growing adaptability to innovative products is increasing in is huge it is not possible to form an effectual distribution the minds of rural customers. system and reach out to a considerable number of target consumers. Seasonal and Variable Demand - Monsoon being the harvesting season in India and agriculture being the key occupation of majority of the rural population the demand for goods is majorly controlled in during the monsoons when the income is comparatively high. Availability of duplicate and cheap brands in rural market - The existence of duplicate brands, which are quite common in rural parts, at lesser prices gives considerable competition to the firms. Marketing Strategy in Rural India - A marketing strategy which is massively untapped by most of the companies is employing the villagers themselves to market the Rural Segment Quickly Gearing Up - products.HUL has the lead the way in this form of marketing In rural markets, durables like refrigerators as well as by the launch of the campaign HUL Shakti, where village consumer electronic goods are likely to witness women are employed to form a distribution network of HUL increasing demand in the coming years as the products in the rural areas. Employing local people for

*** Professor (Commerce) Govt. Hamidia Arts & Commerce College, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 85 marketing particularly in areas where it is difficult to transport 75,600 crore (US$ 11.28 billion) to supply electricity through and commute was a ground-breaking way to increase separate feeders for agricultural and domestic consumption accessibility and marketing of the Bottom of the Pyramid in rural areas. products. The Government of India seeks to encourage innovation In rural India marketing of a product mostly happens by and technology development in the remote rural and tribal the word of the mouth and by peer experiences of use of the areas. The programme named ‘Nav Kalpana Kosh’ aims to product, due to the comparative less use of television and improve rural areas at various levels, such as governance, almost no access to internet. Research has also proved agriculture and hygiene. Similarly many other efforts are being that if villagers are satisfied with the product they do not made by the Government for the upliftment of rural India. change their products frequently. As whole Brand loyalty is Future or Rural Indian Market - With the effort of high in rural market. For that reason the primary aim of any Government the rural regions are already well covered by firm should be to position their brand in the mind of the rural basic telecommunication services and are now witnessing population well, during the initiation phase which will enable increasing penetration of computers and smart phones. them to have a enduring and long lasting presence in the Keeping in views these developments, online portals are market. Companies should try to associate a good-will with being viewed as key channels for companies trying to enter their brand. and establish themselves in the rural market. The Internet Government Initiatives for Rural Sector - With the has become a cost-effective means for a company looking growing demand for skilled labour, The Govt. of India plans to overcome geographical barriers and widen its reach. As to train 500 million people by 2022, and is looking out for is the trend with urban India, consumers in the rural regions corporate players and entrepreneurs to facilitate in this are also expected to cuddle online purchases over time and venture. Corporate, government, and educational drive consumption digitally. organisations are amalgamating in the effort to train, educate and produce skilled workers. References :- The Govt. has decleared the Pradhan Mantri Krishi 1. Subramanian, R., Gupta, P. Leveraging the Indian rural Sinchaee Yojana (PMKSY), with a proposed outlay of Rs opportunity: a new approach. Tata Strategic Management 50,000 crore (US$ 746 million) spread over a period of five Group, 1-4. years starting from 2015-16. The scheme aims to supply 2. Wath, M., Agarwal P. (2011). Rural marketing in Indian irrigation to every village in India by converging various corporate world: issue and challenges. 1 (4),750-755 continuing irrigation schemes into a single focused irrigation 3. www.ibef.org programme. The Government of India aims to spend Rs 4. www.indianmba.com/occasionalpapers.

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1. KoQ>`m [nagÂ[oŒm H{$ Xem _{ß 10% Capital Fund H$r AdYmaUm ^r H$_Om{a [∂S> JB© Am°a oXgÂ]a 2010 _{ß 2. gßX{hmÀ_Z [nagÂ[oŒm H$r Xem _{ß 20% ‘The BASEL Committee on Banking Supervision(BC BS)’ 3. joV [nagÂ[oŒm H$r Xem _{ß 100% ¤mam Am`m{oOV ]°R>H$ _{ß ]g{b- II H{$ oZ`_m{ß d C[- oZ`_m{ß _{ßß gßem{YZ 31 _mM© 2011 H$m{ ^maV H{$ 20 CÉ ]¢H$m{{ß H$r J°a oZÓ[mXZr` H$r _mßJ H$r JB©& ^maV gohV 28 X{em{ß _{ß Bg ]°R>H$ _{ß [y∞Or fl`m©·Vm d [nagÂ[oŒm`mß{ H$m{ AmJm_r VmobH$m H$r ghm`Vm g{ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h°& gabVm g{ gß]ßoYV AZw[mV _mZH$m{ H$m{ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m J`m& BZ ZdrZV_ ‡_wI ]¢H$m{ß H$r J°a-oZÓ[mXZr` [nagÂ[oŒm`m (NPAs) 31 _mM© _mZH$m{ H$m{ BASEL-III H$hm OmVm h°& 2011 VH$ (amoe H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ _{ß) dÒVwV: ]¢H$m{ß H{$ ÒWmo`Àd VWm XrK©H$mbrZ CŒmaOrodVm H$m{ H$m`_ H´$. ]¢H$m{{ H{$ Zm_ Gross NPAs Net NPAs aIZ{ H{$ ob`{ [yßOr [`m©·Vm _mZH$m{ VWm AZw[mVm{ [a ]b oX`m OmVm h°& 01 ICICI Bank 10,034.26 2,407.36 BASEL-II H{$ AZwgma ]¢H$ H$r Om{oI_ ^mnaV gÂ[oŒm (Risk Weighted 02 State Bank Of India 25,326.29 12,347.90 Assets ) Am°a ›`yZV_ [y∞Or H$m _mZH$ AZw[mV 8 hm{Zm MmohE ^maVr` 03 State Bank Of Patiyala 1,381.68 620.77 naOd© ]¢H$ ¤mam Bg{ 9 ‡oVeV H{$ Í$[ _{ß gwoZoÌMV oH$`m J`m h°& 04 State Bank Of Hydrabad 1150.45 562.72 BASEL-III “The BASEL Committee On Banking Supervision 05 Bank Of India 4,811.55 1,944.99 06 Bank Of Baroda 3,512.50 790.88 H{$ _wª` oXem-oZX}e oZÂZdV≤ h¢- 07 Union Bank Of India 3,622.82 1803.44 CŒmm{bH$ AZw[mV (Levexage Ratio) 3 ‡oVeV oZYm©naV oH$`m 08 Punjab National Bank 4,379.39 2038.63 J`m h° Am°a `h gZ≤ 2018 g{ ‡^mdr hm{Jm& 09 Indian Overseas Bank 3,089.59 1328.42 VabVm AZw[mV H{$ Xm{ ^mJm{ß _{ß od^moOV oH$`m J`m h°& 10 Oriental Bank Of 1,920.54 938.15 - Short-Term : Liqudity Coverage Ratio(LCR) & Commerce - Long-Term : Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) 11 Canara Bank 3,089.21 2347.33 12 UCO Bank 3,150.36 1824.55 Tier – 1 [y±Or AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m{ 4 ‡oVeV H{$ ÒWmZ [a 6 ‡oVeV H$a 13 IDBI Bank 2,784.73 1677.91 oX`m J`m h°& 14 Vijaya Bank 1,355.78 741.16 3 ‡oVeV H$r Hw$b AmdÌ`H$Vm VWm ‘Tier-1 [y∞Or AmdÌ`H$Vm' H{$ 15 Syndicate Bank 2,598.97 1,030.84 A›Va H$r [yoV© Tier-2 Capital Requirement g{ H$r Om gH$Vr h°& 16 Central Bank Of India 2,394.00 847.00 Common equity 17 United Bank Of India 1,355.78 757.41 gm_m›` g_Vm Am°a bm^m{ß H$m [wZ: odoZ`m{OZ ( 18 Allahabad Bank 1,647.92 736.37 and Retained earning) H$m{ F$U C[H$aUm{ß H{$ ]Om` ¡`mXm _hÀd 19 Bank Of Maharashtra 1,173.70 610.95 oX`m OmZm MmohE& 20 Dena Bank 842.24 54.89 Tier-1 Capital Requirment H{$ Hw$N> VÀdm{ß ª`moV, A—Ì` Source – RBI NPA Figures for the year ended march 2011 [nagÂ[oŒm`m∞ ÒWoJV H$a gÂ[oŒm`m∞ (Kreffered Tax Assets) AmoX [y±Or flm`m©·Vm _mZH$ (Capital Adequacy Norms) - d°oÌdH$ Am`m{Ω` Km{ofV H$a oX`m J`m h°- ÒVa [a ]¢H$m{ H$m g\$b gßMmbZ H$aZ{ h{Vw Am°a CZH$r CŒmaOrodVm H$m{ ]m∞g{b-1 Am°a ]m∞g{b-2 H{$ AZwgma [y∞Or AmdÌ`H$Vm (Capital ]ZmE aIZ{ h{Vw gZ≤ 1988 _{ß Bank For International Settlements Requirment) H$r VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oZÂZmßoH$V VmobH$m g{ oH$`m Om BIS ¤mam oÒdQ>Oab¢S> _{ß ]mogb _wª`mb` [a EH$ go_oV H$m JR>Z oH$`m gH$Vm h°- J`m Wm& oOg{ The Committee on Banking Regulations and ]m∞g{b-1 ]m∞g{b-2 ^maV supervisory Practices (Basel Committee) H{$ Zm_ g{ [wH$mam OmVm BASEL-1 BASEL-2 India h° Bg go_oV ¤mam OwbmB© 1988 _{ß [yßOr flm`m©·Vm d [y∞Or ‡oV_mZm{ H{$ Tier-1 4% 6% 6% gßX^© _{ß oXem oZX}e Omar oH$E JE BZ oZX}em{ß H$m{ AZ{H$ amÓQ≠>m{ß H{$ H{$›–r` Core Tier-1 2% 4-5% - 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CÑ{IZr` Am°a oM›VmOZH$ Vœ` `h ^r h° oH$ AmO ^r ^maVr` J`{& o\$a ]¢H$mß{ H$r gmI [a ‡ÌZ oM›h bJ J`m& E{gr oÒWoV _{ß H$r Km{fUm ]¢H$m| H$m [y±Or AmYma (Capital Base) ]hwV H$_ h°& Am°a g^r ]¢H$m| _{ß Bg H$r JB©, oH$›Vw BASEL-II _{ß CÑ{oIV Tier I Capital Fund Am°a Tier-II gßX^© _{ß EH$Í$[Vm ^r Zhr h°& RBI ¤mam ‡À`{H$ ]¢H$ H{$ obE 9% H$m [y∞Or Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 88 [`m©·Vm AZw[mV (CAR) oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m h°& oH$›Vw AoYH$mße Figures for the year march 2011 The Indian Banker, Ï`m[mnaH$ ]¢H$mß{ H$m `h AZw[mV 9% g{ H$_ h°& Volume VI No. 03 march 21 gßX^© J´›W gyMr :- 3. www.rrb.org.in gßX^© J´›W gyMr :- 4. www.indianbank.co 1. Dr. O.P. Sharma & Dr. K.K. Sharma UGC.NET 5. www.indiabankbranches.com 2. Manu Prakash Shrivastava VCG. (NET) IRP RBI NPA

]g{b - 3 Liquidty Coverage Ratio Stock of rightLiqudity R.B.I. H{$ dV©_mZ _mZH$ Number of Days 2-7, 3-14, Ratio=Quality Liqudity Assets 15-20 maximum permissible 5%,10%, 15%, Net Cash outflows over 30 daysTime Period =100% 20% gap (A5% of outflows) Net Stable funding Ratio (NSPR) available amount of stable funding Required amount of stable funding 100% No Such Norms

Source : The Indian Banker Volume VI No 3 March 2011 – P 5.5

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 89

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 96

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S>m∞. amOy a°Xmg *

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ghr H$a dgybr gwJ_ ]ZmZm& JUZm H$aZm ghr Zhr h°& d{Q> H{$ AßVJ©V H$a H$m{ CÀ[mXZ bmJV g{ AbJ ***AoVoW od¤mZ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, C_na`m (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 99 H$aZm gab h°& AV: CÀ[mXH$ H$m{ H$a H$r [yar Ny>Q> X{H$a oZ`m©V H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV Vm{ ^r gaH$mar VßÃ H$m{ CgH$r gÀ`Vm H$r Om±M H{$ ob`{ Xyga{ Ï`m[mna`m{ß g{ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& H$a ^ma [maXer© - o]H´$r H$r lßIbm _{ß CÀ[mXH$ `m gyMZm EH$oÃV H$aZr hm{Jr, oH$ dmÒVd _{ß dh Ï`m[mar _mb IarXV{ g_` oZ_m©Vm g{ C[^m{∫$m VH$ _mb [hw±MZ{ _{ß ]rOH$ Omar oH$`m OmVm h°, oOgg{ CVZm H$a X{ MwH$m h° oOVZ{ H$a H$r H´${oS>Q> dh _mßJ ahm h°& ^maV _{ß Bg ‡H$ma `h gabVm g{ kmV hm{ gH{$ oH$ oH$gr dÒVw [a dmÒVd _{ß oH$VZm H$a ^ma H$r gyMZm EH$oÃV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ H$m{B© VßÃ odH$ogV Zht hwAm h°& H$_©Mmar hwAm, òX gaH$ma `h g_PVr h° oH$ C[^m{∫$m H$m{ H$a ^ma AoYH$ [∂S> ahm gwodYm ^m{Jr d ^´ÓQ> h°, Am°a Cg{ ohÒgm X{H$a H$a ]MZm gab H$m`© h°& h° Vm{ Bg_{ß H$_r H$a gH$Vr h°& Am°a òX C[^m{∫$m A^r Am°a AoYH$ H$a ^ma EH$b H$a ‡Umbr bmJy H$aZ{ _{ß H$oR>ZmB© - ^maV H{$ Hw$N> am¡`m{ß _{ß d{Q> dhZ H$a gH$Vm h° Am°a Cg{ A[Z{ IM© H{$ ob`{ AoYH$ amoe [mZ{ H{$ ob`{ H$a bmJy oH$`m J`m h° oH$›Vw o]H´$r H$a g_m· Zhr oH$`m J`m h°, \$bÒdÍ$[ H$r Xa ]∂T> gH$Vr h°& Hw$N> Ï`m[mna`m{ß H$m{ d{Q> d o]H´$r H$a Xm{Zm{ß H$m ^wJVmZ H$aZm [∂S> ahm h°, bmJV [a H$a g{ ]Mmd - d{Q> H{$ AßVJ©V o]H´$r H$r lßIbm _{ß Ï`m[mar O]oH$ d{Q> H$r AdYmaUm o]H´$r H$a H$m{ g_m· H$a EH$ gab H$a ‡Umbr Cgr amoe [a H$a X{Vm h° Om{ CgZ{ H´$` _yÎ` _{ß Om{∂S>r h°& AV: oH$gr ^r amoe bmJy H$aZ{ g{ h°& [a H$a Zht bJVm& gwPmd - d{Q> ‡Umbr dmÒVd _{ß ›`m` gßJV H$a ‡Umbr h°, o\$a ^r Bg{ H$a ^ma _{ß H$_r H$aZm gß^d - o]H´$r H$r lßIbm _{ß dÒVw oOVZr AoYH$ bmJy H$aZ{ _{ß AZ{H$ H$oR>ZmB`m± h°, oOgg{ d{Q> H$r AdYmaUm H$m ghr hmWm{ß _{ß hm{Vr hwB© C[^m{∫$m VH$ [hw±MVr h°, CgH$m _yÎ` ]∂T>Vm OmVm h°, Am°a [mbZ Zht hm{Vm& C[^m{∫$m [a H$a ^ma ]∂T> OmVm h°& Ï`m[mar H$m{ A[Z{ Ï`m[ma H$m [yam Edß Ï`doÒWV ohgm]-oH$Vm] òX dÒVw H$m oZ_m©Vm o]H´$r H$r lßIbm _{ß g{ Wm{H$ Ï`m[mar VWm aIZm Mmoh`{& gaH$mar VßÃ H$m{ ghr-ghr Ï`m[mnaH$ gyMZmAm{ß H$m{ EH$oÃV \w$Q>H$a Ï`m[mar H$m{ oZH$mb X{ Am°a Òd`ß hr A[Zr \w$Q>H$a XwH$mZ{ß Im{bH$a H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aZm Mmoh`{& ^maV H{$ g^r am¡`m{ß H$m{ g_mZ Í$[ g{ o]H´$r grYm _mb C[^m{∫$m H$m{ ]{ßM{ Vm{ dÒVw H$m \w$Q>H$a ^md H$_ hm{ gH$Vm h°& Am°a H$a H$m{ g_m· H$a d{Q> bmJy H$aZm Mmoh`{, VmoH$ d{Q> `m o]H´$r H$a _{ß g{ oH$gr O] dÒVw H$m \w$Q>H$a ^md H$_ hm{ Om`{Jm Vm{ H$a ^ma ^r ÒdV: H$_ hm{ EH$ H$m ^wJVmZ H$aZm [∂S{>, AWdm o]H´$r H$a H$m{ g_m· H$a EH$ gab H$a Om`{Jm& ‡Umbr bmJy H$aZr Mmoh`{& d{Q> bmJy H$aZ{ _{ß H$oR>ZmB`m± - `⁄o[ d{Q> _{ß H$a ^ma ›`m`gßJV Tß>J g{ C[^m{∫$m [a [∂S>Vm h°, oH$›Vw Bg{ bmJy H$aZ{ _{ß AZ{H$ H$oR>ZmB`m∞ gm_Z{ gßX^© J´W gyMr ïñ AmVr h¢& ghr JUZm gß^d Zht - d{Q> H$m{ bmJy H$aZ{ _{ ßg]g{ _hÀd[yU© eV© `h h° 1. ^maV 2011, gyMZm ‡H$meZ od^mJ ZB© oXÑr& oH$ _yÎ` d•o’ H$m ghr-ghr b{Im aIm Om`& ^maV _{ß AoYH$V_ Ï`m[mar 2. ^maV _{ß H$a oZ`m{OZ lr [m∞b gH$b{Mm a_{e ]wH$ oS>[m{, O`[wa& AoeojV h¢, Am°a d{ A[Z{ Ï`m[ma H$m [yam ohgm]-oH$Vm] Zht aI gH$V{, 3. _‹`‡X{e _{ß odH´$`H$a S>m∞. EM.gr._{ham{Ãm, gmohÀ` ^dZ E{gr oÒWoV _{ß d{Q> H$r ghr JUZm gß^d Zht h°& [o„bH{$e›g AmJam, df© 2004-05 gyMZm EH$Ã H$aZ{ _{ß H$oR>ZmB© - òX ]∂S{> Ï`m[mar A[Z{ H´$` - odH´$` 4. A‡À`j H$a, S>m∞.EM.gr. _{ham{Ãm, gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„bH{$e›g H$m ghr ohgm] - oH$Vm] aI{ß Am°a Cg AmYma [a H$a H$m ^wJVmZ ^r H$a{ß, AmJam, df© 2010-11

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 100

Globalization And Indian Agriculture- General Consequences

Dr. R. P. Saharia *

Abstract - The term globalization refers to International Integration. It includes opening up of world trade, development of advanced means of communication, internationalization of financial markets, growing importance of MNC’s, population migrations and more generally increased mobility of persons, goods, services, capital, data and ideas. It is a process through which the diverse world is unified into a single society. In short it is a creation of world into a global village. It is the recent concept that has come to govern the world since end of the 20th century with the end of the cold war and melting down of Soviet Union. The need of structural changes in various world economies, dominance of market related economies, growing importance of private resources and capital and pressure of world bank and other International organizations like IMF have started this process in many of the developing countries like India. It has brought in new opportunities to developing countries. Greater... access to foreign markets, technology transfer, improved productivity and higher living standard are some of the advantages of this process to the countries like India. But it has also, creates new challenges like growing inequality across and within nations, volatility in financial market and environmental deteriorations. As Indian is agrarian economy it is wise to know the impact of Globalization on Indian economy. An overview of Indian, agricultural sector indicates that’globalization did not yield the desired results in India. It has marginally contributing hi minimizing poverty, and removing social inequalities. The desired objectives of this process have not been achieved in India. As far agricultural sector is concerned we have seen mixed results in the country. It is clear, of the study that agriculture plays key role in the economy. Agriculture employees 60% of Indian population, yet it contribution varies only from 15 to20% of the GDP. After adoption of globalization in 1991 Indian agriculture growth rate increase but at present the economy condition of the farmers is not satisfactory because input cost is high and output cost is low. Cut off of subsidies are hindering growth of-agricultural sector, in the words of GamaniCorea, former Secretary- General, UNCTAD, “Globalization instead of being an equalizing process, has only widened the gap between the two to terms of monopoly in science and technology, flowof capital, access to natural resources, communication and nuclear armament”

Introduction - The term globalization refers to International deteriorations. As Indian is agrarian economy it is wise to Integration. It includes opening up of world trade, development know the impact of Globalization on Indian economy. of advanced means of communication, internationalization Objects - of financial markets, growing importance of MNC’s, 1. To review prologue of globalization in Indian agriculture. population migrations and more generally increased mobility 2. To study positive consequences of globalization on Indian of persons, goods, services, capital, data and ideas. It is a agriculture. process through which the diverse world is unified into a 3. To study consequences of globalization on Indian single society. In short it is a creation of world into a global agriculture. village. It is the recent concept that has come to govern the Prologue of globalization in Indian Agriculture - India world since end of the 20thcentury with the end of the cold entered in the process of globalization by 1991, when there war and melting down of Soviet Union. The need of structural was a severe economic crisis in the country. To overcome changes in various world economies, dominance of market the economic crises, India approached the International related economies, growing importance of private resources Monetary Fund for financial assistance. IMF granted such and capital and pressure of world bank and other International assistance on the condition to make some structural organizations like IMF have started this process in many of changes and reforms in Indian Economy. In 1994, 124 the developing countries like India. It has brought in new countries along with India were signed Dankel Proposal, opportunities to developing countries. Greater access to giving the final pass to proposal World Trade Organization foreign markets, technology transfer, improved productivity was established in January 1995. The member countries and higher living standard are some of the advantages of involved themselves in globalization through WTO. These this process to the countries like India. But it has also reforms and changes can be broadly classified into three creates new challenges like growing inequality across and areas: Liberalization, privatization and globalization (LPG). within nations, volatility in financial market and environmental It includes withdrawal of government control of the market, *** H.O.D. (Economics) Govt. J.M.P. College, Takhatpur, Bilaspur (C.G.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 101 privatize public sector organizations and reduce export tones in 1991-92. The productivity of other food grains has subsidies and import barriers to enable free trade. India increased considerably. It was 71% in case of cereals, signed GATT too and opens up its economy to the world 104%for wheat and 52% for paddy over the period 1965-66 market. Initially this process was restrained by the barriers and 1989-90.Though the food grain production has increased to trade and investment but after liberalizing it, the pace of considerably but the green revolution has no impact oncoarse globalization has speeded up. As India is the country which cereals, pulses and few cash corps. In short the gains of is known as agrarian economy, it is essential to know that green revolution have not been shared equally by all the how agricultural sector in the country is connected to this crops. process. Initially the World Trade Agreement of 1994 brought 3. Growth of National Income - Receiving the agriculture within its policy framework. The obligations and international market for the agricultural goods of India, there disciplines incorporated in the agreement which seek to is an increase in farmer’s agricultural product. New reform trade in agriculture and provide the basis for market- technology, new seeds, new agriculture practices etc. helped oriented policies on agriculture, relate to the aspects of to grow the agricultural product. From the monetary point of market access, domestic support, export competition/ view the share of agriculture sector in the economy is raised subsidies,and Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights to 14.2% of the GDP (2010-11). (TRIPS). Some agreements are made for simplicity in 4. New areas employment- While exporting agricultural international dealings. Liberalization created an products it is necessary to classify the products, its unprecedented demand hi all sectors of trade including standardization and processing, packing etc. Therefore, after agriculture. This demanded pragmatism on the part of Indian LPG the agro allied industries has created employment in Government. With globalization making headway various sector like packing, exporting, standardizing, everywhere, Government had introduced reforms in processing, transportation and cold storage etc. The agricultural sector too. Reforms in agricultural policies were industries depending on agriculture are stored and it made felt necessary for achieving trade liberalization in the an increase in employments. Agriculture is the biggest agricultural sector (Kumar et. al., 2008). unorganized sector of the Indian economy accounting for General consequences of globalization on Indian more than 90% share in the total unorganized labour force. agriculture-With the operationalisation of the provisions of The share of agriculture in total employment stands at 52.1% the World Trade Organisation, the process of globalization 5. Agriculture as a prime moving force - The growth of commenced in the major parts of the world. There has always agricultural sector in India has correspondent relation with been an air of confusion among the members and non- industrial growth and national income in India. It is assumed members of the WTO in assessing the pros and cons of that 1% increase in the agricultural growth leads to 0.5% globalization on the health of their economy. The sector which increase in the industrial output and 0.7% increase in the has created the highest number of deliberations in the WTO national income in India. Especially after LPG the agricultural as well as views and counterviews has been the agriculture, sector in India is developing rapidly. As a result, the an area of utmost concern for the developed and the government of India announced agriculture as the prime developing world alike. India is no exception to it. Better say moving force of the Indian economy in 2002. As per World it has been among few countries in the world spear-heading Trade Organization data, global exports and imports of the campaign against the biased provisions of the WTO agricultural and food products in 2011 stood at $1.66 trillion concerning agriculture. and $1.82 trillion respectively. India’s share in this is 2.07 Following are some positive consequences of per cent and 1.24 per cent respectively. globalization on Indian agriculture. 6. Rise in the share in trade - Because of the conditions A) Positive Consequences- of WTO all of the countries get the same opportunities, so 1. Availability of modern Agro- technologies - There there is an increase in the export of agricultural products. is availability of modern agro technologies in pesticides, According to data provided by World Bank, India’s share in herbicides, and fertilizers as well as new breeds of high yield exports (goods and services) rose from0.54%in 1990 to 0.67% crops were employed for increase food production. These within five years after globalization took place i.e. upto 1999. technologies included modem implementations in irrigation Indian exports rose by 103% during the same period. projects, pesticides, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and improved 7. Growth of Agro exports - The prices of agricultural crop varieties developed through the conventional, science- goods are higher in the international market than Indian based methods available at the time. Use of High Yielding markets. Under developed countries reduced grants, they Varieties (HYVs) like IR8 a semi-dwarf rice variety. HYVs have to Increase in the prices. So there will be increase in significantly outperformed traditional varieties in the presence the export to Indian market and if the prices grow, there will of adequate irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers. be profit. Agricultural products account for 10.23% of the 2. Rise in production and productivity - Due to adoption total export income of the economy, while agricultural imports of HYV technology the production of food grains increased account for just 2.74% of the total imports. Agricultural considerably hi the country. The production of wheat has exports was 33.54 billion $ in the year 2011-13. increased from 8.8 million tones in 1965-66 to 184 million 8. Reduction in poverty - It is also true that globalization Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 102 is commonly characterized as increasing the gap between developing country (Jha and Yemeni 2012) the rich and the poor, but it is a matter of looking at poverty 4. Lessening international competitiveness - In India hi relative terms. India’s prior concern is to remove poverty, 60% of population depend on agriculture. This pressure on which is worse than death, and if India makes efforts, agriculture is increasing day by day because of the globalization can be a key to get rids of it. Moreover, the increasing population. Because of marginal land holding the percentage of people below the poverty line has been production cost of Indian farmers is higher as well as the decreasing progressively, from 36 percent in 1993-94 to 21.9 quality and standardization of agro produce is much percent in 2011-12. neglected. Along with this, the curtailment in subsidies and These are some positive consequences of globalization grants has weakened the agricultural sector. On the contrary on Indian agriculture. But as far as a developing country like before the reduction in grants by WTO, developed countries India is concerned the negative consequences are proved had distributed grants on large scale. They had grown the as more effective. These are as follows. amount of the grants on large scales in agriculture during B) Negative Consequences- 1988-1994. So they have not to face many difficulties if there 1. Vicious debt trap and farmers suicides - There is is a reduction in grants. On this background the farmers are need to examine each of the causes which have led to the not in a position to compete international market. current crisis in agricultural sector, and analyze the role that 5. Abnormal hike in Fertilizers and Pesticide prices- liberalization policies have played. Instance the state of Immediately after globalization Indian rupee was devaluate Andhra Pradesh led to the first ever state level agreement by 25% and Indian crops became very cheap and attractive with the World Bank, which entailed a loan of USD 830 million in the global market, which led Indian farmer for export and in exchange for a series of reforms in his state industry and encouraged them to shift from growing a mixture of traditional government .It has implemented the World Bank liberalization crops to export oriented ‘cash crops’ like chilli, cotton and policies with great enthusiasm and zest and as result the tobacco. These need far more inputs of pesticides, fertilizers rate of farmers suicides in the ‘state gone up. The National and water than the traditional crops require. It automatically Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) Report 2005 indicates increased Fertilizer and pesticide prices by 300%. that 1 in 2 farm households are in debt and only 10 per cent (Muralidhar and Mamatha et.al Dec.2011) of the debt was incurred for non production purposes. Also, 6. Electricity tariffs have also been increased - Pre 32.7 per cent of farmers still depend on money lenders. The liberalization, subsidized electricity policy helped farmers National Crime Records Bureau reports that between 1997- to keep the costs of production low. The electricity costs 2005 1,56,562 fanners committed suicide. Nearly 60% of increased dramatically when farmers turned to the cultivation them took place in the 4 progressive states, viz., of cash crops, which needed more water, hence, more water Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya pumps were needed andthere was higher consumption of Pradesh. More than 20 per cent of suicides have taken place electricity. Andhra Pradesh being traditionally drought prone, in Karnataka. (Pushap, 2007, Kumaraswamy, 2008)Hence, the situation further worsened. In Andhra Pradesh tariff was the experience with liberalization is critical. increased 5 times between 1998 and 2003. This caused 2. Migration of labours - For the Indian farmer, who is huge, unsustainable losses for the Andhra Pradesh State already paralyzed by low productivity and lack of postharvest Electricity Board, so it increased the electricity tariff. The storage facilities has resulted in heavy loss of produce and fact that only 39% of India’s cultivable land is irrigated makes revenue. It is only because of low tariff in Imports due to cultivation of cash crops largely unviable, but export oriented liberalized import duties which came as a bombshell. The liberalization policies and seed companies looking for profits domestic farmer could not stand in the competitiveness of continue to push farmers to the wall. (Muralidhar and internationalmarket, which has resulted in migration of labor Mamatha et.al Dec.201i; from agriculture to other industrial activities. 7. Price crash - As per reforms of WTO, Indian government 3. Lower income of rural farmers - According to Nobel removed import tariffs and duties. Earlier these were working Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz, Trade agreements as cushion to protect and encourage domestic producers. now forbid most subsidies excepted for agricultural goods. By 2001, India completely removed restrictions on imports This depresses incomes of those farmers in the developing of almost 1,500 items including food. As a result, cheap countries who do not get subsidies. And since 70 per cent imports flooded the market, pushing prices of crops like of those in the developing countries depend directly or cotton and pepper down. As a result, most of the farmers indirectly on agriculture, this means that the incomes of the committing suicides in Maharashtra were concentrated in developing countries are depressed. But by whatever the cotton belt till 2003 (after which paddy farmers followed standard one uses, today’s international trading regime is the suicide trend). Similarly, Kerala, which is world renowned unfair to developing countries. He also pointed out the average for pepper, has suffered as a result of 0% duty on imports of European cow gets a subsidy of $ 2 a day (the World Bank pepper from SAARC countries. Pepper, which sold at measure of poverty); more than half the people in the Rs.27,000 a quintal in 1998, crashed to Rs.5000 in 2004, a developing world live on less than that. It appears that it is decline of 81%. (Muralidhar and Mamathaetal Dec.2011 better to be a cow in Europe than to be a poor person in a 8. Fall in agricultural employment-In 1951, agriculture Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 103 provided employment to 72 per cent of the population and - In ContextOf India, International Journal of Engineering contributed 59 per cent of the gross domestic product. and ManagementScience, Vol.3 (1) Pp.30 However, by 2001 the population depending upon agriculture 2. Kaushik Sanjay, Bhardawaj Sunil &Goyal Rajiv came to 58 per cent whereas the share of agriculture in the (Jan.2013)’Globalization and its Impact on GDP went down drastically to 24 per cent and further to 22 Agriculture in India’International Journal of Advanced per cent in 2006-07. This has resulted in a lowering the per Research in Management andSocial Sciences, Vol. 2, capita income of the farmers and increasing the rural No. 1. indebtedness. (Malik 2013) 3. Kumar, KiranJayasheela and Hans, V. Basil (2008). Conclusion - An overview of Indian agricultural sector “IndianAgriculture in the Post-Economic Reforms indicates that globalization did not yield the desired results Period”, Journal ofDevelopment Research, 1(1): 29-42. in India. It has marginally contributing in minimizing poverty, 4. Kumaraswamy, D. M. (2008;.”Agriculture in Kamataka” and removing social inequalities. The desired objectives of (Keynote Address), State level Seminar on Agriculture this process have not been achieved in India. As far in Kamataka: Issues and Challenges, Sri Dhavala agricultural sector is concerned we have seen mixed results College, Moodbidri in the country. It is clear with the study that agriculture plays 5. Malik Tanveer (2013), ‘Impact of globalization on Indian key role in the economy. Agriculture employees 60% of Indian economy-An overview’ article published at http:/ population, yet it contribution varies only from 15 to20% of /www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/8/738/impact- the GDP. After adoption globalization in 1991 Indian of-globalization3.asp agriculture growth rate increase but at present the economy 6. Muralidhar B.V and Mamatha D.M. et.al condition of the farmers is not satisfactory because input (Dec.2011>’Globalization and Its Impact on Indian cost is high and output cost is low. Cut off of subsidies are Agriculture :A Study of Farmers’ Suicides in the State hinderinggrowth of agricultural sector. In the words of of Andhra Pradesh’ Nepalese Journal of Public Policy GamaniCorea, former Secretary- General, UNCTAD, and Governance, Vol. xxix, No.2,Pp.l6 “Globalization instead of being an equalizing process, has 7. Pushap, P. (2007). “Agriculture - India’s backbone only widened the gap between the two in terms of monopoly Industry and its Plight in the wake of Globalization”,The in science and technology, flow of capital, access to natural Journal ‘of World Intellectual Property Rights, 3(1-2): resources, communication and nuclear armament” 159-183 References :- 8. SannurHemant, ‘Globalisation and Its Positive Impact 1. Jha and Yemeni (2012) The Dark Side Of Globalization on Indian Agriculture’ article published at http:// www.academia.edu/964379

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Economic Reforms Policies - Environment And Sustainable Development

* Usha Iyer

Introduction - Countries of the world, particularly developing The acceleration of agricultural production under the New nations are now overburdened with a variety of economic Economic Policy has resulted in a whole gamut of agricultural compulsions ranging from feeding a large population to activities resulting in deforestation, soil salinity, water logging competing with industrial forces and in the process have and ground water depletion. Commercialization of agriculture failed to maintain a balance between economic activities may result in irreversible disequilibrium in the environmental and ecological conditions. Orthodox economics traditionally scene. focussed on efficient resource allocation avoiding concerns The recent modifications in the export policy have led on social equity and economic outcomes and their ecological to exports of genetic resources also. The exports of wild entailments. orchids and plants will damage our biological diversity. The Economic planning in India since independence export of sandalwood products will damage our forests. Tax focussed on rapid expansion of agriculture, industry, transport relief by the Govt. to ply-wood will greatly destroy forest and infrastructure in order to increase production and resources. employment and reduce poverty and inequality of incomes The indiscriminate expansion of aquaculture have to establish a society based on equality and social justice. resulted in threats to bio-diversity and livelihood resources The expansion of area under cultivation, irrigation of ecologically sensitive areas. facilities by construction of dams, increasing use of fertilizers The export of fish and fish preparations and that of ores and pesticides, up gradation of technology in industries and and minerals have increased rapidly. The commercial the development of infrastructure and energy sources have ambitions in fisheries have led the Indian authorities to clear all resulted in ruthless exploitation of natural resources, a number of 100% Export-oriented units for deep seas fishing degrading our physical environment. Efforts towards by joint ventures. The export of raw material ores has led to economic development are causing a great harm to our increase in mining. When short-term foreign exchange economic and ecological situation. Population poverty, earning is a pre-dominant motive, bringing about a structural unemployment and inequality continue to persist due to over- change the long-term environment responsibility suffers. utilization of resources and destruction of environment. During 1991-94, 82 companies were given clearance for joint With the onset of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) venture marine fisheries using 225 deep-sea fishing trawlers. and Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) and While fish catch is declining in major parts of the world, it is the thrust in economic reform policies have accelerated increasing in the Indian Ocean. The major fishing companies degradation of physical and social environment in the country. and rich fish eating nations are eyeing our waters to satiate The promotion of market friendly export-led-market strategy their large appetites. of the products of primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fishery, Thus under the policy of economic reforms heavy mining etc.) the deregulation of industries, the strategies reliance has been placed on exports as a means to drive favouring consumerism aggravated by the media, have all the economy forward but the drive towards this export led- resulted in adverse effect on environment. strategy has been rapidly sacrificing natural resources to I. Export-Led Strategy - The export-led growth strategy earn foreign exchange. has led to an accelerated transformation of staple food II. Policies Under Liberalisation - The thrust towards subsistence crop lands into crash cropping. The major export exports under Liberalisation with relaxation of various controls oriented production are floriculture and agro-products over industrial and commercial sector has caused including processed food. Intensive floriculture can be environmental degradation. The tax holidays to the industries ecologically destructive as its production is highly dependent in backward regions like the north-eastern states resulted on the use of fertilizers, pesticides and other artificial inputs. in threat to environment in these ecologically fragile areas It also adversely affects the livelihood of small farmers who which contain vast vegetation areas, natural habitats and cannot adequately invest. traditional cultures. The traditional occupations such as *** Associate Professor (Business Economics) K.J.Somaiya College of Science and Commerce,Vidyavihar, Mumbai (Maharastra) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 105 traditional organic farming, small-scale fishing, pastorals and The concern for environmental protection under the New village industries which are most sustainable ways of living Economic Policy or economic reforms is to modify the on earth are being destroyed under the competition by policies and to work out a model of sustainable development orienting large-scale industrialization. which will reshape the whole environment exploiting growth Though economic reforms will result in more efficient strategy. Those patterns of resource use which are less technologies, enhance wealth and trickling down process damaging to environment should be adopted. These patterns and ultimately reduce poverty, yet it would be difficult to will involve complex choices of technology, production, control the environment degrading effects. The western organization and management and monitoring institutions. industrial countries have stringent environmental regulations The development of an environment-friendly technology will and a judiciary to uphold the rules and laws. But in India, go a long way in achieving the objective of productivity and doubts are raised against the efficacy of the State authorities stability. to provide good economic environment and governance. The There is a need to change the attitudes of people and Bhopal gas tragedy is a great example of environmental create awareness to environmental issues. In agriculture, in disaster due to industrial pollution. the light of economic reforms policies small farms may be The Central and the State Governments have been economically viable and ecologically sustainable, provided taking industrial policy decisions which would easily help the existing distortions in organizational structure are environmental degradation. For eg. Haryana set up a high removed. powered committee to take spot decisions for foreign In case of industries and mines, environment investments, Non-resident Indian projects and 100% export- management should be made on sustainable and conser- oriented projects. It also announced that all projects will be vation oriented projects rather than resource exploiting and cleared through the State Pollution Control Board within 15 polluting projects. days. State Governments are attaching no importance to Some urgent steps to be taken are - the critical environmental appraisal which the industries must Environmental protection clearance to be extended to undergo. all sectors The industrial de-regulation by delicensing the To close the old polluting factories that are functioning automobile industry has led to a boom in investment in without environmental clearance automobile industry at a heavy environmental cost. Indian Coal should be replaced by oil preferably to avoid smoke cities are the most polluted in the world with severe impact pollution on health of the residents. Making air-conditioners cheaper Intensive research on pollution control devices when there is a severe shortage of electricity that is produced Sustainable development should consider three crucial at a great environmental cost is not healthy. The liberalisation issues - policy to promote industrial expansion by leasing out forest a) Economic development (b) Equity (c) Environment lands and land ceiling acts has affected the poor people Economic activity is seen as the major culprit by many adversely. environmentalists for degradation of world’s environmental The liberalisation of imports has led to dangerous trends resources. for ecological balance for India. India has now become a The modern economists have twin responsibilities - dumping ground for entire waste of toxic gases from 1. To preserve environment without a serious degradation industrialized countries. Pepsicola Company was reported 2. To take measures to protect environment without to be exporting 45,000 tones of plastic waste into India. adversely affecting to the flow of goods and services in Imports of metal wastes and lead acid battery wastes from the economy. Australia are bound to have adverse impact on our ecological This has been felt intensively all over the world as system. ecological ideal and ecological economics. Hence efforts The Way Out - Sustainable development is defined as the must be made to include environmental preservation in development towards meeting the needs of the present economic development plans. generations without compromising the needs of future Sustainable development is possible only when the generations. It is a process by which development can be basic needs of the people are met by increasing the sustained for generations. Sustainable development focuses productivity of the economy without disturbing the on inter-generation equity in the exploitation of development environmental resources and by ensuring equal opportunities resources and opportunities. Sustainable development is one for all, particularly poor and marginalised groups. Sustainable which conserves nature and maintains ecological order- development is possible by sustaining local and global biodiversity to live in better harmony with nature. environment. Environment damages have to be arrested The ultimate goal of sustainable development is to immediately so as to leave access to such resources for maintain a rising trend in the welfare of the people of the posterity and they do not become extinct. Pursuing the goal present and future generations. Sustainable development of sustainable economic development can enable less can be achieved by minimizing trade-offs between economic developed countries to strike a balance between economic gains and environmental damages. development and environmental conservation. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 106

Economic sustainability is the ability of the local of people, ethical commitment and social concerns are critical economy to sustain itself without causing irreversible damage for sustainable development and it is the need of the hour. to the natural resource base on which it depends. This References :- implies maximizing the productivity of local economy not in 1. Bishwa Nath Singh et al. (2003), “Economic Reforms terms of increase in economic capital but in relation to the in India edited book, Published by APH Publishing sustainability of other four dimensions - Social, natural, Corporation New Delhi. Pp 281- 294. physical and political and their respective goals. 2. Kumar Ratnesh (2006), “Environmental Economics Development strategy must be associated with Theory and Practices”, Deep & Deep Publications Pvt. ecological balances to achieve the goal of sustainable Ltd., New Delhi, Pp 61-68. development; otherwise, we will be pushed into a futureless 3. Ramaswamy et al (2010), “Environmental sustainability growth. Approaches and Policy Options” published by Regal Strong political will and effective change in the attitude Publications New Delhi, Pp 1-13.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 107 Socio-Economic Potential Of Handicraft Industry In Jammu And Kashmir --- Opportunities And Challenges

* Mir Shahid Ul Islam

Abstract - In the present paper an attempt has been made to analyze to socio-economic potential of handicraft industry in Jammu and Kashmir: opportunities and challenges as the valley is considered paradise on earth. It is said that handicraft industry has come here from Central Asia. Handicrafts is one of the biggest employment providers and the bulk of women workers are also involved in this profession. Handicrafts is a pivotal source of revenue generation of Jammu & Kashmir State. This industry is unique in terms of design, cost and quality of products and thus provides a competitive advantage on other national and international players of handicrafts market. In spite of the various advantages, the industry still needs to explore and identify various opportunities and challenges ahead to compete at national as well as at global level marketers. In this backdrop, the present research paper is an endeavor to study various avenues of social and economic upliftment of state in terms of revenue generation, foreign exchange, raising standard of labors and employment generation. The paper focuses on the contemporary challenges as well as the scope of handicraft sector in the state of Jammu & Kashmir and thereby providing suitable suggestions in order to make industry more market oriented and sustainable in future. Keywords - Handicrafts Industry, Employment Generation, Socio-Economic Development.

Introduction - The state of Jammu and Kashmir is famous regional growth particularly in rural areas and therein throughout the world for its scenic beauty, bracing climate minimizing the imbalances prevailing in the economy. The and craftsmanship skills. It was during the reign of Sultan incredible feature of the handicraft sector to contribute Zain-ul-Abidin, popularly known as Budshash or the great towards sustainable development has attracted the attention king who ruled Kashmir from 1420-70 AD that handicrafts of present researchers because of the fact that the sector were introduced in Kashmir. The king Zain-ul-Abidin hired satisfies not only the existing set of millions of artisans but skilled craftsmen from Central Asia to train local inhabitants has a concern for the large number of new entrants in the in a number of handicrafts which were till then altogether handicraft sector. unknown to the people of the state. Since then craft legacies Handicraft products are mostly defined as items made continued and got encouragement and patronage from often with the use of simple tools, and are artistic or traditional different rulers, princes, visitors to the valley, thus skills in nature (Yojana, 2006). Handicraft products are simply as passing on from generation to generation. Jammu & Kashmir the objects made by the skill of the hand carrying a part of has comparative advantage in producing high quality and the creator as well as centuries of evolutionary tradition. world famous fabrics of Pashmina and Kani shawls, silken, India ranks as one of the major supplier to the total production woolen and cotton fabrics and crafts like papier-mache, wood and supply in the world handicraft industry and the industry work, Tila work, Sozni, Crewel, etc. These products are is located almost all over the country in rural and urban areas. famous world - over because of their unique craftsmanship. Handicrafts Sector in India: An Overview - India is a The handicraft sector has, however, suffered due to its diverse country in terms of ethnic traditions and culture and unorganized structure, constraints of lack of skilled also a treasure house of Indian handicrafts. Exquisite education, low capital, poor exposure to new technologies, handicrafts using diverse raw materials are sourced from absence of market intelligence, poor infrastructure and different parts of the country. This include art metal ware, institutional framework. wood ware, hand printed textiles and scarves, leather crafts, It is against this backdrop that the present paper hand knotted carpets and embroidered goods, wood design, attempts to highlight the problems and prospects of this shawls as art ware, stone carvings, imitation jewelry and sector in J&K. In the contemporary state of affairs existing miscellaneous other handicrafts. One of the unique feature in the Indian economy, the handicraft sector has emerged of the handicrafts is that more often the same item of the as a focused area of interest for the scholars’ community, handicraft, produced in different regions are different from academicians, practitioners and other allied stake holders. each other in terms of the craftsmanship, style, color The sector has proven very instrumental in uplifting the combination and finish by artesian creativity. *** Research Scholar, R.D.V.V.Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 108

The Indian handicrafts industry is highly labor intensive and silken carpets of the state remain unparalleled on the cottage based industry and decentralized, being spread all national scene for quality and design. The crewel embroidered over the country in rural and urban areas. Numerous artisans pashmina, and embroidered raffle shawls, pattern of Kani are engaged in crafts work on part-time basis. Handicrafts shawls, intricate wood carving, production of flora design in industry plays a substantial role in building up of country in paper mache goods, etc., are some of the world famous terms of its share in employment, output production and traditional crafts of the state. In fact, the Kashmiri craftsman prosperity creation (Syed Khalid-2012). The handicrafts of a possessing a unique talent for intricate workmanship is one society often become the dominant means of livelihood. It of our most important resources. This industry has a also satisfies their daily requirements of the people and tremendous potential and has to be perceived with concern provides employment to the members of the households of and with a precise understanding of its values. As an export the society which in turn leads towards socio-economic oriented industry, it has contributed considerably towards development. The industry provides employment to over six foreign exchange earnings worth crores of rupees annually. million artisans who include a large number of women and It is a cottage-based industry, which does not require heavy people belonging to the weaker sections of the society. The capital investment and heavy infrastructure such as Handicrafts Sector plays a significant & important role in machinery, buildings and power. the country’s economy. It provides employment to a vast The Kashmir valley is recognized throughout the world segment of craft persons in rural & semi urban areas and so far as the arts and crafts as well its scenic beauty and generates substantial foreign exchange for the country, while bracing climate is concerned. It is famous for the weaving of preserving its cultural heritage. Handicrafts have great specialized fabrics like Pashmina and Kani Shawls, Silken, potential, as they hold the key for sustaining not only the Woolen and Cotton fabrics. The crafts range from woolen existing set of millions of artisans spread over length and textiles of fleecy soft texture of matchless excellence in breadth of the country, but also for the increasingly large weaving, hand-woven carpets of the finest warp and weft, to number of new entrants in the crafts activity. Presently, the exquisite designs worked on Papier-Mâché, Wood Work, handicrafts contribute substantially to employment Silverware, etc. They are products of unique craftsmanship. generation and exports. In addition to the high potential for The skill of the craftsmen and their capacity for intricate employment, the sector is economically important from the workmanship are assets, which can help development on a point of low capital investment, high ratio of value addition, much larger scale. Besides, as an export-oriented sector, it and high potential for export and foreign exchange earnings is instrumental in foreign exchange earnings worth crores of for the country. rupees annually. The handicraft sector is still being fully explored in order The Regional Specialties of Jammu & Kashmir state in to tap the other opportunities like its contribution to socio- the production of handicrafts portfolio consists of: economic development of the state. In order to efficiently Jammu – Basholi Painting, Calico Painting, Phoolkari. utilize this asset, there is a need to create it as benchmark Kashmir – Carpets, Kashmiri Shawls, Wood Carving, and discover the new techniques and tools that will help it to Paper-mache, Chain stitch, Crewel, Namda. stabilize as competitive edge in the world market. There is a Ladakh – Wood carving & Painting, Clay Molding, need to focus the hidden obstacles and opportunities that Ladakh Pashmina Weaving, Ladakh Carpet, Thanka and will serve as an instrumental to create a niche in the global Fresha Painting. business environment and thereby facilitating the process Undoubtedly Handicrafts have an important role to play of wealth creations and employee generation to raising the in the development of country in general and J & K in standard of living of millions of skilled and semi-skilled artisans particular. In the absence of large scale industries in the of the Indian subcontinent. The business environment is State, handicrafts have remained a key economic activity flexible and so is the customer residing therein. The challenge from times immemorial. The major chunk of foreign exchange can be profitable to handicraft products by maintain the earnings to the State come from this sector. The need is to outside-in view in order to create value and deliver the same revive the centuries old traditional handcrafts on the one hand through continuous effort in the value chain process. and explore new youth friendly ventures in the same sector An Outline of Jammu & Kashmir Handicrafts - The on the other. This sector has great potential provided handicrafts industry of J&K is an important sector contributing Government realizes the urgent need for a shift in its policy to overall development of current and other allied sectors in regarding small scale industries of the Jammu and Kashmir terms of wealth and employment creation thus occupying state in general and handicraft industry in particular. an important place in the economy of J & K. It is basically a The handicraft sector occupies an important position in cottage industry and provides direct and gainful employment the economic structure of J&K state. Being eco-friendly, this to more than 3 lakh people and has the potential to facilitate sector suits to the state as it is more labour intensive and the path of raising the living standards of citizens residing less capital intensive in nature, therefore, having scope for within and outside the boundary of state. The handicraft employment generation at a large scale. J&K handicraft products have earned global acclaim for their exquisite products are worldwide famous for their attractive designs, designs, craftsmanship and functional utility. The woolen functional utility and high quality craftsmanship. In the Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 109 absence of large scale industries in the State, handicrafts 6. Marof Redzuan & Fariborz Aref.(2011), Constraints and remained a key economic activity from times immemorial. potentials of handicraft industry in underdeveloped region Crafts like shawls, crewels, namdha, chain stitch, wood of Malaysia; African Journal of Business Management carving, costume jewelry, kani shawls, paper mashi, and Vol. 5(2), 256-260.Mr. Bilal Ahmad Sheikh. (2010), carpets hold a significant share in the overall production and Structural changes in Jammu and Kashmir Economy, export of the state. Silken carpets in particular constitute a Thesis, Kashmir University, J&K. specialty having no parallel in quality and design at national 7. Rather, Tariq A, J & K Handicrafts: Ingrained in Socio- level and therefore, it occupies an important position in the Economic Ethos of India, Press Information Bureau, international market. Govt. of India. References :- 8. Syed Khalid Hashmi. (2012), Market for Indian 1. Annual Plan 1999-2000, Govt. of Jammu and Kashmir, Handicrafts; Excel Journal of Engineering Technology Planning and Development Department, Srinagar. and Management Science; Vol. I No., December- 2. Dr. Darakhshan Anjum; A Study Of Handicrafts Industry January. In J & K, A Journal of Advances in Management , IT & 9. Waqar Ahmad Khan and Zeeshan Amir. (2013), Study Social Sciences; Volume 1, Issue 4. of Handicraft Marketing Strategies of Artisans in Uttar 3. Jammu and Kashmir Handicrafts Development Pradesh and Its Implications: Research Journal of Corporation Ltd. Management Sciences, Vol. 2(2), 23-26. 4. Kashmir Times (2002), Measure underway to boost 10. Vincent Cable and Ann Weston. (1982). Working Paper: handicraft, Jammu & Kashmir. The role of handicrafts Export; Problems and Prospects 5. Kamal (2002), Handloom Research & Design based on Indian experience; No.10, Overseas Development Centers soon, Daily Excelsior, Jammu & Development Institute, London. Kashmir.

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Q{>o]b Z0 - 02 odÌd H{$ 10 g]g{ ]S{> ^yH$Â[ odÌd _{ß ^yH$Â[ ‡oVoXZ AmV{ h°&b{oH$Z g^r ^yH$Â[ KmVH$ Edß IVaZmH$ Zhr hm{V{ _m{Q{> Vm°a [a IVaZmH$ ^yyH$Â[ 10 oMo›hV h° Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h°& H´$H´$H´$ ^yH$Â[ H$m oddaU AdoY Vrd´Vm _•VH$ gßª`m YZ hmoZ (S>mba _|) ]{Ka-Km`b 1 d{ÎS>rod` ^yH$Â[ oMbr Om[mZ 22.5.1960 9.5 1655 55 H$am{S> 3000-20 bmI 2 o‡ßg odob`_ AbÒH$m A_{naH$m 27.3.1964 9.2 199 40 H$am{S> - 3 oh›X _hmgmJa gw_mÃm BßS>mZ{oe`m 26.12.2004 9.1 230000 10Ia] 5 bmI 4 H°$_MQ>H$m ^yH$Â[ Í$g 04.11.1952 9.0 --- 5 Vm{hm{H$ ^yH$Â[ Om[mZ 11.03.2011 9.0 15881 36.6 Ia] 6142-2668 6 oMbr ^yH$Â[ A\´$rH$m 16.9.1615 8.8 - 01 bmI - 7 gw_mÃm ‡em›V _hmgmJa H$ZmS>m 25.11.1833 8.8 --- 8 Bπ$mS>m{a H$m{boÂ]`m 31.01.1906 8.8 1500 -- 9 oMbr ^yH$Â[ Om[mZ 27.02.2010 8.8 525 20 H$am{S> 25 10 H°$gH°$oS>`m∞ ^yH$Â[ ‡em›V _hm.A_{naH$m 26.01.1700 8.8 --- _hm`m{J 249760 47 Aa] 55 H$am{S> 01 bmI Ûm{V- https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki 6

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 113 odŒmr` g_md{eZ _{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> H$r ^yo_H$m-EH$ A‹``Z

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H$m H$m`©H´$_ A[Zm`{& `m{JXmZ h°& 1.1.1. ]¢oH$J g{dm Ï`m[ma gßdmXXmVmAm{ß (BCS) H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Kam{ odoŒm` g_md{eZ H$r MwZm°oV`m∞ - _{ß [hw±MVm h° - Ï`dgm` ‡oVoZoY Bg ]¢H$ aohV Am]mXr H{$ J´m_rU 1. ]¢H$m{ H{$ obE [yßOr OwQ>mZ{ H{$ oZ`_ CXma ]ZmZ{ hm{J{& [nadmam{ß H{$ Kam{ß VWm I{Vm{ VH$ ]¢H$ _XX H$aVr h°& `h ]°oH$J oH$`m{ÒH$ Am°a 2. J°a oZÒ[moXV [nagÂ[oŒm`m{ß H$m ‡]ßYZ ^maVr` ]¢H$m{ H$r EH$ g_Ò`m AÎQ≠>m bKw emIm (USBS) H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H$a ahm h°& h°& 2.2.2. Bb{∑Q≠>m{oZH$ bm^ hÒVm›VaU (EBT) - gaH$ma Z{ bm^moW©`m{ß H{$ 3. ]¢H$m{ H$m{ J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß ZB© emIm Im{bZm ^r EH$ MwZm°oV h°& ImVm{ _{ß grY{ ^wJVmZ H{$ hÒVm›VU H$r ‡oH´$`m ewÍ$ H$a Xr h°& Bgg{ bmJV 4. ‡oVÒ[Ym© H{$ H$maU J´m_rU ]¢H$m{ H$r g_Ò`m ]∂T> gH$Vr h°& H$_ H$aV{ hwE bm^moW©`m{ß H$m{ ]{hVa bm^ Am°a amhV ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$r CÂ_rX 5. AmO Am]mXr H$m ]∂S>m ohÒgm ]¢H$ g{ dßoMV h°& h°& 6. Ï`mdgmo`H$ gßdmXXmVmAm{ß H$r oZ`wo∫$ Edß d{VZ H$r g_Ò`m& 3- H{$.dmB©.gr. (KYC) oZ`_m{ß _{ß o∂T>b - H$_Om{a dJm} H{$ ImV{ 7. H•$fH$ dJ© H$m{ oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> g{ Om{∂S>Zm ^r EH$ g_Ò`m h°& AoYH$ Im{b{ Om`{ BgH{$ obE naOd© ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BoS>`m _{ß H{$.dmB©.gr. 8. oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> H{$ _m{Z{Q>naßJ H$r g_Ò`m (KYC) (A[Z{ J´mhH$ H$m{ OmZm{) H{$ oZ`_m{ß _{ß ∂T>rb Xr h°& B©-]¢oH$J H{$ ‡oV AodÌdmg H{$ H$maU - odŒmr` g_md{eZ H{$ A›VJ©V J´m_rU emImAm{ß _{ß JoVodoY`m{ß - 1. Jm{[Zr`Vm H$m A^md H´$ _X{ß 2014-15 2. Ym{I{ H$r oÒWoV _{ß oOÂ_{Xmna`m{ H$m A^md 1 J´m_rU emImAm{ß H$r gßª`m 49571 3. B©-]¢oH$J H$r OmZH$mar H$m A^md 2 oeoda bJmZ{ dmbr emImE{ 32509 4. Ïò∫$JV OmZH$mna`m{ß H$r Mm{ar H$m ^` 3 oeodam{ H$r gßª`m 306188 5. E.Q>r.E_. g{ gÂ]oYV g_Ò`mE{ß 4 Hw$b ‡oV^moJ`m{ß H$r gßª`m 1,48,26,647 6. gßMmbZ gÂ]ßoY Om{oI_ 5 oeoda _{ß Im{b{ J`{ ImVm{ H$r gßª`m 56,57,092 7. gd©a S>mCZ hm{Z{ H$m S>a 6 oeoda _{ß [hb{ g{ ImVm YmaH$ H$r gßª`m 66,86,518 8. amoe Jw_ hm{Z{ H$m S>a odŒmr` g_md{eZ H{$ A›VJ©V 2014-15 _{ß J´m_rU emImAm{ß _{ß 9. H{$.dmB©. gr. H{$ oZ`_m{ g{ Am`H$a X{Z{ H$m S>a 3,06,188 oeoda bJm`{ oOg_{ß 56,57,092 Z`{ ImV{ Im{b{ J`{ß& oZÓH$f© -odŒmr` g_md{eZ _{ß AoYH$mße Am]mXr H$m{ gÒVr d gab odŒmr` ]¢>H$dma ATM H$m odVaU (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZm h° oOg_{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> ^r EH$ _hÀd[yU© odŒmr` g_md{eZ _{ß odVaU VmobH$m H{$ AZwgma J´m_rU d ZJar` ^yo_H$m AXm H$a ahm h¢ odŒmr` g_md{eZ Ï`m[mnaH$ gßdmXXmVmAm{ß, j{Ãm{ß _{ß ]∂T> ahm h°& 2013 g{ 2014 _{ß 36 ‡oVeV ATM H$m odVaU AoYH$ Bb{∑Q≠>m{oZH$ bm^ hÒVm›VaU Edß H{$.dmB©.gr. H{$ oZ`_m{ß _{ß ∂T>rb X{H$a ]¢H$ hwAm h° Bg_{ß gmd©OoZH$ j°Ã H{$ ]¢H$m{ H$m `m{JXmZ AoYH$ h° VWm o[N>b{ bm^mWr© H{$ ImV{ _{ß grYm AZwXmZ O_m H$a ahm h¢ VWm oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> df© g{ d•o’ Xa ^r AoYH$ h¢ oZOr ]¢H$ H$m{ gh^moJVm ]∂T>mZr MmohE H$m odVaU ^r ]S>m ah{ h¢& A^r h_{ß ]¢H$m{ H$r H$m`© ‡Umbr _{ß Am°a gwYma gmW-gmW odX{er ]°H$m| H{$ H$m odVaU ^r ]∂T{>& H$aZm h°& VmH$r ]¢H$ OZVm H{$ odÌdgZr` hm{ gH{$& 2014-15 _{ß emIm aohV 2000 g{ H$_ Am]mXr dmb{ Jm∞d g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :- 4,90,000 MòZV oH$`{ J`{ Cg_{ß g{ 3,90,387 H$m{ 14,207 ]¢H$ 1. naOd© ]¢H$ dmof©H$ na[m}Q> 2014 emImAm{ß Z{ H$da oH$`m h¢& Bg_{ß Ï`mdgmo`H$ gßdmXXmVm{ ¤mam 3,57,856 2. www.pmjdy.gov.in VWm 18,324 A›` VarH{$ g{ Om{∂S>m h°& 3. Agarwal, parul 2014 financial inclusion in india- IOSR odŒmr` g_md{eZ `m{OZm g^r ]¢oH$J gÒWmE|(X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> Journal of Business and management Vol-16 issue6 [a) june 2014 VmobH$m odŒmr` g_md{eZ `m{OZm _{ß J´m_rU j{Ã H$r ]¢H$m{ H$r emImE{ß 4. 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0.715 (2014) 120 H•$fH$, H$aV{ h°, hbdmb{ (H$rZme) gwI[yd©H$ W°bm{ß g{ I{V Om{V{& _{K, `Yw Xm{ ]hZ{ß ^r H$hm J`m h°& Om{ df© Í$[r dÛ ]ZmZ{ H$m H$m`© ]wZH$a V°`ma VWm Ob g{ h_ma{ ob`{ gwI ]agm`{ VWm gwZm era h_ bm{Jm{ _{ß gwI CÀ[fi H$aVr h°& BZ_{ß g{ amoÃ h° VmZm Am°a oXZ h° ]mZm& H$a{& H•$of dV©_mZ g_` _{ß odÌd ÒVa [a H$r OmVr h° ∑`m{ß oH$ d°ÓdrH$aU ^maV _{ß H•$of [ewAm{ß H{$ ¤mam H$r OmVr h°, [ew [mbZ H•$of H$_© H{$ Edß dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_ H$m O_mZm h°& AWm©V BßQ>aZ{Q> H$r oÒWoV _{ß [yam odÌd gmW Ow∂S>m hwAm h° Am°a H•$fH$m{ß H$m OrdZ oZdm©h H$m ‡_wI gmYZ ^r h°& EH$ h°& Bg AmYma [a gma{ H$m`© oH$`{ OmV{ h°& BgobE H•$of odH$mg H$m{ d°oXH$ OrdZH$mb _{ß Jm` H$m ode{f ÒWmZ Wm Am°a AmO ^r Jm` ]°b H{$ ¡`mXm _hÀd oX`m OmVm h°& Cg_{ß Ï`m[mnaH$ dÒVwAm{ß H$m CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ ¤mam I{Vr [hb{ ^r (d°oXH$ H$mb) _{ß H$r OmVr Wr AmO ^r H$r OmVr h°& hm{ ahm h° VmoH$ Ï`m[ma ]∂T{>& BgH{$ gmW hr YZ gÂ[Xm _{ß ^r Jm` ]°b H$m{ _mZm OmVm Wm oH$ oOVZ{ ‡mMrZH$mb g{ hr H•$of d Cgg{ gß]ßoYV Ï`m[ma H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H$r ¡`mXm Jm` ]°b d OmZda hm{J{ß bm{Jm{ H{$ [mg dh g_mO _{ß ‡oVÓR>m Am°a ‡d•oŒm ahr h°, BgH$m C‘{Ì` Wm AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ YZ AoO©V H$aZm& Ï`m[ma gÂ_mZ ‡m· H$aZ{ `m{Ω` H$hbm`{ßJ{& H{$ _m‹`_ g{ odÌd _{ß H•$fH$ EH$ Xyga{ H{$ oZH$Q> gÂ[H©$ Am°a gh`m{J ]∂T>m ah{ F$Jd{X _{ß Jm` H$m{ X{dVm _mZV{ W{ ∑`m{ßoH$ Jm` Jm°ad H$m ‡VrH$ _mZm h°& EH$ Xyga{ H{$ CfiV VarH$m{ß H$m{ A[ZmH$a A[Z{ CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ H$a gH{${ß& J`m h° Am°a AmO ^r A[Z{ ^maV df© _{ß Jm` H$m{ [yOm OmVm h°& ]oÎH$ H•$of-gßÒH•$oV h_ma{ X{e _{ß d°oXH$ gßÒH•$oV H$m EH$ Ao^fi AßJ ahm h° F$Jd{X _{ß `h H$hm ^r J`m h°, \$bV: "dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_ g{ ‡maß^ hm{H$a' "AoVoW X°dm{^md' VH$ BgH$r F$of ^ma¤mO H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ß - Jm` hr h_ma{ ob`{ B›– h°, Jm` hr `mÃm _m°obH$ Im{O og’ hm{ MwH$r h°& _mZd _yÎ` H$r Vbme H•$of H{$ _m‹`_ gm{_Ò` H$r [hbr KyßQ>r h°, `{ oOVZr Jm`{ h¢ d{ hr _ZwÓ`m{ß B›h H$r gmjmV g{ odH$ogb H$aZ{ g{ odÌd gßÒH•$oV H$m{ ‡^modV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& `hr ‡oVoZoY h°& _¢ —Ó` g{, _Z g{ Bgr B›h H$m{ MmhVm hy∞& h_mar d°oXH$ gßÒH•$oV H$m AmYma h°& dV©_mZ _{ß ]wZH$a H{$ YßY{ H$m{ _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ oX`m J`m h°& [hb{ Í$B© gßX^© J´ßW gyMrïñ H$m{ H$mQ>H$a gyV V°`ma oH$`m OmVm h°, o\$a H$[∂S>m V°`ma oH$`m OmVm h°& 1. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm-S>m∞ gwf_m ogßh & Bgg{ dÛ O°g{-Ym{Vr, Xw[≈m, H$Â]b d A›` dÛ ^r ]Zm`{ OmV{ h°& Bg{ 2. J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm & d°oXH$ H$mb _{ß ]wZH$a H$m{ (]mJ) H$hV{ W{& AWm©V Bg{ [hb{ ^r Bgr 3. lr ]•OJm{[mb ^Q>ZmJa & C[`m{J _{ß ]wZH$a ]Zm b{V{ W{ AmO ^r BgH$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& 4. H•$of AW©emÛ-lr [r.H{$.Jw·m & AW©d{X _{ß Vm{ BgH$r AZyR>r C[_m Xr JB© h°& amoÃ d oXdm (oXZ) H$r 5. Z{Q> &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 121

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 124 ^maVr` gßodYmZ _{ß AßVoZ©ohV gm_moOH$ ›`m` H{$ oH´$´`m›d`Z _{ß g]g{ ]∂S>r ]mYm am¡` Ï`dÒWm _{ß Ï`m· ^´ÓQ>mMma : EH$ g_rjm (‡^md, H$maU d oZXmZ H{$ gßX^© _{ß)

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H$m∞b{O, Jmoham Zmbm, oObm,gVZm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 125 AmÀ_hÀ`m H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ odde hm{ OmV{ h¢13[a `{ H$mam{]mar gm\$ ]M OmV{ h¢& ÒVam{ß _{ß CÉ oZUm©`H$ [Xm{ß [a A[Z{ Mh{V{ d ^´Ô>bm{Jm{ß H$m{, ^mar _mÃm _{ß Edß CÉ ÒVa H{$ ›`m`mb`m{ß _{ß gßoXΩY oZÓR>m dmb{ Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ Hw$N> _mÃm ^maVr` gßodYmZ H{$ AZww0 334 Edß 73d{ß gßodYmZ gßem{YZ _{ß Bg dJ© Z{ [XmgrZ H$a oX`m h°,34 Om{ A[Zr `WmoÒWoV H$m{ Am°a _O]yVr AoYoZ`_ H$r AmajU Ï`dÒWm H$m{ Bg ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ H$maU odoY gßJV H{$ gmW ]aH$ama aIZm MmhV{ h¢&35 gmamßeV: oOZH{$ hmW _{ß AmoW©H$ gŒmm Í$[ _{ß A] VH$ bmJy Zht oH$`m Om gH$m& BgobE gßodYmZ gßem{YZ H$aH{$ Wr, C›ht H{$ [mg amOZroVH$ gŒmm H{$›–rH•$V hm{ JB© Am°a Bgg{ Km{a AmajU H$m{ ]∂T>m`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [∂S>r&14 gm_m›`V: X{e H$r J´m_ Ag_mZVm Am°a ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ VmH$V o_br o\$a C›hm{ßZ{ 65 dfm} H{$ emgZ [ßMm`V{ß H{$db EH$ hr dJ© H{$ ohVm{ß H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVr h¢ Am°a dh dJ© H{$ Xm°amZ amOZroVH$ ‡l` H{$ OnaE ^´ÓQ>mMma oH$`m Am°a Xyga{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ h°- J´m_rU gß_•’ dJ©&15 BZ_{ß gaH$mar oZ`_m{ß d \$Or© J´m_ g^mAm{ß H{$ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$aZ{ H{$ obE _XX H$r Am°a ]m‹` oH$`m& Bg dJ© Z{ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$aZ{ OnaE J°a-oZY©Zm{ß ¤mam Jar]m{ß H{$ bm^m{ß,16 F$U d ^yo_17 AmoX H$m{ hoW`mZ{ß Edß o\$a Cg{ d°YVm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ h{Vw AZ{H$ ZdrZ VH$ZrH$m{ß d111 OoQ>b H{$ ob`{ AZ{H$ Ad°Y VarH$m{ß H$m{ A[Zm`m OmVm h°& J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ß [a g_•’ ‡oH´$`mAm{ß H$m AoYH$moYH$ ‡MbZ d BÒV{_mb oH$`m&36 B›ht VH$ZrH$m{ß, dJ© H$r Bg ‡H$ma H$r ‡^mderbVm H{$ [rN{> H$maU `h h° oH$ gm_ßVr ‡oH´$`mAm{ß, oZ`_m{ß d H$mZyZm{ß H{$ ghma{ ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ gßMmbZ H$r gmar ‡oH´$`m gaH$mam{ß g{ gm_ßVr eo∫$`m∞ A[Zm hmW g{ßH$ ahr h¢ O]oH$ Xygar Am{a oQ>H$r h° Am°a MbVr-ahVr h°&37 `{ VH$ZrH{$ oZÂZmßoH$V h°- am¡`Ï`dÒWm _{ß EH$ [jr` PwH$md H$m`_ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU XobV, em{ofV d 1. ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ IÀ_ H$aZ{ H{$ Zm_ [a `m oH$gr H$maU H$m hdmbm X{H$a oZ]©b dJ© H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ H$m{B© ÒWmB© amhV ‡m· Zht hwB©&18 Z`{ H$mZyZ d gßÒWmE∞ ]ZmZm, gßd°YmoZH$ C[]ßYm{ß d H$mZyZm{ß _{ß eV} ^´ÓQ>mMma Z{ h_mar oejm Ï`dÒWm d AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r oXem H$m{ Om{∂S>Zm38 Am°a o\$a ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ am{H$Wm_ H{$ ob`{ H$aZ{ `m{Ω` R>m{g Vhg- Zhg H$a g_mO H$m{ Xm{ ^mJm{ß _{ß ]m∞Q> oX`m h°& oejm H$m{ _yb AoYH$ma C[m`m{ß H$m{ ÒWoJV H$a ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ ÒWmB© Í$[ g{ ÒWmo[V H$a X{Zm Vm{ ]Zm`m J`m h° b{oH$Z CgH{$ _yb _{ß Ag_mZVm19 Edß bmQ>ar ¤mam ‡d{e Am°a ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ ]∂T>mZm& H$r Ï`dÒWm20 hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU 25 ‡oVeV Jar] ]Ém{ß H$m ‡d{e _Z_mZr 2. 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KoQ>`m oH$Ò_ H$r gaH$mar IarXXmar H$aZm `m oZ_m©U H$m`© _{ß ‡`w∫$ ]r0[r0Eb0 H{$ _m[XS> _{ß Om{∂S>r JB© odoMÃ eVm~ß30 Edß AoYH$mna`m{ß H$r H$aZm& _Z_mZr H{$ H$maU ]r0[r0Eb0 H$mS©> ]ZdmZ{ H{$ ob`{ gaH$mar X·am{ß H$m 13. emgH$r` IOmZ{ `m ‡mH•$oVH$ gß[Xm (ImZ,dZ) H$r Mm{ar H$aZm `m M∏$a bJmV{ß h¢,31 Kyg X{V{ h°{ß Am°a A[Z{ gÂ_mZ d AoYH$ma H$m{ H$mS©> ]ZdmZ{ H$admZm&50 H{$ ]Xb{ ]{ßM X{V{ h¢& gaH$mar aoOÒQ>am{ß _{ß \$Or© hÒVmja H$admH$a J´m_ 14. _Z_mZr Tß>´J g{ _m_bm{ß H$r Om∞M d odd{MZm H$aZm&51 g^mAm{ß H$m Am`m{OZ [yU© H$a ob`m OmVm h° Am°a Bgr ‡H$ma gaH$mar 15. oZ`_m{ß, `m{OZmAm{ß, H$mZyZm{ß H{$ oZ_m©U _{ß amOZroVH$ hÒVj{[ H$aZ{ oZ_m©U H$m`© H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z d oZJamZr H$r ImZm[yoV© \$Or© AßH{$jU go_oV H{$ obE JwßOmBe aIZm &52 32 ¤mam H$r OmVr h°& _VXmVm gyoM`m{ß _{ß ^r Ï`m[H$ \$Or©dm∂S>m h°& 16. emgH$r` go_oV`m{ß, [Xm{ß [a ^´Ô>bm{Jm{ß H$m M`Z H$aZm&53 ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ H$maU - ^maV _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ H$maUm{ß H$r gyMr bÂ]r h° oH$›Vw 17. \$Or© ‡_mU-[Ã ]ZmZm d \$Or© bm{Jm{ß H$m Zm_ emgZ H$r gyoM`m{ß _{ß g]g{ ‡_wI H$maU ahm h°-^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß, CÉ OmoV H{$ oOg Om{∂S>Zm&54 AmoW©H$ gmYZ gÂ[fi O_rZYmar dJ© H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ‡maÂ^ g{ hr oZUm©`H$ 18.emgH$r` OmZH$mna`m{ß H$m{ Jm{[Zr` ]Zm`{ aIZm &55 h°og`V ‡m· ahr h¢, ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H{$ ]mX E{g{ dJ© H{$ bm{Jm{ß ¤mam AÀòYH$ 19. emgH$r` IM} H{$ OnaE _m_bm{ß H$m{ ›`m`mb`m{ß _{ß b{ OmZm Am°a dhm∞ AmoW©H$ gÂ[fiVm H{$ H$maU33 amOZroVH$ oÒWoV `mZr emgZ H{$ oZU©` H{$ dem~ VH$ CbPm`{ d bQ>H$m`{ aIZm&56 H{$›–m{ß _{ß [hw∞M H$m{ _O]yV ]ZmZ{ _{ß g\$bVm ‡m· H$a b{Zm& BgH{$ ]mX g^r 20. _m{Q>r aH$_ b{-X{H$a oXImd{ß H$r H$m`©dmhr H$aZm57 Edß ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ Xyga{ Zm_ d VarH$m{ß g{ Omar aIZ{ _{ß _XX H$aZm& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 126 21. Jar]m{ß H{$ emgH$r` bm^m{ß H$m{ h∂S>[Z{ H{$ obE AZ{H$ Ad°Y VarH$m{ß H$m H$aZm d N>m{Q{> [Xm{ß [a AÒWm`r H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$r oZ`wo∫$`m∞ H$aZm& C[`m{J H$aZm&58 34. hÒVmja H$r OJh [XZm_ obIZm Edß H$m`©dmoh`m∞ H$aZ{ H{$ Zm_ [a 22. H$m`© H$m{ odH•$V H$aZm, H$m`© g{ ]MZm, H$m`© H$m{ Xyga{ VH$ Q>mbZm d ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ oeH$m`VH$Vm©Am{ß H$m{ oZdmg ÒWmZ ]wbmH$a hÀ`m H$a H$m`© Z H$aZ{ H{$ obE _m°Zd´V YmaU H$aZm Edß H$m`© H$m{ ]∂T>mZm &59 X{Zm & 23. Adm¿`, AÒ[ÓQ>, D$[ar b{I, AkmV bm[Vm, Pwbgr, J°a-BamXVZ, 35. ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ odÍ$’ b∂S>Z{ dmb{ H$m{ gßVwÓQ> `m emßV H$aZ{ H{$ obE PyR>m gßoXΩY, ‡W_ —Ô>≤`m, bm[admhr, Jm{XH$a, Xdm H{$ Km{I{, Jm{br ImZ{ AoboIV AmÌdmgZ X{Zm, na`m`V X{Zm, H$m`©dmoh`m∞ H$aZm d o\$Oyb g{, oM_Zr ObmV{ d∫$, M[{Q> _{ß AmZ{ g{, [mJbm{ß H$r Vah haH$V,H$m[r H$m`© H$aZm&63 O°gr H$mZyZ-odd{MZm e„Xmdbr H$m [wobg d _roS>`m ¤mam 36. Kyg64 d MmVw`©[yU© VarH$m{ß65 g{ E{g{ ^´Ô>bm{Jm{ß H$m M`Z H$aZm , Om{ AoYH$moYH$ ‡`m{J H$aZm VmoH$ gÀ` oN>[m ah{, Xm{fr ]M{ ah{& ^´ÓQ>mMma H$r ‡oH´$`mAm{ß{, bm^m{ß _{ß oH$gr Vah H$r A∂S>MZ [°Xm Z H$a{ß& 24. Jar]m{ß H$m{ bm[admh d A[amYr og’H$a bm^ d [X g{ C›h{ß dßoMV `{ ‡oH´$`mE∞ h°-emgH$r` aH$_ oZH$mbZm , oZ_m©U H$m`© H$m{ g] Vah aIZ{ H{$ obE Edß Mh{Vm{ß H$m{ E{g{ Amam{[m{ß g{ ]MmH$a C›h{ß [XmgrZ H$aZ{ g{ d°Y _mZZm, oZ_m©U H{$ ]mX ]Mm`r JB© YZamoe (bm^) H$r Am[gr d bm^ X{Z{ H{$ obE ÀdnaV \{$a]Xb`w∫$ H$m`©dmoh`m∞ H$aZm& AmoW©H$ ]mßQ> H$aZm& CXmhaUmW©- H•$oÃ_ [naoÒWoV`m∞ CÀ[fi H$a CgH{$ ]mX Vœ`m{ß H$m{ A[Z{ 37. 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0.715 (2014) 129 ¤mam ∑`m H$m`©dmhr d oZU©` oH$`m J`m h°, BgH$r gyMZm gÂ]o›YV hr gdm}É [XmoYH$mar g{ o_bZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aV{ h¢& o_bZ{ H{$ g_` H$r Ïò∫$ VH$ ghr g_` _{ß [hw∞M{& BgH$m Xmo`Àd C∫$ gßaMZmAm{ß H$m{ Òd`ß [XmoYH$mar H$r gwajmÀ_H$ g_Ò`m Cg g_` CÀ[fi [naoÒWoV H{$ AZwgma A[Z{ oZJamZr _{ß gÂ[fi H$aZm Mmoh`{ ∑`m{oH$ d{ oeH$m`V{ß CZ oZÂZmßoH$V VrZ ∂Tß>J g{ gwbPm`r OmZr MmohE- [XmoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ odÍ$’ ^r hm{ gH$Vr h¢, oOZH{$ ]rM hm{H$a C∫$ gyMZm gm_m›` OZ H$r AZmdÌ`H$ ^r∂S> H$_ H$aZ{ H{$ obE-H$m°Z o_b gH$Vm H$m{ JwOaZm hm{Vm h°& BgobE H$B© ]ma C∫$ gyMZm H$m{ S>m∞H$ od^mJ ¤mam h° Am°a H$m°Z Zht o_b gH$Vm ? 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X{e H{$ ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m EH$ amÓQ≠>r` [hMmZ [Ã (AmYma H$mS©>) [XmoYH$mna`m{ß [a H$mZyZ-gßJV H$m`© Z H$aZ{ H$m Amam{[ bJmV{ hwE oH$gr VWm EH$ oZdm©MZ [naM` [Ã (ZmJnaH$Vm H$mS©>) hm{Zm MmohE Edß Xm{Zm{ß g_Ò`m H$m g_mYmZ H$aZ{ d gyMZm AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H{$ VhV OmZH$mar H$m{ Am[g _{ß Om{∂S>m OmZm MmohE& AWm©V≤ oZdm©MZ Am`m{J ¤mam oÃÒVar` ‡m· H$aZ{ AmoX H{$ ]ma{ _{ß òX H$m{B© Ïò∫$ oZMb{ od^mJm{{ß/[XmoYH$mna`m{ß (bm{H$g^m , odYmZg^m, J´m_ [ßMm`V ) oZdm©MZ Zm_mdbr Omar Zht H$r g{ H´$_e:g_Ò`m H$m g_mYmZ/OmZH$mar ‡m· Zht H$aZm MmhVm ]oÎH$ OmZr MmohE& Cgr od^mJ g{ gÂ]o›YV gdm}É H$m`m©b`m{ß g{ g_Ò`m H$m g_mYmZ d 12. ›`m`mb`m{ß ¤mam ]bmÀH$ma, hÀ`m d ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ ]∂S{> _m_bm{ß H{$ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZm MmhVm h°,Vm{ gdm}É H$m`m©b`m{ß H$m{ g_Ò`m H$m g_mYmZ A[amoY`m{ß H$m{ O{b Edß XS> g{ gab VarH$m{ß g{ AWm©V≤ Í$[`{ `m amOZroVH$ d OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE A[Z{ g{ oZMb{ ÒVa H{$ oH$gr ^r H$m`m©b` bm^ H{$ AmYma [a O_mZV H{$ OnaE nahm Z oH$`m Om`{ ∑`m|oH$ Bgg{ `h (od^mJ) _{ß Amd{XH$ H$m{ Ohm∞ VH$ gß^d hm{ H$Xmo[ Zhr ^{OZm MmohE gmo]V hm{Vm h° oH$ ›`m` og\©$ [°g{ dmbm{ß H{$ obE h°&114 ]oÎH$ oZMb{ ÒVa H{$ H$m`m©b`m{ß g{ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$a Edß CoMV H$m`©dmhr 13. bm^ `m XS> H$m odVaU -emgZ d ›`m`mb` ¤mam oX`{ OmZ{ H$a A[Z{ H$m`m©b` ¤mam Amd{XH$ H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m g_mYmZ oH$`m OmZm dmb{ bm^ d XS> ha —oÓQ> g{ ghr VWm g_`]’ Om∞M H{$ ]mX hr C[`w∫$ MmohE ∑`m{ßoH$ gdm}É ÒVa H{$ AoYH$mna`m{ß g{ o_bZm, Amd{XZ X{Zm, g_Ò`m [mÃ Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ o_b gH{$, Bg{ gwoZo¸V oH$`m Om`{& Bg ‡H$ma H$r Om∞M H$m g_mYmZ ‡m· H$aZm, Cg g_` OÍ$ar hm{ OmVm h°, O] oZMb{ ÒVa H{$ [arjm H{$ Í$[ _ß{ `m H$mZyZr, AmoW©H$, oMoH$Àgr` AmoX AmYmam{ß [a gÂ[fi H$m`m©b`m{ß H{$ ‡^mdembr, A[amoYH$ ‡H•$oV dmb{ AoYH$mar Edß ^´ÓQ>mMma H$r Om gH$Vr h° AWm©V≤ bm^ `m XS> H$m odVaU amOZroVH$ bm^ H$m{ ‡m· H$r oeH$m`V H{$ obE ÒWmo[V h{Î[bmBZ H{$ [XmoYH$mar A[Z{ H$V©Ï`m{ß H$m H$aZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ Zht oH$`m OmZm MmohE& BZH$m odVaU E{gm hm{ oH$ oZdm©h Zht H$aV{ Am°a Bgg{ Amd{XH$ H$r gwajm IVa{ _{ß [∂S> OmVr h° Am°a Cg{ Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ _‹` A›`m`, od^mOZ Edß Ag_mZVm H$m O›_ Z hm{& ›`m` Zht o_b [mVm& EH$ A¿N>r gßÒWm H$m bjU h° oH$ OZVm g{ [´m· ghr 14. AmajU Ï`dÒWm H$m{ [yar B©_mZXmar g{ bmJy oH$`m Om`{ `m gßodYmZ Amd{XZm{ß (Inputs)H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$a{ d ‡m· JbV Amd{XZm{ß (Inputs) H$m{ _{ß doU©V AZwgyoMV OmoV, AZwgyoMV OZ-OmoV`m{ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE EH$ —∂T>Vm g{ AÒdrH$ma H$a{& g_mZ Adga d [naoÒWoV`m∞ C[b„Y H$amB© OmE VmoH$ X{e H$m{ ‡m· gZ≤ 20. emgZ H{$ _hÀd[yU© XÒVmd{Om{ß H$r gwajm d gßYmaU H{$ obE H$m{S>`w∫$ 1947 H$r ÒdVßÃVm Bg dJ© H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ^r ‡m· hm{ gH{$&115 H$hZ{ H$m aoOÒQ>a d \$mBb{ß hm{Zr MmohE& Bgr ‡H$ma XÒVmd{Om{ß H$m{ ZÓQ> H$aZ{ dmbr VmÀ[`© og\©$ BVZm hr h° oH$ BZ dJm~ H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE emgZ E{gm R>m{g g^r ‡H$ma H$r JoVodoY`m{ß [a am{ßH$ bJm`r OmZr MmohE& Bg ‡H$ma H$r Edß ÒWmB© H$X_ CR>m`{ oH$ BZ dJm} H$m [yU© odH$mg hm{ gH{$ Am°a BgH{$ ]mX JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß ‡m`: ^´ÓQ>mMmar `m ^´ÓQ>mMmar g_yh ¤mam emgH$r` XÒVmd{Om{ß Amajm Ï`dÒWm H$m{ Yra{-Yra{ IÀ_ oH$`m Om`{& H$m{ ZÔ> H$aZ{ _{ß ‡`w∫$ oH$`{ J`{ dmÒVodH$ H$maUm{ß [a [aXm S>mbZ{ H{$ obE 15. ‡À`{H$ ÒWmZ H{$ obE AbJ-AbJ Zm_ Omar oH$`m Om`{ AWdm ‡mH•$oVH$ KQ>ZmAm{ß (]m∂T>, AmJ, Iam]-_m°g_, AdoY) XwK©Q>ZmAm{ß, ^ybm{ß, ‡À`{H$ ÒWmZ H$m EH$ H$m{S> Zß0. hm{Zm Mmoh`{& h_ma{ X{e _{ß EH$ hr Zm_ H{$ H$B© Mm{na`m{ß (Stealing) Edß oZMb{ ÒVa H{$ H$_©Mmna`m{ß AmoX H$m{ Xm{fr Km{ofV ÒWmZ _m°OyX h¢ß& Bg H$maU ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ oIbm\$ H$mZyZr H$m`©dmhr H$aV{ oH$`m OmVm h°& g_` ^´_ CÀ[fi hm{Z{ H$r gß^mdZm ]Zr ahVr h° Am°a ^´ÓQ>mMmar BgH$m bm^ 21. gÂ[yU© X{e H{$ ‡À`{H$ emgH$r` [X H$r ^Vr© H{$ obE EH$ [mÃVm CR>mV{ h¢& [arjm CŒmrU© H$aZm AoZdm`© hm{Zm MmohE& `h [mÃVm [arjm ^maV gaH$ma 16. oH$gr ^r [XmoYH$mar H{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ßd•o’ H$aZm, ‡^ma X{Zm, AoVna∫$ H{$ oZ`ßÃU _{ß oZò_V Í$[ g{ gÂ[moXV H$r OmZr MmohE Am°a ^maV gaH$ma H$m`© gm°[Zm, AZw^d H{$ AmYma [a dar`Vm X{Zm `m H$m`© [a aIZm,_wª` H$m{ Bg [arjm h{Vw EH$ ÒWmB© [mÃVm [arjm Am`m{J H$r ÒWm[Zm H$aZr [XmoYH$mar(gßÒWm ‡_wI) H{$ g_mZm›Va A›` C[ `m ghm`H$ [XmoYH$mar MmohE& E{g{ Am`m{J H$m H$m`© H{$db [mÃVm [arjm gÂ[fi H$aZm hm{& [mÃVm H$m{ aIZm, oH$gr ^r H$m`© _{ß Agh`m{J H$aZm AmoX E{{g{ H$m`© H$_ g{ H$_ [arjm _{ß OÍ$aV_ßX bm{Jm{ß H$m{ AmajU gßodYmZ H{$ Xmà{ _{ß oX`m Om`, oH$`{ Om`{& amOZroVH$ bm^ H{$ AmYma [a Zht& 17. Amd{XZ H$r [mdVr Ï`dÒWm- oX`{ J`{ Amd{XZ H$r nagrodßJ ha Conclusion & Suggestion - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z H{$ AmßH$∂S>m{ H{$ odÌb{fU od^mJ _{ß ha Ïò∫$ H$m{ gab VarH{$ g{ ‡m· hm{& `h Ï`dÒWm E{gr hm{, oOg_{ß H{$ AmYma [a `h oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° oH$ H$mJO _{ obIZ{ _mÃ g{ Hw$N> Zht nagrodßJ ÀdnaV ‡m· hm{ Om`{ Am°a H$m{B© ^r od^mJ `m [XmoYH$mar nagrodßJ hm{Vm, oH$gr ^r Ï`dÒWm _{ß oH´$`m›d`Z ¡`mXm _hÀd[yU© [hby h°&116 [a X{Z{ g{ _Zm Z H$a gH{$ VWm oX`{ J`{ Amd{XZ _{ß \{$a-]Xb Z H$a gH{$& ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H{$ ]mX H{$ dfm~ _{ß ImZm[yoV© Am°a gaH$mar Am∞H$∂S>m{ß H$m{ [{e 18. oH$gr gdm}É gßÒWm H{$ ‡_wI g{ o_bZ{ (^{{ßQ> H$aZ{) H$r Ï`dÒWm Edß H$a _mb[yoV© (YZ-gßJ´h) [a AoYH$ ‹`mZ oX`m J`m h°& BgobE ^b{ hr ‡_wI H{$ g_j odMma-Ao^Ïò∫$ H$aZ{ H$r ÒdVßÃVm g^r bm{Jm{ß H$m{ g_mZ XobVm{ß H{$ obE `m{OZmE∞ Mb ahr h¢, AmajU Omar h° [a AmO VH$ E{g{ Í$[ g{ C[b„K hm{Zr Mmoh`{ ∑`m{oH$ Ïò∫$ A∑ga Agm_m›` [naoÒWoV _|$ bm{Jm{ß H{$ Kam{ß, M{ham{ß, H$[∂S>m{ß `m ]Ém{ß H$r ]m{br _{ß odH$mg Edß odMma Ao^Ïò∫$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 130 H$r ÒdVßÃVm H$r oÒWoV d CgH$r gwajm H{$ odH$mg H$m H$m{B© Img bjU Zhr 4. \$m{H$g ›`yO, Q>r.dr. M°Zb (_°Z{oOßJ gß[mXH$- e°b{e Hw$_ma) oXIVm& O]oH$ Xygar Am{a ^´Ô>bm{J A[Z{ [X H$m XwÍ$[`m{J H$a YZHw$]{a oXZmßH$-31.08.2015, g_`-10:17 [r.E_. ]ZV{ Om ah{ h¢ Am°a bm^ CR>m ah{ h¢ o\$a ^r BZH{$ E{g{ ^´Ô>H$m`m~ [a V] VH$ 5. bm{H$g^m Q>r.dr. (^maV gaH$ma H$m M°Zb) oXZmßH$ 09.04.2015, [aXm [∂S>m ahVm h°, O] VH$ oH$ BZH{$ odÍ$’ H$m{B© H$m`©dmhr Zht H$r OmVr, g_`-6:15 E.E_. Am[gr gm_ßVr eo∫$`m{ß H{$ JR>Om{∂S> H$m Vmb_{b o]J∂S> Zhr OmVm&117 6. AM©Zm, dmof©H$ [oÃH$m, ‡H$meZ df© 2012-13, ‡H$meH$- 67 gmb H{$ ]mX AmO ^r CÉ [Xm{ß [a CÉ OmoV H{$ bm{J ^mar _mÃm em.R>m.aU_V ogßh _hm.ardm, [•ÓR>-50 _{ß h¢& BgobE XobVm{ß, oZ]©bm{ß H$r ]mV dhm∞ AS≠>{g Zht hm{ ahr h°& A[dmoXH$ 7. OZgŒmm, g_mMma-[Ã, oXZmßH$ 18.11.2013, [•ÓR>-8 oÒWoV`m{ß H$m{ N>m{∂S> oX`m Om`, Vm{ dmÒVodH$Vm `h h° oH$ X{e _{ß BVZ{ H$mZyZ 8. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-17.03.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> d gßÒWmE∞ _m°OyX h¢ b{oH$Z oOg Vah g{ gmYZ gß[fi bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ›`m` ‡m· [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-16.04.2014, [•ÓR>-5 hm{ OmVm h°,Cg ∂Tß>J g{ Am°a Cg ∂Tß>J H$m ›`m` XobVm{ß H$m{ ^r ‡m· hm{ Amerdm©X_≤, S>m∞.E.S>r., amOZroV odkmZ, ‡H$meZ df©- Om`{Jm,h_mar am¡`Ï`dÒWm _{ß oZo¸V Zht h°& [émgoZH$ gßJR>Zm{ß H{$ 2001,‡H$meH$-Eg.M›X ES> H$Â[Zr ob.,ZB©oXÑr, [•ÓR>-643 AmßVnaH$ H$m`©H$aU _{ß OmoV d obßJ AmYmnaV ^{X^md A^r ^r Omar h°& H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, bm{H$‡emgZ : og’m›V Edß Ï`dhma, ‡H$meZ B›ht ]mVm{ß H$m{ H$B© ]ma _mZZr` gdm~É ›`m`mb` Z{ Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°& BgH$m df©-2007, ‡H$meH$-Z{eZb [o„boeßJ hmCg, O`[wa, [•ÓR>- [naUm_ `h hwAm AmO X{e H$r O{bm{ß _{ß XobVm{ß H$r gßª`m g]g{ ¡`mXm 859.X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, g_mMma [Ã, O]b[wa, oXZmßH$- h°&118 15.11.2014, S>r.]r. ÒQ>ma AoVna∫$ [•ÓR>-1 dmÒVd _{ß ^maVr` g_mO H$r gßd{XZm Am°a gh`m{J H$r ^mdZm _{ß 10. Q>r.dr. 24 ›`yO, Q>r.dr. M°Zb (gßMmbH$- AZwamYm ‡gmX), oXZmßH$ AÀòYH$ oJamdQ> Am OmZ{ H{$ H$maU ^´ÓQ>mMma BVZr ‡]b oÒWoV VH$ 03.05.2013 [hw∞Mm h°&119 Bg ^´ÓQ>mMma [a erK´ am{H$ bJmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, A›`Wm lr ›`yO Q>r.dr. M°Zb (J´w[ gß[mXH$-[ßH$O d_m©),oXZmßH$ X{e H{$ Jar] Ïò∫$ H{$ obE gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$m ]Mm-Hw$Mm _yb_ßÃ ^r 11.12.2014 [yU©V`m ImnaO hm{ OmEJm Am°a O°gm oH$ ‡og’ [ÃH$ma Ao_Vm^ Aoæhm{Ãr 11. bm{H$g^m, Q>r.dr. (^maV gaH$ma H$m M°Zb) oXZmßH$ 16.12.2014, Z{ H$hm h° "b_hm{ß Z{ IVm H$r h°, goX`m{ß Z{ gOm [m`r h°&'120 g_`-9:11 E.E_. gßj{[ _{ß-XobV, oZ]©b dJ© oOVZm hr AmajU H{$ Abmdm AmÀ_oZ^©a 12. g_` ghmam, gm·mohH$, g_mMma-[Ã, oXZmßH$ 26.12.2003 _wª` hm{Z{ H$m ‡`mg H$a{Jm Am°a gd©Um~ H$r H{$db Ambm{MZm H$aZ{ H$r ]Om` ha [•ÓR> j{Ã _{ß ]am]ar H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a{Jm121 VWm Bgr ‡H$ma h_mar am¡`Ï`dÒWm 13. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-16.10.2013, _wª` [•ÓR> _{ß _m°OyX AoV AmoW©H$ d ^yo_ H$r odf_Vm,AoV T>rb(Nw>≈m)Ï`dÒWm,122 14. ^maV H$m gßoj· gßodYmZ, ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U, ‡H$meZ df©- 2005, oZ`_m{ß-H$mZyZm{ß- gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ ghma{ Ad°Y H$m`m} H$m gßMmbZ, gÀ`Vm H$r ‡H$meH$-C[H$ma ‡H$meZ, AmJam [•ÓR>- 51,55 OJh ]hw_V H$m{ gdm}ÉVm, amOZroV H{$ ‡oV gm_moOH$ CXmgrZVm, 15. Í$– XŒm Edß gw›Xa_, S>m∞0 H{$0[r0E_0, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm, ÒdmW©[aVm, OmVr` Xw^m©dZm,123gyMZmAm{ß [a oZ`ßÃU, odbß] d IMr©bm ‡H$meZ df©-2006,‡H$meH$-Eg.MßX ES> H$Â[Zr ob., ZB©oXÎbr, ›`m`, A_ra-Jar] H{$ ]Ém{ß H{$ obE AbJ-AbJ oejm, oZdm©MZ ‡oH´$`m [•ÓR>-318 _{ß Ad°Y VarH$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J, ›`m` ‡Umbr H$r K{am]ßXr124 AmoX odo^fi [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-15.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> H$o_`m∞ oOVZr hr Xya hm{Vr Mbr OmEJr, CVZm hr am¡`Ï`dÒWm g{ ^´ÓQ>mMma 16. Í$– XŒm Edß gw›Xa_, S>m∞0 H{$0[r0E_0, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm, H$_ hm{Vm OmEJm Am°a gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$r ÒWm[Zm hm{Vr Mbr OmEJr& ‡H$meZ df©-2006,‡H$meH$- Eg.MßX ES> H$Â[Zr ob., Acknowledgement --- em{Y b{IZ H$r _wP{ ‡{aUm S>m∞0AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ ZB©oXÎbr, [•ÓR>-303,317,318 Bg H$WZ g{ ‡m· hwB© oH$ "[∂T{>-obI{ Ïò∫$ H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m Xm{f `h h° oH$ dh [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-05.04.2014, [•ÓR>-5 [∂T>mB© [yU© H$a b{Z{ H{$ ]mX A[Z{ AoYH$ma _{ß bJ OmVm h°, Cg{ Xygam{ß H{$ hH$ [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-15.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> H$r oM›Vm Zht ahVr&' "_m°obH$ b{IZ H$r ‡{aUm ‡m{0Ama0H{$0ogßKb ga g{ J{Zm, S>m∞.gr.]r., VwbZmÀ_H$ amOZroV Edß amOZroVH$ gßÒWmE±, ‡m· hwB©&'oH$gr ^r ^´ÓQ>mMma H$r KQ>Zm _{ß H$m°Z-gr oZò_VVmE∞ (‡oH´$`mE∞) ‡H$meZ df© 2005,‡H$meH$-odH$mg [o„boeßJ hmCg, ‡m.ob., H$m_ H$a ahr h¢, C›h{ß gßJ´hH$a Ï`doÒWV obI S>mbm{& `h oZX}e ZB©oXÑr, [•ÓR>-196 S>m∞0Eg0[r0ew∑b ga Z{ _wP{ oX`m Wm& Bg b{IZ _{ß ‡m{0 E0E_0oÃ[mR>r 17. 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M°Zb (J´w[ gß[mXH$- [ßH$O d_m© ) oXZmßH$- [Ã H´$_mßH$-Am{.Eg.S>r.- 9828599/07/15, ^m{[mb, oXZmßH$ 30.04.2013 13.11.2007 H{$ [mbZ _{(oeH$m`V-08),H$b{∑Q>a gVZm ¤mam Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 131 ‡oVobo[-Amd{XH$, bÑm a°Xmg, J´m_ C_nahm H$m{ gyMZmW© Edß gÂ]o›YV ‡H$meH$-odH$mg [o„boeßJ hmCg, ‡m. ob., ZB©oXÑr, [•ÓR>-228 ‡H$aU H$r [Q>dmar OmßM ‡oVd{XZ, oXZmßH$ 25.02.2008 OZgßX{e, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-18.10.2015, [•ÓR>-8 ‡ÒVwV ‡H$aU [a g_yM{ emgZ Z{ A[Z{ gÀVmodhrZ g_yh H{$ [j _{ß nagM© OaZb, em{Y Ymam, ‡H$meZ df©-2014-15, ‡H$meH$- H$m`© oH$`m ∑`mß{oH$ Ïò∫$ gm_moOH$ ^yo_H$mAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr A›` e°ojH$ Edß AZwgßYmZ gßÒWmZ, CaB© Ombm°Z,(C0‡0)gß[mXH$ - g] ‡H$ma H$r ^yo_H$mAm{ß _{ CbPV{ h¢&Bgr Vœ` H$m{ OmΩdmamBd Bg S>m∞0 amO{eM›– [mS{>`, [•ÓR>-102(gw‡r_H$m{Q©> H{$ _wª` ›`m`mYre- ‡H$ma Ï`∫$ oH$`m-amOZroVH$ Agh_oV H$m H$maU gm_moOH$ O{.Eg.d_m© H{$ AZwgma) Agh_oV hm{Vm h°&AWm©V≤ amOZroVH$ Ï`dÒWm H$r g_Ò`mEß A[Z{ 35. OZgŒmm, g_mMma-[Ã, oXZmßH$-05.11.2013 [•ÓR>-6 [`m©daU g{ gß]ßoYV hm{Vr h°&(J{Zm, S>m∞.gr.]r., VwbZmÀ_H$ amOZroV Jm]m, S>m∞0 Am{.[r., amOZroV-og’mV H$r Í$[a{Im, ‡H$meZ df©- Edß amOZroVH$ gßÒWmE±, ‡H$meZ df© 2005,‡H$meH$- odH$mg 2004, ‡H$meH$-_`ya [{[a ]°∑g, Zm°ES>m, [•ÓR>-40 [o„boeßJ hmCg, ‡m.ob., ZB©oXÑr, [•ÓR>- 212,246,247) 36. H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, ^maVr` bm{H$‡emgZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2007, 19. OZgŒmm, g_mMma-[Ã, oXZmßH$-26.05.2014 [•ÓR>-6 ‡H$meH$- Xr[H$ [aZm_r, Ama.]r.Eg.E. [o„beg©, O`[wa, [•ÓR>- 20. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-05.04.2014, [•ÓR>-5 551-552 21. OZgŒmm, g_mMma-[Ã, oXZmßH$ 26.05.2014 [•ÓR>-6 37. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-15.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> 22. Í$– XŒm Edß gw›Xa_, S>m∞0 H{$0[r0E_0, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm, 38. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-07.05.2014, [•ÓR>-1 Edß ‡H$meZ df©-2006,‡H$meH$- Eg.MßX ES> H$Â[Zr 6 ob.,ZB©oXÎbr, [•ÓR>-314 gB©X, ‡m{0 Eg.E_., ^maVr` amOZroVH$ Ï`dÒWm, ‡H$meZ df©- 23. Vœ` ^maVr, AmoW©H$ _mogH$ [oÃH$m,(gß[mXH$-XrZmZmW Xw]{, 2006, ‡H$meH$-^maV ]wH$g{›Q>a, bIZD$, [•ÓR>-39 H$m{Q>m, amOÒWmZ) AßH$-_B© 2010,[•ÓR>-3 H$Q>mna`m, amO[mb, (AZwdmXH$ Edß gß[mXZ), lo_H$ odoY`mß, 24. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-21.03.2014, _wª` [•ÓR> nao‡›Q> gßÒH$aU-2014,‡H$meH$ Am{naE›Q> [o„boeßJ [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-22.03.2014, _wª` [•ÓR> H$Â[Zr,ZB©oXÑr d Bbmhm]mX,(Am°⁄m{oJH$ oddmX AoYoZ`_- 25. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-04.06.2014, [•ÓR>-4 1947 H$r [mßMdr AZwgyMr- AZwoMV l_ Ï`dhma) [•ÓR>-593 26. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, gVZm, oXZmßH$-17.04.2015, [•ÓR>-4 Q>r.dr. 24, ›`yO M°Zb (gßMmbH$-AZwamYm ‡gmX), oXZmßH$ X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, gVZm, oXZmßH$-13.04.2015, [•ÓR>-6 23.04.2015 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-15.04.2015, [•ÓR>-3 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-17.04.2015, [•ÓR>-4 27. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-01.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-25.04.2015, [•ÓR>-8 28. 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[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-07.06.2014, [•ÓR>-2 ‡H$meH$- Xr[H$ [aZm_r, Ama.]r.Eg.E., [o„beg©, O`[wa, [•ÓR>-552 32. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-30.04.2014, [•ÓR>-2 45. H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, ^maVr` bm{H$‡emgZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2007, 33. Vœ` ^maVr,AmoW©H$ _mogH$ [oÃH$m,(gß[mXH$- ‡H$meH$- Xr[H$ [aZm_r, Ama.]r.Eg.E., [o„beg©, O`[wa, [•ÓR>-551 XrZmZmWXw]{,H$m{Q>m,amOÒWmZ)AßH$-_B©2010,[•ÓR>-11(A‹`m`- 46. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-27.04.2015, [•ÓR>-8 ∑`m h_mam OZVßÃ dmH$B© A_ram{ H$m h° ?) [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-29.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> 34. am¡`g^m, Q>r.dr. (^maV gaH$ma H$m M°Zb) oXZmßH$ OZgŒmm, g_mMma-[Ã, oXZmßH$ 08.05.2014 [•ÓR>-6 08.12.2014,(H$m`©H´$_,dmX-oddmX,H°$X _{ H$_Om{a) X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, gVZm, oXZmßH$-20.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> am¡`g^m, Q>r.dr. 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[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-27.04.2015, [•ÓR>-7 69 Amerdm©X_≤, S>m∞.E.S>r., amOZroV odkmZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2001, 48. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-27.04.2015, [•ÓR>-8 ‡H$meH$-Eg.MßX ES> H$Â[Zr ob.,ZB©oXÑr, [•ÓR>-640, 641 49. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-30.04.2014, [•ÓR>-4 70. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-26.12.2013, _wª` [•ÓR> [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-01.12.2013, [•ÓR>-1 S>m∞0 ZßXbmb, amOZroV odkmZ, ]r.E. Ist Sem. ‡H$meZ df©- [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-30.11.2013, [•ÓR>-3 2014, ‡H$meH$-oedbmb AJ´dmb ES> H$Â[Zr, [•ÓR>-188 50. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, g_mMma [Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-23.03.2015, [•ÓR>-4 Amerdm©X_≤, S>m∞.E.S>r., amOZroV odkmZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2001, 51. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-08.01.2014, [•ÓR>-8 ‡H$meH$-Eg.MßX ES> H$Â[Zr ob.,ZB©oXÑr, [•ÓR>-641, 643 52. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-27.04.2015, [•ÓR>-8 d_m©, S>m∞0 dr.[r., AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` amOZroVH$ oMßVZ, ‡H$meZ 53. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-13.04.2015, [•ÓR>-09 df©-2012, ‡H$meH$ b˙_r ZmamÙ AJ´dmb, AmJam, [•ÓR>-674, oXZmßH$ 01.05.2015,g_`-7:11[r.E_. H$m{ B›Q>aZ{Q> _{ C[b„Y 675, 676 OmZH$mar (Ï`m[_ _hmKm{Q>mbm,_0‡0) 71. OZgŒmm, oXZmßH$ 26.05.2014 [•ÓR>-6 54. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-04.03.2014, [•ÓR>-5 72. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-27.04.2015, [•ÓR>-8 s [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-01.05.2015, [•ÓR>-6 73. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-02.08.2014, [•ÓR>-8 55. Ama.Q>r.AmB©. H{$ EH$ _m_b{ _{ß O]b[wa, CÉ ›`m`mb` ¤mam H$r JB© (‡m{0-amOrd Jw·m, amOÒWmZ, od.od. H{$ b{I g{) EH$ H$m`©dmhr-Am[H$m Amd{XZ-[Ã Form-A oXZmßH$ X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, g_mMma [Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-13.07.2010, [•ÓR>- 28.05.2010, Marked I.D. No.-40/2010-11, (JBC.H. Court 16 R.T.I. oXZmßH$ 16.06.2010) 74. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-03.05.2015, [•ÓR>-1,6,9 56. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-07.04.2015, [•ÓR>- 8 75. Vœ` ^maVr, AmoW©H$ _mogH$ [oÃH$m,(gß[mXH$-XrZmZmW Xw]{, 57. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-04.05.2014, [•ÓR>-2 H$m{Q>m, amOÒWmZ)AßH$-_B© 2010, [•ÓR>-11(A‹`m`-∑`m h_mam 58. Í$– XŒm Edß gw›Xa_, S>m∞0 H{$0[r0E_0, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm, OZVßÃ dmH$B© A_ram{ H$m h° ?) ‡H$meZ df©-2006,‡H$meH$- Eg.MßX ES> H$Â[Zr ob., 76. g_` ghmam, gm·mohH$ g_mMma [Ã, oXZmßH$ 26.12.2003, _wª` [•ÓR> ZB©oXÎbr, [•ÓR>-316,317 77. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-11.02.2014, _wª` [•ÓR> 59. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-09.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> 78. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-09.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-27.04.2015, [•ÓR>-7 79. am¡`g^m, Q>r.dr. (^maV gaH$ma H$m M°Zb) oXZmßH$ 08.12.2014 X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, g_mMma [Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-22.04.2015, [•ÓR>-4 80. H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, ^maVr` bm{H$‡emgZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2007, 60. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-29.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> ‡H$meH$-Xr[H$ [aZm_r, Ama.]r.Eg.E., [o„beg©, O`[wa, [•ÓR>-347 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-15.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> Q>m{Q>b, Q>r.dr., M°Zb, (oS>flQ>r gß[mXH$-AmewVm{f ghm`) oXZmßH$- 61. am{OJma Am°a oZ_m©U, gm·mohH$ g_mMma [Ã, ^m{[mb, oßXZmßH$- 02.03.2011,g_` 8:00[r.E_. 14.07.2014 g{ 20.07.2014 VH$ _{ ‡H$moeV, [•ÓR>-6 OZgŒmm, oXZmßH$ 03.11.2013 [•ÓR>-07 62 H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, ^maVr` bm{H$‡emgZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2007, [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-06.10.2013, _wª` [•ÓR> ‡H$meH$- Xr[H$ [aZm_r, Ama.]r.Eg.E., [o„beg©, O`[wa, [•ÓR>-547 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-10.12.2013, [•ÓR>-10 63. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-01.05.2015, [•ÓR>-6 S>r.S>r.-1 XyaXe©Z (^maV gaH$ma H$m M°Zb) oXZmßH$ 24.03.2014 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-03.05.2015, [•ÓR>-7 g_` 8:30 [r.E_. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-01.05.2015, [•ÓR>-9 81. OZgŒmm, oXZmßH$ 05.11.2013 [•ÓR>-6 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-27.04.2015, [•ÓR>-8 82. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-11.02.2014, _wª` [•ÓR> am{OJma Am°a oZ_m©U, gm·mohH$ g_mMma [Ã, ^m{[mb, oßXZmßH$- 83. Q>m{Q>b, Q>r.dr., M°Zb, (oS>flQ>r gß[mXH$-AmewVm{f ghm`) oXZmßH$- 14.07.2014 g{ 20.07.2014 VH$ _{ ‡H$moeV, [•ÓR>-6 02.03.2011,g_` 8:00 [r.E_. 64. oXZmßH$ 01.05.2015,g_`-7:11[r.E_.H$m{ B›Q>aZ{Q> _{ C[b„Y 84. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-02.08.2014, [•ÓR>-8 OmZH$mar (Ï`m[_ _hmKm{Q>mbm, _0‡0) (‡m{0-AmZßX Hw$_ma,O{.EZ.`y. H{$ b{I g{) 65. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-15.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> 85. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-02.08.2014, [•ÓR>-8 66. Vœ` ^maVr, AmoW©H$ _mogH$ [oÃH$m,(gß[mXH$- XrZmZmW (‡m{0-AmZßX Hw$_ma,O{.EZ.`y. Edß ‡m{0-gw^mf M›X, oh›Xr od^mJ, Xw]{,H$m{Q>m,amOÒWmZ) AßH$ - _B© 2010 ,[•ÓR>-11(A‹`m`-∑`m Hw$Í$j{Ã H{$ b{I g{) h_mam OZVßÃ dmH$B© A_ram{ H$m h° ?) OZgŒmm, oXZmßH$ 26.05.2014 [•ÓR>-4 67 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-07.04.2015, [•ÓR>-8 86. am¡`g^m, Q>r.dr. (^maV gaH$ma H$m M°Zb) oXZmßH$ 08.12.2014 68. _0‡0H{$ _wª`_ßÃr ¤mam H$r JB© EH$ H$m`©dmhr-gr.E_., 87. H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, ^maVr` bm{H$‡emgZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2007, _.‡.,^dXr`,[Ã H´$_mßH$-Am{.Eg.S>r.9828599/07/15, ‡H$meH$-Xr[H$ [aZm_r, Ama.]r.Eg.E., [o„beg©, O`[wa, [•ÓR>-544 ^m{[mb, oXZmßH$ 13.11.2007 H{$ [mbZ _{,[Q>dmarhÎH$m- [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-06.10.2013, _wª` [•ÓR> S{>JahQ>,Vhgrb am_[wa ]mK{bmZ oObm gVZm ¤mam oXZmßH$ 88. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-02.08.2014, [•ÓR>-8 25.02.2008 H$m{ H$r JB© OmßM H$m ‡oVd{XZ (‡m{0-AmZßX Hw$_ma,O{.EZ.`y. H{$ b{I g{) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 133

H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, bm{H$‡emgZ :og’m›V Edß Ï`dhma, ‡H$me df©- ‡H$meZ df© 2003,‡H$meH$- odH$mg [o„boeßJ hmCg, ‡m.ob., 2007, ‡H$meH$-Z{eZb [o„boeßJ hmCg, O`[wa, [•ÓR>-80 ZB©oXÑr, [•ÓR>-176 89. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-08.03.2014, [•ÓR>-2 110.am¡`g^m, Q>r.dr. (^maV gaH$ma) oXZmßH$ 09.05.2013 (Aaod›X H{$Oardmb) (C.B.I.oZX{eH$-Om{oJ›Xa ogßh) 90. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-06.10.2013, _wª`[•ÓR> X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, g_mMma [Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-17.04.2014, [•ÓR>-14 91. H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, ^maVr` bm{H$‡emgZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2007, [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-23.04.2015, [•ÓR>-8 ‡H$meH$- Xr[H$ [aZm_r, Ama.]r.Eg.E., [o„beg©, O`[wa, [•ÓR>-611 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-03.05.2015, [•ÓR>-18 92. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-08.03.2014, [•ÓR>-2 111.oXZmßH$ 01.05.2015, g_`-7:11 [r.E_. H$m{ B›Q>aZ{Q> _{ß C[b„Y (Aaod›X H{$Oardmb) OmZH$mar (Ï`m[_ _hmKm{Q>mbm, _0‡0) 93. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-08.03.2014, [•ÓR>-2 OZgßX{e, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-14.05.2014, [•ÓR>-8 (Aaod›X H{$Oardmb) 112.oXZmßH$ 01.05.2015, g_`-7:11 [r.E_. H$m{ B›Q>aZ{Q> _{ C[b„Y 94. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-08.03.2014, [•ÓR>-2 OmZH$mar (Ï`m[_ _hmKm{Q>mbm, _0‡0) (Aaod›X H{$Oardmb) 113.Jm]m, S>m∞0 Am{.[r., amOZroV-og’mV H$r Í$[a{Im, ‡H$meZ df©- 95. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-02.08.2014, [•ÓR>-8 2004, ‡H$meH$-_`ya [{[a ]°∑g,Zm°ES>m, [•ÓR>-260 (S>m∞0 amO{e [mgdmZ, O{.EZ.`y. H{$ b{I g{) 114.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-12.05.2015, [•ÓR>-8 96. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-02.08.2014[•ÓR>-1, 8 Jm]m, S>m∞0 Am{.[r., amOZroV-og’mV H$r Í$[a{Im, ‡H$meZ df©- (S>m∞0 amO{e [mgdmZ,O{.EZ.`y. H{$ b{I g{) 2004,‡H$meH$-_`ya [{[a ]°∑g, Zm°ES>m, [•ÓR>-360 97. oX oh›Xy,g_mMma [Ã,([r.O{. Wm_g-oZ`wo∫$ oddmX) oXZmßH$ 115.E.]r.[r. ›`yO M°Zb, (J´w[ gß[mXH$-emOr O_°Z) oXZmßH$ 05.04.2011,B›Q>aZ{Q> _{ C[b„Y OmZH$mar 31.08.2015,g_` 6:09[r.E_.,(H$fi∂S> b{IH$ H$b]wJr© H$r hÀ`m 98. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-02.08.2014, [•ÓR>-8 g{ CR{> gdmb) (S>m∞0 amO{e [mgdmZ, O{.EZ.`y. H{$ b{I g{) 116.Q>m{Q>b,Q>r.dr., M°Zb(oS>flQ>r gß[mXH$-AmewVm{f ghm`ß) oXZmßH$- 99. [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-07.04.2015, [•ÓR>-8 01.03.2011, g_` 8:00 [r.E_. (‡og’ [ÃH$ma Ao_Vm^ Aoæhm{Ãr) 100.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-08.01.2014, [•ÓR>-8 117.BßoS>`m Q>r.dr.M°Zb(gß[mXH$-aOV e_m©) oXZmßH$ 09.05.2015, 101.OZgŒmm, oXZmßH$ 05.11.2013 [•ÓR>-6 g_`-22:56 [r.E_.(H$m`©H´$_ - Am[H$r AXmbV) OZgŒmm, oXZmßH$ 09.03.2014, [•ÓR>-aoddmar AßH$ [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-14.05.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> Jm]m, S>m∞0 Am{.[r., amOZroV-og’mV H$r Í$[a{Im, ‡H$meZ df©- oXZmßH$ 01.05.2015, g_`-7:11 [r.E_. H$m{ B›Q>aZ{Q> _{ C[b„Y 2004,‡H$meH$-_`ya [{[a ]°∑g, Zm°ES>m, [•ÓR>-53 OmZH$mar (Ï`m[_ _hmKm{Q>mbm, _0‡0) H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, ^maVr` bm{H$‡emgZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2007, 118.am¡`g^m, Q>r.dr. (^maV gaH$ma) oXZmßH$ 07.12.2014 ( X{e _{ ‡H$meH$-Xr[H$ [aZm_r, Ama.]r.Eg.E., [o„beg©, O`[wa, [•ÓR>-347 A[amYmß{ H$m AmßH$∂S>m) 102.Vœ` ^maVr, AmoW©H$ _mogH$ [oÃH$m,(gß[mXH$-XrZmZmW Xw]{, 119.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, H´$_e:oXZmßH$-17.04.15, H$m{Q>m, amOÒWmZ) AßH$-_B© 2010, [•ÓR>-11(A‹`m`-∑`m 23.04.15, 25.04.15, 27.04.15,28.04.15,29.04.15 Edß h_mam OZVßÃ dmH$B© A_ram{ H$m h° ?) 01.05.15, 03.05.15, 11.05.15, 14.05.15, 103.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-23.11.2013, [•ÓR>-8 120.Q>m{Q>b Q>r.dr., M°Zb (oS>flQ>r gß[mXH$-AmewVm{f ghm`) oXZmßH$- (^mO[m Z{Vm-bmbH•$ÓU AmS>dmZr) 01.03.2011, g_` 8:00 [r.E_. 104[oÃH$m,g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm,oXZmßH$-02.08.2014,[•ÓR>- 121._{hVm,OrdZ,amOZroV odkmZ,B.A.III Sem.‡H$meZ df© 2013, 8(‡m{0-AmZßX Hw$_ma,O{.EZ.`y.H{$ b{I g{) ‡H$meH$-S.B.P.D. [o„boeßJ hmCg, AmJam, [•ÓR>-118, 119 105[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-02.08.2014, [•ÓR>-8 122.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-06.10.2013,_wª` (‡m{0-amOrd Jw·m, amOÒWmZ, od.od. H{$ b{I g{) [•ÓR>, (JmßYrOr H$m odMma) 106.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-02.08.2014, [•ÓR>-8 123.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-15.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> H$Q>mna`m,S>m∞. gwa{›–, ^maVr` bm{H$‡emgZ, ‡H$meZ df©-2007, OZgŒmm,g_mMma-[Ã,ZB© oXÎbr,oXZmßH$- 05.11.2015, [•ÓR>-∂6 ‡H$meH$- Xr[H$ [aZm_r, Ama.]r.Eg.E., [o„beg©, O`[wa, [•ÓR>- 124.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-29.04.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> 554 (^maVr` amÓQ≠>[oV- S>m∞0H$bm_) [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-06.05.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> 107.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-27.10.2013, [•ÓR>-3 ÒQ>ma, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-07.05.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> 108[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-06.05.2015, [•ÓR>-4 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-12.05.2015, [•ÓR>-1, 8 109.[oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-03.05.2015, [•ÓR>-18 [oÃH$m, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-14.05.2015, _wª` [•ÓR> J{Zm, S>m∞.gr.]r., VwbZmÀ_H$ amOZroV Edß amOZroVH$ gßÒWmE±, OZgßX{e, g_mMma-[Ã, gVZm, oXZmßH$-17.05.2015, [•ÓR>-8

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MrZ H{$ XwÌ_Zm{ß H$m{ Xm{ÒV ]ZmE - MmU∑` ZroV [a MbH$a ^maV [a EH$ \´${_dH©$ V°`ma hm{Jm & 1954 _{ß Z{hÍ$ Z{ MrZr `mÃm H$a gß]ßYm{ß H$r H$m{ CZ amÓQ≠>m{ß H{$ gmW o_ÃVm ]∂T>mZr hm{Jr Om{ MrZ H{$ gmW _V^{X H{$ naÌV{ ewÍ$AmV H$r & 1988 _{ß amOrd JmßYr H$r MrZ `mÃm [a Xm{Zm{ß X{em{ß Z{ gr_m aIV{ h¢ & CXmhaUmW© od`VZm_, Om[mZ, ]mßΩbmX{e, ^yQ>mZ AmoX E{g{ oddmX gwbPmZ{ H$m Xmdm oH$`m J`m & 1993 _{ß Zaogßh amd H$r MrZr `mÃm amÓQ≠> h¢ & H{$ Xm°amZ gr_m [a emßoV ]ZmE aIZ{ H$m g_Pm°Vm hwAm & 2003 _{ß 4.4.4. ‡^mdr odX{e ZroV H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - BßoXam JmßYr H{$ [ÌMmV AQ>bo]hmar ]mO[{B© Am°a 2008 _{ß _Z_m{hZ ogßh H$r `mÃm ^r gH$mamÀ_H$ AQ>bo]hmar ]mO[{B© H{$ emgZH$mb _{ß ‡^mdr odX{e ZroV oXImB© Xr aht & Xygar Am{a 1996 _{ß MrZr amÓQ≠>[oV ¿`mßJ Oo_Z Z{ ^maV `mÃm H{$ oH$›Vw odJV dfm~ _{ß ‡^mdr odX{e ZroV H$m Z hm{Zm ^maV MrZ H{$ gß]ßY Xm°amZ [wamZ{ oddmX g_m· oH$`{ OmZ{ [a Om{a oX`m & 2006 _{ß hyß oMßVmAm{ AmJ{ ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß EH$ ZB© ]mYm ahr & _m{Xr H{$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr ]ZZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV Bg Z{ ^maV `mÃm H{$ Xm°amZ Am[gr gh`m{J _{ß V{Or bm{Z{ H$m AmúmgZ oX`m & oXem _{ß H$m\$r gß^mdZmE∞ oXImB© X{ ahr h¢ & Bg{ g]ßY gwYmaZ{ H$r oXem _{ß ^maV d MrZ H{$ _‹` oddmXmÒ[X _w‘{ - ^maV d MrZ H{$ _‹` o[N>b{ EH$ _hÀd[yU© H$X_ H$hm Om gH$Vm h° & [m∞M XeH$m{ß g{ Mma ‡_wI oddmXmÒ[X _w‘{ ah{ h° [hbm, gr_m oddmX - gr_m 5.5.5. MwZm°Vr H$m Om{aXma Tß>J g{ gm_Zm - ^maV H$m{ gßß]ßYm{ß _{ß gmdYmZr oZYm©naV H$aZ{ dmbr _{H$_m{hZ a{Im H$m{ MrZ Zht _mZVm Am°a ^maVr` gr_m ]aVZ{ d A[Zm [j Om{aXma Tß>J g{ aIZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ MrZ _{ß Kwg[°R> H$aVm h° & dhr AÈUmMb ‡X{e H$m{ A[Zr gr_m _{ß oXImVm h° & EH$ MVwa amÓQ≠> h° d CgH$r Hy$Q>ZroV H$m{ g_P H$a hr MbZm hm{Jm & Xygam, ^y ^mJ [a H$„Om - MrZ Z{ [m∞M XeH$ g{ [ydr© OÂ_y H$Ì_ra _{ß 6.6.6. emßoV[yU© gh`m{J H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - MrZ H$m{ AmoW©H$ odH$mg A∑gmB©oMZ [a H$„Om oH$`m hwAm h° oOgH$m j{Ã\$b 38 hOma dJ© ‡oH´$`m ]ZmE aIZ{ H{$ obE amÓQ≠>m{ß H{$ emßoV[yU© gh`m{J H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° oH$bm{_rQ>a h° & [moH$ÒVmZ ^r OÂ_y H$Ì_ra _{ß H$„OmB© ^yo_ _{ß g{ 5180 dJ© & dh ^maV g{ gh`m{J A[{ojV aIVm h° & oH$bm{_rQ>a H$m j{Ã MrZ H$m{ 1963 _{ß gm¢[ MwH$m h° & Vrgam, K{am]ßXr - MrZ 7.7.7. ^maV H{$ A›` amÓQ≠>m{ß H{$ gmW gß]ßYm{ß H$m ‡^md - O] VH$ ^maV gaH$ma lrbßH$m, Â`mß_ma, [moH$ÒVmZ, ]mßΩbmX{e Am°a B©amZ _{ß ]ßXaJmh ]Zm A_{naH$m `m ^maV Om[mZ gß]ßY W{ V] VH$ MrZ Z{ [admh Zht H$r b{oH$Z ahm h° & Bg{ ^maV H$r K{am]ßXr _mZm Om ahm h° & Z{[mb _{ß ^r MrZ Z{ XIb ]∂T>m ^maV A_{naH$m Om[mZ oÃH$m{U Z{ MrZ H$m{ AÀòYH$ ]°M{Z H$a oX`m h° & Cg{ br h° & A] Vm{ dh oV„]V _{ß Z{[mb gr_m VH$ Am°a ^yQ>mZ VH$ a{b bmB©Z A] gh`m{J H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° & o]N>mZ{ Om ahm h° VWm Mm°Wm, [mH$ H$r _XX - MrZ bÂ]{ g_` g{ [moH$ÒVmZ 8.8.8. ^maVr` ]mOma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - MrZ O°g{ odH$ogV amÓQ≠> H$m{ H$m ha j{Ã _{ß gh`m{J H$a ahm h° ode{f Vm°a [a hoW`mam{ß H$r Am[yoV© Am°a A[Z{ CÀ[mXm{ß H{$ obE ^maV g{ ¡`mXm A¿N>m ]mOma Zht o_b gH$Vm MrZ [a_mUw j_Vm d•o’ _{ß & [mH$ AoYH•$V H$Ì_ra _{ß MrZ H$r Am{a g{ a{bobßH$ Bg{ ]Iy]r OmZVm h° & ^maV H$m{ BgH$m bm^ MrZ H$r _ßemAm{ß H$m{ oZ`ßoÃV bmBZ o]N>mB© Om ahr h° hmb hr _{ß ^maV Z{ MrZ H{$ g_j `h _w‘m CR>m`m h° & H$aZ{ _{ß CR>mZm MmohE & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 136 oZÓH$f© - ^maV Am°a MrZ H{$ naÌVm{ß H$m AßVaamÓQ≠>r` aUZroVH$ o]gmV [a [mb{ _{ß S>mbV{ hwE H$hm oH$ naÌVm{ß H$m{ _O]yVr H{$ gmW AmJ{ b{ OmZm h° Vm{ ode{f ÒWmZ h° & Ohm∞ Z{hÍ$dmXr AmXe©dmX Z{ ZB© odÌd Ï`dÒWm obIZ{ MrZ H$m{ ZE ZOna`{ g{ gm{MZm [∂S{>Jm & _{ß Xm{Zm{ß H{$ ]rM gj_ o_ÃVm H$r H$Î[Zm Zht H$r Z hr 20dt gXr H{$ ^maV MrZ H{$ ohV Am[g _{ß Ow∂S{> h° A] AmJ{ ]∂T>Zm h° [rN{> hQ>Z{ H$m CŒmamY© _{ß MrZr `WmW©dmX Z{ ^maV H{$ gß^modV CX` H$m{ IVa{ H{$ Í$[ _{ß gdmb hr Zht gmW hr EH$ OJh I∂S{> ahZm odH$Î[ Zht h° Xm{Zm{ß X{em{ß H{$ X{Im h° & H$mbßVa _{ß hwE gßKf© Bgr H$m [naUm_ h° b{oH$Z A] `wJ ^maV d _‹` Hw$N> oddmX h¢ b{oH$Z Bg h{Vw [`m©· amOZroVH$ [na[π$Vm MmohE & MrZ H{$ _‹` gh`m{J H$m h° ∑`m{ßoH$ g_w–r a{e_ _mJ© Am°a ZE a{e_ _mJ© O°g{ Xm{Zm{ß X{em{ß _{ß Bg g_` [na[π$ amOZroVH$ Z{V•Àd h° Edß Xm{Zm{ß Z{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m{ H{$›–m{ß H$m{ ^y-amOZroVH$ XoÓQ>H$m{U g{ X{I{ OmZ{ H{$ H$maU `{ naÌV{ gßX{h ZB© _O]yVr ‡XmZ H$r h° Amem h° ôdÓ` _{ß Xm{Zm{ß X{e gß]ßYm{ß H$r ZB© H$r ]ob ]Z{ßJ{ & ^maV H{$ obE `h R>rH$ hm{Jm oH$ dmÒVodH$ oZ`ßÃU a{Im [a [na^mfm obI{ßJ{ & MrZr H$aVyVm{ß g{ dh K]amE Zht & MrZr j{Ã _{ß Cg{ A[Z{ \$m`X{ H{$ obE Ohm∞ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ ^r hm{ gH{$ MrZ H{$ gmW gh`m{J H{$ amÒV{ VbmeV{ ahZ{ MmohE & [gßX H{$ 1. oÃ[mR>r, Ama. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 137

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*** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV emÛ) emgH$r` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 138 JwS>mJXr© H$m ghmam b{V{ hwE `m{OZm]’ VarH{$ g{ gŒmmÍ$∂T> Xb H{$ gXÒ`m{ß OZodam{Y H{$ AoYH$ma H$r g_rjm- OZ Am›Xm{bZ H$aV{ hwE _m°OyXm H{$ Kam{ß [a ^r ‡Xe©Z oH$`{ J`{& JwOamV Am›Xm{bZ H{$ H$maU 95 oZXm}f Ï`dÒWm _{ß [nadV©Z H$r _mßJ bm{H$VßÃ H$m EH$ VarH$m h° VWm `h C[`w∫$ ^r bm{J _ma{ JE VWm 933 bm{J Km`b hwE& byQ> Edß AmJOZr H{$ H$maU 2.5 h° b{oH$Z _w‘m `h h° oH$ O] `h VarH$m ohßgH$ hm{ OmE, Om{ A∑ga hm{Z{ H$r H$am{∂S> Í$. g{ AoYH$ H$r gaH$mar VWm oZOr gÂ[oŒm ZÓQ> hwB©& gÂ^mdZm hm{Vr h°, `m OZ-YZ H$r hmoZ H$m H$maU ]Z{ `m X{e Am°a bm{Jm{ß 18 _mM© 1974 H$m{ ‡_wI Í$[ _{ß N>mÃm{ß ¤mam _ßhJmB© Edß ]{am{OJmar H$r ‡JoV _{ß ]mYH$ ]Z{, bm{Jm{ß H$r X°oZH$ oXZM`m© ‡^modV hm{, V] ^r H$r g_Ò`m H{$ H$maU [Q>Zm _{ß 4 amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß Edß Ag_moOH$ VÀdm{ß H{$ ∑`m `h VarH$m CoMV h°& ∑`m OZVm H{$ [mg AgßVm{f Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$m{B© gh`m{J g{ ‡Xe©Z H$r _hm`m{OZm ]ZmB© Om{ ohßgm _{ß [nadoV©V hwB© VWm Am°a ‡^mdr C[m` Zht h°& Bg_{ß bJ^J 27 bm{Jm{ß H$r _•À`w hm{ J`r, gaH$ma [a X]md ]ZmZ{ h{Vw O` bm{H$VßÃ g_rjm H{$ OwbmB© ogVÂ]a AßH$ 1983 H{$ [•ÓR> 106 _{ß ^r ‡H$me ZmamÙ H{$ Z{V•Àd _{ß A∑Qy>]a 1974 H$m{ o]hma ]ßX H$m AmàmZ Hw$N> Bgr ‡H$ma H{$ odMma Ao^Ï`∫$ oH$E JE h° oH$ "Am›Xm{bZ H$r amOZroV oH$`m J`m oOg_{ß 544 ohßgmÀ_H$ KQ>ZmAm{ß H{$ H$maU [wobg H$m{ 54 ]ma odf-H$›`m g—e h° oOgH{$ gßJ ghdmg H$aZ{ g{ bm{H$VßÃr` emgZ A[Z{ Jm{br MbmZr [∂S>r bJ^J 500 bm{J Km`b hwE Am°a 70 _ma{ JE& odZme H$m{ Am_ßÃU X{Vm h°&'14 bJmVma OZ Am›Xm{bZ g{ oOg_{ß ohßgm, Bgr ‡H$ma OmO© \$Zm©S>rO H{$ Z{V•Àd _{ß gZ≤ 1974 _{ß hr Ï`m[H$ a{b K•Um, ]›X, h∂S>Vmb, K{amd [Wamd, AmoX emo_b hm{V{ h¢ CZg{ amÓQ≠> H$m h∂S>Vmb H$r `m{OZm ]ZmB© JB© b{oH$Z VÀH$mobH$ gaH$mar —∂T> C[m`m{ß g{ X{e dmVmdaU odfm∫$ hm{Vm h° VWm amÓQ≠> H$r ‡JoV Edß AW©Ï`dÒWm [a ^r H$m{ odZme g{ ]Mm ob`m J`m& OyZ 1975 _{ß Am›Xm{bZ Edß ohßgm H$r ZH$mamÀ_H$ Aga [∂S>Vm h°& amOZroV A[Z{ Ma_ [a Wr& ^maVr` bm{H$VßÃ _{ß Vm{ Am`{ oXZ odam{Yr Xbm{ß H{$ ¤mam AW©Ï`dÒWm gZ≤ 1979 _{ß Ana]b Ag_ od⁄mWr© gßK ¤mam "JO gÀ`mJ´h' H$m Edß ‡emgoZH$ H$m`m~ _{ß ]mYH$ ]ZV{ hwE oH$gmZm{ß Edß OZVm H$m{ ^∂S>H$mZ{ Am`m{OZ oH$`m J`m oOgH$m _wª` C‘{Ì` bJ^J 70 bmI ]ßJbmX{e Edß H$m H$m`© oH$`m OmVm h°& O°g{ a{Îd{ h∂S>Vmb H{$ Xm°amZ X{e H{$ odo^fi ^mJm{ß _{ß Z{[mb g{ AmH$a Ag_ _{ß ]g{ bm{Jmß{ H$m{ oMo›hV H$a ]mha H$aZm Wm, Om{ hwE Nw>Q>-[wQ> Am›Xm{bZm{ß _{ß bJ^J 124 H$am{∂S> Í$. H$m VWm amÓQ≠>r` bJ^J [mßM dfm~ VH$ MbVm ahm Bg_{ß ^r AZ{H$ oZXm}f bm{J Km`b hwE AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ Bgg{ Xg JwZm ZwH$gmZ hwAm& dÒVwV: h_ma{ X{e _{ß OZ VWm AZ{H$m{ß _•À`w H$m{ ‡m· hwE& odam{Y H$m C‘{Ì` gaH$ma H$m{ od\$b H$aV{ hwE amÓQ≠>r` H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ oN>fi- 1985 g{ b{H$a 1992 VH$ [ßOm] _{ß AH$mbr Xb Z{V•Àd _{ß Ymo_©H$ o^fi H$aV{ hwE gŒmm ‡m· H$aZm hm{Vm h°& ‡ÌZ `h CR>Vm h° oH$ gÂ[yU© KQ>Zm Edß amOZroVH$ _mßJm{ß H$m{ b{H$a oH$E JE Am›Xm{bZm{ß _{ß odo^fi ohßgmÀ_H$ MH´$ H$m{ X{IV{ hwE ∑`m OZ odam{Y H{$ Bg AoYH$ma H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ hwE JoVodoY`m{ß H{$ H$maU bJ^J 10 hOma bm{J AmVßH$dmX H$m oeH$ma hw`{& gßodYmZ{Œma H$m`©dmoh`m{ß g{ bm{H$VßÃ [’oV g{ MwZr hwB© Ï`dÒWm H$m{ ZÓQ> "^maV H{$ Hw$N> ohÒgm{ß ode{fH$a Am›Y´‡X{e, o]hma, _‹`‡X{e, _hmamÓQ≠>, H$aZm CoMV h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ bm{H$VßÃ E{gr OrdZ [’oV h° oOg_{ß oZU©` Iwb{ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> Am°a C∂S>rgm _{ß dm_[ßWr CJ´dmX (Z∑gbdmX) EH$ od‹dßgH$ Vm°a [a obE OmZ{ MmohE, OZVm H$m{ emßoV[yU© Tß>J g{ gaH$mam{ß H$m{ [nadoV©V VmH$V ]Zr hwB© h°& Am›Y´‡X{e Am°a o]hma dm_[ßWr CJ´dmXr JoVodoY`m{ß H$aZ{ Edß MwZZ{ H$m AoYH$ma hm{Zm MmohE VWm g^r amOZroVH$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ _wª` H$m`©j{Ã h¢& Ohmß AoYH$mße dmaXmV Am°a hÀ`m`{ß hm{ ahr h¢& dm_[ßWr H$m{ gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ A›VJ©V hr Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aZm MmohE, b{oH$Z CJ´dmXr ohßgm _{ß 1996 g{ [hbr ]ma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2001 _{ß 1209 E{gm H$aZ{ H{$ obE ]ma-]ma VWm H$oWH$ AßoV_ hoW`ma H{$ Í$[ _{ß OZ KQ>ZmAm{ß _{ß 564 _m°Vm{ß H$r gyMZm h°, O]H$r df© 2005 _{ß 1594 KQ>ZmAm{ß odam{Y `m "gÀ`mJ´h' H$m ghmam b{Zm bm{H$VßÃ Zht h° Am°a Z hr d°YmoZH$ _{ß (516 _m°Vm{ß) H$r gyMZm Wr&'9 Tß>J MwZr hwB© gaH$ma H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ S>am Y_H$mH$a `m X]md ]ZmH$a BÒVr\$m ^maV _{ß AmE oXZ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ b{H$a [{Q≠>m{b Edß J°g H$r H$r_Vm{ß H$m{ oXbdmZm bm{H$VßÃ h°& dÒVwV: bm{H$VßÃ _{ß Ao^Ïò∫$ Am°a ]hg H$r ÒdVßÃVm b{H$a odam{Y hm{Vm ahVm h°& `m°oZH$ AÀ`mMma VWm XwÓH•$À`m{ß H{$ odam{Y _{ß hm{Vr h°, b{oH$Z ∑`m bm{H$VßÃ H{$ Zm_ [a gwoZoÌMV Edß `m{OZm]’ amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a a°br emßoV[yU© ‡Xe©Z H°$ßS>b _mM©, bm{H$[mb o]b H$m{ b{H$a Am›Xm{bZ CoMV h°& dmÒVd _{ß bm{H$VßÃ _{ß gaH$ma H$m odam{Y hm{ gH$Vm h° Afim hOma{ H$m Am›Xm{bZ, dV©_mZ _{ß hmoX©H$ [Q{>b H{$ Z{V•Àd _{ß JwOamV H$m b{oH$Z amÓQ≠>r` ohVm{ß H$r ]ob X{H$a Zht& bm{H$VmßoÃH$ ÒdVßÃVm H$m AW© [mQ>rXma `m [Q{>bm{ H$m{ AmajU g{ gß]ßYr Am›Xm{bZ H$r EH$ bÂ]r lßIbm h°& ÒdN>›XVm H$Xmo[ Zht h° Am°a Z hr bm{H$VßÃ H$r Ad_mZZm h°& ^maVr` _wª` Í$[ g{ ^maVr` bm{H$VßÃ _{ß ÒdVßÃVm H{$ [yd© Edß [ÌMmV oH$E JE bm{H$VßÃ _{ß OZ odam{Y Am›Xm{bZH$mna`m{ß H{$ ¤mam Bg Vœ` H$m{ ^br-^mßoV Am›Xm{bZ h¢- JmßYr Or H{$ Z{V•Àd _{ Zrb, Agh`m{J, godZ` Adkm, Zht g_Pm h°, BgobE bm{H$VßÃ H{$ Zm_ [a A∑ga ohßgH$ ‡Xe©Zm{ß H$m ^maV N>m{∂S>m{, gaXma [Q{>b H{$ Z{V•Àd _{ dmaS>m{br, O{[r H$m gß[yU© H´$mßoV Am`m{OZ hwAm, X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ [ßJw ]Zm`m J`m, amÓQ≠> H$m ‹`mZ Am›Xm{bZ, dr.[r. ogßh H$m ^´ÓQ>mMma _w∫$ Am›Xm{bZ, odZm{dm ^md{ H$m gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ H$m`m~ g{ hQ>m`m J`m, d°YmoZH$ Tß>J g{ MwZ{ hwE OZ ^yQ>mZ Am›Xm{bZ, Afim hOma{ H$m bm{H$[mb odb H{$ g_W©Z _{ß oH$`m J`m ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$m{ A[XÒW H$aZ{ H{$ obE AamOH$Vm, AÏ`ÒWm, AoÒWaVm Am›Xm{bZ, ]m]m am_X{d H$m H$mbmYZ dm[gr Edß ÒdX{er A[ZmAm{ Edß AemßoV H$m dmVmdaU [°Xm H$aZ{ H$r H$m{oee H$r J`r& bmIm{ß H$am{∂S>m{ß Am›Xm{bZ, Aaod›X H{$Oardmb oH$aU d{Xr Edß Hw$_ma odÌdmg H$m OZ oZa[amY Am_-OZ Km`b hwE `m _•À`w H$m{ ‡m· hwE& amÓQ≠>r` gÂ[oŒm VWm Am›Xm{bZ VWm dV©_mZ _{ß hmoX©H$ [Q{>b H$r AJwdmB© _{ß [mQ>rXma g_mO H{$ Ïò∫$JV gÂ[oŒm H$m ^mar ZwH$gmZ hwAm& AmajU h{Vw oH$`m Om ahm OZ Am›Xm{bZ AmoX& "A^r hmb hr _{ß CŒma dmÒVd _{ß X{e _{ß AZwemgZ Ï`dÒWm Edß oÒWaVm bmZ{ H{$ obE Am_ ‡X{e gaH$ma oZ`wo∫$ H$r ZroV H$m odam{Y H$aV{ hwE VWm ÒWmB© Zm°H$ar H$r OZ Edß gaH$ma Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ hr g_PZm hm{Jm Edß AZmdÌ`H$ hm{Z{ dmb{ _mßJ H$m{ b{H$a bIZD$ odYmZg^m H{$ [mg O_m hm{H$a hOmam{ß bm{Jmß{ Z{ Am›Xm{bZm{ß H$r amOZroV [a AßHw$e bJmZm hr hm{Jm& Bg [a AßHw$e bJmZ{ ‡Xe©Z oH$`m' h{Vw oZÂZoboIV gwPmdm{ß [a A_b H$aZm AmdÌH$ h°- Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 139

OZVm H$m{ oeojV Edß OmJÍ$H$ H$aZm hm{Jm Am°a BgH{$ obE [a Am`m{oOV ]›X H$m{ Agßd°YmoZH$ d J°a H$mZyZr R>ham`m J`m h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ gmd©OoZH$ ‡ÌZm{ß Edß _w‘m{ß H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß a{oS>`m{ß Edß XyaXe©Z H{$ ¤mam ]›X H{$ Xm°amZ E{gr KQ>Zm`{ß hm{ OmVr h¢ Om{ ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ ]woZ`mXr AoYH$mam{ß ‡^mdembr ^yo_H$m H$m oZd©hZ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& H$m{ AmKmV [hßwMmVr h¢ VWm Am_ OZVm H{$ gm_m›` H$m`© H$bm[ _{ß ]mYH$ X{e _{ß E{g{ amOZroVH$ Xb Om{ gŒmm ‡mo· H{$ obE Agßd°YmoZH$ gmYZm{ß hm{Vr h¢ Edß CgH$m OrdZ AÒV-Ï`ÒV hm{ OmVm h°& H$m ghmam b{V{ h¢ CZH$m g_W©Z oH$gr ^r oÒWoV _{ß Z oH$`m Om`{& Bg ‡H$ma gm_m›` Vm°a [a Bg ‡ÌZ H$m oH$ "∑`m Ïò∫$ H$m{ bm{H$VßÃ amOZroVH$ Xb A[Z{ CŒmaXmo`Àdm{ß H$m oZd©hZ H$aV{ hwE H{$db _{ß emgZ H$m odam{Y H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma h° `m Zht, `m h° Vm{ oH$g gr_m VH$', d°YmoZH$ C[m`m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr gŒmm ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a{ß& H{$ CŒma _{ß h_ H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ emgZ H{$ AmX{em{ß H$m [mbZ H$aZm Ïò∫$ H$m gŒmmÍ$∂T> Xb `m emgZ H$m{ E{g{ oZU©` Zht b{Zm MmohE oOgg{ H$mZyZr H$V©Ï` h°, Bgob`{ Cg{ CgH{$ odam{Y H$m AoYH$ma Zht h° b{oH$Z gmd©OoZH$ AgßVm{f [°Xm hm{ Am°a òX E{gm H$R>m{a oZU©` emgZ H{$ CgH$m Z°oVH$ AoYH$ma h° oH$ òX emgZ gm_m›` H$Î`mU `m OZ B¿N>m ¤mam b{ hr ob`m J`m hm{ Vm{ Cg gÂ]›Y _{ß OZ Am›Xm{bZ g{ [yd© hr H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd Zht H$aVm h° V] ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ E{gr gaH$ma H$m{ ]XbZ{ H{$ OZVm H$r CoMV _mßJm{ß H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$aZm MmohE& obE OZ odam{Y H$m AoYH$ma hm{Vm h°, o\$a ^r `h CgH{$ obE AßoV_ Am°foY emgZ H$m{ Z H{$db OZ _mßJmß{ H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIZm hm{Jm ]oÎH$ od[j H$r Vah hm{ Z oH$ ‡oVoXZ H{$ ^m{OZ H$r Vah& Bg ‡H$ma OZodam{Y H$m H$r C[{jm ^r Zht H$aZr MmohE, h_{em CZH{$ aMZmÀ_H$ gwPmdm{ß H$m{ AoYH$ma bm{H$VßÃr` Ï`dÒWm _{ß dmÒVodH$ Í$[ _{ß OZ_V H$m{ ‡H$Q> H$aZ{ JÂ^raVm g{ b{V{ hwE _mZZm MmohE& oOgg{ odam{Yr Xbm{ß H$m{ _hgyg VWm bm{H$VßÃr` ^mdZmAm{ß H{$ ‡gma H$m gÉm gmYZ ]Z [m`{Jm& hm{ oH$ amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U _{ß CZH$r ^r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m h°& X{e H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß gwYma H$aV{ hwE Jar]r, ]{am{OJmar, _ßhJmB© gßX^© J´›W gyMr ï- AmoX Xya H$aZ{ H{$ ‡`mg H$aZ{ MmohE, oOgg{ oZamem, Edß AgßVm{f 1. Om∞Z oS>oH$›gZ : C’•V, ]r.Am{.H$r.,[m∞oboQ>∑g, "[mQ>r©O ES> ‡{ea' H$m dmVmdaU g_m· oH$`m Om gH{$& Jw·, [ßM_ gßÒH$aU, [•.7 Bgr ‡H$ma _w–m Ò\$roV H$m{ am{H$Z{ Edß _yÎ` d•o’ H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ ‡`mg 2. Am_S> VWm [md{b : H$Â[a{oQ>d [m∞oboQ>∑g,[•.77 hm{V{ ahZ{ MmohE gmW hr Im⁄mfi H$r Am[yoV© Edß CgH{$ CoMV odVaU 3. H{$.gr. _h{›– : "[o„bH$ ‡m{Q{>ÒQ>≤g ES> ogodb obdQ>r©O BZ BoS>`m', H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aV{ hwE X°oZH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r dÒVwAm{ß H{$ ]∂T>V{ hwE `[m∞oboQ>H$b gmBßg na›`yí,[•.195-196 _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ ‡`mg H$aZ{ MmohE& 4. aOZr H$m{R>mar : [m∞oboQ>∑g BZ BoS>`m, 1970,[•. 220 amÓQ≠>r` odH$mg Edß CÀWmZ h{Vw Am›Xm{bZ H$r amOZroV g{ ]MZm 5. S>m∞. Eg.gr. ogßKb : ^maVr` emgZ Edß amOZroV, b˙_r ‡H$meZ, MmohE ∑`m{ßoH$ bm{H$VmßoÃH$ gaH$ma H{$ odÍ$’ Am›Xm{bZ Edß ohßgm AmJam gßem{oYV gßÒH$aU, 2008,[•.364 H$m ghmam amÓQ≠> H{$ ‡oV AmKmV hr h°& 6. lram_ _h{Ìdar : EZm{o_H$ ogMwEeZ ES> [m∞oboH$b BZ BoS>`m, oZÓH$f©- A›VV: oZÓH$f© ÒdÍ$[ _¢ `hr H$hZm MmhyßJr oH$ OZ odam{Y [m∞oboQ>H$b gmBßg naÏ`y, oXgÂ]a, OZdar, 1974, [•. 190 Am›Xm{bZ _{ß òX OZ-YZ H$r AZmdÌ`H$ hmoZ hm{Vr h°, OZVm H{$ X°oZH$ 7. S>m∞. [wIamO O°Z Edß S>m∞. ]r.Eb.\$o∂S>`m : ^maVr` emgZ Edß amOZroV H$m`©H$bm[ ]moYV hm{V{ h¢ Vm{ `h o]ÎHw$b ^r CoMV Zht h¢ ∑`m{ßoH$ "`h (am¡`m{ß H$r amOZroV gohV), gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„b,AmJam, 2007, AoYH$ma bm{H$VßÃ H$m{ ^´ÓQ> Edß odH•$V H$aVm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ `h _ZwÓ` H$r [•. 816 odd{H$erbVm H{$ ÒWmZ [a hR>Yo_©Vm [a odÌdmg H$aVm h°& Bg amOZroV 8. aUOrV ogßh XaS>m : "^maVr` bm{H$VßÃ Edß Am›Xm{bZ H$r amOZroV', H$m AmYma gßH$rU©, AVmoH©$H$ VWm H$bh[yU© hm{Vm h°& Bg_{ß ohßgm Edß bm{H$VßÃ g_rjm, 1973, [•. 108 A›`m`[yU© H$m`m~ H$r [yar-[yar gÂ^mdZmEß ahVr h¢& OZ odam{Y H$m ‡`m{J 9. dmof©H$ na[m}Q> : 2005-06, ^maV gaH$ma J•h _ßÃmb`,[•. 23 H$aV{ hwE odam{Y H$aZ{ dmbm [j A[Z{ _V Edß —oÓQ>H$m{U H$m{ [yU© AmXe© 10. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a : gmJa gßÒH$aU, aoddma, 18 ZdÂ]a, 2012, [•. 9 _mZH$a Xyga{ [j H$m{ `{Z-H{$Z ‡H$ma{U _mZZ{ H$m{ ]m‹` H$aVm h°&'15 11. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a : gmJa gßÒH$aU, ewH´$dma, 30 ZdÂ]a 2012, [•. 6 Bgr ‡H$ma odÌd _{ß KoQ>V V_m_ OZ odam{Y Am›Xm{bZm{ß Edß CgH{$ 12. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a : gmJa gßÒH$aU, gm{_dma 31 AJÒV 2015, [•. 7 [naUm_m{ß H{$ AmYma [a `hr H$hZm CoMV h° oH$ bm{H$VßÃ _{ß odam{Y H$m 13. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a : gmJa gßÒH$aU, JwÍ$dma 3 ogVÂ]a 2015, [•. 8 AoYH$ma Vm{ o_bZm Mmoh`{ b{oH$Z gr_mAm{ß H{$ gmW, Agro_V Í$[ _{ß BgH$m 14. bm{H$VßÃ g_rjm, OwbmB©-ogVÂ]a ‡`m{J amÓQ≠>ohV _{ß Vm{ o]ÎHw$b ^r Zht h° BgobE hmb hr _{ß CÉV_ ›`m`mb` 15. S>m∞. Ama.EZ.oÃd{Xr, S>m∞. E_.[r. am` : ^maVr` emgZ Edß amOZroV, H{$ EH$ oZU©` H{$ AZwgma ^r amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß `m lo_H$ gßJR>Zm{ß H{$ AmàmZ H$m∞b{O ]wH$ oS>[m{ O`[wa, 2004 [•. 529

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 140

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‡ÒVmdZm - ^maVr` gßgXr` ‡OmVßÃ _ß{ oZdm©MZ H$m _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h°& 5. oH$gr A‰`Wr© H{$ oZdm©MZ [a ‡oVHy$b ‡^md S>mbZ{ H{$ ob`{ "gVr dh oZdm©MZ hr h° oOgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ OZ ‡oVoZoY oZdm©oMV hm{H$a gßgX ‡Wm' H$m ‡Mma-‡gma H$aZm `m Cg{ Jm°admo›dV H$aZm& Edß odYmZ_S>bm{ß H$m JR>Z H$aV{ h¢ Am°a gaH$ma ^r ]ZmV{ h¢& gaH$ma H$r 6. oH$gr A‰`Wr© H{$ "d°ò∫$H$ erb `m AmMaU' [a o_œ`m Amam{[ bJmZm& [maXoe©Vm OZ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$r Òd¿N> N>od, B©_mZXmar Edß oZÓR>m [a oZ^©a 7. _VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ _VXmZ H{$ ob`{ bmZ{ b{ OmZ{ h{Vw oH$gr "`mZ `m H$aVr h°& `hr H$maU h° oH$ oZdm©MZ H{$ AmaoÂ^H$ ÒVa [a hr OZ ‡oVoZoY`m{ß Ob`mZ' H$m{ ^m∂S{> [a b{Zm `m C[m· H$aZm Am°a CgH$m C[`m{J AWm©V≤ A‰òW©`m{ß H$r gÀ` oZÓR>m H$r [aI H$a br OmVr h°& "Zm_ oZX}eZ H$aZm& (Nomination) H{$ g_` hr `h X{I ob`m OmVm h° oH$- 8. oZYm©naV gr_m g{ AoYH$ "Ï``' H$aZm& 1. A‰`Wr© oZdm©MZ H{$ ob`{ `m{Ω` h° `m Zht, 9. gaH$mar g{dH$m{ß H$r Ad°Y Í$[ g{ "g{dmEß' ‡m· H$aZm AWm©V gaH$mar 2. CgH$m AmMaU H°$gm h° _erZar H$m XwÍ$[`m{J H$aZm& 3. dh oH$gr A[amY _{ß Vm{ obÀ[ Zht h°, AmoX& 10. oH$gr "]yW [a ]bmV≤ H$„Om H$aZm' AmoX& gmW hr oZdm©MZ H{$ gßMmbZ H$r [maXoe©Vm H$m ^r [yam ‹`mZ aIm g›X{h g{ [a{ gmo]V oH$`m OmZm- ^´ÓQ> AmMaU H$m Amam{[ A‰`Wr© H{$ OmVm h°& oZdm©MZ _erZar H$m gXm `h ‡`mg ahVm h° oH$ oZdm©MZ "ÒdVßÃ ob`{ AÀ`›V KmVH$ hm{Vm h°& Bgg{ Z H{$db oZdm©MZ a‘ hm{ OmVm h° Ao[Vw Edß oZÓ[j' hm{& _erZar [yU© oZÓR>m Edß H$Œm©Ï`[amÙVm g{ H$m`© H$aß{& A‰`Wr© AmJ{ H{$ ob`{ ^r oZdm©MZ _{ß A‰`Wr© hm{Z{ g{ oZdmnaV hm{ OmVm h°& oZdm©MZ _{ß H$ht ^r AoZò_VVm Edß Ad°YmoZH$Vm Z hm{& AV: `h AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ ^´ÓQ> AmMaU H{$ Amam{[m{ß H$m{ (1) R>m{g ‡_mUm{ß g{, `h g] Hw$N> hm{V{ hwE ^r H$B© ]ma oZdm©MZ _{ß AoZò_VVm`{ß Edß VWm (2) gßX{h g{ [a{, (Reasonable dout) gmo]V oH$`m Om`{& Ad°YmoZH$Vm`{ß hm{ OmVr h°& A‰`Wr© Am°a CZH{$ Ao^H$Œmm© "^´ÓQ> AmMmaUî (Eg.]bX{d ogßh _mZ ]Zm_ Eg. JwÍ$MaU ogßh, E.AmB©.Ama. 1996 H$a ]°R>V{ h°& "A[amYî ^r H$mnaV hm{ OmV{ h¢& `h g] MwZmdr oddmX [{am H$a Eg.gr. 711096) `h ^r X{Im OmZm A[{ojV h° oH$ ∑`m ^´ÓQ> AmMaU X{V{ h¢ oOZH$m oZamH$aU oZdm©MZ Am`m{J Edß ›`m`mb`m{ß ¤mam oH$`m A‰`Wr© `m CgH{$ Ao^H$Œmm© H$r gÂ_oV g{ hwAm h°& (_Zm{ha Om{er ]Zm_ OmVm h°& BZ g]H$r A[Zr ‡oH´$`m h°& oZoVZ ^mD$amd [moQ>b, E.AmB©.Ama. 1996 Eg.gr. 796) bm{H$ ‡oVoZoYÀd AoYoZ`_ 1951 H$r Ymam 123 g{ 136 VH$ _{ß naÌdV- oZdm©MZ AOr© _{ß H{$db naÌdV H$m Amam{[ bJm X{Zm _mÃ [`m©· ^´ÓQ> AmMaU, A[amYm{ß Edß CZH{$ obE emoÒV`m{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ‡mdYmZ oH$`m Zht h°, Ao[Vw Cg{ gßX{h g{ [a{ gmo]V oH$`m OmZm ^r AmdÌ`H$ h°& _mÃ `h J`m h°& H$h X{Zm [`m©· Zht h° oH$ hnaOZ _Vm{ß H$m{ H´$` H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ Í$[`{ ]mßQ{> J`{& ^´ÓQ> AmMaU ∑`m h°- Ymam 123 H{$ A›VJ©V oZÂZmßoH$V H•$À`m{ß H$m{ ^´ÓQ> `h ]VmZm ^r AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ `h amoe H$], oH$gH{$ ¤mam Am°a oH$g- AmMmaU _{ß goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m h°- oH$g H$m{ Xr JB©& (_Uram_ ]Zm_ gwa{›–Hw$_ma, E.AmB©.Ama. 1993 [ßOm] 1. oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m{ oZdm©MZ _{ß I∂S>m hm{Z{ `m Z hm{Z{, oH$gr Ïò∫$ H{$ [j ES> hna`mUm 152) _{ß _VXmZ H$aZ{ `m Z H$aZ{, A[Zr A‰òW©Vm (Candidature) dm[g Ï``-oZdm©MZ _{ß oZYm©naV gr_m g{ AoYH$ Ï`` H$aZm ^´ÓQ> AmMaU H$r b{Z{ `m Z b{Z{ AmoX H{$ ob`{ "naÌdV' H$m b{Z-X{Z H$aZm& [naoY _{ß AmVm h°& (Ama.[r. AÎhrWmZ ]Zm_ [r.EM.[moS>`Z, 2. oH$gr Ïò∫$ H{$ oZdm©MZ AoYH$mar H{$ ÒdVßÃ ‡`m{J _{ß hÒVj{[ H$aZm `m E.AmB©.Ama. 1996 Eg.gr. 1599) Cg [a "AgÂ`H≤$ Aga'(Undue influence) H$m ‡`m{J H$aZm, O°g{- oZdm©MZ _{ß AoYH$ Ï`` H$aZm naQ>Z© _{ß H$_ ]VmZm ^´ÓQ> AmMaU h°& (H$) joV H$moVa H$aZ{ H$r Y_H$r X{Zm, (eoe^yfU dmO[{`r ]Zm_ _mYdamd ogßoY`m, E.AmB©.Ama. 1998 (I) gm_moOH$ ]ohÓH$ma H$aZ{ H$r Y_H$r X{Zm, _‹`‡X{e 31) (J) X°dr A‡gmX (divine displeasure) `m Am‹`moÀ_H$ `mZ `m Ob`mZ H$m C[`m{J-_VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ _VXmZ H{$ ob`{ bmZ{ b{ [naoZ›Xm (spiritual) H$m ^` ]VmZm AmoX& OmZ{ h{Vw `mZ `m Ob`mZ H$m ^m∂S{> [a b{Zm `m C[m· H$aZm Am°a CgH$m 3. oH$gr Ïò∫$ `{ "Y_©, _ybdße, OmoV, g_wXm` `m ^mfm' H{$ AmYma [a C[`m{J H$aZm ^´ÓQ> AmMaU h°& _V X{Z{ `m Z X{Z{ H$r `mMZm H$aZm `m oH$gr A‰`Wr© H{$ oZdm©MZ [a E{g{ _m_bm{ß _{ß _VXmVmAm{ß ¤mam `mZ `m Ob`mZ H$m oZ:ewÎH$ C[`m{J ‡oVHy$b ‡^md S>mbZ{ H{$ ob`{ Ymo_©H$ ‡VrH$m{ß, amÓQ≠>r` ‡VrH$ `m oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& (Y_{e ‡gmX d_m© ]Zm_ [°`mOb AmO_, amÓQ≠>‹dO `m amÓQ≠>r` gß‡VrH$ H$m C[`m{J H$aZm `m XwhmB© X{Zm& E.AmB©.Ama. 1984 Eg.gr. 1516) 4. oH$gr A‰`Wr© H{$ oZdm©MZ [a ‡oVHy$b ‡^md S>mbZ{ H{$ ob`{ ZmJnaH$m{ß gaH$mar g{dH$m{ß H$r g{dm b{Zm-oH$gr gaH$mar g{dH$ H$m{ oZdm©MZ _{ß H{$ odo^fi dJm~ H{$ ]rM Y_©, _ybdße, OmoV, g_wXm` `m ^mfm H{$ Ao^H$Vm© H{$ Í$[ _{ß oZ`w∫$ oH$`m OmZm ^´ÓQ> AmMaU h°& (gÀ`X{d ]Zm_ AmYma [a "eÃwVm `m K•Um H$r ^mdZmEß' [°Xm H$aZm& [X_ Xd{, 1955 Eg.gr.Ama. 549) *** ghm`H$ ‡‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` a{hQ>r oObm-grhm{a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 141 ∑`m oh›Xy, oh›XwÀd Am°a oh›XydmX H$m ‡`m{J ^´ÓQ> AmMaU h°-A^r 12. gaH$mar g{dH$m{ß ¤mam oZdm©MZ Ao^H$Œmm©, _VXmZ Ao^H$Vm© `m JUZ Hw$N> g_` [yd© EH$ _hÀd[yU© ‡ÌZ `h CR>m Wm oH$ ∑`m MwZmdr g^mAm{ß _{ß Ao^H$Œmm© H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$m_ oH$`m OmZm& VrZ _mh VH$ H$r AdoY H$m "oh›Xy Edß oh›XwÀd' H$r ]mV H$aZm ^´ÓQ> AmMaU h°? CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z{ H$mamdmg `m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 134 H$) BgH$m ZH$mamÀ_H$ CŒma X{V{ hwE BZ e„Xm{ß H$r AÀ`›V gw›Xa Ï`mª`m H$r 13. _VXmZ H{$›– _{ß `m CgH{$ oZH$Q> eÛ b{H$a OmZm `m Ky_Zm& Xm{ df© h°& CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z{ H$hm- VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg `m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 134 I) "oh›XydmX Bg _hm¤r[ H$r OrdZ e°br h°, _mZogH$Vm h°& Ymo_©H$ 14. _VXmZ H{$›– g{ A‡moYH•$V Í$[ g{ _V[Ãm{ß H$m hQ>mZm, ]mha b{ OmZm, g_›d` Edß gohÓUwVm H$m [m{fH$ Am°a h_mar CÉ gmßÒH•$oVH$ [aÂ[am H$r AmoX& EH$ df© VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg `m [mßM gm° Í$[`{ VH$ [hMmZ h°& oh›XwÀd ^maVr`H$aU H$m [`m©` h°& `h EH$ gmd©^m°_ gßÒH•$oV Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 135) H$m [m{fH$ h°& Bg_{ß gm_moOH$, Ymo_©H$, AmoW©H$, gmohoÀ`H$ Edß H$bmÀ_H$ 15. ]yW [a ]bmV≤ H$„Om H$aZm& ›`yZV_ EH$ df© H$m VWm AoYH$V_ g^r [hby g_mohV h¢& Y_© H{$ Í$[ _{ß oh›XydmX odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r gßÒH•$oV`m{ß, VrZ df© VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg Edß Ow_m©Zm& òX ]yW [a og’m›Vm{ß Edß OrdZ e°br H$m gßJ_ h°& g°’mo›VH$ Í$[ g{ oh›XydmX AmÒWm ]bmV≤ gaH$ma H$r g{dm _{ß H{$ oH$gr Ïò∫$ ¤mam oH$`m OmVm h°& ›`yZV_ Edß odÌdmg H{$ g^r Í$[m{ß H$m{ A[Z{ _{ß gofiohV oH$`{ hwE h°& odÌd H{$ A›` VrZ df© H$m VWm AoYH$V_ [mßM df© VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg Y_m~ H$r Vah oh›Xy Y_© oH$gr B©Ìdar` gŒmm H$m Xmdm Zht H$aVm, `h oH$gr Edß Ow_m©Zm& (Ymam 135 H$) EH$ B©Ìda `m X{dVm H$r [yOm-AM©Zm ^r Zht H$aVm, `h oH$gr hR>Y_© H$r 16. _VXmZ H{$ oXZ oZ`m{OH$m{ß ¤mam A[Z{ H$_©H$mam{ß AWdm H$_©Mmna`m{ß dH$mbV ^r Zht H$aVm, `h oH$gr EH$ Xme©oZH$ odMmaYmam _{ß ^r odÌdmg H$m{ gd{VZ AdH$me Zht oX`m OmZm& [mßM gm° Í$[`{ VH$ Ow_m©Zm& Zht H$aVm, `h oH$gr ^r Y_© AWdm [ßW H{$ gßHw$oMV [aÂ[amJV Í$[ H$r (Ymam 135 I) VwoÓQ> ^r Zht H$aZm MmhVm& odÒV•V ^md _{ß oh›Xy Y_© EH$ OrdZ e°br g{ 17. _VXmZ H{$ oXZ eam] AmoX H$m odH´$` oH$`m OmZm, oXZ OmZm `m AoYH$ Hw$N> Zht h°&'(S>m∞.a_{e èd›V ‡^w ]Zm_ ‡^mH$a H$merZmW Hw$›V{, odVnaV oH$`m OmZm& N>h _mh VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg `m Xm{ E.AmB©.Ama. 1996 Eg.gr. 1113) hOma Í$[`{ VH$ Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 135 J) oZdm©MZ A[amY-bm{H$ ‡oVoZoYÀd AoYoZ`_ 1951 H$r Ymam 125 g{ 18. Zm_ oZX}eZ [Ã H$m{ H$[Q>[yd©H$ oZÍ$o[V `m ZÓQ> H$aZm&oZdm©MZ g{ 136 VH$ _{ß odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ oZdm©MZ A[amYm{ß VWm CZH{$ obE emoÒV`m{ß gß]ßoYV oH$gr gyMr, gyMZm, XÒVmd{O AmoX H$m{ odÍ$o[V `m ZÓQ> H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m h°& oZdm©MZ gÂ]›Yr _wª`-_wª` A[amY H$aZm, _V[{Q>r _{ß _V[Ã g{ o^fi H$m{B© MrO S>mbZm, AmoX& oZÂZoboIV h° - N>h _mh VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg `m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& naQ>oZ™J 1. ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ odo^fi dJm~ H{$ ]rM Y_©, _ybdße, OmoV, g_wXm` `m ^mfm Am\$rga, [rR>mgrZ Am\$rga AmoX H$r Xem _{ß Xm{ df© VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H{$ AmYma [a eÃwVm `m K•Um H$r ^mdZmEß gß‡doV©V H$aZm& VrZ df© H$mamdmg `m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 136) VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg `m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 125) Bg ‡H$ma Ymam 125 g{ 136 VH$ _{ß oZdm©MZ odf`H$ A[amYm{ß Edß 2. _VXmZ g_mo· g{ [yd© 48 KßQ>m{ß H{$ ^rVa MwZmdr g^m Am`m{oOV CZH{$ ob`{ eoÒV`m{ß H$m CÑ{I oH$`m J`m h°& H$aZm AmoX& Xm{ df© VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg `m Ow_m©Zm `m _VXmZ H$aZ{ H{$ hH$Xma Ïò∫$ H$m{ _VXmZ H$aZ{ g{ Ad°Y Í$[ g{ Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 126) am{H$Zm `m oZdmnaV H$aZm Ymam 135 H$ H{$ IßS> (H$) H{$ AßVJ©V XßS>Zr` 3. oZdm©MZ g^mAm{ß _{ß C[–d H$aZm& N>h _mh VH$ H$r AdoY H$m A[amY hm{Jm& (S>m∞.Eg.]r. A_aI{∂S>m ]Zm_ ]mgZJm°∂S>m, (1993)3 H$mamdmam `m Xm{ hOma Í$[`{ VH$ H$m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 127) H{$.Eb.O{. 448) 4. _wª` [•ÓR> [a _w–H$ Edß ‡H$meH$ H{$ Zm_ d [V{ o]Zm oZdm©MZ [woÒVH$m`{ß, oZdm©MZ _{ß \$Or© _VXmZ H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ ob`{ Ao^kmZ [Ã (Identity [m{ÒQ>a AmoX ‡H$moeV H$aZm& N>h _mV VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg `m Card) oX`{ OmZ{ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h°& b{oH$Z Ao^kmZ [Ã ‡Xm` Xm{ hOma Í$[`{ VH$ H$m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ßß (Ymam 127-H$) (Supply) Zht oH$`{ OmZ{ H{$ AmYma _mÃ [a oZdm©MZ ÒWoJV Zht oH$`m 5. _VXmZ H$r Jm{[Zr`Vm H$m{ ^ßJ H$aZm& VrZ _mh VH$ H$r AdoY H$m Om gH$Vm h°& (am_X{d ^S>mar ]Zm_ oZdm©MZ Am`m{J (1995) 1 H$mamdmg `m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 128) [r.Eb.O{.Ama. 82 Eg.gr.) 6. oZdm©MZ _{ß Amo\$gam{ß ¤mam A‰òW©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ H$m`© H$aZm& N>h _mh Hw$N> A[amYm{ß H$m{ gßk{` (Congnizable) A[amY ]Zm`m J`m h°& VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg `m Ow_m©Zm `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 129) gßk{` A[amY g{ Ao^‡m` E{g{ A[amY g{ h° oOg_{ß [wobg AoYH$mar ¤mam 7. _VXmZ H{$›–m{ß H{$ oZH$Q> Ad°Y Í$[ g{ _V gß`mMZm (convassing) oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m{ dmaßQ> H{$ o]Zm oJa‚Vma oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& (XS> ‡oH´$`m H$aZm& 250 Í$[`{ VH$ Ow_m©Zm& (Ymam 130) gßohVm, 1973 H$r Ymam 2 J) 8. _VXmZ H{$›–m{ß _{ß `m CZH{$ oZH$Q> od¿N•>ßIb AmMaU (Disorderly gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ Conduct) H$aZm& VrZ _mh VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg `m Ow_m©Zm 1. AZw¿N{>X 19 `m Xm{Zm{ß& (Ymam 132) 2. o‡ßQ> (_heya) oO.]. E.gr.Q>r.Am{, (1994) 2 Eg.gr.gr. 434 10. oZdm©MZ H{$ ob`{ Ad°Y Í$[ g{ `mZ ^m∂S{> [a b{Zm `m C[m· H$aZm& 3. oXZ{e oÃd{Xr ]. ^maV gßK (1997) 4 Eg.Eg.gr. 306 VrZ _mh VH$ H$r AdoY H$m H$mamdmg Edß Ow_m©Zm& (Ymam 133) 4. ^maV H$m gßodYmZ & 11. oZdm©MZ H$m`© _{ß bJ{ Ïò∫$`m{ß ¤mam gme` A[Z{ [Xr` H$Œm©Ï`m{ß H$m 5. S>m∞.Eg.]r.A_aI{∂S>m ]Zm_ ]mgZJm°∂S>m (1993) 3 H{$.Eb.O{. 448 ^ßJ oH$`m OmZm& [mßM gm° Í$[`{ VH$ Ow_m©Zm& (Ymam 134) ************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 142

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 145

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*** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 146 AV: Òdm_r odd{H$mZ›X Z{ OmoV Ï`dÒWm H$r AoZ`ßoÃV e„Xm{ß _{ß Òdm_rOr H$r EH$ d°MmnaH$ Am°a _hÀd[yU© X{Z ÒdVßÃVm H$r CZH$r oZßXm ^r H$r h° & CZH$m _V Wm oH$ "oZÂZ OmoV`m{ß H$m{ CZH{$ _mZdr` A[Zr AdYmaUm h° & C›hm{ßßZ{ H$hm " OrdZ _{ß gwI Am°a g_•o’ H$r EH$_mÃ AoYH$mam{ß VWm gm_moOH$ ›`m` g{ dßoMV aIZ{ H{$ obE ]´mÂhU, [wam{ohVm{ß d eV© h°, oM›VZ Am°a H$m`© H$r ÒdVßÃVm& oOg j{Ã _{ß `h Zht h° Cg j{Ã _{ß gdU© OmoV`m{ß Z{ o_bH$a OmoV‡Wm VWm AÒ[•Ì`Vm H$m _hmOmb ]wZ aIm _ZwÓ` OmoV Am°a amÓQ≠> H$m [VZ hm{Jm &' CZH{$ AZwgma emarnaH$, _mZogH$ h° &8 ^maV H$r hOma gmb H$r XmgVm H$r O∂S> OZVm H$m X_Z hr h° & X{e _{ß VWm Am‹`moÀ_H$ ÒdVßÃVm H$r Am{a AJ´ga hm{Zm VWm Xygam{ß H$m{ CgH$r AmO VH$ gm_moOH$ AÀ`mMmna`m{ß Z{ Am°a AoÔmVr` oZaHw$ße dJm} Z{, Am{a AJ´ga hm{Z{ _{ß ghm`Vm X{Zm _ZwÓ` H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m [wÍ$ÒH$ma h° & C›hm{ßZ{ ]hwgßª`H$ OZVm H$m em{fU oH$`m h° & C›hm{ßZ{ Am_ OZVm H$m{ BVZr K•Um eo∫$ Am°a oZ^©`Vm H$m gßX{e oX`m h° & Am°a oVaÒH$ma H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{Im Am°a C›h{ß BVZm A[_moZV oH$`m oH$ dh odd{H$mZßX Z{ _wª` Í$[ g{ d{Xm›V Xe©Z [a AmYmnaV oh›Xy Y_© H$m _ZwÓ`Vm hr Im{ ]°R>r h° &9 Bg AmYma [a g_W©Z oH$`m Wm oH$ `h Z°oVH$ _mZdVmdmX Am°a AmXe© odd{H$mZßX H$m `h —∂T> odÌdmg Wm oH$ eo∫$embr ^maV H{$ ôdÓ` Am‹`mÀ_ Xe©Z H$m EH$ gmd©^m°_ ‡oVÍ$[ h° & CZH{$ odMma _{ß, oh›Xy Y_© hr H$m oZ_m©U gmYmaU OZVm H$r gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ Am°a amOZroVH$ CfioV _mZdC OmoV H{$ C’ma H{$ obE, Z°oVH$ VWm Am‹`moÀ_H$ odYmZm{ß H{$ H$mb g{ hr gß^d hm{Jm & BgH{$ obE C›hm{ßZ{ g_mO H{$ [mIS>r em{fH$ dJ© H$r oZa[{j oZ`_m{ß H$r gßohVm h° & CZH$m{ oh›Xy Y_© H$r _hmZVm Am°a YyV©Vm, Hw$oQ>bVm Am°a A_mZdr` Ï`dhma H$r Vrd´ ^Àg©Zm H$r & C›hm{ßZ{ `h gmd©XoeH$Vm _{ß AIS> odÌdmg Wm [a›Vw CZH$r [r∂S>m `h ^r Wr oH$ H$hm oH$ "^maV H{$ CÉ dJm}, Vw_ ey›` hm{, Vw_ ôdÓ` H$r gmahrZ ZJ` [mIS>r [oS>Vm{ß Am°a [wam{ohVm{ß Z{ Y_© H{$ odH$mg H{$ ÒWmZ [a A[Z{ ÒdmW© dÒVw hm{ & Vw_ A[Z{ H$m{ ey›` _{ß odbrZ H$a Xm{ Am°a oVam{ohV hm{ OmAm{ Am°a H$m odH$mg H$a Bg{ H$bßoH$V H$a oX`m & Bg [a Òdm_rOr H$m AmH´$m{e H$B© A[Z{ ÒWmZ [a Z`{ ^maV H$m CX` hm{Z{ Xm{ & Cg Z`{ ^maV H$r hb H$r _yßR> Í$[m{ß _{ß ‡H$Q> hwAm h° - 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0.715 (2014) 147 O°g{ EH$ Xyga{ g{ Xya oXImB© [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ZXr H{$ VQ>m{ß H$m{ gm_ßOÒ` VWm 7. d_m© S>m∞. odÌdZmW ‡gmX : _mH©$og¡_ ES> d{Xm›V : X odÌd^maVr g_›d` H{$ g{Vw g{ Om{∂S>Z{ H$m ^mJraW ‡`ÀZ oH$`m & Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H{$ π$mQ>br© 1954 _{ß ‡H$moeV b{I. oMßVZ H$m{f _{ß ^maVr` ZdoZ_m©U H{$ Cd©a ]rO Vm{ `ÀZ[yd©H$ gßH$obV h°, 8. d_m© S>m∞. odÌdZmW ‡gmX : AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` amOZroVH$ oM›VH$ : gmW hr Cg_{ß [ro∂S>V _mZdVm H{$ [wZg•OZ H$r H$m`© gmYH$ `m{OZm ^r b˙_rZmamÙ AmJam (1992) [•ÓR> 146 gofiohV h° &14 9. X H$Â[brQ> d∑g© Am∞\$ gm_J´r odd{H$mZßX dmÎ`y_-5, [•ÓR> 45 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ AÎ_m{∂S>m A’°V Aml_ 1953. 1. O°Z S>m±. gmYZm : Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H$m d°MmnaH$ Xe©Z : E OZ©b 10. X H$Â[brQ> d∑g© Am∞\$ gm_J´r odd{H$mZßX dmÎ`y_-4 [•ÓR> 394- Am∞\$ Eoe`m \$ma S{>_m{H´${gr ES> S{>db[_{ßQ> _wa°Zm dmÎ`y_ XIII (2) 95 AÎ_m{∂S>m A¤°V Aml_ 1953 gZ 2013, [•.-131 11. AdÒWr S>m∞. A_a{Ìda Edß S>m∞. AdÒWr : AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` gm_moOH$ 2. O°Z S>m±. gmYZm : Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H$m d°MmnaH$ Xe©Z : E OZ©b Edß amOZroVH$ oM›VH$, nagM© O`[wa (1990) [•ÓR> 94-95 Am∞\$ Eoe`m \$ma S{>_m{H´${gr ES> S{>db[_{ßQ> _wa°Zm dmÎ`y_ XIII (2) 12. ogßh ‡Vm[ogßh : AmYwoZH$ ^maV H$m gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ BoVhmg, gZ≤ 2013, [•.-132 nagM© O`[wa, [•ÓR> 103 3. bmB\$ Am∞\$ odd{H$mZßX : dmÎ`y_-II, AÎ_m{∂S>m A¤°V Aml_ (1953) 13. oI_{gam S>m∞. kmZMßX : Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H$m g_mO Xe©Z : aMZm [•ÓR> 782. (o¤_mogH$) OZdar-\$adar 2013 _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r 4. Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX [Ãmdbr, ‡W_ ^mJ [•ÓR> 243. ^m{[mb, [•ÓR> 60-61 5. X H$Â[brQ> d∑g© Am∞\$ Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX dmÎ`y_-6, [•ÓR> 389 14. Wm[H$ S>m∞. ‡km : Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H$m ^maV Xe©Z Am°Z CZH$m AÎ_m{∂S>m A¤°V Aml_ 1953 gßX{e : aMZm (o¤_mogH$) OZdar-\$adar 2013 _.‡.oh›Xr J´ßW 6. d_m© S>m∞. odÌdZmW ‡gmX : _mH©$og¡_ ES> d{Xm›V : X odÌd^maVr AH$mX_r ^m{[mb, [•ÓR> 26 π$mQ>br© 1954 _{ß ‡H$moeV b{I.

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 150

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** *** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$ _hmod⁄mb`, hmQ>[r[Î`m, oObm-X{dmg (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** ** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$ _hmod⁄mb`, hmQ>[r[Î`m, oObm-X{dmg (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 151

_ohbm odH$mg h{Vw ^maV gaH$ma H$r ZroV`m∞ Edß H$m`©H´$_

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*** em{YmWu> (amOZroV odkmZ) AdY{e ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 152

Role Of Early Buddhism In Cultural Continuum Of Asia (With Special Reference To Central Asia And China)

Dr. Preeti Prabhat *

Abstract - Asian continent represents the most rugged terrain consisting of loftiest mountains, deadliest deserts, almost impossible to negotiate passes and most variable climate. Still it came very close to achieving the goal of a unified human culture. Mostly, when cultures mature they self impose stringent racial, national, political and cultural boundaries around them. The process of transmission of culture is often hampered by political interference and opportunities of interaction are harshly curbed. A number of studies have been made about various aspects of Indian influence in far off lands. But in this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the causes and circumstances which led to the genesis and survival of this stupendous historical phenomenon. This kind of peaceful cultural transmission and assimilation is rarely as the whole region merged into single cultural identity. A casual analyses is attempted here of this success story of indomitable spirit. Key words - Buddhism, Cultural transmission, Multi-ethnicity, Multiculturalism, Social standardization, Assimilation, Multiracialism.

Introduction - India had close commercial and cultural all over central Asia and China. Stein unearthed many stupas relations with the outside world since early times. India and Buddhist monuments in Khotan. Other than art and played the torch bearer and Buddhism became its light. In architecture, the Buddhist manuscripts discovered in the the early sixth century of Christian era, Buddhist influence region are very important. Birch bark fragments of Prakrit and plethora of activities increased in Central Asia and China. Dhammapada and Sanskrit manuscript Saddharmapundarika The term Central Asia here refers to the area presently known have been discovered at Khotan. A large catche of kharoshthi as Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China. The arid documents are also discovered. desert of Taklamakan occupies the central and larger part Kizil cave complex in Kucha region is also a centre of of this region. It is bounded by Tian-Shan Mountain in the Buddhist art. Wall paintings here depict a variety of subjects north, Kunlun in south, Karakorum and plateau of Pamirs in as scenes of Buddha’s early life, Jatakas, Avdans, figures the south. The northern and southern edges of Talamakan of Bodhisattvas and others. Turfan in north is another point desert were dotted with small oasis states as Kashgar, of fusion of cultures, dominated by Buddhism. The German Yarkand, Khotan, Kucha, Urumqi and Turfan. They were the mission recovered fragments of Asvaghosha’s Sariputa strongholds from where the Indian influence emanated. The prakarnam from here. Bezekilk in Turfan was a large Buddhist great Silk route played an important role in dissemination of complex consisting of more than hundred monasteries. This Indian culture and its fusion with other cultures between 1st centre is rich in large sized Buddha figures, Jataka tales century B.C to12thcentury A.D. The Silk route started at and figures of demi Gods. Buddhist paintings are also found Loyang in east China and terminated in the Roman empire. at Miran, monuments at Yoktan, Endre and Rawak in Central The modern historians prefer it to call ‘Sutra route’ as the Asia. Oasis states and the main trading centers along the silk The most important Buddhist remains are the 492 caves route are replete with archaeological material of Indian origin at Tun huang in China, dug and decorated by monks between and influence. The glaring fact of history is that this kind of fourth to fourteenth century A.D. The wall paintings depict peaceful cultural transmission and assimilation is not found an array of Jataka stories, Sutra illustrations, scenes from very often. The newly emerged Central Asian Oasis states Buddha’s life and figures of Buddha and Bodhisattavas. were not culturally and politically circumference in the The glaring fact of history is that this kind of peaceful cultural beginning of Christian era, hence widely open to foreign transmission and assimilation is not found very often. This influence. British archaeologists Sir Aurel Stien, German A. success story is of indomitable human spirit and the whole Von Le Coq and French Sinologists Paul Pelliot had unraveled region merged into a single cultural entity. Culture is generally a most spectacular world of Buddhist stupas, cave temples defined as a unique constellation of traits belonging to a adorned with exquisite murals, sculptures, manuscripts and designated aggregate of people. The transmission of culture documents in Indian scripts. Many German, Russian and takes place from generation to generation and from cultures Japanese missions are busy exploring the region. to cultures. The newly emerged Central Asian Oasis states Khotan emerges as the important centre of Indian were not culturally and politically circumferenced immediately influence and from here Buddhism appears to have spread before and around the beginning of Christian era, hence *** Asst. Professor (History) Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Government P.G. College, Lucknow (U.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 153 widely open to foreign influence. Similarly in China, Buddhism turn easily gain popularity. In central Asia and China, royal met a little political resistance. Buddhism has to meet a patronage extended to Buddhist faith and Buddhist art warm welcome in China, during the rule of Han dynasty. bestowed upon them the status of social standardization. Still Buddhism managed to enter China in first century A.D. Similarly the Kharoshthi scripts of north India gained and made its presence felt in the Chinese court as well as popularity because it was adopted as administrative language society around the second century A.D. After the by many Central Asian oasis states. It is opined that the disintegration of Han dynasty, northern China was ruled by impact of social standardization is so deep that it seeps nomadic tribes who helped in popularizing Buddhism in even into unconscious fantasies of man. Apparently the most China. During the rule of northern Wei dynasty Buddhism magnificent Buddhist art and architecture of central Asia recorded an unprecedented growth in number of its adherents and China nowhere appears to be a professional assignment and creative activities. There were around 100 Buddhist for artists. The artists seem to have tried to pour their heart monasteries in northern Wei capital P’ing-Ch’eng in 477A.D into these paintings and sculptures, they exhibit to have and their new capital Loyang boasted of as many 1367 breathed and dreamt Buddhism. monasteries in 534 A.D . Buddhism did not reach China in a religious vacuum, Multi-ethnicity and multiracialism of central Asian Oasis as Confucianism and Taoism were fairly well developed faith states prepared a fertile ground for the growth of among Chinese people. There is no evidence of confrontation Multiculturalism. In Central Asia multiculturalism set ablaze between foreign and native religions because Buddhism was a trail of efflorescence of unprecedented artistic and literary received as a compliment rather than competitor. Both these vivacity. Historical evidence suggests that Indians visited religions somewhat lacked in philosophical arena where and lived in small groups in Central Asian states and China. Buddhism was much stronger. Buddhism in the form of In spite of being ethnic minority people of Indian descent Buddha provided them a very attractive and miraculous were never denied of opportunity, neither did they face any personality to worship and a doctrine of eternal bliss which type of political and social coercion. The most starting point is attainable by all believers of it. An elaborate system of is that majority who initiated interaction and assimilated itself rituals and a fascinating pantheon of Buddha’s, the cultural traits of minority. It has been noted that cultural Bodhisattavas and numerous demi-Gods simply miscegenation produces beneficial results for the society. To overwhelmed these people. Serenity of Buddhism pervaded a great extent, politically fractional China was culturally unified all walks of life of the Central Asian and Chinese people. under Buddhist influence. No part of China, ruled by different In all probability the reason behind this peaceful assimilation dynasties appears to have remained untouched by religion. was the pantheism of eastern religions. Buddhism is not Effective and positive communication is the key factor very averse to fostering thoughts and deities of other religion. which helps to mould structural pluralism to cultural pluralism. Mostly the new deity is either synthesized with some When interacting cultures show willingness to open dialogue, existing deity or adopted as it is. It is amazing to see that mutual understanding feeling of co-operation follow naturally. the utilitarian concept of society, still a utopian dream, was Thence emerges a collective culture that is acceptable to near achieved by these people. A cosmopolitan culture came and approachable for all people concerned. It has been noted into being with concerted efforts of diverse culture and races. that cultural miscegenation produces beneficial results for Conclusion: Thus, it may be surmised that with an aroma the society. Possibly no other better example can be cited of spirituality, benevolence, tolerance and at par other than the region of central Asia. Buddhism was at the communication between the cultures, we will be better helm of affairs during this whole eventuality. It is said that equipped to face the challenges of the modern civilization. It religion takes form of social value which members of society has been rightly said regarding the spread of Buddhism in try to upkeep. The ritual part of religion assigns different Central Asia, ‘The drop departed from its native home found duties to different people and brings them together. In the a shell and became a pearl’. same manner when there is mutual borrowing among trend References :- of different cultures, they become interdependent. The study 1. Bapat,P.V. 1956,2500 Years of Buddhism, Delhi, of Indo Chinese trade relations explain this very well. Offering Publications Division . of Saptratna is considered as pious in Buddhism. As the 2. Banerjee,P. 1994, The spread of Indian Art and Culture Buddhism flourished in China there was more and more to Central Asia and China, Indian import of pearls and other precious stones which were Horizons, Vol.43. Nos. 1-2 counted as Saptratna. In such capacity religion may act as 3. Chandra, Lokesh. 1993.The Sutra Route; The Beyond a binding force. Probably that is why Buddhism was able to within; Cultural Horizons of India, Vol. 3 impart a single cultural identity to the whole region of Central Tara Chandrika, New Delhi International Academy of Asia and China. To a great extent, politically fractional China Indian Culture and Aditya Prakash. was culturally unified under Buddhist influence. No part of 4. Gray, Basil. Buddhist Cave Paintings at Tun Huang. London. China, ruled by different dynasties appears to have untouched 5. Honigmann, John J. 1963. Understanding Culture, New by religion. York; Harper and Row Publishers. Through the process of social standardization some of 6. Stein, Aurel. 1921.Serendia. London; Oxford University the traits of human behavior and activities become cultural. Press. Reprint, New Delhi. 1980. Often development in tool making, art, religious beliefs and 7. Zurcher, E. 1959. The Buddhist Conquest of China. rituals become socially standardized, hence cultural and in Leiden; E.J.Brill. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 154

Development Of Buddhism In Maharashtra- A Historical Context

Dr. Manik Gajbhiye*

Introduction - Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism Caves etc. It shows that Buddhism in Maharashtra was , taught mankind on this blessed soil of India , over 2500 spread not only in caves of Bhikkus but all over in Maharshtra years ago. The Buddha delivered his first sermon of in common people inscription on caves, shows the donor of Isipatana , Modern Sarnath before the five ascetics who all levels who were the followers of Buddhism. had been his companions at Urvela. Two month later , The Buddhism has had a history of some are thousand extorted his first 60 disciples” to go and wonder forth in all years in Maharashtra Royal support was an important direction and preach the dhamma . The great Ashoka , the elements in its spread and prosperity . The earliest dynasty third Mauryan Emperor , Who offer witnessing the horrible to claim Maharashtra as a part of its empire was that of the suffering and misery of the people in the Kalinga war , found Mauryas. Inscriptional evidence of Mauryan rule over the solace and peace of mind in the Dhamma and then to repay Bombay and Kokan region comes during the time of Ashoka his debt to the Boudhha , He launched a vigorous compaign ( 274-237 B.C.) . A fragment of Ashokas rock edit (viii ) was to preach and propogate the sublime teaching of the blessed found at Sopara which may have been the district head one , with his energetic efforts , The Great Ashoka took out quarters of the Maurayan Empire during time of Ashoka . Buddhism from the caves and monasteries and made it a The Satvahana Inscription occurs at Naneghat , Karle , National and International Religion of India . then Buddhism Bhaja , Bedsa , Khada and Kanheri . The Vakataka inscription dominated the Indian scene in all fields. at Ajanta suggest the patronage enjoyed by the Buddhist Buddhism based on individual freedom, social equality monastic establishment at Ajanta . , fraternity and kindness hence it reached to all level . The kings who ruled over Maharashtra from time to time Buddhism spread in Maharashtra through the trade. The wheather sakas, satavahanas , Vakatakas and Rastraktus International trade and the excess production in agriculture was but they supported the Buddhism establishment as a increased and inspired the art and skill in the region of matter of political and public policy . It is highly probable maurya and satavahana many Viharas were built up in that the Buddhism had arrived in Mashrshtra to 450B.C. Maharashtra .Many Viharas were ruin but the evidence The introduction of Buddhism in to Western India , it is remain in form of caves, Near about 1000 Buddhist caves generally stated can’t be placed before the region of the were found in 60 different parts of Maharashtra . sea part great Ashoka of around 250 B.C. such an argument is based of Dahanu to Nasik has Indragad , Tringalwadi and Nasik exclusively on archaeological evidence and ignorance or caves . The Trade route to Sopara , Kalyan , Thane through dismisses out of hand ,literally evidence to the countra ry. Naneghat , towards Junner there are Jivdan Vihar Pulu- The Sutta Nipatta’s regarded as one of the oldest text on sonala , Naneghat Junner Buddhist Caves and find the port grounds of the antiquity both of its idias and its language of Sopara , Kalyan and Thane to Borghat Sawaghat , Kanheri perhaps some of the oldest part of this work are the , Bhaje , Karle , Bedsa , Shelarwadi caves . Gomasi From Atthakvagga and the parayanavagga . A Commentery on the port of chaul , Rojapur to Mahad Warandaghat towards these two parts is the Niddesa , included in canonical pali the Ter there are Kuda, Mahad , Kol , Shirwad caves . From literature, This canon seems to have been closed for all Dabhol and Chiplun to Kumbhar Lighat towards kashad and practical purposes by the time the third Patliputra council We find Chiplun and Kashod caves. From Bharuch port to came to be held around 237 BC. paithan We find Pitalkhara caves . From the rout of Ujjain. The Bavari story is very old and there is no reason to Mahishmati to paithan there is Ajantha. question its authentically. There is nothing inherently rayable The pillars in Karle cave was donated by Theratul of in a group of people from the Aurangabad region hearing of Sopara namely Satimita was inscripted on it. The evidence the Buddha undertaking a Journey in quest of the master. found about inscription it caves. All evidences shows that According to some account s a few of Baveris disciples the followers of Buddha were numerous in Maharashtra found returned to the Deccan after their conversion and probably in the excavation from Mauryan Period in 300 AD. And many founded the first monastic settlement there the route followed things are related to Buddhism specially Chaitya , Vihar , by them is of great relevance to us in determining the spread *** Asst. Profesor, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Siddhu Kahnu Murmu Center for Dalit and Tribal Studies, MGAHV, Wardha, INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 155 of Buddhism from the north and east to the south and west at sixty places engraved. Among them 70% are before AD . If the event is of a historical nature and we see no reason 300. In these caves 222 engraved on slab stone which are to doubt its essential anthenticity, it may be placed before readable of period BC 300. In 156 inscription these are the 486BC. i.e. before the passing away of the Buddha . The names of donors among them no source of way of literary source which gives evidence about the existence of subsistence are found from the carving. Excluding them 35% Buddhism in Maharashtra is the story of Bavari. The story are tradesman, 23% rules, 12% officers, 12% Bhikkhus and of Bavary and his disciples found in the preamble to the Bhikkuhunis, 10% farmers and likewise doing other parayanavagga is a great significance for the beginning of occupations and 8% mohammedan (any individual of foreign Buddhism In Maharashtra , Bavari was a Brahmanai anchorite race) with this percentage it shows that businessman were who had his Asramas near Alka in the Ashoka country . mostly attracted towards the Buddhism. But this percentage (Ashoka has been identified with the area now covered by should not be treated as fact and hardly depend upon the Nanded Nizamabad-Aurangabad region of Maharashtra circumstances. Agriculturist might be on large scale and Andhra Pradesh ) Bavari came to hear of the Buddha devotees and donors. It is possibility the gifts could be used and his mission in some what miraculous circumstances for building Viharas rather than giving help to construct linis and sent his 16 Brahmanas disciples to meet with Buddha along the tradesman way. in savatti. The text describes the rout taken by Bavaris It has been noticed also that most of the monastic disciples from Alaka to Magadha.Bairat is also associated establishments in western India were also centers for with Ashokan edicts , indicating its importance in Buddhist monastic education and Thera Bhadantas were the qualified history.during the Ashoka time there may have been more teachers some of the most outstanding monastic educational such instances of people from the surat . Broad area travelling centers in Western India were at Ajanta, Bhaja, Junnar, to Binar and bringing Buddhism back with them . The frequent Kanheri, Karle, Kuda and Nasik. contacts between Broach and sopara may also have had The development of Buddhism is one of the most Buddhistic implication. significant events in the long cultural history of India. Ashoka had definitely exposed Buddhism as his Buddhism was a product of timeless wisdom of the Buddha personal faith and according to Buddhist tradition , undertook and his own immediate cultural background rooted in the extensive building activity , Ashoka’s empire included the Magadha in the 6th Century B.C. great changes were Bombay area as is indicated by a copy of his edict occurred in Magadha during that century. During the time of discovered at sopara presumed to be the headquarters of Buddha Magadha was completely Brahmanised land. The the Maurayas. Ashoka is Law of morality prevailed among pali text mentioned kings such who used to perform a various the rashtrikas ,peterikas and Bhojas and it may be expansion vedic sacrifices. Due to the simple doctrines of Buddha, of already existing nuclear Buddhist communities in these Magadha changed his social life. Bhikkhus promulgated the area of Maharashtra . Theravadi sangha sent missions to doctrines and the path of good living called Dhamma in various parts of India and to Ceylon. Among these places western part of India. They co-ordinate in their efforts to mentioned are Aparanta to which yonarakkhita was development of Buddhism. They had only one objection the dispatched and Mahadhammarakkhita sent in Maharashtra. life that was the spread of their faith. They worked from It is highly probable the Buddhism had arrived in morning to till night to preaching the gospel of Buddha. They Maharashtra by 450 BC. If not earlier. They may have taken could beg when they felt hungry and devote the rest of their routes along Ujjeni Mahissali-Bodhan-paithan route through time to their faith. Buddha gave advice to them to go and the Nagpur region and through Bairat Broach-sopara route . wander for the gain of many for the welfare of the many out Before 250 BC the Buddhist communities in the region of compassion for the world. Ashoka’s own son Mahendra Maharashtra must have been very small possible scattered and daughter Sanghamitra went to Sri Lanka sthavir monastic settlement house building of bricks . By 200 BC. Mahadeva was dispatched to Mahishanamandala (Mysore, the Buddhist communities began to use excavated dwelling Khandesh) Yavan Dharmarakshita was dispatched to in the Borghat , The Nasik region and Ajanta these excavated Ararantak Pradesh, Mahadharmarakshita was dispatched dwelling and shrines give us a more less connected history to the rest of the Maharashtra Sthavir Maharakshita was of Buddhism in Maharashtra until about the 11th century. dispatched to yavana Pradesh it is cited in Dipvamsa edited Buddhism was in a flourishing state of Maharashtra and by Sastri Swami Dwarikadas. several caves were excavated at Bhaja, Kondane, Kharhad, The edicts of Ashoka styled as Dhammalipi were Bedsa, Karle, Nasik, Junnar & Ajanta during the rule of intended to propagate Buddhist moral precepts. In his edicts Satvahanas. In Maharashtra recently only caves are available the world Dhamma appears very frequently Dhamma means in the form of residential and others, residential form of Buddhist religion. It also means the doctrine of the Buddha. Bhikkhus like Vihar, Adhyayog, Pasad and Himmiya caves Ashoka edicts were thus primarily mean to propagate the are found along the tradesman way farer and having natural moral precepts according to the doctrine of the Buddha. It beauty places in Maharashtra. In the west Maharashtra in helps in creating a positive atmosphere for the propagation hilly area along the Sahyadris and its beautiful surroundings. of Buddhism. In Maharashtra on and average there are one thousand caves During the Mauryan period to ksatrapa period Buddhism Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 156 flourished as the predominant religion in India. A large number 7. Gokhale .B.G,” Thervada Buddhism in western India” in of viharas chaityas, stupas and other establishment were journal of the American oriented society,92/2. constructed during this period for the Buddhist sangha and 8. Neharu. J.(1947) Glimpseses of world history.O.V.P.New lay followers in Maharashtra. Delhi. References :- 9. Sastri, Swami Dwarkadas (1996) Dipvamasaa .Buddha 1. More M.S. (2004), Maharashrtatil Baudha Dhammacha Akar granthamala, M.G.Kashi vidyapith Vanarasi ( U.P.). Itihas ,” Kaushaly Prakashan, Aurangabad. M.S. 10. Altekar.A.S. (1975) Education in Ancient India ,Manohar 2. Dixit M.G. (1941), Valabhi the Buddhist University’ Prakashan,vanarasi (V.P.). Historical and Economical studies ,Fergusson college 11. Chaudhari, B. N. (1969), Buddhist Centers in Ancient of Pune. India, Calcutta Sanskrit College. 3. Warder,A.K.(1970),Indian Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidas 12. Datta, N (1954), Early Monastic Buddhism, Indological , Delhi Book House, Varanasi. 4. Gokhle.B.G.(1976), Buddhism in Maharashtra 13. Omvedt, Gail (2003) Buddhism in India, Sage ,”AHistory, popular prakashan Bombay. Publication, New Delhi. 5. Ancient India, 14. Conze, Edward (1965) Buddhism, Essence and 6. Mahavansa Development, New York, Harper Trachbooks.

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*** emgH$r` E_.E_._hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm-AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 158 H$r Om{ [aÂ[am ^maV _{ß odH$ogV hwB© CgH$m 19 dt eVm„Xr H{$ CŒmamY© _{ß Í$[m›VaU hwAm& Bg _hmZV_ C‘{Ì` H{$ obE H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ _Zrfr hr ‡maÂ^ hm{ MwH$m Wm& amÓQ≠>dmXr BoVhmg b{IZ H{$ ‡{aUm[w›O H{$ Í$[ BoVhmgH$ma ^maV H$r ‡mMrZ gßÒH•$oV Am{a [aÂ[am _{ß dV©_mZ d°kmoZH$ amÓQ≠>r`Vm H{$ ‡gma H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ bmbm bmO[Vamd, Ama.Or.^S>maH$a, Edß ^m°oVH$ OJV H{$ gm˙`m{ß H$m{ Ty>±T>Z{ H$m ‡`mg Mb ahm h° oOgH{$ [naUm_ dr.H{$.amOdS{>, Ama.gr. _Ow_Xma, dr.S>r.gmdaH$a O°g{ A›` ‡_wI gH$mamÀ_H$ hm{V{ oXI ah{ h¢& AmO ^maVr` _yÎ`m{ß H$r l{ÓR>Vm d ‡mMrZVm BoVhmgH$ma gm_Z{ Am`{& ÒdVßÃVm H{$ [yd© d [ÌMmV BoVhmg b{IZ H$r `h odÌdÒVa [a _m›`Vm ‡m· H$a ahr h°& BZ ‡`mgm{ß _{ß d{Xm{ß _{ß odkmZ Am°a amÓQ≠>dmXr M{VZm AZdaV Í$[ g{ Omar ahr& S>m∞. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 164

X{dmg am¡` H$m E{oVhmogH$ A‹``Z

S>m∞. _obH$m ImZ *

‡ÒVmdZm - _wJb gm_´m¡` H{$ gy`m©ÒV H{$ g_` _amR{> eo∫$embr hwE& 1857 H{$ ÒdmYrZVm gßJ´m_ H{$ g_` X{dmg am¡` H{$ H$m\$r _{dmVr hm{bH$a, ogo›Y`m, Jm`H$dm∂S> Am{a ^m¢gb{ dße Z{ [ya{ ^maV df© _{ß A[Zm od–m{h H$aV{ W{ oOZH$m AßJ´{Om{ß H$r ghm`Vm g{ X_Z oH$`m J`m Wm& gm_´m¡` odÒVmnaV oH$`m& hm{ÎH$a Z{ [ya{ _mbdm Am{a oZ_m∂S> [a A[Zm H•$ÓUamdOr H$r _•À`w 1899 _{ß hwB© 14 A‡°b gZ≤ 1900 _{ß VwH$m{Oramd ‡^md ÒWmo[V oH$`m& V•Vr` H{$ Zm_ g{ J‘r [a ]°R>m& 14 A∑Q>y]a gZ≤ 1993 H$m{ VwH$m{Oramd Z{ B›Xm°a g{ 35 oH$._r. Xya X{dmg oÒWV h° Om{ E{oVhmogH$ Í$[ g{ ‡og’ am¡` g{ gß›`mg b{H$a [moS>M{ar ‡ÒWmZ oH$`m& 30 ogVÂ]a gZ≤ 1937 Wm& [dmam{ß H{$ _yb [wÍ$f gm]yogßh C∂\©$ oedmOr H{$ [wÃ H•$ÓUmOr Am{a [m°Ã H$m{, dhr CgH$m X{hmdgmZ hm{ J`m Am°a emgZ H$m H$m`©^ma H$m°o›gb ¤mam ]wAmOr W{& ]wAmOr H{$ [wÃ H$mbyOr H{$ Xm{ [wÃm{ß Z{ X{dmg am¡` H$r ÒWm[Zm Mbm`m J`m& 20 OwbmB© 1935 H$m{ odH´$_ogßh amd ¤mam H$m{Îhm[wa g{ H$r&VwH$m{Oramd Z{ ]∂S>r [mVr Am{a oedmOr amd Z{ N>m{Q>r [mVr am¡` H$m{ AmJ{ AmH$a H$m°o›gb H{$ A‹`j H{$ ZmV{ am¡` gßMmbZ H$m H$m`© A[Z{ hmWm{ß _{ß b{ ]∂T>m`m& ob`m J`m& 18 _mM© gZ≤ 1938 H$m{ odH´$_ogßh amd H$m am¡`mo^f{H$ hwAm& "X{dmg na`mgV ]∂S>r [mVr' - gZ≤ 1789 g{ 1827 VH$ amUmOr ]∂S>r ]mX _{ß X{dmg ]∂S>r [mVr H$m CŒmamoYH$ma CgH{$ A[Z{ [wÃ H•$ÓUamdOr [mVr H$m emgH$ ahm&12 oXgÂ]a gZ≤ 1818 H$m{ X{dmg H{$ Xm{Zm{ß amOmAm{ß H$m{ gm¢[ oX`m Wm& _‹`‡X{e _{ß am¡` H{$ odb` H{$ g_` H•$ÓUamdOr H$r VwH$m{Oramd o¤Vr` d AmZ›Xamd [ßdma H{$ gmW gßoY H$r JB©& Xm{Zm{ß amOmAm{ß ]∂S>r [mVr H$m emgH$ Wm& Z{ A[Z{ ‡oVoZoY H{$ Í$[ _{ß gImam_ ]m[y JßY{ H$m{ `h gßoY CÀ[fi H$aZ{ H{$ X{dmg N>m{Q>r [mVr - oXgÂ]a gZ≤ 1818 _{ß X{dmg N>m{Q>r [mVr H$m{ ^r obE oZ`w∫$ oH$`m& X{dmg am¡` H$r H$Â[Zr g{ H$r JB© gßoY H$r eV~ Bg X{dmg ]∂S>r [mVr H$r hr ^mßoV AßJ´{Om{ß g{ AYrZÒW ghH$mnaVm H$m g_Pm°Vm ‡H$ma h° - H$aZm [∂S>m& `h g_Pm°Vm X{dmg H{$ Xm{Zm{ß amOmAm{ß VwH$m{Oramd [ßdma Am°a 1. X{dmg am¡` o]óQ>e gaH$ma H{$ gßajU _{ß ah{Jm& AmZ›Xamd [ßdma g{ EH$ gmW gÂ[fi hwAm& Bg g_Pm°V{ _{ß 8 YmamE± Wr& 2. Cg{ 50 A¿N>r ZÒb H{$ AÌd d 50 [°Xb aIZ{ H$m AoYH$ma hm{Jm Om{ H$m\$r g_` VH$ X{dmg am¡` H$r Xm{Zm{ß [moV`m{ß H$m gßMmbZ EH$ hr emgH$ AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma o]óQ>e gaH$ma H$r g{dm H{$ obE C[b„Y ah{ßJ{ H$aVm Wm, [a›Vw dh [aÂ[am ZmamÙamd _hmamO H{$ g_` g_m· hm{ JB© VWm e{f g{Zm ^r C[b„Y ah{Jr& Am°a ]mX _{ß Xm{Zm{ß am¡`m{ß H{$ [•WH$-[•WH$ Xa]ma VWm gdmna`m gÂ[fi 3. VrZ df© [ÌMmV≤ X{dmg H$r g°oZH$ Qw>H$∂S>r _{ß 100 AÌdmam{hr d 100 hm{Zm ‡maÂ^ hwAm& ]∂S>r [mVr H{$ _hmamOm Í$KZmWamd Wm Am°a X{dmg N>m{Q>r [°Xb hm{ Om`{ßJ{& [mVr H{$ _hmamOm h{_ßVamd ]m[y gmh] W{& X{dmg N>m{Q>r [mVr H{$ _hmamO 4. X{dmg, gmaßJ[wa Ambm{Q>, naßJZm{X VWm ]mbm{Xm [aJZ{ amOm H{$ [yU© AmZ›Xamd H$m XŒmH$ [wÃ h{_ßVamd 1640 B©. _{ß J‘r [a ]°R>m Wm& CgH$r AoYH$ma _{ß ah{ßJ{ gmW hr Yma am¡`, gw›Xagr d S>m{ßJbm [aJZm{ß g{ Om{ _•À`w 1864 B©. hwB© Wr& CgH{$ ]mX CgH$m [wÃ ZmamÙamd amOm ]Zm Wm& Am` ‡m· H$a{Jm CgH$m 7 ‡oVeV X{dmg H$m{ X{Jm& 19 \$adar 1892 _{ß CgH$r _•À`w hm{ JB©& CgH{$ ]mX CgH{$ ]∂S{> ^mB© H{$ [wÃ 5. o]óQ>e gaH$ma X{dmg H{$ od–m{hr R>mHw$am{ß H$m X_Z H$aZ{ _{ß X{dmg H{$ _Îhmamd H$m{ amO[X ‡m· hwAm& 1987 _{ß Cg{ emgZ H{$ AoYH$ma ‡m· hm{ amOm H$r ghm`Vm `m oddmX H$r oÒWoV _{ß CZH$r _‹`ÒWVm H$a{Jr& JE& gZ≤ 1934 g{ 1943 VH$ gXmoedamd Img{ gmh] N>m{Q>r [mVr H$m 6. X{dmg H$m amOm oH$gr A›` am¡` g{ o]óQ>e gaH$ma H$r ÒdrH•$oV H{$ emgH$ Wm& 2 oXgÂ]a 1943 H$m{ CgH$r _•À`w hm{ JB©& CgH{$ ]mX CgH$m o]Zm H$m{B© gßoY Zht H$a gH{$Jm& [wÃ èdßV amd [ßdma amO[X H$m AoYH$mar ]Zm& Bgr emgH$ H{$ g_` 7. A[Z{ j{Ã _{ß amOm gÂ‡^w ah{Jm VWm amOm Am°a CgH{$ [nadma `m 1948 B©. _{ß X{dmg am¡` _‹`^maV _{ß odbrZ hwAm& gßß]ßoY`m{ß H{$ _‹` hwE oddmXm{ß _{ß oH$gr ‡H$ma H$m hÒVj{[ Zht oH$`m g›X^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ Om`{Jm& 1. em{Y g_d{V - [oÃH$m & 8. X{dmg H{$ Xm{ am¡` Om{ gß`w∫$ Í$[ g{ am¡` [a emZ H$aV{ h¢, `h V` H$a{ß 2. EMrgZ - "E H$b{∑eZ Am∞\$ oQ≠>Q>r∂O ES> gZX≤g &' oH$ Xm{Zm{ß H{$ am¡` H$m ‡emgZ MbmZ{ H{$ ob`{ EH$ hr H$m`©dmhH$ 3. ‡^m lr oZdmgyby - "_mbdm X AS>a _amR>Z &' (_ßÃr) ah{Jm&

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*** od^mJm‹`j (BoVhmg) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 165

_ohbm CÀWmZ - _‹`‡X{e emgZ H$r [hb

S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m *

em{Y gmamße - ÒdV›Ã ^maV _{ß Om{ H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z hwE h¢& _ohbmAm{ß H{$ CÀWmZ H{$ obE Ûr Am°a [wÍ$fm{ß H$m{ gßodYmZ _{ß g_mZ Í$[ g{ g_ÒV _yb^yV AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$E JE h¢, amOZroVH$ Edß ‡emgoZH$ —oÓQ> g{ _‹`‡X{e am¡` H$r ÒWm[Zm 01 ZdÂ]a, 1956 H$m{ hwB©& _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma ¤mam _ohbmAm{ß H{$ CÀWmZ H{$ obE odo^ﬁ H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZmE{ß oH´$`mo›dV H$r Om ahr h° - bm∂S>br b˙_r `m{OZm, _ßJb oXdg `m{OZm, Cfm oH$aU `m{OZm, odYdmAm{ß h{Vw "`yEZ dy_Z' H$r `m{OZm, V{OoÒdZr J´m_rU _ohbm ge∫$rH$aU [na`m{OZm, _‹`‡X{e _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m g]brH$aU, oH$Ìmm{ar ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ obE g]bm `m{OZm, ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ Ao^`mZ, Jm°adr H{$›– H$m ew^maß^, ÒdmJV_≤ b˙_r `m{OZm, _‹`‡X{e ]mb-gßajU Am`m{J AmoX Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma oZaßVa _ohbmAm{ß H{$ CÀWmZ H{$ obE ‡`mgaV h¢&

‡ÒVmdZm - ÒdV›Ã ^maV _{ß Om{ H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z hwE h¢ : CZ g] H$m 1.1.1. bm∂S>br b˙_r `m{OZm - ‡^md h_ma{ [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ [a [∂S> ahm h°, `h gÀ` h° oH$ X{e _{ß oejm, C‘{Ì` - oMoH$Àgm, `mVm`mV, H•$of, Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg, Xya gßMma, H$bm, VH$ZrH$r 1. g_mO _{ß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ ‡oV gH$mamÀ_H$ AdYmaUm H$m odH$mg H$aZm& j{Ãm{ß _{ß Om{ ‡JoV hwB© h° dh ^maV H$r EH$ eo∫$ ]Z J`m h°& Ohmß VH$ 2. am¡` emgZ ¤mam ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ e°joUH$ Edß AmoW©H$ ÒVa _{ß gwYma gm_moOH$ OrdZ _{ß [nadV©Z H$m gß]ßY h°, Cg_{ß ^r H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z hwE H$aZm Edß CZH{$ A¿N{> ôdÓ` H$r AmYmaoebm aIZm& h¢& bm{Jm{ß H$m OrdZ ÒVa ]∂T>m h° Am°a _mZogH$ gm{M _{ß ]∂S>m ^mar AßVa Am`m 3. ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m obßJmZw[mV gwYmaZm& h°& ImZ-[mZ, [hZmdm Am°a OrdZ e°br ]Xbr h¢& 4. ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m CŒm_ ÒdmÒœ` gwoZoÌMV H$aZm& _ohbmAm{ß H{$ CÀWmZ H{$ obE Ûr Am°a [wÍ$fm{ß H$m{ gßodYmZ _{ß g_mZ [mÃVm h{Vw eV}- Í$[ g{ g_ÒV _yb^yV AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$E JE h¢, [a›Vw gm_moOH$ Hw$aroV`m{ß 1. `h `m{OZm oXZmßH$ 1 OZdar 2006 H{$ [ÌMmV≤ O›_ b{Z{ dmbr CZ Edß odf_VmAm{ß H{$ H$maU _ohbmEß A[Z{ BZ AoYH$mam{ß g{ dßoMV ah OmVr ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ obE h°, oOZH{$ _mVm/o[Vm Z{ Xm{ OrodV ]Ém{ß H{$ ahV{ h°& AV: _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gßd°YmoZH$ VWm H$mZyZr gwajm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE hwE [nadma-oZ`m{OZ A[Zm ob`m hm{& OZdar, 1992 _{ß amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`m{J H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& gmW hr 2. ]obH$mAm{ß H$m{ Am∞JZdm∂S>r H{$›–m{ß _{ß [ßOrH•$V hm{Zm MmohE d CZH{$ J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß H{$ H$Î`mU H{$ obE ^r ha am¡` _{ß _ohbm Am`m{J H$m _mVm-o[Vm Am`H$aXmVm Zht hm{Z{ MmohE& JR>Z oH$`m J`m& 3. _ohbm H$r ‡W_ ‡gyoV g{ òX ]mobH$m gßVmZ CÀ[fi hm{, Vm{ Bg amOZroVH$ Edß ‡emgoZH$ —oÓQ> g{ _‹`‡X{e am¡` H$r ÒWm[Zm 01 gßVmZ H$m{ `m{OZm H$m bm^ o_b{Jm& ZdÂ]a, 1956 H$m{ _‹` ^maV, od›‹` ‡X{e VWm ^m{[mb H{$ VrZm{ß am¡`m{ß 4. òX Xygar gßVmZ ^r ]mobH$m hm{, Vm{ Cg{ `m{OZm H$m bm^ V^r amOÒWmZ H$m ogam{ßO j{Ã (odoXem oObm) VWm _hmH$m°eb j{Ã H{$ 14 o_b{Jm, O] CgH{$ _mVm/o[Vm [nadma oZ`m{OZ A[Zm b{ß& oObm{ß H$m{ o_bmH$a hwB© Wr& ‡X{e H$r ÒWm[Zm H{$ g_` Bg_{ß Hw$b 43 oOb{ 5. òX Xyga{ ‡gd H{$ g_` Ow∂S>dm ]mobH$mE∞ CÀ[fi hm{ß, Vm{ `m{OZm H$m W{& 70 H{$ XeH$ _{ß Bg_{ß Xm{ Z`{ oOb{ grhm{a g{ ^m{[mb VH$ XwJ© g{ amOZmßX bm^ BZ Xm{Zm{ß ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ o_b{Jm& Jm∞d ]Z{& _B©-OwbmB© 1998 _{ß [wZ: 16 Z`{ oOb{ ]Z{ Am°a Hw$b oObm{ß H$r 6. Î{oH$Z òX Xygar ]mobH$m/Xwgar OwS>dm∞ ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ o[Vm H$r gßª`m 61 hwB©& Ohm∞ 1956 _{ß _‹`‡X{e odo^fi am¡`m{ß `m CZH{$ Aßem{ß g{ _•À`w hm{ JB© hm{, Vm{ [nadma-oZ`m{OZm H$r eV© AmdÌ`H$ Zht h¢& o_bH$a ]Zm Wm, dht 01 ZdÂ]a 2000 H$m{ o\$a od^moOV hwAm Am°a 7. òX [nadma Z{ oH$gr ]mobH$m H$m{ Jm{X ob`m hm{, Vm{ Cg{ ^r Bg N>ŒmrgJ∂T> Z`m am¡` ]Zm& N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ]ZZ{ g{ _‹`‡X{e H$m Hw$b j{Ã\$b `m{OZm H$m bm^ [mZ{ H$r [mÃVm hm{Jr& 4,43, 436 dJ© oH$._r. _{ß g{ 1,25,191 dJ© oH$._r. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> am¡` _{ß `m{OZm H$m oH´$`m›d`Z - Mbm J`m& 1. Bg `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V ]mobH$m H{$ [j _{ß Í$0 6,000 ‡oVdf© H$r Xa Bg Vah _‹`‡X{e 01 ZdÂ]a, 2000 H$m{ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> am¡` hm{Z{ H{$ g{ bJmVma 5 dfm} VWm AWm©V≤ Hw$b Í$0 30,000 H{$ EZ.Eg.gr. [yd© VH$ j{Ã\$b H{$ AmYma [a X{e H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m am¡` Wm& N>ŒmrgJ∂T> H{$ IarX{ OmV{ h°& AbJ am¡` ]Z OmZ{ H{$ H$maU A] _‹`‡X{e H$m j{Ã\$b 308,275 dJ© 2. ]mobH$m H{$ H$jm 6dt _{ß ‡d{e H$aZ{ [a Í$. 2,000, 9dt _{ß ‡d{e oH$bm{_rQ>a ah J`m h° VWm `h X{e H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m Xygam am¡` h°& _‹`‡X{e H$aZ{ [a Í$. 4,000 VWm H$jm 11 dt ‡d{e H$aZ{ [a Í$. 7,500 gaH$ma ¤mam _ohbmAm{ß H{$ CÀWmZ H{$ obE odo^fi H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZmE{ß oH´$`mo›dV H$r Om ahr h° - *** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, ‡da l{Ur emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 166 ‡XmZ oH$E OmV{ h¢& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ H$jm 11 dt Edß 12dt _{ß [∂T>mB© 2. J^©dVr _ohbm AoV-oZY©Z H{$ Í$[ _{ß [ßOrH•$V AWm©V≤ [rbm H{$ g_` Í$. 200 ‡oV_mh AbJ g{ oXE OmV{ h¢& ameZH$mS©>Ymar hm{& 3. ]mobH$m ¤mam 21 df© H$r Am`w [yU© H$aZ{ b{Z{ [a VWm 18 df© H$r 3. ghm`Vm- amoe H{$db Xm{ OrodV ]Ém{ß H{$ O›_ VH$ hr X{` hm{Jr& Am`w H{$ [yd© oddmh Z H$aZ{ Edß H$jm 12dt H$r [arjm _{ß goÂ_obV 4.4.4. odYdmAm{ß h{Vw "`yEZ dy_Z' H$r `m{OZm- hm{Z{ H$r eV© [yar H$aZ{ [a bJ^J 1 bmI Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ H$r amoe AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` _ohbm oXdg H$r 100 dt df©Jm∞R> H$m{ a{ImßoH$V H$aV{ hwE H$m ^wJVmZ EZ. Eg. gr. H$r [na[π$ hwB© amoe g{ oH$`m OmVm h°& "`yEZ dy_Z' Z{ ^maV, Z{[mb d lrbßH$m H$r odYdmAm{ß H$m{ b˙` H$aH{$ 2. _ßJb oXdg `m{OZm - EH$ ZB© `m{OZm H$m Amaß^ oH$`m h°& `h `m{OZm 2007-08 _{ß Amaß^ hwB©& Bg VrZ dfr©` `m{OZm H$m odŒm [m{fU gß`w∫$ Í$[ g{ Un Womens C‘{Ì`- Swiss Nation Committee d ÒQ{>S>S©> MmQ©>S> ]¢H$ ¤mam hm{Jm& 1. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 168

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Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 171 `h Vm{ h° gßÒWmZm{ß Edß Òd`ß _ohbm ¤mam oH$E JE ‡`mg oOZg{ oOgg{ _ohbmAm{ß _{ß A›`m`, em{fU VWm X]md H{$ odÍ$’ gßKf© H$aZ{ H$r A[amYr ‡d•oV H$m{ O∂S> g{ IÀ_ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& A] g_mO H$m [j H$m]ob`V Am gH$Vr h°& oeojV _ohbm Am°a g_mO hr gm_moOH$ ]wamB©`m{ß X{I{ß& ÒdrH$ma H$aZm H$oR>Z AdÌ` h° oH$›Vw g_mO ^r H$ht Z H$ht CŒmaXm`r H$m{ g_m· H$a gH$Vm h°°& Zmar H{$ ob`{ eo∫$ H{$ gmoÂ`H$ Am°a goH´$` ohÒg{ ]Z ]°R>Vm h° _ohbmAm{ß ¤mam oH$E JE A[amY H{$ obE& g_mO H{$ oZ`_ H$r _mßJ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ‡`mg H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& _ohbmAm{{{ß H{$ A[amY H$m{ _ohbmAm{{ß d [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ obE AmO ^r AbJ h°& _ohbm H$m A[Z{ ohV _{ß ob`m am{H$Z{ VWm C›h{ß ÒdÒœ` _Zm{emarnaH$, gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m J`m \°$gbm g_mO H$m{ H$_ ÒdrH$ma hm{Vm h°& oOgH{$ MbV{ Nw>[H$a ob`m Adga gwb^ H$amZm AoVAmdÌ`H$ h°& J`m AZwoMV oZU©` A[amY H$m Í$[ YmaU H$a b{Vm h°& AJa 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AmßoeH$ oh›Xy ‡^md g{ ‡^modV OZOmoV`mß & OZOmVr` g_mOm{ß _{ß gÂ‡^wVm odf`H$ kmZ d OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A‹``Z 3. B©gmB© d oh›Xy ‡^md g{ ‡^modV OZOmoV`mß & dV©_mZ g_` _{ß g_rMrZ h°& _mZd g_mO _{ß ^m°oVH$ Edß A^m°oVH$ gßÒH•$oV AmoW©H$ OrdZ ÒVa H{$ AmYma [a OZOmoV`m{ß H$m dJr©H$aU S>m∞. H$r ‡JoV ^maV _{ß CÑ{IZr` ahr h°& ^maVr` g_mO H{$ odo^fi KQ>H$m{ß Z{ adr›–ZmW _wIOr© Z{ oH$`m h°& C›hm{ßZ{ AmoW©H$ dJr©H$aU _{ß OrodH$m[mO©Z o_bH$a A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma Ï`dÒWmAm{ß H$m ‡mXw^m©d oH$`m& H$mbm›Va H$m{ ‡_wI AmYma _mZm h° & Bg ‡H$ma CZH{$ ¤mam oH$`m J`m od^mOZ _{ß `hr Ï`dÒWm O] h_mar AmdÌ`H$Vm _ß{ [nadoV©V hm{ JB© Am°a gßÒH•$oV H{$ oZÂZdV≤ h°- Í$[ _ß{ h_Z{ Bg{ ÒdrH$ma H$a ob`m& 1. oeH$ma H$aZ{ Edß ^m{OZ BH$∆m H$aZ{ dmbr OZOmoV`mß & ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ oZ_m©U _{ß J´m_rU Am°a ehar gßÒH•$oV H{$ AoVna∫$ 2. [ew[mbH$ OZOmoV`mß & OZOmVr` gßÒH•$oV H$m â[ya `m{JXmZ ahm h¢& òX `h H$hm Om` oH$ 3. H•$of H$m`m} dmbr OZOmoV`mß & ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV OZOmVr` gßÒH•$oV H$r Ztd [a I∂S>r h° Vm{ H$m{B© 4. 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Hw$N> OZOmoV g_yh byQ>, amhOZr, S>H°$Vr AmoX _{ß emo_b h¢& ]°Jm, ^Vam, ^rb, o^bmbm, ]a{bm, o]`ma, YZdma, H$m{aHy$, H$m{ßXa, H$_ma, J. ]S{>-]∂S{> bm{Jm{ß H{$ gmW ahH$a OZOmoV H{$ bm{J A[Z{ gmhg Am°a H$m{b, [oZH$m Am°a Ywd} AmoX ‡_wI h°& oZ^r©H$Vm H$m XwÍ$[`m{J H$aV{ hwE AWm}[mO©Z H$aV{ h¢& AßV _{ß AmO dV©_mZ g_` _ß{ ^r BZ OZOmoV`m{ß H$m{ _wª` Ymam g{ gßKf© - \$UrÌdaZmW a{Uw Z{ A[Z{ C[›`mg " _°bm AmßMb' _{ß OZOmoV`m{ß Om{∂S>Z{ H$r _hVr AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& BZ_{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm bmZm VWm B›hß{ emgZ H{$ gßKf© H$m{ ]hwV hr odÒV•V Edß ‡^mdH$mar Tß>J g{ oMoÃV oH$`m h°& `{ H$r gmar `m{OZmAm{ß H$m kmZ H$amZm AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°& oejm g{ hr BZ AXÂ` gmhgr bm{J Hw$N> ^r H$a gH$Z{ _{ß gj_ h°& BZH$m{ A¿N{> Edß ]wa{ H$m OZOmoV`m{ß H$m H$Î`mU Edß odH$mg gÂ^d h°& kmZ ]hwV hr H$_ hm{Vm h¢& BZH$r g_P g_mO H{$ A›` bm{Jm{ß g{ o^fi hm{Vr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- h°& `{ bm{J Pm∂S>-\y$ßH$, Q>m{Q>H{$, Am{Pm, ]ob‡Wm [a ^r ]hwV odÌdmg H$aV{ 1. ^maVr` AmoXdmgr CZH$r gßÒH•$oV Am°a gm_moOH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ & h°& oOZ OZOmoV H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV ]hwV A¿N>r hm{Vr h° dm{ - S>m∞. bobV od⁄mWr© g_mO H{$ A[Z{ bm{Jm{ß _{ß X]X]m H$m{ H$m`_ aIV{ hwE BZH{$ `hm∞ A[Z{ aroV- 2. ^maV _{ß OZOmVr` gßÒH•$oV - S>m∞. odO` eßH$a C[m‹`m` & nadmOm{ß H{$ AmYma [a hr emXr oddmh AmoX gÂ[fi H$am`{ OmV{ h°& `{ 3. gm_moOH$ _mZd emÛ - S>m∞. _Oy_Xma Í$o∂T>dmoXVm g{ AoYH$ ‡^modV hm{V{ h°& 4. X EdaroJZÎg - EoÎdZ ]°naà 5. _°bm AmßMb - \$UrÌdaZmW a{Uw

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 174

g_mO Am°a _roS>`m

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N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 175 CoMV oXem oejm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡XmZ H$aVm h° Edß g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m g_mYmZ dÒVwV: h_ AmemdmXr h° AV: AßV _{ß oZÓH$fm©À_H$ Í$[ g{ `hr oH$ H$aVm h° R>rH$ Cgr ‡H$ma _roS>`m H$m{ ^r A[Zm g_moOH$ CŒmaXmo`Àd `mX _roS>`m Mmh{ dh o‡ßQ> _roS>`m hm{ `m Bb°∑Q≠>m∞oZH$, —Ó` hm{ `m lÏ` _m‹`_ hm{ aIZm h°& _roS>`m [a Ï`dgmo`H$Vm hmdr hm{Z{ g{ g_mO ^r Cgg{ ‡^modV dh gß[yU© _mZd OmoV h{Vw EH$ A¿N>m gmYZ ]Z{& dh ^m°oVH$Vm H$r MH$mMm¢Y hm{ ahm h°& Q>r.dr. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 176

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*** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 177

Changing Scenario Of Agriculture Marketing In Madhya Pradesh

Dr. Mini Kochar *

Abstract - The concept of market emerges as a socio- economic device to facilitate the need of people. Marketing plays an important role in agricultural economy. Agriculture in India occupies two fold phenomenons: production and marketing. To an ‘agriculturist ’market means sale and purchase of agricultural products. Production is a resultant of material, financial inputs and labour, while marketing is an act of exchange of products or goods for money. The basic purpose of exchange is to enable the farmer to have accessibility for a wider range of goods through established or regulated markets. It is very important to have a proper marketing system to make full use of modern improved techniques for betterment of rural economy. Good marketing system is very essential to match with production surplus in any sector. Key words - Marketing system, production surplus, infrastructure, contract farming, Haats, Agricultural development, Purchasing power, etc.

Introduction - Study Area - Madhya Pradesh, as its name first in production of oilseed and second in production of implies lies in the heart of India. It covers 3, 08,000 sq.km, pulses. The state also leads in spices production and is making second largest state in India after Rajasthan which second producer of Coriander in country. occupies 9.38% of the country’s area. At present Madhya Structure Of Agriculture Markets - In a backward state Pradesh consists of 10 divisions and 50 districts. It is a like Madhya Pradesh during the decades of fifties and sixties, part of peninsular plateau of India lying in north central part, in most of the villages Agricultural market was in its simplest whose boundary can be classified in the north by the plains form, where the buying and selling of agricultural produce of Ganga-Yamuna, in the west by the Aravali, east by the was done. These were the periodical markets popularly known Chhattisgarh plain and in the south by the Tapti valley and as ‘Bazaar’ or ‘Haat’ in local language. These markets the plateau of Maharashtra. The state consists largely of a assemble once in a week or bi-weekly, where transfer of plateau streaked with the hill ranges of Vindhyas and small agricultural surplus from vegetables to grains takes Satpuras. The hills give rise to major river systems- the place between consumers and producers. Prior to Narmada, and the Tapti running from east to west, and the independence, the agricultural marketing which tends to be Chambal, Son and Betwa, from west to east. Intersected by one of the biggest component of rural economy remained these meandering rivers and dotted with hills and lakes, the unorganized. The actual transformation or change in pattern State has varied natural settings of great beauty. of rural marketing took place in the end of seventies decade. Like other parts of India, Madhya Pradesh also has three The lack of institutional support in providing forward and major seasons – summer, Monsoon and winter. During summer backward linkages were then identified which had been a major (March-June), the temperature in the entire state ranges above setback in promotion of rural markets (Rajagopal, p.p29). 29.4°C. In general, the eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh are The Government of Madhya Pradesh began its efforts hotter than the western parts. The south-west Monsoon usually to regulate the unorganized rural markets. This action was breaks out in mid June and the entire state receive a major taken in order to secure a remunerative price for the produce share of its rainfall between June and September. that a farmer takes to the market. It became necessary to Primarily, it has an agricultural and pastoral economy. regularize the working of market and to put an end to the The population of Madhya Pradesh is over 7 crores. More malpractices prevailed in the rural markets due to than 74.73% of the population is rural, depending mainly middlemen. Under agriculture produce market act (1937) upon agriculture. Approximately 49.03% area in state is which was enforced by many state governments, Madhya under cultivation of total cropped area 63% is sown in Kharif Pradesh also made efforts in this direction. season, 37% in Rabi season and the multiple cropped area The regulatory framework for agricultural marketing is in the state is about 31%. Wheat, Soybean and Jowar unique in state which consists of two distinct sets of (Sorghum) are the main Crops. Paddy and Coarse Millets measures. One of these is development and regulation of are also sown in large parts. Pulses, Cereals and Groundnut primary markets which can also be termed as crop markets. are also grown. Important among the cash crops are Cotton, These markets were popularly known as ‘Regulated Markets’ Sugarcane and Oil Seeds. Mandsaur is the largest opium came into existence in rural areas of state in shape of ‘Krishi producing district in the country. The state share (2007-08) Upaj Mandis’ i.e. crop markets. The second set of measures in national production of oilseed is 21.34% (Soyabean is the regulation of markets through series of legal 49.95%), pulses16.60%, (Gram 30.26%). The state ranks documents. Presently in the state there are 520 regulated *** Asst. Professor (Geography) Institute for Excellence in Higher Education, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 178 markets of which 246 are main wholesale markets known management. In such type of Farming company purchases as Krishi Upaj Mandi and the remaining 274 are known as several acres of land to produce vegetables and fruits in Sub Mandi as they possess lower level of infrastructure. particular to sell in retail markets in urban areas for example, These Sub Mandis are controlled by the respective Krishi ”Reliance Fresh”. This type of farming has helped farmer to Upaj Mandi of that area. an extent in terms of commercialization of agriculture by Periodical Markets Or Fairs - Besides these regulated increasing margins for procuring and processing. The profits crop markets the retail market centres known as Haats in agri-business are very high at the same per hectare yield provide the service weekly or bi-weekly. These markets are also show an increase in last decade. the main channels of distribution of local agricultural produce The Table below is showing the name of MNC’s and the consumer goods brought from urban areas. Another entered in contract farming in MP form of periodical markets is fairs which are held once or S.No Name of Company Crops twice a year serves a wider area. These fairs are inevitable 1 ITC—IBD (Green Centre) Soya bean part of religious and traditional life in rural areas of state. 2 Cargill India Wheat, Maize and Along with social gatherings at the time of festivals or at Soya bean some holy place, the exchange of farm marketable surplus 3 Hindustan Lever ltd Wheat and trade of other items in smaller quantity fulfill the needs 4 Ion Exchange Envirofarms ltd. Organic products of of the people of that particular area also takes place. Today Banana, Papaya, these fairs are organized by Gram Panchayats and state and Wheat, Animal Husbandry department. Now days it has been 5 Marico ltd. Safflower observed that the face of Haats and Fair have changed due 6 Sanjeevani Orchards Pvt ltd Pomegranate to increase in income level in rural areas. Automobiles like Source: Website of Mandi Board, Madhya Pradesh Tractors, jeeps, Motorcycles, etc. and fast moving consumer Conclusion And Suggestions - Such type of farming not goods (FMCG)or household goods, such as Television sets, only accelerated the pace of agriculture development in last refrigerators, coolers, music systems, cell phones, toiletries, decade but also the income levels have gone up which is cosmetics, shoes and readymade garments are commonly being reflected in the changing life style and the consumption found items in these markets. pattern in rural areas. Agriculture Growth rate in Madhya Recent Trends In Agricultural Marketing - “Today more Pradesh also showed an upward trend in last five - six years. than anything else the agriculture sector needs well The growth rate in agriculture which was about 18% in 2011- functioning markets to drive growth, employment and 12 increased to 24.99% in 2013-14.Wheat production in economic prosperity in rural areas of the country” as stated 2004-05 was 73.27 lakh tones increased up to193 lakh tones by the then Union Minister for Agriculture a decade ago. To in 2013-14. Similarly, Rice production increased from13.09 provide model agricultural marketing law for guidance to the lakh tons in 2005-06 to 69.50 lakh tones in 2013-14. Literacy state government had requested to suitably amend their rate, women and girl child education awareness regarding respective Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) health and cleanliness, etc, have shown an upward trend in to act for deregulation of marketing system in the country. villages which indicates the positive change in socio - This was mainly to promote investment in rural marketing economic life. Therefore it can be interpreted that the growth infrastructure, moving corporate sector to undertake direct of agriculture can change the face of rural areas. marketing and to facilitate national integrated markets. Hence it is advisable for the growth and development of In Madhya Pradesh a decade ago agricultural marketing agriculture the large investment should be made which acquired a new shape with the entrance of corporate world will help in enhancing the purchasing power of rural in this field. The government opened the doors for corporate population. world in agricultural marketing with a new concept of contract Rural marketing system should be made more farming. As a result several multinational companies entered beneficial to farmers. into rural marketing. ITC was the first MNC who entered in Rural marketing has to be more transparent and agro- marketing for trading mainly oilseed and food grains. technically advanced. This company brought the idea of E-Choupal equipped with Above all it should be without interference of middlemen V-sat and internet facilities. These corporate companies so that the actual profit goes to farmer. conceive a supply chain aimed at delivering value to the References :- customers (Farmers) on sustainable basis farmers sell their 1. Desai, V. (1976), Agricultural Development: A case produce at pre- declared prices which are more or less equal study, Bombay: Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. to MSP (Market Selling Price).These companies not only 2. Kulkarni, K.R. (1956), Agriculture marketing in India, purchase the agro- products, such as food grains, oilseeds, Bombay: Somaiya Publication. vegetables and fruits from local farmers but also sell 3. Lekhi, L.R. (1986), Agricultural Development in India, Fertilizers, pesticides, pump-sets, Tractors and consumer Bombay: Somaiya Publication. items to fulfill their needs. 4. Rajagopal,(1996),Development of Agriculture marketing Contract Farming - A new concept in which the cultivators in India, Jaipur: Rupa Books Pvt.Ltd. only plant the company’s crops and it provides inputs like 5. Saxena, H.M. (19840,Geography of Marketing- improved seeds, saplings, modern implements, regular Concepts and methodology, New Delhi: Sterling inspection of crop and the advisory service on crop Publishing Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 179

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*** od^mJm‹`j (^yJm{b) Ama.Or. emgH$r` [r.Or. _hmod⁄mb`, _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 180 {ß eV ‡oVeV gmjaVm Xa H$aZ{ h{Vw oZÂZ gwPmdm{ß [a A_b H$aZ{ H$r h°& Bg h{Vw ]wOwJm~ H$m{ ‡`mg H$aZm MmohE V^r `{ gm{M o_Q{>Jr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° & b∂S>H$m hr ]w∂T>m[{ H$m ghmam hm{Jm& j{Ã H{$ ‡À`{H$ J´m_ H$m{ [∏$r g∂S>H$m{ß g{ Om{∂S>Zm MmohE VmoH$ dfm© ZÓH$f© - C¡O°Z gß^mJ H$r Hw$N> gmjaVm Xa df© 2001 _{ß 68.05 Wr F$Vw _{ß Om{ ÒHy$b ]ßX hm{ OmV{ h¢ d{ Iwb{ß Am°a A‹`m[Z H$m`© df© ^a Om{ df© 2011 _{ß ]∂T>H$a 71.15 hm{ JB©& `h d•o’ _‹` ‡X{e H$r hm{& gmjaVm Xa (70.6) g{ Vm{ AoYH$ h° oH$›Vw X{e H$r gmjaVm Xa C⁄m{J YßY{ ÒWmo[V hm{Z{ MmohE VmoH$ ÒWmZr` bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma (74.0) g{ H$_ h°& j{Ã _{ß Om{ `m{OZmE{ß gmjaVm Xa _{ß d•o’ h{Vw MbmB© o_b{ Am°a [nadma H{$ g^r ]É{ oejm ‡m· H$a gH{$& Om ahr h° C›h{ß [waOm{a VarH{$ g{ oH´$`mo›dV H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& ‡À`{H$ J´m_ _{ß ‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb` em°Mmb` gohV hm{Zm MmohE& _wª` Í$[ g{ emOm[wa Am°a aVbm_ oObm{ß _{ß VmoH$ OZOmoV`mß OmJÍ$H$ _ohbm gmjaVm Ao^`mZ bJmVma MbZm MmohE ∑`m{ßoH$ EH$ hm{H$a oejm H$r Am°a AmH$of©V hm{ß& _ohbm [wa{ [nadma H$m{ gmja ]Zm gH$Vr h°& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ A‹``Z j{Ã _{ß J´m_rUm{ß H$m{ OmJÍ$H$ H$aZ{ h{Vw Òd`ßg{dr 1. Chandana, R.C. (2002) Geography of Population, gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ AmJ{ AmZm MmohE& Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. A‹``Z j{Ã _{ß Ûr [wÈf H{$ ^{X H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm 2. Hw$_ma, ‡o_bm (2006) _‹` ‡X{e EH$ ^m°Jm{obH$ A‹``Z, _‹` ‡X{e ohßXr J´›W AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb&

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VÀdm{ß H{$ g_md{e H{$ H$maU CgH$m dmÒVodH$ ÒdÍ$[ ]Xb OmVm h° E{g{ Ob ** *** od^mJm‹`j Edß ‡m‹`m[H$ (^yJm{b) emgH$r` _mYd _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** **ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (^yJm{b) amOrd Jm±Yr emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 182 H$m{ ‡XwofV Ob d Bg ‡oH´$`m H$m{ Ob ‡XwfU H$r oH´$`m H$hm OmVm h°& oH$ O] VH$ Am_ AmX_r ZoX`m{ß H$r gwajm H{$ ‡oV A[Zm Xmo`Àd Zht odÌd ÒdmÒœ` gßJR>Z H{$ AZwgma "‡mH•$oVH$ d H•$oÃ_ Ûm{Vm{ß g{ CÀ[fi g_P{Jm V] VH$ Bg oXem _{ß gwYma _woÌH$b h°& BgH{$ obE goQ>H$ Edß AdmßoN>V ]mhar [XmWm~ H{$ H$maU Ob ‡XwofV hm{ OmVm h° VWm dh odfm∫$Vm H$maJa ‡`mgm{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h¢ Om{ Am_ OZ H$r ^yo_H$m g{ hr g\$b hm{ VWm Am∞∑grOZ H$r gm_m›` ÒVa g{ H$_ _mÃm H{$ H$maU Ord-O›VwAm{ß H{$ gH$V{ h¢ - ob`{ hmoZH$maH$ hm{ OmVm h° d BgH{$ H$maU H$B© ‡H$ma H{$ gßH´$m_H$ am{J 1. ]Ém{ß H{$ _Z _{ß ‡H•$oV H{$ ‡oV _m{h [°Xm H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& \°$bZ{ bJV{ h¢&' Ob ‡XwfU odo^fi Í$[m{ß _{ß X{Im OmVm h°& gVhr Ob ZXr, ‡mH•$oVH$ Ob gßgmYZm{ß H{$ gßajU H{$ obE [´{naV H$aZm hm{Jm& Prb{ß, Vmbm] AmoX ÒWmZm{ß [a o_bVm h°& BZ Ob Ûm{ßVm{ß _{ß gm{oS>`_, 2. ZoX`m{ß H{$ oZH$Q> ÒWmo[V C⁄m{J ‡XwfU oZ`ßÃU h{Vw _erZ{ß Zht ∑bm{arZ, H°$oÎe`_, gÎ\{$Q>, _°æ{oe`_ H{$ Am`Z [m`{ OmV{ h°&4 `{ Am`Z bJmV{ h°& BgH$m AW© `h H$Xmo[ Zht h¢ oH$ _mZdVm H{$ ôdÓ` H$m{ ‡mH•$oVH$ Ûm{Vm{ß ¤mam gmJar` Ob g{ dm`w_S>b _{ß ‡d{e H$a dfm© Ob H{$ ZH$maH$a h_ A[Zm odH$mg H$a{ß& odÌd _{ß BgH$m CXmhaU h¢ oH$ gmW [wZ: YamVb [a ‡H$Q> hm{V{ h°& BZH{$ Abmdm grgm, [mam, OÒVm, Am°⁄m{oJH$ H´$mßoV H{$ ]mX o]´Q{>Z H$r Q{>Âg ZXr ‡XwofV hm{ J`r Wr H°$S>o_`_ AmoX H{$ H$maU Ob odfm∫$ hm{ OmVm h°& oHß$Vw dhm± H$r emgZ, C⁄m{J[oV`m{ß VWm OZ gmYmaU H{$ gh`m{J g{ ZoX`m{ß H$m ‡XwfU -H{$db XojU ^maV H$r ZoX`m{ß H$m{ N>m{S>H$a `h Cg{ ‡XwfU _w∫$ oH$`m J`m& Bg ‡H$ma H$r OmJ•oV ^maV _{ß ^r gm°^mΩ` h¢ oH$ CŒmar ^maV _{ß odÌd H{$ A›` X{em{ß H$r A[{jm ]hV{ hw`{ Ob AmdÌ`H$ h¢& H{$ Í$[ _{ß ZoX`m{ß _{ß AWmh Ob amoe âr hwB© h°& [a›Vw dV©_mZ _{ß ]∂T>V{ hw`{ 3. ZoX`m{ß _{ß hm{ ah{ ‡XwfU H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ ob`{ `h AoV AmdÌ`H$ h¢ oH$ Am°⁄m{oJH$am Edß ZJarH$aU H{$ H$maU KmVH$ Í$[ g{ ZoX`m{ß H$m Ob ‡XwofV OZgßª`m d•o’ H$m{ oZ`ßoÃV oH$`m Om`{& hm{ ahm h°& CŒma ^maV H$r H$B© ZoX`m{ß _{ß ‡XwfU H{$ H$maU [mZr [rZ{ `m{Ω` 4. ZoX`m{ß H{$ Ob ‡XwfU H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ ob`{ grd{O ÒQ{>eZm{ß H$m{ odH$ogV Zht h°& ^maV _{ß `m{OZm Am`m{J ¤mam EH$ AZw_mZ bJm`m J`m h¢ oH$ H$aH{$ CZH$r ghm`Vm g{ XyofV Ob H$r g\$mB© H$aH{$ ogßMmB© `m ZXr odo^fi C⁄m{Jm{ß ¤mam oH$VZm oZaW©H$ [XmW© ZoX`m{ß _{ß N>m{∂S>m OmVm h¢& _{ß Ob S>mbZm Mmoh`{& C⁄m{Jm{ß ¤mam ZoX`m{ß _{ß ]hm`{ OmZ{ dmbm A[oeÓQ 5. edm{ß H{$ Xmh gßÒH$ma H{$ ob`{ OZ gm_m›` _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm bm`r OmZm >>>H´$. C⁄m{J XyofV Ob H$m Am`VZ/ AmdÌ`H$ h°& OZ gmYmaU H$m{ [{naV H$aZm hm{Jm oH$ d edm{ß H$m{ CÀ[moXV dÒVwAm{ß H$r ‡oV BH$mB© [a ZoX`m{ß _{ß odgoO©V Zht H$a{ß VWm Bg h{Vw g^r eham{ß _{ß OZgßª`m H{$ 1 H$mJO Am°a H´$m‚Q> [{[a 1,90,000-3,00,000 AZw[mV _{ß od⁄wV edXmh J•h ÒWmo[V hm{& brQ>a /Q>Z H$mJO 6. ZoX`m{ß H{$ oH$Zma{ J´m_rU Edß ZJar` j{Ãm{ß _{ß gwb^ em°Mmb`m{ß H$m 2 X‚Vr H$mJO 76,000 brQ>a/Q>Z ]m{S©> AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ oZ_m©U Edß C[`m{J oH$`m Om`{& Bgg{ Z H{$db 3 ImX/Cd©aH$ 5,700-6,000 brQ>a/Q>Z A_m{oZ`m ZoX`m{ß H$r g\$mB© hm{Jr ]oÎH$ am{OJma Edß Ob ‡XwfU _{ß ^r gwYma 4 eam] C⁄m{J 5,100 brQ>a 1,000 ‡oV oH$.J´m. hm{Jm& N>m{B© H{$ o[N{> 7. ZoX`m{ß _{ß ^mdr [r∂S>r h{Vw ^r Òd¿N> Ob ‡dmohV hm{Vm ah{ BgH{$ ob`{ 5 M_∂S>m C⁄m{J 2,400-3,000 brQ>a ‡oV Òd°o¿N>H$ gßÒWAm{ß, ]∂S{>-]∂S{> Am°⁄m{oJH$ KamZm{ß H$m{ AmJ{ AmZm Mmoh`{ 100 oH$bm{_rQ>a M_∂S>m H{$ [rN{> ’ZoX`m{ß _{ß Ob hr Zht A_•V ‡dmohV hm{Vm h° oOgg{ X{e H{$ H$am{∂S> 6 BÒ[mV o_b 2,700-3,000 brQ>a ‡oV Q>Z BÒ[mV bm{Jm{ß H$m OrdZ MbVm h¢& O] VH$ ^maV H$r ZoX`m{ß H$m ÒdmÒœ` 7 V{b em{YH$ H$maImZ{ 1,350-1,700 brQ>a Q>Z V{b gßem{YZ R>rH$ ah{Jm V] VH$ X{e H{$ gdmgm° H$am{∂S> bm{Jm{ß H$m ÒdmÒœ` ^r R>rH$ 8 gyVr dÛ 12,600-37,800 brQ>a ‡oV ah{Jm& BgH{$ ob`{ g^r H$m{ o_bH$a ‡`mg H$aZ{ hm{J{ß& 1,000 _rQ>a H$[∂S>m gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- Ûm{V -S>m∞. MVw^w©O _m_m{{na`m Edß Edß S>m∞. O{. [r. o_lm, "^maV H$m d•hV≤ 1. _m_m{na`m Edß o_lm, S>m∞. MVw^w©O Edß S>m∞. O{. [r (2008), î^maV H$m ^yJm{b', gmohÀ` ^dZ, AmJam, 2008, [•. H´$. 754 d•hV≤ ^yJm{bî, gmohÀ` ^dZ , AmJam, [• H´$. 72 ^maV H$r ZoX`m{ß _{ß Om{ ‡XwfU o_bVm h¢ CgH$m 60 ‡oVeV gmJ- 2. opcit (2), P. 750 go„O`m{ß VWm \$bm{ß H$m Aße Edß ZJam{ß H$m AdmßoN>V d odf°bm Vab d R>m{g 3. opcit (3), P. 751 A[oeÓQ> hm{Vm h°& 10 ‡oVeV Kmg Am°a Mmam g{, 6 ‡oVeV M_∂S{>, H$m±M, 4. JwO©a Edß OmQ>, am_Hw$_ma Ed ]r. gr. OmQ> (2006) `í[`m©daU a]∂S>, flbmoÒQ>H$, OßJ bJr YmVwAm{ß g{, 6 ‡oVeV H$mJO, oMW∂S{> VWm e{f ^yJm{b', [ßMerb ‡H$meZ, O`[wa, [•.H´$. 187 18 ‡oVeV amI Edß Ywb g{ ‡XwfU hm{Vm h°& 5. Abridged Report of th National Commission on ZXr ‡XwfU Edß Ob g_Ò`m H{$ oZdmaU _{ß OZgmYmaU H$r ^yo_H$m Agriculture, 1976 --- `h oZdm©oXV gÀ` h¢ oH$ H{$db H$mZyZm{ß H{$ ]b [a hr ‡XwfU Edß [{` Ob 6. Report of the Irrigation Commission, 1972 gßH$Q> g{ _wo∫$ Zht [m`r Om gH$Vr h°& emgZ H$mZyZ ]mZmH$a Cg{ bmJy H$a 7. “Problem of Water Pollution.” Yojana, Vol. 24, No. 08, gH$Vr h°, b{oH$Z CgH$r EH$ gr_m h°& BZH$m [mbZ OZ gm_m›` H$m{ hr May 1980 H$aZm h°& JßJm [na`m{OZm AmO BgH$m ¡dbßV CXmhaU h°& _wª` ]mV `h h¢ 8. Y.K. Murthy, `Water for Tomorrw’ Commerce Annual, 1976 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 183

^maV _{ß Ob gßgmYZ (Xg bmI KZ _rQ>am{ß _{ß)2 H´$. ZXr ]{ogZ gÂ^modV C[`m{J _{ß bm`m J`m YamVbr` ^yJo^©H$ YamVbr` ^yJo^©H$ `m{J ]hmd Ob ]hmd Ob 1 og›Yw, gVbO, Ï`mg 76,907 11,109 46,048 8,515 54,563 2 JßJm 5,09,760 82,698 13,421 49,955 1,73,376 3 ]´˜[wÃ 4,99,914 20,803 5,058 220 6,278 4 byZr VWm JwOamV Am°a H$¿N> H$r ZoX`m± 12,278 4,937 3,812 8,389 12,201 5 gm]a_Vr 3,663 2,467 1,470 1,826 3,296 6 _mhr 7,702 2,476 3,830 1,083 4,913 7 Z_©Xm 44,331 4,937 2,786 1,372 4,158 8 Vm·r 17,982 5,184 5,383 1,545 6,928 9 Jm{Xmdar H{$ CŒma H$r Am{a ]hZ{ dmbr ZoX`mß 32,024 5,184 11,756 299 12,055 10 ]´m˜Ur Edß d°VaUr 27,363 5,184 4,320 136 4,456 11 _hmZXr 66,644 12,343 21,287 277 21,564 12 Jm{Xmdar 1,17,997 14,194 32,732 5,389 38,121 13 H•$ÓUm 62,784 9,628 52,437 6,513 58,950 14 [{ﬁma 6,858 2,374 5,031 1,390 6,421 15 H$md{ar 18,601 5,801 17,930 2,557 20,487 16 ‡m`¤r[ H{$ [oÌM_ _{ß ]h{b dmbr ZXr`mß 2,17,894 13,577 13,467 A‡m· 13,467 Ûm{V -S>m∞. MVw^w©O _m_m{{na`m Edß Edß S>m∞. O{. [r. o_lm, "^maV H$m d•hV≤ ^yJm{b', gmohÀ` ^dZ, AmJam, 2008, [•. H´$. 751

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** *** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (^yJm{b) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** *** ‡m‹`m[H$ (^yJm{b) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[Î`m _S>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 185 oMoH$Àgm e°Ê`m-OZgßª`m AZw[mV (BPR) - AÒ[Vmbm{ß H$r XjVm JB© h°& O]oH$ BZ Xg dfm~ _{ß OZgßª`m _{ß bJ^J 13 ‡oVeV H$r d•o¤ hm{ Edß j_Vm H$m AmßH$bZ CZ_{ß _arOm{ß H{$ obE C[b„Y [bßJm{ß (Beds) H$r J`r h°& 2000-2001 Edß 2010-2011 H$r VwbZm H$a{ß Vm{ Bg Xm°amZ C[b„YVm g{ oH$`m OmVm h°& _›Xgm°a oOb{ _{ß 2010-11 H$r JUZm H{$ oOb{ _{ß 35 S>m∞∑Q>a, 11 Zg© Edß 51 H$Â[mCS>am{ß H$r H$_r hm{ JB© h°& ÒdmÒœ` AZwgma 1,627 OZgßª`m [a EH$ [bßJ H$r gwodYm C[b„Y Wr& Bg_{ß gwodYmAm{ß H$r H$_r H{$ H$maU Jß^ra ]r_mna`m{ß g{ J´ogV am{oJ`m{ß H$m{ B›Xm°a, Am`wd}oXH$ Am°fYmb`m{ß g{ ‡m· e°Ê`mAm{ß H$r gßª`m ^r goÂ_obV h°& CX`[wa, Ah_Xm]mX AmoX eham{ß H$r Am{a OmZm [∂S>Vm h°& gmaUr-1 (X{I{ AJb{ [•> [a) gmaUr - 3 (X{I{ AJb{ [•> [a) VmobH$m 1 H$m Adbm{H$Z H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ 2000-01 Edß S>m∞∑Q>a-OZgßª`m AZw[mV (DPR) - 2010-11 H$r JUZm AZwgma 2010-11 _{ß E{bm{[°oWH$ oMoH$Àgmb`m{ß oO›h{ß gm_wXmo`H$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$›– X{I{ß Vm{ oOb{ _{ß 24,811 OZgßª`m [a EH$ S>m∞∑Q>a C[b„Y h° O]oH$ ^r H$hm OmVm h°, H$r gßª`m _{ß H$m{B© [nadV©Z Zht Am`m h°& BZ_{ß g{ EH$ [nadma H$Î`mU Edß ÒdmÒœ` _ßÃmb` ^maV gaH$ma H$r dmof©H$ na[m{Q©> _›Xgm°a (oObm oMoH$Àgmb`), EH$ Jam{R> VWm EH$ ^mZ[wam _{ß oÒWV h°& 2007-08 _{ß H$r JB© AZweßgm H{$ AZwgma 3,500 OZgßª`m [a EH$ oOb{ _{ß ‡mWo_H$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$›–m{ß (PHC) H$r gßª`m 2000-01 _{ß 46 Wr S>m∞∑Q>a hm{Zm MmohE& ÒdmÒœ` H{$›–m{ß _{ß S>m∞∑Q>a H$r ^yo_H$m _hÀd[yU© hm{Vr h° Om{ 2010-11 _{ß KQ>H$a 42 ah JB©& C[ ÒdmÒœ` H{$›–m{ß H$r gßª`m 2000- oH$›Vw oOb{ _{ß ode{f Í$[ g{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß S>m∞∑Q>am{ß H$r H$_r ÒdmÒœ` 01 _{ß 164 Wr Om{ 2010-11 _{ß ]∂T>H$a 170 hm{ JB©& Bg ‡H$ma C[ gwodYmAm{ß H$r —oÓQ> g{ g]g{ Jß^ra g_Ò`m h°& ÒdmÒœ` H{$›–m{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß 6 H$r ]∂T>m{Var hwB© h°& Am`wd}oXH$, `yZmZr VWm Zg© OZgßª`m AZw[mV (NPR) - ÒdmÒœ` ajm Edß am{oJ`m{ß H$r X{I^mb hm{Â`m{[°oWH$ oMoH$Àgm [’oV H{$ Am°fYmb`m{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß H$m{B© [nadV©Z h{Vw oMoH$Àgmb`m{ß _{ß Zg© H$r ^yo_H$m _hÀd[yU© hm{Vr h°& _›Xgm°a oOb{ _{ß Zht hwAm h°& BZH$r gßª`m oOb{ _{ß 37 h°& 5,173 OZgßª`m H$r g{dm H$aZ{ h{Vw EH$ Zg© C[b„Y h°, dht 55,826 e°Ê`mAm{ß H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{I{ß Vm{ E{bm{[°oWH$ oMoH$Àgm [’oV H{$ OZgßª`m H$r _ah_ [≈>r H$aZ{ H{$ obE EH$ H$Â[mCS>a C[b„Y h°& Am°fYmb`m{ß _{ß BZH$r gßª`m 2000-01 _{ß 427 Wr dht 2010-11 _{ß oZÓH$f© - oOb{ _{ß ÒdmÒœ` X{I-a{I gwodYmAm{ß (Health Care ]T>H$a `h 793 hm{ B© h°& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 366 e°Ê`mAm{ß H$r d•o’ BZ Xg Facilities) H{$ ÒWmoZH$ odVaU _{ß [`m©· Ag_mZVmE± Am°a odf_VmE± dfm~ H{$ Xm°amZ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h°& A›` [’oV H{$ oMoH$Àgmb`m{ß _{ß oXImB© [∂S>Vr h°& `hm± ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmAm{ß H$m{ C[b„Y H$admZ{ _{ß g]g{ ]∂S>r e°Ê`mAm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß H$mB© [nadV©Z Zht hwAm h°& ]mYm S>m∞∑Q>am{ß H$r H$_r h°& ehar j{Ãm{ß H$r A[{jm J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ÒdmÒœ` Bg ‡H$ma C[b„Y oMoH$Àgmb`m{ß H$r gßª`m OZgßª`m d•o’ H{$ gwodYmAm{ß H$m AoYH$ A^md [m`m OmVm h°& amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU ÒdmÒœ` o_eZ _wH$m]b{ [`m©· Zht h°& oObm oMoH$Àgmb` _{ß e°Ê`mAm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß OÍ$a (NRHM) `m{OZm H{$ bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ ]mdOyX oOb{ H{$ XyaÒW BbmH$m{ß _{ß AmemOZH$ d•o’ hwB© h°& oOb{ H{$ AÒ[Vmbm{ß _{ß am{Jr H$Î`mU go_oV H{$ ‡mWo_H$ ÒdmÒœ` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z [yU© j_Vm H{$ gmW Zht hm{ _m‹`_ g{ odH$mg H$m`m~ H$m{ JoV X{Z{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m Om ahm h°& H$hm Om ahm h°& gH$Vm h° oH$ oOb{ _{ß ÒdmÒœ` _m[XS>m{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE oMoH$Àgm gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ gwodYmAm{ß _{ß d•o’ H$r XaH$ma h°& 1. IÃr, hare Hw$_ma (2012), ÒdmÒœ` ^yJm{b, H°$bme [wÒVH$ gXZ, gmaUr 2 H{$ AZwgma oOb{ _{ß 2011 _{ß H{$db _›Xgm°a, Jam{R> Edß ^m{[mb, P. 30 ^mZ[wam _{ß hr gm_wXmo`H$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$›– oÒWV h¢& ‡mWo_H$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$›–m{ß 2. Nutritional Rehabilation Centre (NRC), Operational H$r gßª`m _›Xgm°a „bm∞H$ _{ß 06, _ÎhmaJ∂T> _{ß 07, grVm_D$ _{ß 05, Jam{R> Guideline (2011) National Rural Health Mission Delhi, _{ß 12 Edß ^mZ[wam _{ß 12 h°& C[ ÒdmÒœ` H{$›– _›Xgm°a _{ß 44, _ÎhmaJ∂T> _{ß 3. amÓQ≠>r` [m{fU gßÒWmZ h°Xam]mX (National Institute of Nutrition 35, grVm_D$ _{ß 37, Jam{R> _{ß 35 Edß ^mZ[wam „bm∞H$ _{ß 19 h°& oOb{ _{ß Hyderabab) Am`wd}oXH$ Am°fYmb` _›Xgm°a „bm∞H$ _{ß 12, _ÎhmaJ∂T> _{ß 05, grVm_D$ gd}jU na[m{Q©> 2011 _{ß oH$`{ JE gd}jU _{ß 09, Jam{R> _{ß 07 VWm ^mZ[wam _{ß 04 h°& 2000-01 Edß 2010-11 _{ß 4. Mm°hmZ, Y_}›– ogßh Edß _wH{$e e_m©, oMoH$Àgm Edß ÒdmÒœ` ^yJm{b, „bm∞H$dma AÒ[Vmbm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß ode{f A›Va Zht Am`m h°& gmohÀ`mJma, O`[wa, 7 gmaUr 2 (X{I{ AJb{ [•> [a) 5. Madhya Pradesh Human Development Report 2007, oMoH$Àgm AoYH$mar Edß H$_©Mmar - S>m∞∑Q>a, Zg© Edß A›` oMoH$Àgm Oxford University Press, New Delhi 6. Mishra, R.P., Medical Geography of India, National Book H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$r gßª`m H$m 2000-01 Edß 2010-11 _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ Trust of New Delhi, Adbm{H$Z H$aZ{ [a kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ BZH$r gßª`m _{ß d•o’ H{$ ]Om` H$_r hm{ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 186

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oMoH$Àgmb`/Am°fYmb`/e°Ê`mE± 2000-2001 2010-2011 A›Va 1. E{bm{[°oWH$ oMoH$Àgmb` 03 03 00 2>. ‡mWo_H$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$›– 46 42 -04 3. C[ ÒdmÒœ` H{$›– 164 170 +06 4. Am`wd}oXH$/hm{Â`m[°oWH$/`yZmZr Am°fYmb` 37 37 00 `m{J 250 252 +02 C[b„Y e°Ê`mE±- 1. E{bm{[°oWH$ oMoH$Àgmb` 427 793 +366 2. A›` [’oV oMoH$Àgmb` 30 30 00 `m{J 457 823 +366 Úm{V- H$m`m©b` _wª` oMoH$Àgm Edß ÒdmÒœ` AoYH$mar, _›Xgm°a 2011

gmaUr 2 _›Xgm°a oObm - „bm∞H$dma oMoH$Àgmb` VWm e°Ê`mE± (2010-11)

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H$_© "H•$' YmVw g{ ]Zm h°, oOgH$m AW© ]›YZ Z hm{& JrVm H$_m~ H$m{ MwZZ{ H$m gmd©^m°_ AmYma X{Vr h° Am°a `h "H$aZm', "Ï`m[ma' Am°a "hbMb' hm{Vm h°& oVbH$ H{$ AZwgma Bgr gm_m›` AmYma h° - g_Àd ]wo’ g{ AWm©V≤ Hw$ebVm g{ H$_© H$aZm& Xyga{ e„Xm{ß _{ß *** ‡m‹`m[H$ (Xe©ZemÛ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 188 `hr \$b À`mJ `m oZÓH$m_ H$_© H$aZm h°& oVbH$ H$m _V h° oH$ Bgr \$b H$_©`{dmoYH$maÒV{ _m \$b{ew H$XmMZ& À`mJ H{$ AmYma [a JrVm gd©^yVohV VWm bm{H$gßJ´h H$r —oÓQ> g{ ÒdY_© H{$ _m H$_©\$bh{Vw^y©_m©V{ gßJm{@ÒÀd H$_©oU&& (2-47) [mbZ [a Om{a X{Vr h°& Bg õm{H$ _{ß gÂ[yU© H$_©`m{J H$m ahÒ` aroV g{ g_Pm oX`m J`m h°& `h _mZm J`m h° oH$ "H$_©Um]‹`V{ O›Vwod©⁄m gw ‡_w¿`V{' AWm©V≤ gd©‡W_ H$hm J`m h° oH$ _mÃ H$_© _ß{ hr V{am AoYH$ma h°, \$b _{ß V{am AoYH$ma Ord H$_© g{ ]±YVm h° Am°a kmZ g{ _w∫$ hm{Vm h°, oH$›Vw H$_© Vm{ Òd`ß O∂S> h° Zht h°& _Z _{ß \$bmem aIH$a H$_© H$aZ{ dmbm _V hm{ VWm H$_© Z{ H$aZ{ H$m AV: d{ ]›YZ hm{ hr Zht gH$V{& dmÒVd _{ß __Àd`w∫$ ]wo’ hr ]›YZ H$m AmJ´h Vy _V H$a& Bg ‡H$ma oVbH$ H{$ AZwgma H$_© ]ßYZ g{ Nw>Q>H$mam [mZ{ H$maU h°& H$_© H$r `m{Ω`Vm-A`m{Ω`Vm H{$ odMma _{ß ]wo’ H$r ew’Vm- H{$ ob`{ H$_© N>m{∂S> X{Zm CoMV _mJ© Zht h°, Ao[Vw ]´˜mÀ_°∑` kmZ g{ ]wo’ H$m{ Aew’Vm H$m odMma AÀ`›V _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ aIVm h°& AV: oVbH$ H{$ ew’ H$aH{$ [a_mÀ_m H{$ g_mZ AmMaU H$aV{ ahZ{ g{ Z°ÓH$Â`© gÂ^d hm{Vm h°& AZwgma JrVm H{$ H$_©`m{J emÛ H$m ‡W_ og’mßV `h h° oH$ [hb{ __Àd`w∫$ Amgo∫$ H{$ Ny>Q> OmZ{ [a H$_© H{$ ]›YZ Òd`ß hr Qy>Q> OmV{ h¢& Ï`dgm`moÀ_H$m ]wo’ H$m{ ew’ oÒWa aIZm Mmoh`{ - 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X ^Jd“rVm - S>m∞. amYmH•$ÓUZ, oh›Xr AZwdmXH$-odamO, amO[mb aIH$a o]Zm Amgo∫$ H{$ (ÒdY_m©Zwgma) Om{ oZ`V H$_© H$aVm h°, CgH$m{ ES> gßg, H$Ì_rar J{Q>, oXÑr (1969) & gmoÀdH$ H$hV{ h¢& 3. lr_X≤^JdXJrVm - emßH$a^mÌ`, oh›Xr AZwdmXH$ - lr oVbH$ H$_©`m{J emÛ H$r CŒm_ Ï`mª`m Bg õm{H$ H$m{ ]VmV{ h¢ - hnaH•$ÓUXmg Jm{`›XH$m, JrVm‡{g, Jm{aI[wa &

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Inspiring By Literature

Dr. Manisha Dwivedi * Gopal Prasad Rathore **

Introduction - Indian literature and authorship has seen issues in the society. He is a contemporary author who radical changes over the past few decades. One such change proficiently projects the issues that are prevalent in the that the visible is that of shift of audience preference from society. A very good example could be that of acceptance of suspense and drama novels to a little fresh and young theme love marriage between persons of different communities as of campus novels. Campus novels managed a successful described in the novel ‘Two States’, increasing pressure of hike in Indian market owing to the fact that college the phase studies on students as described in ‘Five Point Someone’ is considered to be one of the most entertaining and and at last but not the least the issue of communal and developing phase of an individual’s life. Since most of the religious agitation between different religions as described prospective readers themselves belonged to the category of in “Three Mistakes of my Life.’ This tells us that the purpose students, they profoundly adopted it as a delicacy. of writing these novels is not just to entertain the audience This in turn attracted the attention of more and more but also motivate and pursue them to disown and abandon authors in this field which was otherwise considered a grey beliefs that give rise to these kinds of social evils. Hence it area. When we talk about campus novelists some of the can be safely asserted that Chetan Bhagat’s writings are prominent names that pop up in our mind are that of Anirban positively persuasive and radical. This aspect of writing brings Mukherjee author of ‘Love, A rather Bad Idea’, Neeraj Chhibba him in the category of Prem Chand who also made author of ‘Zero Percentile Missed IIT Kissed Russia’, ‘Ajay continuous efforts to influence and evolve society by using Mohan Jain author of ‘Nothing can be as crazy’, Sidin his writings. Vadukut author of ‘The Dork’ so forth and so on.Among all Though it would be naïve and inordinate to say that author the authors that are currently ruling the mind of readers, of such a great stature (Prem Chand) can be compared or Chetan Bhagat can be introduced as arguably one of the equated with anyone, yet it can be stated that he erected a best skillful, salutary and outflanking campus novelist. Mr. class where such authors can fit in. The latest additions in Bhagat’s writings such as ‘Five point someone, Two States, writings of Chetan Bhagat such as ‘What young India Wants’ Half Girlfriend, A Night @ the Call Centre’ and many more and ‘Making India Awesome’ clearly describes the theme of successfully penetrated if not dominated the age old themes his writing which is social and national transformation. that existed earlier. Though Chetan Bhagat reached zenith In conclusion, the author of this write-up would like to state of his popularity owing to a little contribution of Bollywood that the writings of Chetan Bhagat have brought radical where his novel ‘Five Point Someone’ was transformed into changes in the area of literature. His novels have significantly a critically acclaimed film yet his talent as a campus novelist and substantially contributed to uplift theme of campus novels remains undisputed. which remained untouched in the Indian society for a If we talk about the writing style of Chetan Bhagat, it considerable amount of time. The flavor of social issues adds could be best described as amalgamation of “descriptive worthy spice and entertainment to his novels which are both writing and persuasive writing.” This conclusion sounds fair enjoyed and appreciated by the readers. It would not be a or atleast closest to fair owing to the fact that Mr. Bhagat wrong projection to say that such kind of authorship has its has squeezed some of his personal experiences in his own magnetic character which attracts the interest of people. novels. That makes it a little obvious that the personal In the end the author of this write-up would like to resolve experience would be reasonably shared in a persuasive and conclude that literature and writings have been an manner thereby charming and influencing the reader to think instrumentality in bringing positive social changes in India as author thought and feel what the author felt. Persuasive since inception and therefore deserves all due respect for writing is an important aspect of Chetan Bhagat’s writings upholding the sanctity of this sphere. because it is this aspect which spellbound and pushes the References :- reader into a virtual world where the author’s character are 1. Jain Mohan Ajay, Nothing can be as crazy, Rupa standing. Publication, 1stEdn, 2009. Another important aspect of Chetan Bhagat’s writing is 2. Mukherjee Anirban, Love, A rather Bad Idea, Shrishti that his writings emotionally describe the prevailing social Publications,1sstEdn, 2010. *** Asst. Prof., Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.) INDIA ** M. phill. Scholar, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 190

3. Bhagat Chetan, Five Point Someone: What not to do at 2. www.famousauthors.org IIT, ,Rupa Publications India, 2ndEdn, 2014. 3. www.rightcopywriter.com 4. Bhagat Chetan, The 3 Mistakes of my Life, Rupa 4. www.thehindu.com Publications India, 2ndEdn, 2015. Articles - 5. Bhagat Chetan, Two States, Rupa Publications India, 1. Ms. Renu Singh &Ms. Shikha, Multicultural Context of 2ndEdn, 2014. Chetan Bhagat’s2 States: The Story of My Marriage, 6. Chhibba Neeraj, Zero Percentile Missed IIT Kissed available at http://www.languageinindia.com/march2013/ Russia, Rupa Publication, 1stEdn, 2009. renutwostatesfinal.pdf as visited on 6th December 201.5 7. Vadukutauthor Sidin of ‘The Dork’Penguin India, 1stEdn, 2. Sanika Abhyankar, Chetan Bhagat – The Mystery 2009. Behind His Popularity, available at http:// Websites - www.rightcopywriter.com/blog/general/chetan-bhagat- 1. timesofindia.indiatimes.com the-mystery-behind-his-popularity.html as visited on 6th December 2015.

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EH$ H$maU `h ^r Wm oH$ _wP{ dh `hm± g{ OmH$a _wP{ H$ht Zht o_br&'17 H$mobXmg EH$ Am{a AmÀ_r`Vm A[Z{ D$[a odÌdmg Zht Wm& _¢ Zht OmZVm Wm oH$ A^md Am°a ^Àg©Zm H$m MmhVm h° Xygar Am{a gŒmm Am°a gwodYm H$m ^m{J& O] VH$ Cg{ AmÀ_r`Vm OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX ‡oVÓR>m Am°a gÂ_mZ H{$ dmVmdaU _{ß OmH$a _¢ o_bVr h° V] VH$ gŒmm Zht o_bVr& o\$a gŒmm o_bVr h° Vm{ AmÀ_r`Vm H°$gm AZw^d H$Í±$Jm&'8 Òd`ß H{$ OrdZ _{ß oddmh H{$ [ÌMmV ^r dh _oÑH$m g_m· hm{ OmVr h° AßVV: dh gŒmm H$m{ Rw>H$amH$a AmÀ_r`Vm H$r Im{O _{ß g{ gX°d `h A[{jm aIVm h° oH$ AmÀ_r` ÒVa [a _oÑH$m H$r ^mdZmAm{ß Am°a dm[g bm°Q>Vm h° oH$›Vw V] Xm{Zm{ß hr MrO{ß hmW g{ o\$gb OmVr h¢& "odbm{_ CgH{$ OrdZ _{ß EH$ ÒWmZ gX°d e{f ah{ oOg [a og\©$ CgH$m AoYH$ma ah{& H$r [naUrVm hm{H$a _oÑH$m EH$ ]É{ H$r _m± ]Z MwH$r h°& [a H$mobXmg H{$ BgrobE O] dh dm[g AmZ{ [a _oÑH$m H$m{ dmamßJUm H{$ Í$[ _{ß [mVm h° Vm{ ‡oV dh Cgr ‡H$ma ÒZ{h_`r Am°a AmÒWmdmZ h°& oH$›Vw am{_¢oQ>H$ H$mobXmg dh Òd`ß H$m{ Aghm` [mVm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ dh A[{jm H$aVm Wm oH$ dh H$^r ^r H$m g]-Hw$N> Qy>Q> OmVm h° O]oH$ _oÑH$m Qy>Q>H$a ^r Zht Qy>Q>Vr&'18 H$mobXmg bm°Q>H$a Am`{ _oÑH$m H{$ OrdZ _{ß Hw$N> ^r Zht ]Xb{Jm "OmZ{ H{$ oXZ g] Hw$N> "AW' g{ AmaÂ^ H$aZ{ H{$ obE dm[g Am`m h° oH$›Vw AßVV: Cg_{ß VwÂhmar Am±I{ß H$m Om{ Í$[ X{Im Wm, dh AmO VH$ _{ar Ò_•oV _{ß AßoH$V h°& _¢ BgH$r ^r ohÂ_V Zht h° "_¢Z{ H$hm Wm _¢ AW g{ AmaÂ^ H$aZm MmhVm h±y& `h A[Z{ H$m{ odÌdmg oXbmVm ahm hy± oH$ H$^r ^r bm°Q>H$a AmD±$, `hm± g] Hw$N> gÂ^dV: B¿N>m H$m g_` H{$ gmW ¤›¤ Wm& [a›Vw X{I ahm h∞y oH$ g_` d°gm hr hm{Jm&'9 AoYH$ eo∫$embr h°&'19 Am°a dh g] Hw$N> N>m{∂S>H$a o\$a dm[g Mbm OmVm _m{hZ amH{$e _oÑH$m H{$ obE'dmamßJUm' e„X H$m ‡`m{J ^b{ hr H$aV{ h° Am°a AßV _{ß Xm{Zm{ß ‡{_r o\$a g{ AbJ hm{ OmV{ h°& H$mobXmg H$m Om{ o]ß] h¢ oH$›Vw C›hm{ßZ{ Bg ]mV H{$ [ya{ gßH{$V oX`{ h¢ oH$ AßV _{ß dh odbm{_ H$r OZ_mZg _{ß Ï`m· h° _m{hZ amH{$e Z{ Bg ZmQ>H$ _{ß Cgg{ AbJ Í$[ oXIm`m oddmohVm h°& O] H$mobXmg AßV _{ß _oÑH$m H{$ [mg dm[g AmVm h° Am°a h° "BVZm _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma, oOg{ ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV Am°a Xe©Z H$m oMV{am odbm{_ g{ OmZ{ H{$ obE H$hVm h° Vm{ odbm{_ [yN>Vm h° _¢ `hm± g{ ∑`m{ß Mbm _mZm OmVm h°, Ïò∫$JV OrdZ _{ß H$m{am am{_¢oQ>H$ H$mà Am°a g{ßQ>r_{ßQ>b hm{Jm OmD±$ "∑`m{ßoH$ Vw_ `hm± bm°Q> Am`{ hm{? ...... ∑`mß{oH$ dfm~ g{ N>m{∂S>r hwB© ^yo_ `h odÌdgZr` Zht bJVm&'20 ∑`m{ßoH$ g_mO Ïò∫$ H{$ MnaÃ H$m oZYm©aU AmO o\$a VwÂh{ß A[Zr ‡VrV hm{Z{ bJr h°? ..... ∑`m{ßoH$ VwÂhma{ AoYH$ma CgH$r ‡oVÓR>m, AmoW©H$ oÒWoV d CgH{$ dJ© H{$ AmYma [a H$aVm h° _m{hZ emÌdV h¢?'10 `hm± ^r odbm{_ Bgr Am{a gßH{$V H$a ahm h° oH$ Bg Ka [a, amH{$e Z{ `hm± Cgr Va\$ Bemam oH$`m h°& _oÑH$m [a AmO CgH$m AoYH$ma h°& "[a›Vw g_` oZX©` Zht h°& CgZ{ Am°am{ß _m{hZ amH{$e Z{ _oÑH$m H{$ MnaÃ H$m{ Jna_m ‡XmZ H$aV{ hwE Cg{ Am°XmÀ` H$m{ ^r gŒmm Xr h° AoYH$ma oX`{ h¢&'11 AßV _{ß odbm{_ H$mobXmg H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a ‡XmZ oH$`m h°& amH{$e Z{ ‡{_ H{$ Cg Í$[ H$m{ g_j aIm h° Ohm± ‡{_ dmgZm H{$ Mbm OmVm h° oH$›Vw OmV{ g_` ^r dh _oÑH$m H$m{ H$mobXmg H$m AmoVœ` ÒVa VH$ Z OmH$a ^mdZm H{$ ÒVa VH$ hr ]Zm ahVm h°& ‡{_ H$r Bg AmXe© H$aZ{ H$m{ H$hVm h° "_¢ Mbm OmVm hy±& BgobE Zht oH$ Vw_ AmX{e X{V{ hm{& oÒWoV H$r H$Î[Zm ^r A›V: H$m{ Ò[e© H$aVr h°& _oÑH$m H$m MnaÃ [mR>H$ H{$ [a›Vw BgobE oH$ Vw_ AmO `hm± AoVoW hm{, Am°a AoVoW H$r B¿N>m H$m _mZ _Z [a H$B© oXZ VH$ N>m`m ahVm h°& oH$›Vw _oÑH$m H$m MnaÃ Òdm^modH$ hm{Zm MmohE&'12 AmJ{ dh _oÑH$m H$m{ H$mobXmg H$m AmoVœ` H$aZ{ H$m{ Zht bJVm& `h ÒdrH$ma H$aZm H$oR>Z bJVm h° ‡{_ H{$ obE oZòV H$m{ P{b H$hVm h°- "X{IZm _oÑH$m, AmoVœ` _{ß H$m{B© H$_r Z ah{&'13 `{ e„X Ka H$m OmZ{ dmb{ MnaÃ AmO ^r g_mO _{ß C[oÒWV h¢& Òdm_r hr H$h gH$Vm h°& _m{hZ amH{$e H$ht ^r Bg ]mV H$m ‡À`j Í$[ g{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ CÑ{I Zht H$aV{ oH$ odbm{_ _oÑH$m H$m [oV h° oH$›Vw A‡À`j Í$[ g{ H$B© 1. _ybOr ^mB© ]r0 [Q{>b, ^maVr` Edß [mÌMmÀ` H$mÏèmÛ, amYmH•$ÓU ÒWmZm{ß [a d{ Bg ]mV H$m gßH{$V AdÌ` H$aV{ h¢& odbm{_ EH$ OJh AÓQ>mdH´$ ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU -2000, [•0 96 H{$ H$WZ [a gßX{h H$aVm h° "∑`m ]Ér H$r AmH•$oV gM_wM odbm{_ g{ o_bVr 2. _m{hZ amH{$e, Amgm∂T> H$m EH$ oXZ, amO[mb ES> g›∂O oXÑr, h° `m ...... &'14 òX odbm{_ H$m{ gßX{h h° oH$ ]Ér H$r AmH•$oV CgH$r O°gr hr gßÒH$aU- 2007, [•0 13 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 193 3. dhr, [•0 45 16. S>m∞0 oZ_©b H$m°oeH$, _m{hZ amH{$e H•$V Amgm∂T> H$m EH$ oXZ H$m 4. dhr, [•0 94 g_mOemÛr` A‹``Z, gÂ[m0-S>m∞0 h{Vw ^ma¤mO, [ßMerb em{Y 5. dhr, [•0 86 g_rjm (Ã°_mogH$ oh›Xr em{Y [oÃH$m), OZdar-_mM© 2014, [•0 6. dhr, [•0 93 93 7. dhr, [•0 102 17. _m{hZ amH{$e, Amgm∂T> H$m EH$ oXZ, amO[mb ES> g›∂O oXÑr, 8. dhr, [•0 99 gßÒH$aU- 2007, [•0 98 9. dhr, [•0 98 18. S>m∞0 ]ÉZ ogßh, oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m Xygam BoVhmg, amYmH•$ÓU 10. dhr, [•0 108 ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU -2000, [•0 464 11. dhr, [•0 108-109 19. _m{hZ amH{$e, Amgm∂T> H$m EH$ oXZ, amO[mb ES> g›∂O oXÑr, 12. dhr, [•0 109 gßÒH$aU- 2007, [•0 110 13. dhr, [•0109 20. S>m∞0 ZJ{›–, oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg, _`ya [{[a]°∑g Zm{ES>m, 14. dhr, [•0 108 Vrgam gßÒH$aU 2009, [•0 663 15. dhr, [•0 94

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 194

S>m∞. ‡{_bVm oVdmar *

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*** ‡m‹`m[H$, (oh›Xr)emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, ]S>dmh (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 195 O°gm oH$ C›hm{Z{ H$hm h° oH$ "H$hmZr h_{em hr oH$gr [naoÒWoV _{ß _ZwÓ`> H{$ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ H$hmoZ`m{ß H{$ Ma_o]ßXw H$r Am{a BZH$m Jham ‹`mZ h° & _Z Am°a AZw^dm{ß `mZr _Zm{odkmZ H$m{ g_PZ{ g{ ‡{ofV H$aZ{ H$m EH$ Bgg{ `h Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ C›hm{ßZ{ Om{ Hw$N> X{Z{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°, dh Mmh{ ‡`ÀZ h° & Cg{ ]ZmZ{ dmb{, VÀdm{ß Am°a Am°a CgH{$ ¤mam ]ZmB© ]Xbr J`r Xm{f[yU© hm{ [a oZVm›V_m°obH$ Am°a AZw^yV h° & AmO H$r H$hmZr H$m{ oOg oÒWoV`m{ß H{$ OrdZ H{$ IßS>mß{ H$m A‹``Z h°, BZ ]ZVr Am°a ]ZmVr oÒWoV`m{ß [{MrXJr, [ÉrH$mar, ‡VrH$mÀ_H$Vm, Ïò∫$[aH$Vm, gy˙_Vm, Am°a H$m{ oXem Am°a H$mb _{ß AWm©V odÒVma Am°a JhamB© H$r gßoÌbÓQ>Vm _{ß gmW gmßH{$oVH$Vm O°gr ode{fVmAm{ß g{ `w∫$ _mZr OmVr h°, H$hZm h°, H$hZm Z [H$∂S>Z{ H$m EH$ H$bmÀ_H$ odYmZ &' hm{Jm oH$ b{IH$ H$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß ^r B›h| [yU©V: gwajm o_br h° & aMZm H$XmoMV Bgr odMmaYmam H{$ AmYma [a BZH$r H$hmoZ`mß IßoS>V hm{V{ ‡oH´$`m H$r gy˙_Vm H$m{ bojV H$a{ß Vm{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ BZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß OmZ{ dmb{ AoÒVÀd H{$ obE gßKf©aV _‹`dJ© H{$ H$oV[` —oÓQ>H$m{Um{ß H$m{ dh g] Hw$N> h° Om{ AmO H{$ [nad{e _{ß h_ g] ^m{J ah{ h¢ & gßKf©aV H$bmH$ma Í$[ o_bVm h° & gy˙_Vm Am°a gmßH{$oVH$Vm H{$ gmW gmW Z`{ gm_moOH$ H{$ AZw^dm{ß d o_bV{ OwbV{ ÒVa g{ odf` MwZ{ß h¢, oOgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ `WmW© H$m{ C›hm|Z{ A[Zr [yU© ÒdrH•$oV ‡XmZ H$r h° & Hw$ßoR>V Am°a gßKf©aV [mR>H$ H$hmZr H$m{ A[Z{ OrdZ H$m [•ÓR> _mZ Cg_{ß Im{ gm OmVm h° & [r∂T>r H{$ CbPmd H$m{ JhZ Í$[ _{ß ‡ÒVwV H$aZ{ H{$ H$maU A›VhrZ H$hmoZ`m{ß C‘{Ì`[yU© H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß `WmW© —oÓR>H$m{U g{ [na[yU© BZH$r H$hmoZ`m± H{$ g_m· hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX ^r [mR>H$ gm{MZ{ H{$ obE odde hm{ OmVm h° & Jß^ra YmamAm{ß H$m [naM` X{Vr h¢ & B›ht H$hmoZ`m{ß H$r odH$mgerb JoV _{ß H$hmoZ`m{ß H{$ H$m°Vyhb[yU© AmaÂ^ _{ß b{IH$ Z{ [yU© gßX{em| H{$ odÒV•V Am°a AoYH$ Vrd´Vm bmZ{ H{$ obE BZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß ^mfm d H$bm H$r —oÓQ> dU©Zm{ß H$m{ H$ht ^r _m›`Vm Zht Xr JB© h° oH$ dh o]Zm oH$gr ]mYm H{$ g{ H$hmZr H$m oeÎ[JV l•ßJma H$a OrdZ H{$ AZOmZ gm¢X`©embr Í$[ g{ oZU©`mÀ_H$ b˙` H$m{ A[Zm gH{$ß & [yd© BoVhmg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Am°a AmH$of©V ]Zm`m h° & BgobE BZH{$ [yU©V: ‡^modV Om{ lr bmb ]hmXwa AZwoMV odMma H$r ]mYm H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aI{ hwE _yb Í$[ [a hr b˙` aI h° & ogßh H$hV{ h° - Bg [rT>r H{$ H$hmZr b{IH$m{ß _{ß amO{›– `mXd AÀ`ßV bm{H$o‡` gr_m{ÑKßZ Z H$a H$hmZr H{$ AÒdm^modH$ gßVwobV oÒWoV H$m{ Q>mbZ{ H$m Edß _ßO{ hwE h¢ & BZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß H$m gßJ´h "Ohmß b˙_r H°$X h°' "N>m{Q{> N>m{Q{> g\$b ‡`mg oH$`m h° & Xm{ VrZ H$hmoZ`m{ß H{$ AmaÂ^ X{oI`{ß - VmO_hb' Am°a A›` H$hmoZ`mß ‡H$oeV h° & ododY [nad{e, Ïò∫$ Edß VwÂh| [Vm h° AmO _{ar df©JmßR> h° Am°a AmO _¢ AmÀ_hÀ`m H$aZ{ J`m KQ>ZmAm{ß H{$ AmYma [a obIr JB© `{ H$hmoZ`mß AmYwoZH$ H$hmZr [aÂ[am Wm & "∑`m{ß `{ ]XÍ$Xr, dm{ ahr_ AmO ^r Zht Am`m ? dhr Í$Ir H$H©$e H$m{ EH$ Z`m AW© Am°aEH$ Z`m _m{∂S> X{Z{ _{ [yU© g_W© h° &' AmdmO &' ]m]y dh Vm{ hÎXr MyZm bJm H{$ [∂S>m h° & `h AmdmO b∂S>H{$ H$r Wr& H$hmZr H$m{ grY{ oO›XJr H{$ [na‡{˙` _{ß aIZ{ H$m g\$b ‡`mg oH$`m Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ [nad{e H$r b˙`mÀ_H$ JoV`m{ß H$m{ [H$∂S>Z{ H{$ obE H$hmZr J`m h° & H$hmZr BZH{$ obE oZaVßa JoVerb aIZ{ dmbr ‡oH´$`m h° & BgobE CÀgwH$ h° & "Ao^_›`w H$r AmÀ_hÀ`m' _{ß AmaÂ^ ¤mam b{IH$ Z{ H$WmZH$ H{$ B›hm{ßZ{ _ybJV gßH´$_U H$m{ OmßMZ{ H$r _mßJ H$r h° & d{ Ò[ÓQ> H$hV{ h° oH$ gÂ[yU© OrdZ H$m{ CgH{$ A›VaßJ gßKf© H$m{ Amaß^ _{ß hr gmH$ma H$a oX`m h° "`WmW© H{$ ‡oV `h —oÓQ> Z`{ H$bmH$ma H{$ [mg Bbh_ H$r Vah Zht CVar & oH$ dV©_mZ OrdZ _{ß K]amH$a dh AmÀ_hÀ`m H$aZ{ J`m Wm & oddeVm Z{ CgH$m{ BgH{$ obE ]hwV ]∂S>r H$r_V MwH$mZr [∂S>r h° & oZhm`V hr C]∂S>- Cg{ bm°Q>m oX`m & Bg ‡H$ma H$r H{$›–r` KQ>Zm H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIZ{ H{$ ]mX hr Im]∂S> YaVr g{ JwOaZm [∂S>m h& Am°a Z OmZ{ oH$VZ{ ]mhar-^rVar A^mdm{ß, ewÍ$ H$r JB© H$hmoZ`m{ß _| MwÒVVm h° VWm ‡^mdembr ]Zr h¢ & Í$o∂T>>`m{ß [aÂ[amAm{ß H{$ gßÒH$mam{ß g{ OyPZm [∂S>Vm h° &' Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m{ß H$m AmaÂ^ dV©_mZ _{ß hm{H$a ‚b{e ]{H$ [’oV H{$ Í$[ ]m¯ odMmam{ß H{$ odd{MZ H{$ obE ^r BZ H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß H$hr ÒWmZ _{ß AVrV _{ß MbVr h° & "Qy>Q>Zm H{$', "‡Vrjm', "A[Z{ `ma' O°gr H$B© H$hmoZ`mß oXImB© Zht X{Vm h° & oH$gr ‡^md H{$ `m AmXem} H{$ ‡Mma H$r ^mdZm g{ BgH$m CXmhaU h° & AJa BZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß `WmW© [nad{e H{$ g\$b aojV BZH$r H$hmoZ`mß VQ>ÒW H$bmH$ma H$r ÒdV›Ã X{Z h° & lr `mXdOr Z{ _Zm{odÌb{fU H{$ Í$[ H$m A^md ahVm h° Vm{ gß^dV: AmO Ï`ÒV [mR>H$ H$hmß h° - "OrdZ H{$ `WmW© H$m{ â[ya OrZ{, `mZr ]mhar dmÒVodH$m H$m{ B›h{ß `m{ oga AmßIm{ß [a Z o]R>mVm & H$hmoZ`m{ß _ß{ _Zm{aßOZ H{$ gmW gmW A[Z{ ^rVa g{ JwOaV{ hwE ]XbV{ Am°a o]IaV{, ]ZV{ Í$[ b{V{ hwE X{I ^mdmZw^yoV`m{ß H$m Om{ gmW o_bVm h°, Cg_{ß [mR>H$ OrdZ H{$ Jha{ AVb H$m{ gH$Z{ H$r VQ>ÒWVm H$bm H$r [hbr Am°a _m°obH$ eV© h° &' Ny>Z{ _{ß g\$b hwAm h° & OrdZ H{$ `WmW© [nad{e g{ oZH$br BZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß OrdZ H{$ Ïò∫$ gßX^m} g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ BZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _ß{ C[X{e _{ß d{ g^r ghO JwU h¢, Om{ [mR>H$m{ß H$m{ odMma H$aZ{ H{$ obE odde H$aV{ h¢& Zht h° & ododY AWm} _{ß gm_moOH$ d Ïò∫$JV gßX^m} H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> Ao^Ïò∫$ H$hmoZ`mß Ïò∫$JV hm{V{ hwE ^r ghO d oZa[{j —oÓQ> g{ Am_ßoÃV H$aVr h¢ X{Z{ _{ß `{ H$hmoZ`mß oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H{$ l{ÓR> _yÎ`m{ß H$r ‡oVÓR>m Zht H$aVr & oH$ [mR>H$ CZ_{ß AmH$a EH$mH$ma hm{ Om`{ß & Bg [•ÓR>^yo_ [a b{I H{$ odMma Ïò∫$ H$r oddeVm H$m{ Ï`∫$ H$aZ{ dmbr `{ H$hmoZ`mß H{$db [mR>H$m{ß _{ß gmW©H$ h°- "^maV H$r A[Zr Am°a Z`{ AmX_r H$r H$hmZr H$r EH$ Í$[a{Im AmH´$m{e [°Xm H$a gH$Vr h° & ghmZw^yoV Zht Ïò∫$Àd H$r [•ÓR>^yo_ [a â X{Z{ H$r H$m{oee _{ar Bg gmar `mÃm H$m ‹`{` ahm h°, Am°a gß]b ahr h¢ [Z[Z{ dmbr `{ H$hmoZ`mß H$hmZr H{$ VÀdm{ß H{$ od–m{h _{ß ÒdV›Ã Í$[ b{H$a AmO H{$ OrdZ H$m{ OrZ{ Am°a g_PZ{ H$r —oÓQ> Am°a ‡oH´$`m &' ‡ÒVwV hwB© h¢ & OrdZ g{ OwS>r hwB© H$hmoZ`mß OrdZ H{$ hr [fi{ CbQ>Z{ H$m{ odde h° Z oH$ [aÂ[am g{ Ow∂S{> ahZ{ H$m{ V°`ma h° & gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 1. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 196

S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b *

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0.715 (2014) 197 ah{ h¢ A[Z{ oXb g{ Xya EH$ E{g{ o]`m ]S>Z _|$ Ohmß XmoZe `m XmoZe _ßXr S{>a{Xma ZMoZ`m h°, dh _wª` [mÃ _hH$]mZm{ H$r _mß h°& Zgr_]mZm{ o_Ãm{ß EH$ _•J V•ÓUm â h° oH$ dh ha ]ma EH$ ^mofH$ o_OmO b{H$a AmVr h°& 2 o_Ãm{ß _aOmZr H$r gwo_ÃmdßVr H$r _mß ]mbm{ß H$m odÒVma bJVr h¢& o]bHw$b Xbm{XmoZe C[›`mg H{$ Zmar [mÃ ‡_wIVm H{$ AmYma [a Bg ‡H$ma ]mbm{ß H$r Vah Zgr_]mZm{ _{ß M[bVm, AÎh∂S>Vm Am°a _mgyo_`V Bg gr_m h¢& - VH$ h° oH$ dh oOßXJr H{$ ha aßJ H$m{ ha o_OmO H$m ha ÒdmX H$m{ â[ya Or _hH$]mZm{- amI _{ß X]r oMßJmar, b{Zm MmhVr h°& Bgr C[›`mg H$r EH$ Am°a Zmar [mÃ ]hwAmOr EH$ d•’ Edß Hw$Qw>Â] fl`mar- EH$ oXemhrZ ‡oVem{Y Í$o∂T> [aÂ[amdmXr _ohbm H{$ Í$[ _{ß oMoÃV h°& ]hwAmOr EH$ E{gr ^maVr` Nw>fim - A[Z{ [W H$r Im{O Zmar h° Om{ Bg ]mV _|$ odÌdmg aIVr h° oH$ _X© AmoIa _X© hm{V{ h¢, dh Zgr_]mZm{ß - _hH$ ]mZm{ H$r _mß Am°a ôdÓ` oZòV Zht ]XbV{ Mmh{ CgH{$ Kadmbm{ß H$m{ oH$VZm XwI [ßhwM{, _X© A[Zr ]wAmOr - H•$[mZmamU H$r _mß AmXV g{ ]mO Zht AmV{ BgobE Am°aV H$m{ MmohE Mw[Mm[ CgH{$ ¤mam Xr _mgy_m -Ad°Y [wÃr J`r V_m_ VH$br\$m{ß H$m{ ghZm, Mw[Mm[ ahZm Am°a odÌdmg aIZm EH$ Xbm{XmoZe C[›`mg _{ß b{oIH$m H•$ÓUm gm{]Vr [aÂ[amZw_m{oXV —oÓQ> oXZ CgH$m _X© CgH{$ [mg hr AmZ{ dmbm h°& Xbm{XmoZe H{$ [mÃm{ß _{ß EH$ Am°a g{ Zmar H$m{ X{IZ{ H$m AmJ´h Zht H$aVr& Cg{ OmÒmX Í$[ _{ß o_b{ gßÒH$mam{ß [mÃ _mgy_m _hH$]mZm{ Am°a H•$[mZmamÙ H$r ZmOmÒ ]{Q>r h°& _hH$]mZm{ Am°a dO©ZmAm{ß g{ _w∫$ _mZdr` gßX^m~ _{ß X{IZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aVr h°& Xyga{ Z{ Cg{ Am°a ]XÍ$ H$m{ ]M[Z g{ H$b{O{ g{ bJmH$a [mbm [m{gm ]∂S>m oH$`m& —oÓQ> g{ Odm]- Vb] H$aVr h° oH$ A[Zr emarnaH$ g]bVm, AmoW©H$ em`X `hr oXZ X{IZ{ H{$ obE H$r EH$ oXZ ]XÍ$ Am°a _mgy_m CgH$m ghmam AmÀ_oZ^©aVm Edß ]m°o’H$ ‡IaVm H{$ H$maU CgZ{ gßajH$ Ed_ Òdm_r [X ]Z{ßJ{ d•’mdÒWm _{ß CgH$r g{dm H$a{ßJ{{& [a BgH$m od[arV hwAm ]XÍ$ Am°a [m`m h° Vm{ ∑`m [XmgrZ hm{ CgZ{ A[Z{ Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m gÂ`H$ oZdm©hU _mgy_m ]∂S{> hm{Z{ [a A[Zr _mß H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a A[Z{ o[Vm H•$[mZmamÙ H{$ [mg oH$`m h°& ∑`m A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß H$m XwÍ$[`m{J H$aH{$ CgZ{ Xygam{ß H{$ oZOÀd ahZ{ Mb{ OmV{ h¢& 5 H$m{ Vm{ Zht am¢Xm h°& H•$[m ZmamÙ [aÂ[amJV [wÍ$f H$m{ CgH{$ gm_ßVdmX oZÓH$f© `h h° oH$ H•$ÓUm gm{]Vr EH$ AÀ`ßV ‡^mdembr Ïò∫$Àd H$m{ H{$›– _{ß aIH$a C›hm|Z{ VrZ H$r Ï`Wm Edß od–m{h H{$ VrZ ÒVam{ß H$m{ Ny>Z{ H$r ‡_wI _ohbm C[›`mgH$ma h¢& CZH{$ C[›`mgm{ß _{ Zmar OrdZ H$m `WmW© H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°& ]Z{ ]ZmE _mZXßS>m{ H{$ AmYma [a Zmar H$m{ _yÎ`mßoH$V ]m{Y h°& C›hm{Z{ Xbm{XmoZe C[›`mg _{ß Ûr _Z H$m AÀ`ßV gOrd, gwßXa oH$`m Om gH$Vm gH$Vm h°& 3 Am°a `WmW©[aH$ oMÃm oH$`m h°& d{ C[›`mg H{$ g^r [mÃm{ß H{$ _Z H$m Xbm{XmoZe C[›`mg _{ß Hw$Qw>Â]fl`mar dH$rb H•$[mZmamÙ H$r [ÀZr _Zm{d°kmoZH$ odÌb{fU H$aZ{ _{ß AÀ`ßV g\$b ahr h¢, gmW hr _‹`_dJr©` h°, CZH{$ VrZ ]{Q{> ‡{_ ZmamÙ, X`mZmamÙ, Am°a amOZmamÙ H$r _mß h°& Zmar _{ß M{VZm OmJ•V H$a VWm C›h{ß A[Zr eo∫$ Òd`ß [hMmZZ{ H$r Am°a _hH$ Am°a Nw>fim H{$ od[arV Hw$Qw>Â] H{$ [°am{ß Vb{ gÂ]›Ym{ß Edß gm_moOH$ A[Zr g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ Òd`ß hr gwbPmZ{ H$m g_mO _{ß EH$ gßX{e oX`m h°& Bg ‡oVÓR>m H$r [wªVm O_rZ h°& Hw$brZ [nadma H$r Hw$bdYw gß`w∫$ [nadma H{$ C[›`mg g{ EH$ ]mV `h ^r Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vr h° oH$ [aß[am H$r brH$ [a MbZ{ H{$ H$Vm© YVm© H$r AYm™oJZr ,VrZ-VrZ [wÃm{ß H$r gm°^mΩèmbr OZZr ^ßS>maJ•h H$maU aI°b H$m{ hd{br _{ß `m OmoV o]amXar _{ß AmZ{ H{$ obE _Zm oH$`m OmVm Am°a âr[yar J•hÒWr H$r Òdmo_Zr Hw$Qw>Â]fl`mar [aÂ[amJV Zmar Zht h° [a h°& CgH{$ ]{Q>m{ß H$m{ g_mO A[ZmVm h°, [a›Vw CgH$m{ Zht A[ZmVm& `hmß VH$ dh AmYwoZH$ —oÓQ> g{ gÂ[fi EH$ OmJÍ$H$ _ohbm ^r Zht h°& A›`m` H$m H$r _hH$]mZm{, aI°b A[Zr ]{Q>r H$r emXr _{ß ^r AmZ{ H$m{ _Zm oH$`m OmVm ‡oVH$ma H$aZm MmhVr h° b{oH$Z A›`m`r H$m{ [hMmZZ{ H$m gm_œ`© Cg_{ß h°& BZ g] ]mVm{ß H$m _hH$]mZm{ odam{Y H$aVr h°, [a Bgg{ g_mO _{ß H$m{B© Zht h°& [oV H$m{ N>rZ b{ OmZ{ dmbr _hH$ H{$ ‡oV ¤{Óm `w∫$ hm{Zm Am°a gm_Z{ \$H©$ Zht [∂S>Vm, gm_moOH$ ]ßYZm{ H{$ H$maU CgH$m OrdZ KwQ>Zâm hm{ I∂S{> A[amYr H•$[mZmamÙ H$m{ ZOa AßXmO H$a _hH$ H$m{ hr Agbr Ao^`w∫$ OmVm h°& H•$ÓUm gm{]Vr H{$ C[›`mg Xbm{XmoZe g{ `{ ]mV Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVr _mZZm CgH$r —oÓQ>JV gßH$rU©Vm H$m [naMm`H$ hr h¢& S>m∞ oZ_©bm O°Z Z{ h° oH$ Zmar H$m gm_moOH$ OrdZ S>mßdmS>m{b hm{ J`m h°& [aßVw E{gr [naoÒWoV obIm h° oH$ ]JmdV Xbm{XmoZe H{$ g^r [mÃm{ß Z{ H$r h°& VarH{$ g]H{$ H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ dmbr ^r AZ{H$ _ohbmEßß g_mO _{ß h¢& Cg_{ß _hÍ$I ^r EH$ AbJ-AbJ ah{ h¢& ImZXmZr g_Pr OmZ{ dmbr Hw$Qw>Â]fl`mar A[Zr OdmZ, h° Om{ gm_moOH$ gßH$Q>m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aH{$ A[Zr oOßXJr JwOmaVr h¢& [aßVw ]{_m°H{$ C[oÒWoV, oH$gr O{da H{$ obE oOX Am°a o\$a Agh`m{J g{ `m o\$a Hw$N> Zmna`mß E{gr ^r h¢, oH$ gm_moOH$ ^` H{$ H$maU [oV g{ o]Nw>∂S>Zm Zhr AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ Mm{ar oN>[{ ^°am{ß ]m]m H$r h_ o]ÒVa hm{H$a ‡oVem{Y b{ MmhVr& d{ [oV ¤mam A›`m`- AÀ`mMmam{ß H$m{ ghVr h° Am°a KwQ>Zâr oOßXJr b{Vr h°& CgH{$ Hw$N> Vm°a VarH$m{ß H{$ _wH$m]b{ _hH$]Zm{ H$m MnaÃ H$B© OrVr h°& Zmar H{$ obE gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm A] ^r AZwHy$b Zhr h°& 6 AoYH$meo`ÒVm Am°a gmobH$m_ßX h°& Xbm{XmoZe C[›`mg _{ß Nw>fim dH$rb H•$[mZmamÙ H$r ]hZ h°& dh gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ odYdm h°, [oV H$r _•À`w H{$ [ÌMmV A[Z{ ^mB© dH$rb H•$[mZmamÙ H{$ Ka 1. AmR>d{ß VWm Zd{ß XeH$ H{$ oh›Xr C[›`mgm{ß _{ß Zmar- dßXZm gm{[mZamd A[Zr _mß ]wAmOr H{$ gmW ahVr h° & E{ßQ{>g [mg Nw>fim odYdm H$r _m°V Zhr _m{ohV{, Afi[yUm© ‡H$meZ gmH{$V ZJa H$mZ[wa& gZ≤ 2007 [••ÓR>, 28, _aZm MmhVr & BgobE Xygam odH$Î[ Cg{ ÒdrH$ma h°& hd{br Am°a [aÂ[am 2. H•$ÓUm gm{]Vr H{$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _{ß Zmar H$m ÒdÍ$[, S>m∞ AZrVm, [••ÓR>, 47, H$r dO©ZmAm{ß g{ Cg{ _w∫$ hm{Zm hm{Jm& EH$ gwZham gwIX ôdÓ` OrZm hm{Jm 3. Xbm{XmoZe- H•$ÓUm gm{]Vr, [••ÓR>- 04,10,60,75 Òd`ß A[Z{ [°am{ß [a I∂S{> hm{H$a & Bg Xw∂T> gßH$Î[ Am°a bæ H{$ H$maU Cg{ ‡m· 4. oh›Xr gmohÀ` Zd od_e©- OgdßV ogßh [ßS>`m≤, [••ÓR>,88,90 hm{V{ h¢, CÉ oejm, ÒHy$b _{ß A‹`m[Z H$m`© H{$ obE [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ AoO©V 5. H•$ÓUm gm{]Vr H{$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _{ß Zmar g_Ò`mEß-S>m∞ eh{ZmO Om\$a AmoW©H$ AmÀ_ oZ^©aVm Am°a ^wdZ g{ [wZod©dmh H$m gmhg& 4 ]mg_{h, [••ÓR>,201,243 Xbm{XmoZe C[›`mg _{ß Zgr_]mZm{ oXÑr eha H$r _ehya H$moVb 6. Òd`ß H$m gd}jU d oZÓH$f© & ************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 198

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*** ‡d∫$m (oh›Xr) (ÒdodŒm[m{ofV `m{OZm _{ß oZ`w∫$) X`mZßX Am`© H$›`m [r0 Or0 H$m∞b{O, _wamXm]mX (C. ‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 199 [Ã C›h| ‡m· hwE& BZ [Ãm{ß H$m{ C›hm|Z{ A[Z{ gßJ´h _{ß gh{O H$a aIm h°& Hw$N> Am°a 20-22 [wÒVH{$ß ^r ehrXm{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß obIt& [ß0 ]Zmagr Xmg MVwd}Xr _hÀd[yU© [Ã C›hm|Z{ amÓQ≠>r` gßJ´hmb` ZB© oXÑr _{ß gwaojV H$am oX`{ h¢& H{$ _hmZ Ï`o∫$Àd H$m{ AmO oh›Xr ‡{_r, [ÃH$mnaVm Am°a gÂ[mXZ g{ Ow∂S{> BZ_{ß ode{f Í$[ g{ CÑ{IZr` h¢-_hmÀ_m Jm∞Yr H{$ 100 g{ AoYH$ [Ã, bm{J ‡{aUm Í$[ _{ß J´hU H$a gH$V{ h¢, VWm oh›Xr H$r Xem H$m{ gwYmaH$a ZB© am{Â`m∞ am{bm∞ H{$ 4 [Ã, lroZdmg emÛr H{$ 40 [Ã, AmMm`© _hmdra ‡gmX oXem Xr Om gH$Vr h°& o¤d{Xr H{$ 70-75 [Ã, AmMm`© hOmar ‡gmX o¤d{Xr H{$ 150 [Ã, ‡{_M›X Or H{$ 20-25 [Ã, ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© "ZdrZ' H{$ 70-75 [Ã lr JU{eeßH$a gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- od⁄mWr© H{$ 9 [Ã VWm [ß0 [X_ ogßh e_m© H{$ eVmoYH$ [Ã& XrZ]ßYw E›S≠>`y 1. CŒma ‡X{e (_mogH$ [oÃH$m) AßH$ oXgÂ]a 1985-gß0 S>m∞0 H$m°eb VWm _hmÀ_m _ßweram_(Òdm_r l’mZ›X) H{$ ]rM Om{ odÒV•V [Ã-Ï`dhma Hw$_ma am`-b{I Jm°ar eßH$a Jw·, EH$ AßVaßJ ^{ßQ>dmVm©: [ß0 hwAm Wm CgH{$ 186 [Ã ^r MVwd}Xr Or Z{ `ht gwaojV H$am oXE h¢&555 AZ{H$ ]ZmagrXmg MVwd}Xr, [•ÓR> 30 gmohÀ`H$mam{ß, amOZ{VmAm{ß AmoX H{$ ghÚm{ß [Ã MVwd}Xr Or H{$ oZOr gßJ´h _{ß 2. CŒma ‡X{e, AßH$ oXgÂ]a 1980-gß0 S>m0 H$m°eb Hw$_ma am`-b{I gwaojV W{& `h [Ã AmO oh›Xr BoVhmg H$r A_yÎ` oZoY ]Z MwH{$ h¢& S>m∞0 am_ÒdÍ$[ Am`©, [•ÓR> 42 [ß0 ]Zmagr Xmg MVwd}Xr Z{ oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß hr obIZm ewÍ$ H$a oX`m 3. CŒma ‡X{e, AßH$ oXgÂ]a 1980-gß0 S>m0 H$m°eb Hw$_ma am`-b{I Wm Am°a A[Zr oVamZd{ß df© H$r AdÒWm VH$ Aodam_ obIV{ ah{& CZH$m S>m∞0 am_ÒdÍ$[ Am`©, [•ÓR> 42 [hbm b{I 1912 B©0 _{ß "ZdOrdZ' H{$ _mM©-OyZ AßH$ _{ß N>[m Wm& gÂ[mXZ, 4. CŒma ‡X{e, AßH$ oXgÂ]a 1980-gß0 S>m0 H$m°eb Hw$_ma am`-b{I [ÃH$mnaVm, [Ãb{IZ H{$ gmW Hw$N> Am°a _hÀd[yU© H$m`© [ß0 ]ZmagrXmg S>m∞0 am_ÒdÍ$[ Am`©, [•ÓR> 42 MVwd}Xr H{$ Ï`o∫$Àd H$r [hMmZ h¢-22 df© H{$ bJ^J oZa›Va ‡dmgr 5. CŒma ‡X{e, AßH$ oXgÂ]a 1980-gß0 S>m0 H$m°eb Hw$_ma am`-b{I ^maVr`m{ß H$r g{dm H$r, 40 df© VH$ bJmVma ehrXm{ß H{$ obE H$m_ H$aV{ ah{ S>m∞0 am_ÒdÍ$[ Am`©, [•ÓR> 42 Am°a [•ÓR> 45

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 200

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*** ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 201 Ohm± EH$ Ï`o∫$ Xyga{ H$m fm{fU Zht H$a{Jm& Jar]r Zht hm{Jr Am°a g]H$m{ oH$`m OmEJm& d{ Om`gr, ‡gmX, _hmX{dr `m Ak{` H$r Vah AQ>b [X [a gm_moOH$ d AmoW©H$ ›`m` o_b{Jm& Bgr AZßV Vbme H{$ Xm°amZ C›hm|Z{ AodMobV Zht aI{ OmEßJ{& ha [r∂T>r C›hr aMZmH$mamß{ H$m{ odMmaUr` _w‘m C[›`mg obI{, H$hmoZ`m± obIr& _mYwar, hßg Am°a OmJaU O°gr [oÃH$mAm{ß ]ZmVr h° oO›hm{ßZ{ A[Z{ [nad{e Am°a g_` H$r MwZm°oV`m± H$m gm_Zm oH$`m H$m gÂ[mXZ oH$`m& Bgr Vbme H{$ amÒV{ _{ß ]mYm dmb{ ‡bm{^Zm{ H$m{ C›hm|Z{ hm{& Rw>H$am`m& H$m_Y{Zw bJZ{ dmbr o\$Î_r XwoZ`m H$m{ Z_ÒH$ma oH$`m& gß`w∫$ dmÒVd _{ß ‡{_MßX Z{ oh›Xr H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m{ oVbÒ_r XwoZ`m g{ ]mha ‡mßßV H{$ VÀH$mbrZ JdZ©a h{br ¤mam oXE OmZ{ dmb{ am`gmh]r oIVm] H$m{ oZH$mbH$a gm_moOH$ aßJ_ßM [a bm I∂S>m oH$`m & Om{ H$m_ Vm{bmÒVm{` Z{ Zm_ßOya H$a oH$`m& Jar]r Am{T>r, ]r_mar P{br [a H$^r A[Z{ og’mßVm{ß g{ Í$gr gmohÀ` _{ß oH$`m Wm dh ‡{_MßX Z{ CXy© oh›Xr _{ß H$a oX`m& oH$gmZ H$m{ g_Pm°Vm Zht oH$`m& Bg AmS>Â]a odhrZ, e_r©b{ Am°a S>a[m{H$ g{ bJZ{ O°gr dmUr ‡{_MßX Z{ Xr h° d°gr oH$gr Z{ Zht Xr& dmb{ BßgmZ H{$ AßXa H$ht BÒ[mV ^r Wm& S>m∞. oed‡gmX H{$ AZwgma - "‡{_MßX H•$fH$ _OXya dJ© H$r AmoW©H$ ‡{_MßX H{$ C[›`mg gmohÀ` H$r g_J´ _hŒmm Bgr ]mV _{ß h° oH$ C›hm{ßZ{ _wo∫$ H$m{ ‡YmZVm X{V{ h°& b{oH$Z d{ ZmJnaH$ Edß amOZroVH$ ÒdVßÃVm H{$ A[Z{ [mÃm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ _mZd Òd^md H{$ ododY ojoVOm{ß H$m _hO C”mQ>Z b˙` H$m{ Zht Im{Zm MmhV{& ‡{_MßX Z{ obIm ^maV H{$ C¤ma H$m H$m{B© C[m` oH$`m h°& Y_™, amOZroV, g_mO, [nadma, AmoW©H$ [nad{e Edß CgH$r h° Vm{ dh Òdam¡` h°& ‡{_MßX H{$ Òdam¡` H$m AW© Wm oH$gmZ _OXya OZVm odf_VmE± H$m{B© ^r CZH$r b{IZr g{ Zht ]M gH$m& AmYwoZH$ `wJ _{ß H$\$Z, H$m amO&'6 ‡{_MßX ge∫$ `WmW©dmXr Am°a AmXem}›_wIr h¢& CZH$m odemb B©XJmh, [ßM [a_{Ìda, ]S>∂{ Ka H$r ]{Q>r, Zem, AmÀ_mam_ Z_H$ H$m Xam{Jm, gmohÀ` Cg_{ß AmO ^r dhr VmOJr bJVr h° Om{ AmO g{ 70-80 gmb ]yT>r H$mH$r, [yg H$r amV, _ßÃ, eVaßO H{$ oIbm∂S>r O°gr 300 H$hmoZ`m± d [hb{ bJVr Wr& CZH{$ J´m_rU [mÃ AmO ^r gOrd bJV{ h¢& ∑`mß{oH$ _ybV: Jm{XmZ, H$_©^yo_, g{dm gXZ AmoX 14 C[›`mgm{ß H{$ b{IH$ ‡{_MßX Z{ ^maVr` AmO ^r Jm±dm{ß H$r ]hwgßª`H$ Am]mXr H$r g_Ò`mE± Am°a hmbmV≤ d°g{ hr h¢ gmohÀ` H$m{ oOVZm ‡^modV oH$`m CVZm A›` oH$gr Z{ Zht & CZH$m Om{ AmO g{ 70-80 gmb [hb{ W{ BgrobE ‡{_MßX AmO ^r ‡mgßoJßH$ h¢& OrdZ Vm{ Cg X{hmVr oH$gmZ H$m Wm Om{ A[Zm hb Hß$Y{ [a aIH$a ]°b AmMm`©ZßXXwbma{ dmO[{`r H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ß - dmÒVodH$Vm ]mV `h h° oH$ g_` hmßH$Vm hwAm, Jmßd H$r [JSß>oS>`m{ß g{ I{V H$r Va\$ AmVm h°& Am°a O_rZ Z{ ‡{_MßX Or H$m gmW CVZm Zht oX`m oOVZm ‡{_MßX Z{ g_` H$m gmW Om{VVm VWm oZXmB©, JwS>mB© H$aVm h°& CgH$r YoZ`m _∏${ H$r am{Q>r Am°a Jw∂S> oX`m h°&7 b{H$a AmEJr hm{ar Zm_H$m oH$gmZ Bg{ ImEJm& ‡{_MßX Z{ A[Zr _hmZVm ‡{g, AH$mX_r Am°a gßÒWmZm{ß g{ AoO©V Zht gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- H$r& C›hm|Z{ A[Zr _hmZVm Bg X{e H$r o_≈r Am°a dhm± gßKf© g{ OwQ{> bm{Jm{ß 1. S>m∞. Zm_da ogßh, gm·mohH$ oh›XwÒVmZ 27.07.80 [•. 20 H$m{ X{I g_PH$a AoO©V H$r h° & dhr YaVr d{ hr bm{J Am°a CÀ[rS>Z, 2. oedXmZ ogßh Mm°hmZ, dhr. [• 21 em{fU, A›`m` H$r AZoJZV KQ>ZmE± h_mar Am±Im{ H{$ gm_Z{ h°& Cg{ h_ 3. S>m∞. X{dd´V Om{er [oÃH$m X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã 31.7.9 [•. 10 IwX X{I gH$V{ h¢ Am°a B›h| X{IH$a A[Z{ obE ‡{_MßX H{$ OrdZ Am°a b{IZ 4. ]mbH$o] ]°amJr, [oÃH$m X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã 31.7.9 [•. 10 H{$ AW© H$m{ OmZ gH$V{ h¢& BgobE ‡{_MßX AmO ‡mgßogH$ hwE hr Zht h° 5. b˙_r gmJa dmÓU}`, ohßXr gmohÀ` H$m{f ^mJ-2 [•. 334 ]oÎH$ [hb{ g{ AoYH$ ‡mgßogH$ hm{ JE h¢& ‡{_MßX, H$]ra, oZambm Am°a 6. S>m∞. oed‡gmX ogßh Y_©`wJ, g·mohH$ [oÃH$m 3.8.80 [•. 11 _wo∫$]m{Y H$r Cg[aÂ[am H{$ _hmZ b{IH$ h¢ oOZH$m ]ma-]ma _yÎ`mHß$Z 7. AmMm`© ZßXXwbma{ dmO[{`r, oh›Xr gmohÀ` ]rgdr-eVm„Xr [•. 85

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 202

oh›Xr ^mfm H$m CX≤^d Am°a odH$mg

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VH$& h° & [ob- (500 B©.[yd© g{ EH$ B©.VH$) ‡mH•$V-oOg ‡H$ma ‡mMrZ ^maVr` Am`© ^mfm H$m{ gmYmaUV`m gßÒH•$V fl´mmH•$V-(EH$ B©.g{ 500 B© VH$) H$h oX`m OmVm h° Cgr ‡H$ma _ø`^maVr` Am`© ^mfm H{$ obE ‡mH•$V e„X A[^´ße VWm Adh≈-(500 B©.g{ 1000 B©. VH$) H$m Ï`dhma oH$`m OmVm h° & ‡mH•$V e„X H$r Ï`wÀ[oŒm "‡H•$oV' (OZgmYmaU) 3. AmYoZH$ ^maVr` Am`©^mfm(oh›Xr Am°a oh›Xr g{ BVa^mfmE±- g{ h°& AV: ‡mH•$V H$m AW© hwAm OZgmYmaU H$r ^mfm,oeÓQ> g_mO H$r ]ßJbm,JwOamVr,_amR>r,[ßOm]r,ogßYr,Ag_r AmoX): ^mfm-gßÒH•$V g{ ^{X ‡H$Q> H$aZ{ H{$ obE OZgm_m›` H$r ^mfm H$m{ "‡mH•$V' ‡mMrZ ^maVr` Am`© ^mfm-^maV H{$ CŒma [oÌM_r gr_mßV ‡X{e g{ gßkm Xr JB© h° & Am`m} H{$ Xb AmZ{ bJ{ W{& `hmß [hb{ g{ ]gr hwB© AZm`© OmoV`m{ßH$m{ [amÒV ‡mH•$V d°`mH$aUm{ß _{ß g]g{ [hbm Zm_ daÍ$oM H$m AmVm h° & daÍ$oM Z{ H$a Am`m~ Z{ g· ogßYw(AmYwoZH$ [ßOm])X{e _{ß A[Zm AmoY[À` ÒWmo[V ‡mH•$V H{$ Mma ^{X oH$`{ - H$a ob`m& `hm± g{ d{ Yra{-Yra{ [yd© H$r Am{a ]∂T>V{ J`{ Am°a ÒWmZr` AZm`© 1. _hmamÓQ>≠r 2. [°emMr 3. _mJYr 4. em°ag{Zr OmoV`m{ß H$m{ Ao^^yV H$a C›hm{ßZ{ A[Zm am¡` ÒWmo[V H$a ob`{ß Bg ‡H$ma ‡mH•$V d°`mH$aUm{ß ¤mam Xr JB© gmohoÀ`H$ ‡mH•$Vm{ß H$m ‡_wI [naM`- g_ÒV CŒmam[W _{ß Am`m~ H$m AmoY[À` ÒWmo[V hm{ J`m A] Am`© gßÒH•$oV em°ag{Zr- em°ag{Zr-‡mH•$V _ybV: eyag{Z ‡X{e(_Wwam) H$r ^mfm Wr& Z{ XojUm[W _{ß ‡d{e oH$`m Am°a O] `wZmZr amOXyV _°JÒWZrO ^maV gßÒH•$V ZmQ>H$m{ß _{ß Ûr [mÃ Am°a odXyfH$ BgH$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ W{& _‹`‡X{e Am`m V] VH$ Am`© gßÒH•$oV gwXya XojU _{ß \°$b MwH$r Wr&Am`m~ H$r odO` H$r ^mfm hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU `h gßÒH•$V H{$ ]hwV g_r[ ahr Am°a Bg [a BgH$m amOZroVH$ odO` _mÃ Z Wr& dh A[Z{ gmW gwodH$ogV ^mfm Edß `k oZaßVa ‡^md [∂S>Vm ahm& [amÙ gßÒH•$oV ^r bm`{ W{&amOZroVH$ odO` H{$ gmW-gmW CZH$r ^mfm _mJYr- _mJYr _ybV: _JY H$r ^mfm h°& gßÒH•$V ZmQ>H$m{ß _{ß oZÂZ l{Ur H{$ Edß gßÒH•$oV ^r ^maV _{ß ‡gma [mZ{ bJr& [a›Vw ÒWmZr` AZm`© OmoV`m{ß H{$ [mÃ _mJYr ‡mH•$V ]m{bV{ h¢& ‡m¿` X{e H$r bm{H$^mfm hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU `h ‡^md g{ dh gd©Wm _w∫$ Z ah gH$r& dU© odH$ma AmoX _{ß A›` bm{H$ ^mfmAm{ß g{ ]hwV AmJ{ ahr h° & d°oXH$ gßÒH•$V-(1500 B©.[y.g{ 800 B©.[y. VH$)-gßÒH•$V H$m `h Í$[ AY©_mJYr-`h H$memr-H$m{eb ‡X{e H$r ^mfm Wr& O°Z AmMm`m~ Z{ d°oXH$ gßohVmAm{ß, ]´m˜Um{ß,Ama`m{ß VWm ‡mMrZ C[oZfXm{ß AmoX _{ß o_bVm Bg ^mfm _{ß emÛm{ß H$r aMZm H$r & dh BgH$m{ Amer© H$hV{ W{ Am°a AmoX h°& ^mfm _mZV{ W{ gßÒH•$V ZmQ>H$m{ß _{ß ^r AY©_mJYr H$m ‡`m{J hm{Vm Wm& *** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, E_.E.Q>r.Eg. odÌdod⁄mb`, [ßT{>ar>, am`[wa (N>.J.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 203 _‹` Eoe`m g{ ‡m· AÌdKm{f H{$ gßÒH•$V ZmQ>H$ _{ AY©_mJYr H$m Ï`dhma _hmamÓQ>≠r - _amR>r hwAm h°& AY©_mJYr _{ß em°ag{Zr Edß _mJYr Xm{ßZm{ß H{$ bjU o_bV{ h°& Bg_{ß _mJYr - o]hmar,]ßJmbr,Co∂S>`m,Ago_`m "a' Am°a "b' Xm{Zm{ß hr ‹doZ`m± od⁄_mZ h°& AY©_mJKr - [ydr© oh›Xr _hmamÓQ>≠r - gmohoÀ`H$ ‡mH•$Vm{ß _{ß _hmamÓQ>≠r` ‡mH•$V gdm©oYH$ odH$ogV Bg ‡H$ma oh›Xr ^mfm H$m CX≤^d A[^´ße H{$ em°ag{Zr _mJYr VWm h° & ‡mH•$V d°`mH$aUm{ß Z{ BgH$m{ AmXe© ‡mH•$V _mZm h° Am°a g]g{ [hb{ AY©_mJYr Í$[m{ß g{ hwAm h¢& C›hm{ßZ{ Bgr H$m odd{MZ oH$`m Am°a V] A›` ‡mH•$Vm{ß H$r ode{fVmE± ]VmB© AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` Am`©^mfmE± bJ^J 1000 B©.H{$ Amg[mg A[^´ße h°& gßÒH•$V ZmQ>H$m{ß _{ß ‡mH•$V [⁄ aMZm ‡m`: _hmamÓQ>≠r _{ß hr hwB© h°& _hmamÓQ>≠r H{$ odo^fi Í$[m{ß g{ C[`y©∫$ AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` Am`© ^mfmAm{ß H$m odH$mg ‡mH•$V _{ß _hmH$mÏ` Edß IS>H$mÏ` H$r aMZmE± C[b„Y hm{Vr h° & "g{Vw]ßY hwAm& VWm H$mÏ` _hmamÓQ>≠r _{ß h° VWm hmb H$r "JmWm gŒmgB' H$r ^mfm ^r dÒVwV: H$m{B© ^r ^mfm O›_ b{V{ hr gmohÀ` H$r ^mfm Zht ]ZVr & _hmamÓQ>≠r ‡mH•$V h° & _hmamÓQ>≠r ‡mH•$V H$r gd©‡_wI ode{fVm `h h° oH$ Bg_{ß [°Xm hm{Z{ H{$ gm° S{>∂T> gm° df© ]mX ÒdrH•$oV o_bZ{ VWm CgH$m ÒdÍ$[ Hw$N> Òda_‹`J,Ò[e© Ï`ßOZm{ß H$m bm{[ Am{ J`m h°& `h _‹` ^maVr` Am`© ^mfm oZoÌMV hm{Z{ [a hr bm{J Cg{ gmohÀ` aMZm H{$ obE A[ZmV{ h¢ & oh›Xr H$m{ H{$ o¤Vr` [d© H{$ odH$mg H$r Ma_mdÒWm h°& ^r A[Zm ÒWmZ ]ZmZ{ _{ß H$m\$r g_` bJm & A[^´ße - _‹`^maVr` Am`© ^mfm H{$ odH$mg H{$ AßoV_ gm{[mZ H$m{ A[^´ße oh›Xr H$m _yb AW© "oh›X'(gß.og›Kw, \$m.oh›Xw,oh›X)H$m' h°& Zm_ g{ AoôhV oH$`m OmVm h° & "A[^´ße' _.^m.Am`©^mfm Am°a AmYwoZH$ BgrobE oh›X H$r H{$›–r` ^mfm H{$ obE Bg Zm_ H$m ‡`m{J hm{ ahm h° & ^maVr` Am`© ^mfm H{$ ]rM H$r H$∂S>r h°& ‡À`{H$ AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` oh›Xr H{$ A›VJ©V [m±M C[^mfmE± `m ]m{br dJ© h°- Am`©^mfmH$m{ A[^´ße H$r oÒWoV [ma H$aZr [∂S>r h°& A[^´ße e„X odo^fi 1. [oÌM_r oh›Xr- I∂S>r ]m{br, ]Ó, hna`mUdr, ]ßwX{br, H$›Zm°Or H$m g_yh AWm~ _{ß _hm^mÓ`H$ma [VßOob (B©gm [yd© Xygar eVr)H{$ g_` g{ ‡`w∫$ 2. [ydr© oh›Xr -AdYr, ]K{br, N>ŒmrgJ∂T>r H$m g_yh& o_bVm h° & AmMm`© [VßOob Z{ A[^´ße H$m ‡`m{J "A[e„X' H{$ g_mZmW©H$ 3. amOÒWmZr - CÀVar, XojUr, [ydr©, [oÌM_r amOÒWmZr H$m g_yh& H{$ Í$[ _{ß oH$`m h°& MS> Z{ A[Z{ J´ßW ‡mH•$V bjU_≤ _{ß A[^´ße e„X H$m 4. [hm∂S>r - [oÌM_r VWm _ø`dVr©` [hm∂S>r H$m g_yh& ‡`m{J ^mfm H{$ AW© _{ß oH$`m h° &AmMm`© XS>r Z{ H$mÏ`mXe© _{ß A[^´ße H$mß{ 5. o]hmar - ^m{O[yar, _Jhr, _°oWbr H$m g_yh& Am^ra AmoX H$r ^mfm H$hm h°& odo^fi AmMm`m~ Z{ A[^´ße e„X H$m ‡`m{J dÒVwV: A[Z{-A[Z{ H$mb H$r amÓQ>´≤^mfm [naoZoÓR>V gßÒH•$V, o^fi-o^fi H$mbm{ß _{ß A[e„X,od^mfm, bm{H$^mfm oeÓQ> Edß gmohoÀ`H$ [naoZoÓR>V [mob, [naoZoÓR>V A[^´ße Bgr j{Ã H$r ^mfmE± Wr Cgr [aß[am ^mfm H{$ AWm~ _{ß oH$`m h°& _{ß AmO Bg j{Ã H$r oh›Xr amÓQ>≠ ^mfm h°& AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` Am`© ^mfm-AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` Am`© ^mfm H$m CX≤^d gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- odo^fi j{Ãr` A[^´ßem{ß g{ hwAm oOg{ Bg ‡H$ma oXIm`m Om gH$Vm h° - 1. oh›Xr ^mfm H$m CX≤^d Am°a odH$mg (CX`ZmamÙ oVdmar) & A[^´ße - AmYwoZH$ ^mfmE± VWm Cd^mfmE± 2. oh›Xr ^mfm H$m BoVhmg(S>m∞ ^m{bmZmW oVdmar) & em°ag{Zr - [oÌM_r oh›Xr,amOÒWmZr,JwOamVr 3. oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m CX≤^d odH$mg(hOmar ‡gmX o¤d{Xr) & Ig - [hm∂S>r

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 204

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OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_m`Zr-b¡Om gJ© [•. 44 ohbm{a{ß b{Vm ahVm h° H$^r dh oM›VmJ´ÒV hm{Vm h° Vm{ H$^r CgH{$ _Z _{ß 3. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$mÏ` H$bm Am°a A›` oZ]›Y [•. 28, 29 dmgZm, b¡Om AmoX ^md CoXV AÒV hm{V{ ahV{ h¢ H$od ‡gmX Or gdm©oYH$ 4. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_m`Zr-Amem gJ© [•. 14 gOrd Edß AmH$f©U _Zm{^md b¡Om H$m _yŒmr©H$aU H$aV{ hw`{ CgH{$ _Z_m{hH$ 5. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_m`Zr-Amem gJ© [•. 20 ÒdÍ$[ H$m oMÃU H$aV{ hwE H$hV{ h¢ oH$ b¡Om H{$ CoXV hm{V{ hr Zmar H{$ _Z 6. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_m`Zr-l’m gJ© [•. 21, 22 _{ß o‡`V_ H{$ Ò[e© _{ß ohMH$ [°Xm hm{Z{ bJVr h°, CgH$r [bH{$ß PwH$ OmVr h¢ 7. OèH$a ‡gmX : H$m_mZ`Zr-B∂S>m gJ© [•. 72 dmUr AYam{ß _{ß hr og_Q> H$a ah OmVr h°& am{_-am{_ _{ß [wbH$ [°Xm hm{ CR>Vr h° 8. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_m`Zr-oM›Vm gJ© [•. 04 dh _wI g{ Hw$N> Zht H$h [mVr b{oH$Z CgH$r ^m°hm{ß H$r H$mbr-H$mbr a{ImE± 9. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_m`Zr-ÒdflZ gJ© [•. 79, AmZ›X gJ© [•. 129 CgH{$ ˆX`JV ^mdm{ß H$m{ ‡H$Q> H$a X{Vr h¢& `Wm - 10. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_m`Zr-ÒdflZ gJ© [•. 80 Ny>Z{ _{ß ohMH$, X{IZ{ _{ß [bH{$ß Am±Im{ß [a PwH$Vr h°, 11. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_mZ`Zr-b¡Om gJ© [•. 43 H$bad [nahmg âr Jy±O{ß AYam{ß VH$ ghgm Í$H$Vr h¢& 12. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_m`Zr-b¡Om gJ© [•. 44 gßH{$V H$a ahr am{_mbr Mw[Mm[ ]aOVr I∂S>r ahr, 13. OèßH$a ‡gmX : H$m_m`Zr-AmZßX gJ© [•. 130, 131 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 206

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em{Y gmamße - Amem[yUm© X{dr ]ßJbm gmohÀ` OJV H$r OmZr-_mZr aMZmH$ma h¢& CZH{$ C[›`mgm{ß _{ß Zmar OrdZ Am°a g_mO H$r odo^fi oÒWoV`m{ß H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h°& CZH{$ C[›`mgm{ß H{$ [mÃ ha dJ© g{ gß]ßoYV h¢& H$B© ]ma EH$ hr C[›`mg _{ß odo^fi dJm~ H{$ [mÃm{ß H$m oMÃU o_bVm h°& oÃ[Xr C[›`mg _{ß Amem[yUm© X{dr Z{ oZÂZ _‹`_dJr©` OrdZ H$r AmoW©H$ oddfVmAm{ß H$m oMÃU oH$`m h°& gwao^ H{$ _mVm-o[Vm AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g{ gwao^ [a AmolV h¢& oH$›Vw AX≤^wV Edß gÂ[fi OrdZ OrZ{ H{$ obE gwao^ Ka N>m{∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h°& gwao^ H{$ OmZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ gwao^ Am°a CgH{$ _mVm- o[Vm Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ EH$-Xyga{ H$r H$r_V [Vm bJVr h°& Bg JmWm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Amem[yUm© X{dr Z{ AmYwoZH$ OrdZ _{ß AmoW©H$ [W H$r ‡YmZVm Am°a Cgr AW© H{$ H$maU aßJ ]XbV{ [mnadmnaH$ naÌVm{ß H$m{ a{ImßoH$V H$aZ{ _{ß g\$bVm ‡m· H$r h°& ‡ÒVmdZm - oÃ[Xr C[›`mg _{ß Amem[yUm© X{dr Z{ oZÂZ _‹`_dJr©` [hbr ]ma gwao^ Z{ A[Z{ ÒdmW© H$m XwÓ[naUm_ X{Im& JßXr Jbr H{$ OrdZ H$r AmoW©H$ oddfVmAm{ß H$m oMÃU oH$`m h°& Mma ]{oQ>`m{ß H{$ _mVm- Ka g{ Xya OmH$a A] Cg{ Ka H$r H$_r kmV hw`r& gwao^ AmO VH$ _m±-]m[ o[Vm A[Zr VrZ [woÃ`m{ß H{$ oddmh hm{Z{ H{$ C[amßV AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g{ A[Zr H$m{ Obr-H$Q>r gwZmVr Am`r h°& Xm{ [wÍ$f o_Ãm{ß H$r H$_mB© IM© H{$ ob`{ [mH$a N>m{Q>r [wÃr gwao^ [a AmolV h¢& Ka H$r Xem oXZm{ß-oXZ oJaVr Om ahr h°& CgZ{ [hbr ]ma A[Z{ Abmdm Xygam{ß H{$ obE, [nadma H{$ obE IM© H$aZm Ωdmbm, Ym{]r, _har H´$_e: Ka g{ odXm hm{ MwH{$ h¢& _H$mZ H$m oH$am`m H$B© grIm& CgZ{ Ka OmV{ d∫$ "_m± H{$ ob`{ MwZH$a Xm{-Xm{ Mm°∂S{> [m∂S> H$r gm∂S>r _hrZm{ß g{ oX`m Zht J`m h°& IarXr Am°a EH$ [°oH$Q> ogßXya &...... o[Vm H{$ ob`{ EH$ [°oH$Q> o]ÒHw$Q> Am°a _mVm-o[Vm H$r oZamolV Xem H{$ H$maU gwao^ H$r K•ÓQ>Vm, ÒdmWr© Wm{∂S>r-gr IOya IarXr& OJ_m{hZ H$m{ IOya ]hwV A¿N>r bJVr h°& 6 ‡d•oŒm ]T>Vr Mbr OmVr h°& oOgH{$ H$maU " _m±-]m[ Z{ gm{Mm Wm oH$ Cgg{ EH$ ]ma C[hmam{ß H$m H´$_ AmaÂ^ hm{V{ hr gwao^ H{$ ‡oV g]H$m —oÓQ>H$m{U ôdÓ` _{ß d{ EH$ [°gm ^r Zht bß{J{, _Ja A^mddmbr J•hÒWr _{ß E{gr ‡oVkm ]XbZ{ bJVm h°& gwao^ A[Zr XrXr bm{Jm{ß H{$ Ka ^r MmH$b{Q>-o]ÒHw$Q> Am°a H$aZ{ H$m H$m{B© _Vb] Zht hm{Vm, b¡Om g{ oga ZrMm H$aH{$ ^r b{Zm [∂S>Vm A›` N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> C[hma b{{H$a OmZ{ bJr h°& Bgrob`{ XrXr bm{J ^r A] h°& Bgrob`{ _m± H$m{ Xyga{ hr _hrZ{ CgH{$ gm_Z{ hmW \°$bmZm [∂S>m Wm& 1 /16 gwao^ H$m{ [hb{ g{ H$ht AoYH$ _mZZ{ bJr h°&7 gwao^ H$r K•ÓQ>Vm oXZm{ß-oXZ ]T>Z{ bJr& AgmYmaU ÒdNß>X OrdZ gwao^ H{$ C[hmam{ß H{$ H$maU [naoÒWoV`mß V{Or g{ ]XbZ{ bJVr h¢& " [mZ{ H$r B¿N>m g{ dh amV H{$ EH$-EH$ ]O{ VH$ A[Z{ Xm{ [wÍ$f o_Ãm{ß H{$ gmW A] H$m{B© gwao^ H$m{ oY∏$maVm Zht& H$m{B© Cg{ X{IH$a _wßh Zht o]MH$mVm& Ky_Z{ bJr& Òdm^modH$ Wm _mVm-o[Vm H$m{ oXZ-amV [∂S>m{og`m{ß H{$ VmZ{ em`X `hr XwoZ`m H$m oZ`_ h°&8 A[Z{-A[Z{ ÒdmWm~ H$r [yoV© hm{Z{ [a gwZZ{ [∂S>V{ W{& Bgob`{ _m±-]m[ H{$ ob`{ dh H$a°V gmß[ hm{ ahr Wr& 2 g]H$m —oÓQ>H$m{U ]Xb OmVm h°& A] gwao^ CZH{$ ob`{ H$a°V gmß[ Zht h°& Bg b∂S>H$r H{$ H$maU C›h{ß Oha ImH$a gm{Zm [S>∂{Jm `hr ‡VrV hm{Z{ A] AoVoW H{$ g_mZ AmXa hm{Vm h° gwao^ H$m &9 bJm& [aßVw Oha ImZ{ H$r C›h{ß OÍ$aV Zht [∂S>Vr& A[Z{ oZÂZ _‹`_dJr©` gwao^ H{$ o[Vm OJ_m{hZ A] ^yb J`{ h° oH$ H$^r C›hm{ßZ{ Cg{ `h OrdZ, Jar]r, Jbr H{$ OrdZ H{$, OrdZ g{ Nw>Q>H$mam [mH$a gwao^ Xm{ [wÍ$f H$hH$a bmßojV oH$`m Wm oH$ dh CZH{$ _wßh _{ß H$mobI bJm ahr h°&10 _m±-]m[ o_Ãm{ß H{$ gmW J•hÒWr ]gmZ{ Mbr OmVr h°& OmV{ d∫$ CgZ{ Xm{Zmß{ ]y∂T>m-]y∂T>r ^yb J`{ oH$ `h Í$[`m gwao^ oOg J•hÒWr g{ bm ahr h° dh gm_moOH$ ∑`m Im`{ßJ{ `h Zht gm{Mm& ∑`m{ßoH$ CgH$r ]∂S>r XrXr, _ßPbr XrXr `m N>m{Q>r oZ`_m{ß, _`m©Xm H$m CÑßKZ H$a ]Zm`r J`r J•hÒWr h°& g_`-g_` [a XrXr ^r _m±-]m[ H{$ ]ma{ _{ß Zht gm{MVr h°& 3 CÂ_rX g{ ¡`mXm [°gm Am°a C[hma [hwßMmV{ ahZ{ H{$ H$maU A] A[Um© Am°a gwao^ H{$ ]hwV A[_mZ H$aH{$ Í$[`m X{Z{ [a ^r H$Í$U M{ham ]ZmH$a OJ_m{hZ H$m Òda ]Xb MwH$m h°& _m± H$m{ Í$[`m b{Zm [∂S>Vm Wm& gwao^ Òd`ß H$^r A[Z{ H$m{ _mß O°gr X`Zr` A] gwao^ AH$b_ßX Am°a VrZm{ß ]∂S>r ]{oQ>`mß _yI© h¢ ∑`m{ßoH$ CZg{ _mVm- Xem _{ß X{IZm Zht MmhVr h°& _m± H{$ gmW ahV{ g_` _m± H$r Xm{-EH$ \$a_mBem{ß o[Vm H$r ÒdmW© [yoV© Zht hm{Vr h¢& _m± gwao^ g{ CZH$r oZßXm H$aVr hw`r O]- H$m{ IarXV{ g_` gwao^ H$m H$b{Om \$Q> OmVm Wm& bJVm Wm EH$-EH$ Xg V] H$hVr h° oH$ "Vw_ Am OmVr hm{ Vm{ gßVmZ H$m _wßh X{IZ{ H$m{ o_b OmVm h°& H$m Í$[`{ Zm{Q> O°g{ [gbr H$r EH$-EH$ hS>S>≤r h°& 4 h_ ]y∂T>m-]y∂T>r AJa oH$gr oXZ _a Om`{ Vm{ em`X CZH$m{ Vm{ I]a ^r Zht Bgrob`{ gÂ[fi OrdZ, AX≤^wV OrdZ OrZ{ H{$ ob`{ gwao^ hm{Jr& Vw_ AmAm{Jr Vm{ VwÂhß{ hr h_mar g∂S>r-Jbr bme CR>mZr [S>∂{Jr&..... gßÒH$maodhrZ, Agm_moOH$, AÒdm^modH$ OrdZ OrZm ÒdrH$ma H$aVr h¢& "Aa{! Zm_ _V bm{ CZ g]H$mî& OJ_m{hZ oMÑm [∂S>V{ h¢& 11 A[Zr Z`r J•hÒWr g{ _hrZ{-∂S{>T> _hrZ{ ]mX Ka OmZ{ [a gwao^ Z{ X{Im _m± ]ßJbm H$hmdV h° oH$ A^md g{ Òd^md ZÓQ> hm{Vm h°& gß^dV: Bgr AmYr ah J`r h°& o[Vm H$m o]ÒVa Vma-Vma hm{ J`m h°& 5 gÀ` H$m oMÃU Amem[yUm© X{dr H{$ C[›`mgm{ß _{ß ]ma-]ma oXIm`r [∂S>Vm h°& *** ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 207 ÒdmW©de _m±-]m[, ^mB©-]ohZ, [oV-[ÀZr H{$ naÌV{ ]Xb OmV{ h¢& Bgr ]¢Ωbm{ am{S>, oXÑr- 110007, gßÒH$aU- 1997, _yÎ`- 60 È[`{, C[›`mg g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Mjwb¡Om, bm{H$oZßXm H$r oMßVm ob`{ ]J°a OJ_m{hZ [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ - 31 Am°a A[Um© A[Zr ]{Q>r gwao^ H{$ bm`{ [°gm{ß H{$ H$maU `h ^r ^yb OmV{ h¢ oH$ 4. Amem[yUm© X{dr : oÃ[Xr, ‡H$meH$ - g›_mJ© ‡H$meZ, 16-`y, ]r CgH$r J•hÒWr g_mO H$r —oÓQ> _{ß hmQ> g{ ¡`mXm Hw$N> Zht h°& ]¢Ωbm{ am{S>, oXÑr- 110007, gßÒH$aU- 1997, _yÎ`- 60 È[`{, `⁄o[ C[›`mg H{$ AßV _{ß gwao^ H$r hmQ> O°gr J•hÒWr ^r AßVV: EH$ [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ - 49 gm_m›` J•hÒWr _{ß ]Xb OmVr h° Am°a EH$ ]ma o\$a oMaßVZ gßÒH$mam{ß H$r 5. Amem[yUm© X{dr : oÃ[Xr, ‡H$meH$ - g›_mJ© ‡H$meZ, 16-`y, ]r odO` hm{Vr h°& oH$›Vw Bg odO` JmWm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Amem[yUm© X{dr Z{ ]¢Ωbm{ am{S>, oXÑr- 110007, gßÒH$aU- 1997, _yÎ`- 60 È[`{, AmYwoZH$ OrdZ _{ß{ AmoW©H$ [W H$r ‡YmZVm Am°a Cgr AW© H{$ H$maU aßJ [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ - 66 ]XbV{ [mnadmnaH$ naÌVm{ß H$m{ a{ImßoH$V H$aZ{ _{ß g\$bVm [mB© h°& 6. Amemm[yUm© X{dr : nÃ[Xr, ‡H$meH$ - g›_mJ© ‡H$mÌmZ, 16-`y, ]r g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :- ]¢Ωbm{ am{S>, nXÑr- 110007, gßÒH$aU- 1997, _yÎ`- 60 È[`{, 1. Amem[yUm© X{dr : oÃ[Xr, ‡H$meH$ - g›_mJ© ‡H$meZ, 16-`y, ]r [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$-67 ]¢Ωbm{ am{S>, oXÑr- 110007, gßÒH$aU- 1997, _yÎ`- 60 È[`{, 7.,8.Amemm[yUm© X{dr : nÃ[Xr, ‡H$mÌmH$ - g›_mJ© ‡H$mÌmZ, 16-`y, ]r [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ - 16 ]¢Ωbm{ am{S>, nXÑr- 110007, gßÒH$aU- 1997, _yÎ`- 60 È[`{, 2. Amem[yUm© X{dr : oÃ[Xr, ‡H$meH$ - g›_mJ© ‡H$meZ, 16-`y, ]r [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$-68 ]¢Ωbm{ am{S>, oXÑr- 110007, gßÒH$aU- 1997, _yÎ`- 60 È[`{, 9,10,11 AmÌmm[yUm© X{dr : nÃ[Xr, ‡H$mÌmH$ - g›_mJ© ‡H$mÌmZ, 16- [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ - 22 `y, ]r ]¢Ωbm{ am{S>, nXÑr- 110007, gßÒH$aU- 1997, _yÎ`- 60 3. Amem[yUm© X{dr : oÃ[Xr, ‡H$meH$ - g›_mJ© ‡H$meZ, 16-`y, ]r È[`{, [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ - 6

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 208

Domestic Violence-Causes And Remedial Measures

Dr. Smita Jain *

Introduction - Family violence or Domestic violence is a severity – in terms of both psychological or physical form of antisocial behavior and occurs when a family member, harm and the need for treatment – transitory or partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or permanent injury – mild, moderate, severe up to psychologically dominate or harm the other. The term homicide “intimate partner violence” (IPV) is often used synonymously, The means used to measure domestic violence strongly other terms have included “wife beating”, “wife battering”, influence the results found, for example, studies of reported “husband battering”, “relationship violence”, “domestic abuse”, domestic violence and extrapolations of those studies show and [spousal abuse] with some legal jurisdictions having women preponderantly as victims and men to be more violent, specific definitions. whereas the survey based Conflict Tactics Scale, tends to Recent attention to domestic violence began in the show men and women equally violent. women’s movement as concern about wives being beaten The majority of studies investigated male on female by their husbands, and has remained a major focus of modern domestic violence, thus information on female-on-male (or feminism, particularly in terms of “violence against women”. same-sex) violence tends to be less available. Popular emphasis has tended to be on women as the victims Domestic violence is physical, sexual, economic, or of domestic violence although with the rise of the men’s psychological abuse directed towards one’s spouse, partner, movement, and particularly men’s rights, there is now some or other family member within the household. advocacy for men as victims, although the statistics Patterns of behaviour characterized by the misuse of concerning the number of male victims given by them are power and control by one person over another who are or strongly contested by many groups active in research on or have been in an intimate relationship. It can occur in mixed working in the field of domestic violence and “violence against gender relationships and same gender relationships and has men”. Thus the use of gender-specfic titles like the ones profound consequences for the lives of children, individuals, listed above and have come under increasing critcism as families and communities. It may be physical, sexual, implying that domestic violence is always male-on-female emotional and/or psychological. The latter may include and is seen as sexist. intimidation, harassment, damage to property, threats and Estimates are that only about a third of cases of financial abuse. domestic violence are actually reported in the US and UK. The New York State Coalition defines domestic violence In other places where there has been less attention and as “abusive behavior - emotional, psychological, physical, less support, reported cases would be still lower. or sexual - that one person in an intimate relationship uses Domestic violence occurs in all cultures, people of all races, in order to control the other. It takes many different forms ethnicities, and religions can be perpetrators of domestic and includes behaviors such as threats, name-calling, violence. Domestic violence is perpetrated by, and on, both preventing contact with family or friends, withholding money, men and women, and occurs in same-sex and opposite-sex actual or threatened physical harm and sexual assault. relationships. Stalking can also be a form of domestic violence.” Awareness and documentation of domestic violence Domestic violence can be - differs from country to country. According to the Centers for Physical violence Disease Control domestic violence is a serious, preventable Direct physical violence, ranging from unwanted physical public health problem affecting more than 32 million contact to rape and murder. Americans, that is more than 10% of the U.S. population. Indirect physical violence, including destruction of Domestic violence has many forms, including physical objects, striking or throwing objects near the victim, violence, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, harm to animals economic deprivation or threats of violence. There are a Mental/emotional violence number of dimensions: Verbal threats of physical violence to the victim, the mode - physical, psychological, sexual and/or social self, or others including children, ranging from explicit, frequency - one off, occasional, chronic detailed and impending to implicit and vague as to both *** Deptt. of Psychology, Govt. Post Graduate College, Narsinghpur (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 209 content and time frame. Verbal violence, including threats, manipulate his target, the children’s other parent or a devoted insults, put-downs, attacks. Nonverbal threats, including relative (e.g., grandparents). He controls his - often gullible gestures, facial expressions, body postures and unsuspecting - offspring exactly as he plans to control Economic/social abuse his ultimate prey. He employs the same mechanisms and Controlling victim’s money and other economic devices. And he dumps his props unceremoniously when resources, preventing victim from seeing friends and relatives, the job is done - which causes tremendous (and, typically, actively sabotaging victim’s social relationships and isolating irreversible) emotional hurt.” victim from social contacts. Causes - There are many different theories as to the causes Psychological violence - Threats of physical, of domestic violence. As with many phenomena regarding psychological or sexual, or social violence that use words, human experience, no one approach appears to cover all gestures, or weapons to communicate the intent to cause cases. death, disability, injury, physical, or psychological harm. Identified and proposed causes include a need for power Psychological/emotional violence involves violence to and control, a form of bullying and social learning of abuse. the victim caused by acts, threats of acts, or coercive tactics. Abusers’ efforts to dominate their partners have been attributed Psychological/emotional abuse can include, but is not limited to low self-esteem or feelings of inadequacy, unresolved to, humiliating the victim, controlling what the victim can childhood conflicts, the stress of poverty, hostility and and cannot do, withholding information from the victim, resentment toward women (misogyny), hostility and deliberately doing something to make the victim feel resentment toward men (misandry), personality disorders, diminished or embarrassed, isolating the victim from friends genetic tendencies and sociocultural influences, among other and family, and denying the victim access to money or other possible causative factors. Most authorities seem to agree basic resources. It is considered psychological/emotional that abusive personalities result from a combination of several violence when there has been prior physical or sexual violence factors, to varying degrees. or prior threat of physical or sexual violence. Perpetrators of Factors associated with domestic violence also include this form of domestic aggression can be both users and substance abuse, mental illness, poverty and various political abusers... both female and male. “The abuser recruits and legal characteristics, such as authoritarianism. friends, colleagues, mates, family members, the authorities, Power and control - … power in a relationship is often a institutions, neighbours, the media, teachers in short, third matter of perception. A person may perceive themselves to parties to do his bidding. He uses them to cajole, coerce, be put-upon when a less involved observer would disagree. threaten, stalk, offer, retreat, tempt, convince, harass, A causalist view of domestic violence is that it is a strategy communicate and otherwise manipulate his target.” to gain or maintain power and control over the victim. This Relational aggression is a form of psychological/social view is in alignment with Bancroft’s “cost-benefit” theory that aggression that uses various forms of falsehood, secrecy abuse rewards the perpetrator in ways other than, or in and gossip to commit covert violence. It is often a addition to, simply exercising power over his or her target(s). spectacularly successful tactic because so few people know He cites evidence in support of his argument that, in most how to detect it. It is often used because it is covert, leaves cases, abusers are quite capable of exercising control over no visible scars and can be done with a smile. It destroys or themselves, but choose not to do so for various reasons. damages the target’s reputation and ruins the target’s An alternative view is that abuse arises from powerlessness relationships. “It is the outcome of fear. Fear of violence, and externalizing/projecting this and attempting to exercise fear of the unknown, fear of the unpredictable, the capricious, control of the victim. It is an attempt to ‘gain or maintain and the arbitrary. It is perpetrated by dropping subtle hints, power and control over the victim’ but even in achieving this by disorienting, by constant and unnecessary lying, by it cannot resolve the powerlessness driving it. Such persistent doubting and demeaning, and by inspiring an air behaviours have addictive aspects leading to a cycle of abuse of unmitigated gloom and doom.” or violence. Mutual cycles develop when each party attempts Parental alienation is another form of covert violence to resolve their own powerlessness in attempting to assert where children are used as a weapon of war by one parent control. to alienate the other parent. This covert form of domestic Questions of power and control are integral to the widely violence is used in high-conflict marriages. It is often accepted Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project. They devastating to the alienated spouse/parent and to the developed “Power and Control Wheel” to illustrate this: it alienating/alienated children caught in the middle. has power and control at the center, surrounded by spokes Misdiagnoses of Parental Alienation can also be devastating (techniques used), the titles of which include: — this time to the parent accurately describing abuse and Coercion and threats to the child that is placed with the abusive parent. In effect, Intimidation it uses innocent, unwitting children to commit relational Emotional abuse aggression by one parent against the other. “The abuser Isolation often recruits his children to do his bidding. He uses them Minimizing, denying and blaming to tempt, convince, communicate, threaten, and otherwise Using children Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 210

Economic abuse over one’s anger. While there is little doubt that some Male privilege domestic violence is about the loss of control, the choice of The model attempts to address abuse by one-sidedly the target of that violence may be of greater significance. challenging the misuse of power by the ‘perpetrator’. Anger management might be appropriate for the individual Critics of this model suggest that the one-sided focus who lashes out indiscriminately when angry towards co- is problematic as resolution can only be achieved when all workers, supervisors or family. In most cases, however, the participants acknowledge their responsibilities, and identify domestic violence perpetrator lashes out only at their intimate and respect mutual purpose. partner or relatively defenseless child, which suggests an The power wheel model is not intended to assign element of choice or selection that, in turn, suggests a personal responsibility, enhance respect for mutual purpose different or additional motivation beyond simple anger. Most or assist victims and perpetrators in resolving their experienced treatment providers have probably observed that differences. It is an informational tool designed to help for various reasons, many of which may be cultural, the individuals understand the dynamics of power operating in perpetrator has a sense of entitlement, sometimes abusive situations and identify various methods of abuse. conscious, sometimes not, that leads directly to their choice Bullying - Domestic violence comes as a form of bullying, of target. as a means to an end that is easier than other means. The Men’s behaviour change programs, although differing heading on the UK National Website for Bullying in the throughout the world, tend to focus on the prevention of further Family states that ‘Those Who Can, Do. Those Who Can’t violence within the family and the safety of women and Bully.’ It seems reasonable to add that those who won’t prefer children. Often they abide by various standards of practise violence, too. that includes ‘partner contact’ where the participants female Treatment and support - Publicly available resources for partner is contacted by the program and informed about the dealing with domestic violence have tended to be almost course, checked about her level of safety and support and exclusively geared towards supporting women and children offered support services for herself if she requires them. Many who are in relationships with or who are leaving violent men, of these programs have both a male and female facilitator rather than for survivors of domestic violence per se. This and follow a program designed to highlight the impact of his has been due to the purported numeric preponderance of behaviour, examine the attitudes, values and behaviours that female victims and the perception that domestic violence lead to his choice to use violence and aim to support and only affected women. Resources to help men who have been challenge the man to take responsibility for his use of using violence take responsibility for and stop their use of violence. violence, such as Men’s Behaviour Change Programs or Recommendations - anger management training, are available, though attendees Responses to domestic violence need to address the are ordered to pay for their own course in order that they issue of acceptability of violence as a feature of gender should remain accountable for their actions. relations in the marital home. Unless the norms of Men’s organisations, such as ManKind in the UK, often acceptability of violence are broken, women will continue see this approach as one-sided; as Report 191 by the British to experience physical and psychological violence. Home Office shows that men and women are equally Greater access to economic resources and education culpable, they believe that there should be anger are important preconditions for women to have greater management courses for women also. They accuse options in negotiating conflict within the marriage. organisations such as Women’s Aid of bias in this respect The site of first response to violence – which includes saying that they spend millions of pounds on helping female members of the natal family, the marital family, victims of domestic violence and yet nothing on female neighbors, co-workers, and social and community perpetrators. These same men’s organisations claim that groups-must be strengthened. These are the community before such help is given to female perpetrators, Women’s members who can make a difference by not condoning Aid would have to admit that women are violent in the home. violence with their silence and by responding positively This they seem reluctant to do. to a woman’s effort to seek help. One of the challenges for lay observers, victims, Lastly, it is critical that community responses are perpetrators and treatment providers is demonstrated by the grounded in a human rights framework to ensure every tendency to describe perpetrator treatment as men’s “anger woman’s freedom from violence. management” groups. Comprehensive and accountable behaviour change References :- programs are seen as far more appropriate and effective 1. Domestic Violence in India: A Summary Report of a interventions in male violence in the home than anger Multi-Site Household Survey (2000). International Center management groups. for Research on Women, Washington, DC. Inherent in anger management only approaches is the 2. http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Family_violence assumption that the violence is a result of a loss of control 3. http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Violence. ************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 211

pH$em{a A[amY - H$maU Am°a oZdmaU

¡`m{ÀgZm Pmoa`m *

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*** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (_Zm{odkmZ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 212 _mobH$ oH$em{am{ß g{ Ad°YmoZH$ H$m`© H$amV{ h° Om{ AmJ{ MbH$a CZ_{ß oH$em{a A[amY H{$ oZdmaU Edß C[Mma h{Vw oZÂZmßoH$V odoY`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J Am[amoYH$ ‡d•oŒm H$m{ odH$ogV H$aV{ h°& BgH{$ Abmdm [mÌMmÀ`≤ gßÒH•$oV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& H{$ ‡oV oH$em{am{ß H$m ]∂T>Vm AmH$f©U ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$r _m›`VmAm{ß, 1.1.1. ]mb gß‡{fU Edß gwYma J•h - na\$m∞_}Q>ar ÒHy$b E∑Q> 1897 H{$ [aÂ[amAm{ß aroV-nadmO Edß odÌdmgm{ß [a AmKmV H$aVr h° oH$em{am{ß H{$ _Z VhV≤ am¡` gaH$mam{ß H$m{ gwYma od⁄mb` MbmZ{ H$m AoYH$ma oX`m J`m h° _{ß ^maVr` [aÂ[amAm{ß H{$ ‡oV K•Um [°Xm hm{ OmVr h° \$bV: d{ od–m{h Edß Bgr Vah ]mb gß‡{fU J•h _{ß oH$em{amß{ H$m [`m©· gßajU Edß oejU ‡oejU A[amY ‡maß^ H$a X{V{ h°& H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{Vr h° `hmß C›h{ß ¡`mXm g_` VH$ Zht aIm OmVm gmYmaU 6.6.6. e°ojH$ H$maU- [nadma Edß g_mO H$r ^mßoV H$B© E{g{ e°ojH$ H$maU A[amY hm{Z{ [a [`m©· oZX}eZ, [am_e© Edß gwPmd X{H$a C›h{ß Cg{ 6 _mh H{$ h° Om{ oH$em{a A[amY H{$ ‡oV ]mbH$ H$r C›_wIVm H$m{ _hÀd[yU© Tß>J g{ AßXa CZH{$ [nadma H$m{ gm¢[ oX`m OmVm h° A[amY gßJrZ hm{Z{ [a ]m{ÒQ©>b ‡^modV H$aV{ h°& od⁄mb` H$m dmVmdaU, oejH$ Edß oejmb` ‡_wI H$m gßÒWm _{ß ÒWmZmßVnaV H$a oX`m OmVm h°& AmMma, Ï`dhma Edß MnaÃ, CgH$r ‡emgoZH$ ^yo_H$m, I{b _Zm{aßOZ, 2.2.2. ]m{ÒQ©>b gßÒWmE{ß - oH$em{a A[amoY`m{ß H{$ C[Mma h{Vw ]m{ÒQ©>b EH$ e°ojH$ Edß e°jU{Œma JoVodoY`m± ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gdm™JrU odH$mg _ß{ ghm`H$ gwYma J•h H$r Vah H$m`© H$aVm h°& ]m{ÒQ©>b e„X H$r CÀ[oŒm BΩb¢S> H{$ hm{Vr h° oH$›ht ^r [naoÒWoV _{ß e°ojH$ H$maUm{ß g{ òX ]mbH$ H{$ gdm™JrU ]m{ÒQ©>b Zm_ Jmßd _{ß hwB© Ohmß 1902 _{ß gd©‡W_ am{M{ÒQ>a, H$mamJma H{$ odH$mg _{ß ]mYm AmVr h° Vm{ Cg_{ß Am[amoYH$ ‡d•oŒm odH$ogV hm{ OmVr h°& ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gwYma J•h _{ß [nadoV©V oH$`m J`m Wm& BΩb°S> H{$ A[amY oZdmaU 7.7.7. AmoW©H$ H$maU- ]r.EZ.ogßh (1990) Z{ A[Z{ em{Ym{ß H{$ AmYma AoYoZ`_ 1908 _{ß `h Ï`dÒWm Wr oH$ 16 g{ 21 df© H$r Am`w H{$ oH$em{am{ß [a oZÓH$f© oZH$mbm oH$ 75 ‡oVeV g{ 95 ‡oVeV VH$ oH$em{a A[amYr H$m{ gm_m›` H$mamJma _{ß aIZm oZof’ h° Edß C›h{ß gwYma h{Vw ]m{ÒQ©>b gßÒWmAmß{ oZY©Z [nadmam{ß H{$ W{& Bgr Vah H´$mB_ BZ BßoS>`m (1991) H{$ AZwgma Bg _{ß aIm Om`{& `{{ gßÒWmE{ß oH$em{am{ß H$m{ CoMV Am°⁄m{oJH$ ‡oejU X{H$a VWm df© _{ß [H$∂S{> J`{ Hw$b oH$em{a A[amoY`m{ß _{ß 60.4 ‡oVeV oZY©Z [nadma H{$ AZwemogV aIH$a ^mdr gm_m›` OrdZ H{$ obE V°`ma H$aVr h°& ^maV _{{ß W{& ]hwV AoYH$ oZY©ZVm Edß gß[fiVm Xm{Zm{ß _{ß hr Am[amoYH$Vm AoYH$ ]m{ÒQ©>bm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm ]m{ÒQ©>b ÒHy$b ES> na\$m_}Q>ar ÒHy$Îg E∑Q> 1897 H{$ [m`r OmVr h°& AßßVJ©V H$r JB© h°& dV©_mZ _{ß X{e _{ß AZ{H$ E{gr gßÒWmE{ß H$m`©aV h°& "]w_wojVß oH$Z H$am{oV [m[_≤' AWm©V ^yIm Ïò∫$ H$m°Z gm [m[ Zht 3.3.3. [ardrjU J•h Edß oH$em{a J•h - odMmamYrZ oH$em{a A[amoY`m{ß H$aVm ? AmoW©H$ A^md oH$em{am{ß H$m{ AdÌ` IQ>H$Vm h° `Wm A¿N>m ^m{OZ, H$m{ Hw$N> g_` H{$ obE Aoâjm _{ß aI{ OmZ{ h{Vw [ardrjU J•h _{ß ^{O oX`m A¿N{> H$[∂S{>, A¿N>m _ZmaßOZ, A¿N>r oejm Edß [`m©· O{] IM© H$r ‡À`{H$ OmVm h° BZH$r ÒWm[Zm Ymam-11 oH$em{a ›`m` AoYoZ`_ 1986 H{$ ]mbH$ _{ß ‡]b B¿N>m hm{Vr h° BZ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© h{Vw d{ Am[amoYH$ VhV≤ hwB© C›h{ Amdmg ^m{OZ oMoH$Àg VWm C[`m{Jr AmOrodH$m H$r H$m`m} _{ß ob· hm{ OmV{ h°& Bgr Vah gß[fi [nadmam{ß H{$ oH$em{am{ß _ß{ emZm{ gwodYmE{ß ^r C[b„Y H$am`r OmVr h°& Bgr Vah oH$em{a J•h _{ß C[{ojV Am°a em°H$V oXImdm Edß o\$Oyb IMr© h{Vw AmgmZr g{ YZ C[b„Y hm{ OmVm h° Ao^Ï`∫$ oH$em{am{ß H$r oZò_V gwajmÀ_H$ X{Ia{I H{$ obE J•h ÒWmo[V oOgg{ d{ AÊ`mer, ZmMKa ∑b], ]ma, Ïò^Mma Edß _⁄Ï`gZVm H{$ AmoX oH$`{ J`{ h° Ohmß bß]r AdoY VH$ A[amYr oH$em{am{ß H$m{ H$R>m{a AZwemgZ _{ß hm{ OmV{ h° Om{ AmJ{ MbH$a C›h| Am[amoYH$ ‡d•oŒm dmbm ]Zm X{V{ h°& aIm OmVm h° VmoH$ CZH$m ôdÓ` C¡Odb hm{ gH{$& 8.8.8. gßMma _m‹`_ - gßMma _m‹`_ `Wm Q{>brodOZ, g_mMma [Ã, 4.4.4. ‡_moUV od⁄mb` Edß ode{f J•h - 19 dt eVm„Xr _{ß Om{ gwYma [oÃH$mE{ß, MboMÃ, BßQ>aZ{Q> AmoX ]hwV hX VH$ oH$em{am{ß _{ß Am[amoYH$ J•h ÒWmo[V oH$`{ J`{ C›ht H$m Í$[mßVnaV ÒdÍ$[ ‡_moUV od⁄mb` h°& ‡d•oŒm odH$ogV H$aZ{ H$m EH$ H$maU h°& dV©_mZ _{ß MboMÃm{ß Edß YmamdmohH$m{{ß Bg_{ß odo^fi Am`w, obßJ Am°a Y_© H{$ oH$em{a A[amoY`m{ß H$m{ aIm OmVm h° `{ _{ß oH$em{am{ß H$m{ _ma[rQ>, Mm{ar-S>H°$Vr, Omyggr, AõrbVm g{ [na[yU© —Ì` Iwb{ od⁄mb` h° oOZ_{ß oH$em{a A[amoY`m{ß H$m{ oejm Xr OmVr h° VWm AoYH$ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bV{ h°& Zm`H$ H{$ AßXmO _{ß oH$em{a ]mbH$-]mobH$mE{ß gm_m›` ZmJnaH$ OrdZ OrZ{ H{$ obE V°`ma oH$`m OmVm h° Edß Í$oM d ^r CZH$m AZwH$aU H$aV{ h°& BßQ>aZ{Q> [a g^r Vah H$r gm_J´r C[b„Y AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma Ï`dgmo`H$ ‡oejU ^r oX`m OmVm h°& oH$em{a ›`m` ahVr h° oH$em{am{ß H$m oOkmgw Am°a H$m{_b _Z g] OmZH$mar hmogb H$aZ{ H$m{ AoYoZ`_ 1986 H$r Ymam 10 _{ß oH$em{a A[amoY`m{ß H{$ obE am¡` ¤mam CÀgwH$ ahVm h° Om{ Cg{ BßQ>aZ{Q> g{ ghO C[b„Y hm{ OmVr h° BgH{$ _m‹`_ ode{f J•h ÒWmo[V oH$`{ OmZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ h° Bg_{ß CZH{$ obE Amdmg g{ d{ Am[amoYH$ gßJR>Zm{ß H{$ OmbgmOr H$m oeH$ma ^r hm{ OmV{ h°& Aõrb âU-[m{fU, oejm Ï`dgmo`H$ ‡oejU Edß [wZdm©g H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r gmohÀ` Edß o\$Î_{ß ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ AmgmZr g{ C[b„Y hm{ OmVr h° oO›h{ß OmVr h°& [∂T>H$a Edß X{IH$a CZH{$ gwHw$_ma _Z [a CgH$m XyofV ‡^md [∂S>Vm h° Am°a 5.5.5. AoIb ^maVr` A[amY oZdmaU go_oV - AoIb ^maVr` d{ Am[amoYH$ JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß gßbæ hm{ OmV{ h°& A[amY oZdmaU go_oV H$r ÒWm[Zm gZ≤ 1950 _{ß hwB© Om{ oH$em{a A[amY oH$em{a A[amY H$m oZdmaU- Ohmß g_Ò`mE{ß hm{Vr h° dhmß g_mYmZ ^r H{$ oZdmaU H$r oXem _{ß oZaßVa ‡`mgaV≤ h°& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK Z{ Bg{ AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` hm{Vm h°& oH$em{a A[amY EH$ odÌdÏ`m[r g_Ò`m h° BgH{$ oZdmaU Edß _m›`Vm ‡XmZ H$r h°& `h go_oV AmYwoZH$ C[MmamÀ_H$ XS> Ï`dÒWm H$m{ C[Mma h{Vw amÓQ≠> Edß odÌd ÒVa [a AZ{H$ C[m` Edß g_mYmZ Im{O{ J`{ h°& bmJy H$aZ{ h{Vw ‡`mgaV≤ h°& Bg go_oV Z{ oH$em{a A[amY H$m{ oZ`ßoÃV H$aZ{ J´{o]´b o_ÒQ≠>mb (Zm{]{b [waÒH$ma odO{Vm) Z{ H$hm oH$- "h_ AZ{H$ h{Vw [wobg Am°a OZVm H{$ ]rM OZ gh`m{J ]∂T>mZ{ H$m gßX{e oX`m h°& ^ybm{ß Am°a JobV`m{ß H{$ Xm{fr h°, b{oH$Z h_mam g]g{ Jß^ra A[amY ]Ém{ß H$m{ 6.6.6. odo^fi AoYoZ`_ - ^maVr` odYmZ _{ß oH$em{a A[amY H{$ oZdmaU C[{ojV N>m{∂S> X{Zm h°, Om{ oH$ OrdZ H$m AmYma hm{V{ h°& AZ{H$ E{gr ]mV{ß h° Edß C[Mma h{Vw odo^fi AoYoZ`_m{ß H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r h°& O°g{- oX MmBÎS> oOZH{$ obE h_ Í$H$ gH$V{ h° b{oH$Z ]¿Mm{ß H$r X{Ia{I H{$ obE Zht, ∑`m{ßoH$ _°naO a{ÒQ≠>{S> E∑Q> 1929, oX `ßJ [ag›g E∑Q> 1956 oX _mB›g E∑Q> d{ h_ma{ H$b H{$ ôdÓ` h° Am°a C›h{ß gX≤JwUr V°`ma H$aZm h_mam H$V©Ï` h°&' 1952 Bg ‡H$ma AZ{H$ H{$›–r` AoYoZ`_m{ß H{$ AoVna∫$ odo^›Z ‡mßVm{ß _{ß Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 213 ^r oH$em{am{ß H{$ CoMV odH$mg Edß C[Mma H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a AoYoZ`_ oZ`ßÃU H$aZ{ _{ß [nadma H{$ Abmdm od⁄mb` H$r ^r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m hm{Vr ]ZmE J`{ h°& h°& Bg Vah H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ obE od⁄mb` ¤mam CoMV oejU, ‡oejU Edß ‡rd{›eZ Am∞\$ ]{oJßJ ES> ]°Ja{›gr E∑Q>g [am_e©Z H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{Zr MmohE& ‡oV_mh od⁄mb` ¤mam oejH$- ‡rd{›eZ Am∞\$ Ow]°ZmBb Ò_m{oHß$J E∑Q>g Ao^^mdH$ H$r ]°R>H$ Am`m{oOV hm{Zm MmohE VmoH$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ A[Z{ ‡rd{›eZ Am∞\$ Owd°ZmBb Q{>oHß$J B›Q>m∞∑grH{$Q>g E∑Q>g C[am{∫$ ]Ém{ß H$r ‡JoV d H$o_`m{ß H$r OmZH$mar o_b gH{$ Edß d{ A[Z{ Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m doU©V AoYoZ`_m{ß H{$ AoVna∫$ Am°a ^r H$B© AoYoZ`_ h° Om{ oH$em{a ghr oZdm©hZ H$a gH{$ß& A[amY H$r am{H$Wm_ _{ß ghm`H$ h°& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ 7.7.7. _Zm{d°kmoZH$ odoY`mß- _Zm{d°kmoZH$ odoY`m{ß H{$ AßV©JV 1. Amb_ H$mOr Jm°g Edß am_Or lrdmÒVd (2002), AmYwoZH$ _Zm{d°kmoZH$ VarH$m{ß g{ oH$em{a A[amY H{$ H$maUm{ß H$m [Vm bJmH$a odH$mgmÀ_H$ _Zm{odkmZ _m{Vrbmb ]Zmagr Xmg oXÑr, V•Vr` _Zm{d°kmoZH$ og’mßVm{ß H$m{ AmYma _mZH$a Am[amoYH$ ‡d•oŒm _{ß gwYma Edß gßÒH$aU [•.H´$. 510-516 am{H$Wm_ H{$ C[m` oH$`{ OmV{ h° _Zm{d°kmoZH$ [’oV`m{ß H{$ AßVJ©V oH$em{a 2. hbm}H$ EobOm]{Y ]r, odH$mg _Zm{odkmZ ^mJ-1, [•.H´$. 413 A[amYr H$r H{$g ohÒQ≠>r V°`ma H$a C[Mma oH$`m OmVm h°& gßJrZ A[amY H$r 3. o_Œmb gßVm{f Edß Xr[oejm o_Œmb (2005), ]mb _Zm{odkmZ oÒWoV _{ß _Zm{odõ{fmÀ_H$ [’oV`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$a C[Mma oH$`m OmVm h°& `yoZdg©b ]wH$ hmCg (‡m.) obo_Q{>S> O`[wa ‡W_ gßÒH$aU [•.H´$. _Zm{d°kmoZH$ odoY`m| _{ß [nadma Edß od⁄mb` H$r ^r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m 200-210 hm{Vr h°& [nadma _{ß Ao^^mdH$m{ß ¤mam oH$em{a A[amYr ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gmW ‡{_, 4. gwb°_mZ _m{hÂ_X (2002), CÉVa oejm _Zm{odkmZ ‡H$meH$ gh`m{J, ghmZw^yoV Edß AmÀ_r`Vm H$r ^mdZm H{$ gmW Ï`dhma H$aZm _m{Vrbmb ]Zmagr Xmg oXÑr, [wZ_w©–U 2012, [•.H´$. 441-452 MmohE VmoH$ d{ A[Z{ Am[ H$m{ C[{ojV _hgyg Z H$a{ß& oH$em{a A[amY [a 5. Ïò∫$JV gd} Edß em{Y &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 214

Compositon Of Arbitral Tribunal

Poorva Jadhav *

Introduction - The Black’s Law dictionary, defines the parties, the court’s function is only to implement the arbitration1 as a method of dispute resolution involving one agreed procedure.4 The court cannot appoint an independent or more neutral third parties, who are agreed to by the arbitrator at the first instance.5 Where a party fails to act as disputing parties and whose decision is binding. In order to required under that procedure, appointment of arbitrator(s) realize the mentioned components of the definition it is can be secured by taking recourse to “other means” if essential and necessary for a legislation that supplements arbitration agreement/clause provides such “other means” a legal binding, to the process and award of arbitration. In for securing the appointment of arbitrator(s) Section terms of Section 2 sub-section (l)(a) of the Act3 “arbitration 11(6)(a)10. The term “other means” has not been defined means any arbitration whether or not administered by anywhere in the act. In case arbitration agreement does not permanent arbitral institution”. Arbitration is a form of provide such “other means” for securing the appointment, Alternate Dispute Resolution. Law encourages parties, as aggrieved party may request the Chief Justice or any person far as possible, to settle their differences privately either by or institution designated by him to take the necessary mutual concessions or by the mediation of a third person. measure for securing the appointment. Litigation is an evil, albeit necessary, and, being also very As per the provisions mentioned in the section the Chief expensive, law wishes it to be kept to the minimum. When Justice gets the power to appoint an arbitrator in three cases. the parties agree to have their disputes decided with the They are - mediation of a third person, but with all the formality of a 1. where the parties fail to appoint or concur in the judicial adjudication, that may be, speaking broadly, called appointment of an arbitrator or arbitrators; an arbitration. Arbitration, therefore, means the submission 2. where the two appointed arbitrators fail to appoint or by two or more parties of their dispute to the judgment of a concur in the appointment of the presiding arbitrator;12 third person, called the “arbitrator”, and who is to decide the unless the agreement on the appointment procedure controversy in a judicial manner. provides other means for securing the appointment Appointment of Arbitrators - Part I of the Arbitration and Section 11(6)(b) & (c). Conciliation Act, 1996 contains provisions on arbitration 3. where the person or institution designated by the parties under agreement. The new Act has ruled out the categories for appointment fails to act. of arbitration in suits and arbitration with the intervention of Section 11(5) provides both the procedure and limitation the court. It reduces the process of arbitration only to one period if the parties have not agreed on a procedure for type, namely, arbitration under agreement. Statutory appointing the arbitrator(s) in arbitration with a sole arbitrator. arbitration has also been brought under the same category It says that if the parties fail to agree on the arbitrator within because an Act providing for the machinery of arbitration thirty days from receipt of a request by one party from the comes into play only under an agreement.2 other party to so agree the appointment shall be made, upon Now, the Arbitral Tribunal is the creature of an agreement. request of a party, by the Chief Justice of any person or It is open to the parties to confer upon it such powers and institution designated by him.6 prescribe such procedure for it to follow, as they think fit, so Section 11(3) provides only procedure with three long as they are not opposed to law. The agreement must arbitrators if the parties have not agreed on a procedure for be in conformity with the law. The Arbitral Tribunal must also appointing the arbitrator(s). It says that each party shall act and make its award in accordance with the general law appoint one arbitrator, and the two appointed arbitrators, shall of the land and the agreement.3 appoint the third arbitrator who shall act as the presiding Now under the Act priority has been given to the procedure arbitrator. Further Section 11(4) provides a limitation period framed by the parties for appointing the arbitrators. Section for such appointment. It says that where the two appointed 11 in detail provides with the qualification and the procedure arbitrators fail to agree on the third arbitrator within 30 days to appoint the arbitrators. The provisions are as under - from the date of their appointment, a party may make a Section 11(2) of the act says that the parties are free to request to the Chief Justice. The appointment will then be agree on a procedure for appointing the arbitrator(s). Where made by the Chief Justice or his nominee. the procedure for appointment has been agreed upon between Challenge to the appointment of Arbitrators - If a party *** Student, Batch 11, Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur (C.G.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 215 becomes aware about circumstances that give rise to Conclusion - Thus to conclude, India has put in place a justifiable doubts as to arbitrator’s independence or progressive piece of legislation which is essentially based impartiality, or missing of the qualifications agreed to by the on the Model Law and the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. Any parties as mentioned in section 12(3), the party has only departure therefrom is essentially aimed at keeping court recourse to it is, to challenge the appointment of arbitrator(s) intervention at bay. India has in place a modern, an efficient before arbitrator itself. Arbitration Act. There have been some decisions which are Not only on the courts of erroneous appointment or pre- not in tune with the letter or spirit of the Act. Hopefully, these emption of default, but also on apparent default an arbitrator would be addressed by the judiciary in the near future and can be challenged. The procedure has been provided under continuing popularity of arbitrations would be served by a Section 13 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act of 1996. truly efficient ADR mechanism. Independence of Arbitral Tribunal - Independence and References :- impartiality forms an integral part of any adjudicatory system, 1. Avtar Singh (2007). Law of Arbitration and Conciliation, including ICA, as it affects the perception of administration Lucknow: Eastern Book Company. of justice and administration of justice itself. While 2. (2010). The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, independence is generally understood to mean that the Mumbai: Current Publications. arbitrator has no stake or apparent conflict with the parties 3. Garner, B. (2004). Black’s Law Dictionary, London: or the sum involved in the proceedings, impartiality means Thomson West. that the arbitrator allows equal opportunity to both the parties Governments, legislations - to present their case. Impartiality should be ascertained 1. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. upon satisfaction of the tests laid down for ‘bias’, which again, 2. English Arbitration Act, 1934 can be divided under two categories, actual bias and apparent 3. Arbitration Act, 1940 bias. As held in Locabail (UK Limited) v. Bayfield Properties 4. UNICTRAL Model Limited (“Locabail”), instances of actual bias happen when Web Sites - the judge is shown to have an interest in the outcome of the 1. Available on http://www.google.com case which he is to decide or has decided, however, on the 2. Available on http://www.legalservicesindia.com other hand, apparent bias, as explained in R v. Gough,means 3. Available on http://www.britannica.com whether there is a real danger of bias. Footnotes - The Supreme Court correctly held that it was important 1. Garner, B., Black’s Law Dictionary, Thomson West, to ensure that no doubts were cast on the neutrality, London, 2004, 8th ed., 113. impartially and independence of the arbitral tribunal. Before 2. Section 2(4) says that an arbitration under any arriving at the reasoned conclusion, the Supreme Court enactment will have the effect as if it were pursuant to referred to notable commentators and applied their view that an arbitration agreement. qualification, experience and integrity should be the criteria 3. An observation in Irrigation Deptt, Govt of Orissa v G.C. for appointment of an arbitrator. Therefore, in the Indian Roy, (1992) I SCC 508: AIR 1992 SC 732: AIR 1992 scenario the CJI has been vested with a wide discretion to SCW 389 affirming the decision in Secy, Govt of Orissa, appoint an arbitrator in an ICA, taking into consideration all Irrigation Deptt v Raghunath Mohapatra, AIR 1985 Ori necessary factors which would preserve the integrity of the 182. arbitration, and in essence, would not lead to any possibility 4. BSNL v Subash Chandra Kanchan, (2006) 8 SCC 279: of bias at a later date. AIR 2006 SC 3335, letter appointing an arbitrator has The other aspect which requires some consideration is to be communicated to the party concerned. No such that, although two different arbitration petitions were filed at communication was sent within time. The party having the relevant time for seeking appointment of second as well the right to appoint lost it. The other party obtained the as the presiding arbitrator, however, it took more than two right to such appointment through Chief Justice. years to complete the appointment process. The essence 5. Bell Houses Assn (P) Ltd v GM, Southern Rly, Madras, of arbitration lies in speedy resolution of a dispute, and if an AIR 2001 Ker 163. arbitrator cannot be appointed at the earliest possible 6. G. Premier Trading (P) Ltd v Ashoka Alloys Ltd, AIR opportunity, the purpose would seem to be defeated. 1999 Del 83.

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Higher Education In India And Its Challenges

* Neeti Trivedi

Abstract - The Indian higher education system has witnessed significant expansion in recent years, both in terms of the number of institutions as well as the student enrollment. The education system of India is one of the major contributors to the economic rise of India. Higher education is not just an extension of school education. It is an important and major activity in the life span of an individual that will help to mould the destiny of a nation. Recent studies revealed the overall state of Indian higher education is dismal and therefore poses a severe constraint on the supply of qualified manpower. Despite remarkable progress in reforms in economic sector, there are little reforms in higher education. The Indian higher education system is presently facing several challenges. The present paper will try to throw light on various challenges facing Higher education in India.

Introduction - India’s education system has expanded of Rs9.5 lakh crore and require an additional 10,510 technical exponentially over the past five decades and there has been institutions, 15,530 colleges and 521 universities. GER is a considerable increase in the spread of educational the number of actual students as a share of all potential institutions along with enrolment at every stage. However, students. The human resource development (HRD) ministry the issues and problems of access, equity, quality, relevance has set a goal of doubling GER to 30% by 2020 from the and inclusiveness in education, especially higher and current 15%. The ratio was approximately 12% in 2008-09- professional educations are still at large. only a fourth of the average GER in developed countries Higher Education is extremely important for a country (54.6%), even worse than developing countries in transition, as it is where the professionals, scientist, lawyers, thinkers, which have 36.5%. economists, future teachers, medical professionals, The education system of India is one of the major researchers, entrepreneurs, industry, professionals and contributors to the economic rise of India. There is no doubt knowledge professionals are created, who will be both that higher education has made a significant contribution to inhabiting and building a knowledge society. economic development, social progress and political The current scene of Higher Education System - democracy in independent India. The Indian higher education system has witnessed significant Challenges - One of the major challenges is to enhance expansion in recent years, both in terms of the number of the access to higher education. The state has a major role institutions as well as the student enrollment. The higher to play in this regard. Besides increasing investment and education sector has expanded rapidly in the country. opening new colleges and universities, it has to create a India is today one of the fastest developing countries of proper regulatory environment where good quality private the world with the annual growth rate going above 9%. In service providers are attracted. There are many basic order to sustain that rate of growth, there is need to increase problems facing higher education in India which include the number. According to 2010 data, India’s Gross Enrolment inadequate infrastructure and facilities, large vacancies in Ratio (GER) was a meager 13.8 percent, compared with the faculty positions and poor faculty thereof, low student global average of around 26 percent. Australia, Russia and enrolment rate, outmoded teaching methods, declining the U.S, to name a few examples, have GERs upwards of research standards, overcrowded classrooms and 75 percent. Although the Ministry of Human Resources & widespread geographic, income, gender, and ethnic Development had set a target of a 30 percent GER for India imbalances. by 2020, that target is unlikely to meet. At the current rate Following are identified as specific challenges/problems of GER growth, India is looking at a GER growth, India is of higher education in India that need to be addressed. looking at a GER of around 19 percent. A. Issue of Access and Equity - Access to higher Indian higher education has grown by 20% in one year education has remained poor despite the massive expansion and added more than 5000 colleges to the system. Likewise, of the sector in the country. GER has risen to around 12% gross enrollment ratio grew from 12.5% in 2007-08 to 17.3% in recent times but the goal is to increase it to 15% by the in 2009-10. India’s target of doubling the gross enrolment end of 11th five year plan (2007-12) and then to 20% by the ratio (GER) in higher education by 2020 will come at a price year 2015 to achieve critical mass. Expansion of higher

*** Research Scholar (Education) Banasthali Vidhyapeeth University (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 217 education is particularly rapid in the last two decades. The skills to the burgeoning technology sector in India, perhaps primary responsibility of increasing the access lies with the half leave the country immediately upon graduation to pursue Government. advanced studies abroad, and most do not return. Students from rural schools are often in a position of F. ICT in Higher education - The effective integration of disadvantage when it comes to seeking admission in good ICTs into the educational system is a complex, multifaceted urban colleges. There are so many people in various parts process that involves not just technology-indeed given of country which are still out of reach. The children of rural enough initial capital, getting the technology is the easiest people remain at disadvantage, as they are obliged to study part- but also curriculum and pedagogy, institutional in schools and colleges having poor facilities. Therefore, they readiness, teacher competencies, and long-term financing, are unable to compete with their urban counterparts. among others. B. Privatization and Cost Recovery - Education has G. Other - There are major challenges of the Indian higher become an attractive area of commerce for doing lucrative education are five areas critical to making the Indian Higher business. Most of the private colleges have inadequate Education system that financial innovation, innovation use infrastructure, insufficient and unqualified or under qualified of information and communication technology(ICT), staff. Teachers are not paid what they are entitled to. Most reinvigorating research, thrust on vocational education and of the teachers have no competence in ICTs, nor do they training (VET), and regulatory reforms are potential game have any motivation for getting the necessary skills. In private changer. Very low per capital spends on higher education institutes teachers have no security of job and they are “hired India. Education is become a seller’s market and everybody and fired” on the whims of the college owner. wants to get more profit rather than the quality education. C. Students Fees and Cost Recovery - Traditionally, Research in higher education institutions is at its lowest tuition was almost free; subsequently it was the major ebb. There is an inadequate and diminishing financial support component in total fees. Now, it is one of the charges in a for higher education from the government and from society. plethora of fees levied by institutions. High fees in both ‘aided’ Many colleges established in rural areas are non-viable, are and ‘unaided’ courses affects equity, the poorer sections under-enrolled and have extremely poor infrastructure and simply cannot afford high fees. In India and several other facilities with just a few teachers. Also one more factor that developing nations, Universities and colleges have started causes challenges is the plagiarism in research work. The generating high percentage of revenues from various student quality of research paper is judged by the rating of the journal fees. In case, self-financed courses, fees cover 100% of the wherein it is published. Publications impact is measured cost and sometimes even more. Even in public funded through citation per paper. In this context India ranks 21st in Universities and colleges in India, fees have been hiked. In the terms of research papers in science, but 119th in terms professional education, the fee may be even higher because of research papers of any worthwhile contribution. these courses lead to higher personal economic returns. According to a study only 25% of engineering graduates But, how to accommodate those who cannot pay is a million are directly employable (Infosys, and IT giant, last year sorted dollar question. This is an important issue requiring an through 1.3 million applicants only to find that around two intensive national debate till a workable solution is found. percent were qualified for jobs). Quality of education delivered D. Regulatory Aspects of Higher Education - in most institutions is very poor. While India has some Regulation of higher education system has been a cause of institutions of global repute delivering quality education, such concern for a long time. India inherited a British legacy of as IIMs and IITs, we do not have enough of them. It has very affiliating type of colleges. Over a period, fewer new narrow range of course options that are offered and education Universities have come up, however, number of colleges have is a seller’s market, where is no scope of incentive to provide increased manifolds. The huge quantitative expansion has quality education. There is clearly a lack of educated taken place at the cost of quality. As a result, some of the educators and teaching is not an attractive profession. It’s a older universities such as Pune, Mumbai, and Delhi have last choice in terms of career. Number of PhDs produced more than 500 affiliated colleges. Education is on the each year is very low. concurrent list and hence it also becomes a state subject. There are many basic problems facing higher education Realizing this opportunity, some states allowed setting up in India today. These include inadequate infrastructure and of large numbers of private universities without proper facilities, large vacancies in faculty positions and poor faculty infrastructure and/or manpower. thereof, low student enrolment rate, outmoded teaching E. Internationalization of Higher Education - methods, declining research standards, overcrowded One can ascribe various reasons why students chose to classrooms and widespread geographic, income, gender and abroad for higher studies. A certain specialized course may ethnic imbalance. not be available within the country and hence some students Central government prepares policies and plan while may seek out a foreign land where this is offered a ‘push’ responsibility of state government is run those policies on factor. Some of the best known universities and institutes ground. There is always increase in the fund for the education attract learners from far and wide. Many IIT graduates, well system but never implemented in that area. Government tries trained in technology, have chosen not to contribute their to make different policies which are implemented but quality Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 218 never checked. Majority of fund goes in the pockets of officials References :- working for this. There is vast need to improve the quality 1. Chauhan, C.P.S.(). Modern Indian Education: Policies, and standards. Progress and Problems. New Delhi: Kanishka Conclusion - It is also important that the way attempts Publishers and Distributors. have been made to reform secondary level education in 2. Dhir, R.N. (2006). Higher Education. Chandigarh: schools, higher education needs to be reformed too. It is Abhishek Publications. high time that universities cater to the growing demand of 3. Mehta, R. (2004). Crisis in Higher Education: Role students or else this human resource boon will soon prove Analysis of Teachers in a University System. Delhi: to be population bane for the economy. The time now is to Kalpaz Publications. modernize our education system so that our country can 4. Nangi, S.B.(2009). Higher Education. New Delhi: APH get much more technically graduated people which can help Publishing Corporation. our country to developed state. Today’s youth always try to 5. Singh, U.K & Sudarshan, K.N. (2006). Higher Education. go foreign for his higher education. We have to stop this New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. brain drain so as avoid students to run away from country. 6. Vellymalay, S. (2010). Parental Involvement in Children’s Government came and goes but system remains intact. Education: Does parents’ Education Level Really Students’ fees have to be kept low so that equity and access Matters?. European Journal of Social Sciences. are not hit. Vol16(3).Victoria.UK. Retrieved 30th May 2013 http:// www.europeanjournalofsocialsciences.com/

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2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 220 Ag\$bVm& od⁄mb` H$r odo^fi H$jmAm{ß _{ß AZ{H$ ‡H$ma H{$ od⁄mWr© oejm odf` gß]ßYr C[bo„Y ÒVa H$m gmamße - ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m ‡W_ C‘{Ì` Wm J´hU H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ AmV{ h¢, d{ g^r g_mZ _mZogH$ `m{Ω`VmAm{ß g{ gÂ[fi "J´m_rU Edß ehar j{Ã H{$ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m AW©emÛ Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU g_` H$r EH$ AdoY _{ß odo^fiVm Am°a Hw$ebVmAm{ß _{ß odf` _{ß C[bo„Y H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZm' Bgg{ gß]ßoYV ‡XŒmm{ß AbJ-AbJ ‡JoV H$aV{ h¢& CZH$r Bgr ‡JoV `m C[bo„Y H$m _m[Z H$m odõ{fU ÒdVßÃ Q>r. 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J´m_rU d ehar j{Ã H{$ ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` gß]ßYr (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) C[bo„Y ÒVa _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht hm{Jm& J´m_rU d ehar ÒVa H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` gß]ßYr ‡odoY - C[bo„Y ÒVa H$m gmamße - ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m o¤Vr` C‘{Ì` Wm "J´m_rU 1.1.1. ›`mXe© - ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m`© _{ß OZgßª`m H{$ Í$[ _{ß _ßXgm°a oOb{ H{$ Edß ehar j{Ã H{$ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ A‹``ZaV ]mbH$m{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` J´m_rU Edß ehar j{Ã H{$ 10+2 _{ß A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ emo_b gß]ßYr C[bo„Y ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``ZH$aZm' Bgg{ gß]ßoYV ‡XŒmm{ß oH$`m J`m Wm& em{Y h{Vw ›`mXe© H{$ ob`{ `m—o¿N>H$ ›`mXe© MòZV H$m odõ{fU ÒdVßÃ Q>r. [arjU H$r ghm`Vm g{ oH$`m J`m& BgH{$ [naUm_ VH$ZrH$ A[Zm`r JB©& em{Y _{ß AW©emÛ odf` gß]ßYr C[bo„Y ÒVa H{$ VmobH$m 2 _{ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`{ J`{ h¢- VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H{$ ob`{ J´m_rU j{Ã H{$ 10+2 _{ß A‹``ZaV 15 VmobH$m 2 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) - VmobH$m 2 g{ odoXV h° oH$ ]mbH$ VWm 10 ]mobH$m Edß ehar j{Ã H{$ 10+2 _{ß A‹``ZaV 12 AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y H$m t _mZ 6.74 h° Om{ df=25 H{$ ob`{ 0.01 ]mbH$ VWm 13 ]mobH$m H$m ›`mXe© H{$ Í$[ _{ß (Hw$b 50) H$m M`Z oH$`m gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a gmW©H$ h°& AV: ey›` [naH$Î[Zm îJ´m_rU d ehar j{Ã J`m & C[am{∫$ g^r ›`mXe© _m‹ò_H$ oejm _ßS>b ^m{[mb g{ gß]’Vm ‡m· H{$ ]mbH$m{ H$m AW©emÛ odf` gß]ßYr C[bo„Y ÒVa _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb` H{$ gÃ 2013-14 H{$ oZò_V od⁄mWr© W{& Zht hm{Jm oZaÒV H$r OmVr h°, AV: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ J´m_rU j{Ã H{$ 2.2.2. C[H$aU - J´m_rU d ehar j{Ã H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` ]mbH$m{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` gß]ßYr C[bo„Y ÒVa ehar j{Ã H{$ ]mbH$m{ß g{ gß]ßYr C[bo„Y ÒVa H{$ [arjU H{$ ob`{ em{YH$Vm© ¤mam oZo_©V AW©emÛ o^›Z h°& odf` g{ gß]ßoYV _mZXS> [arjU H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m& Bg _mZXS> AmJ{ J´m_rU ]mbH$m{ß H{$ AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y H{$ _m‹` \$bmßH$ H$m [arjU _{ß 50 ]hwodH$Î[r` ‡ÌZm{ß H$m{ emo_b oH$`m J`m& oOgH{$ Hw$b _mZ 43.60 h° Om{ ehar ]mbH$m{ß H{$ AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y H{$ _m‹` \$bmßH$ ‡m·mßH$ 50 W{& `h _mZXS> [arjU AW©emÛ H{$ oZ`_m{ß, og’m›Vm{ß, 30.08 g{ gmW©H$ Í$[ g{ ¡`mXm h° AWm©V J´m_rU ]mbH$m{ H$m AW©emÛ _{ß od^mJm{ß Edß j{Ãm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV Ï`dhmnaH$ kmZ [a AmYmnaV Wm& C[bo„Y \$bmßH$ ehar ]mbH$m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ h°, oZÓH$f© ÒdÍ$[ H$hm ‡XŒm gßH$bZ H$r odoY - ‡ÒVwV em{Y H{$ A‹``Z h{Vw ‡XÀVm{ß H$m gßH$bZ Om gH$Vm h° oH$ J´m_rU ]mbH$m{ß H$r AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y \$bmßH$ ehar `m—o¿N>H$ ›`mXe© MòZV VH$ZrH$ ¤mam MòZV ›`mXe© g{ oH$`m J`m & ]mbH$m{ß H$r AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y \$bmßH$ _| gmW©H$ Í$[ g{ ¡`mXm h°& MòZV CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb` H{$ ‡mMm`© g{ em{Y H$m`© h{Vw AZw_oV br J´m_rU d ehar j{Ã H{$ ]mbH$ H$m AW©emÛ odf` _ßß{ ‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m J´m\$ JB©& VÀ[ÌMmV em{YH$Vm© ¤mam od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ em{Y H{$ C‘{Ì` ]Vm`m J`m (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) VWm C›h{ß AW©emÛ odf` g{ gß]ßoYV _mZXS> [arjU hb H$aZ{ h{Vw oX`m J´m_rU d ehar ÒVa H{$ ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` gß]ßYr J`m & A›V _{ß g^r od⁄moW©`m{ß g{ _mZXS> [arjU ‡m· H$a CŒma VmobH$m C[bo„Y ÒVa H$m gmamße - ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m V•Vr` C‘{Ì` Wm "J´m_rU g{ o_bmZ H$a AßH$ ‡XmZ oH$E JE& Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _m‹`m{ß H$r VwbZm H$aZ{ Edß ehar j{Ã H{$ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ A‹``ZaV ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` H{$ ob`{ ÒdVßÃ Q>r. Q{>ÒQ> H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m& gß]ßoY C[bo„Y ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``ZH$aZm' Bgg{ gß]ßoYV ‡XŒmm{ß [naUm_ Edß odd{MZm - J´m_rU d ehar j{Ã H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m AW©emÛ H$m odõ{fU ÒdVßÃ Q>r. [arjU H$r ghm`Vm g{ oH$`m J`m& BgH{$ [naUm_ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 221 VmobH$m 3 _{ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`{ J`{ h¢ - 3. _mVm-o[Vm- ‡ÒVwV em{Y H{$ ‡m· [naUm_m{ß H{$ A‹``Zg{ ehar VmobH$m 3 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) --- VmobH$m 3 g{ odoXV h° oH$ _mVm-o[Vm ^r OmJÍ$H$ hm{H$a A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ A‹``Z H{$ ob`{ AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y H$m t _mZ 4.64 h° Om{ df = 21 H{$ ob`{ 0.01 ‡m{ÀgmohV H$a{ßJ{ VmoH$ CZH$r C[bo„Y AW©emÛ _{ß CÉ hm{ gH{$& gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a gmW©H$ h°, AV: ey›` [naH$Î[Zm "J´m_rU d ehar j{Ã gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ H{$ ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` gß]ßYr C[bo„Y ÒVa _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ 1. À`mJr JwagaZXmg, 2009, AW©emÛ oejU, AmJam: lr odZm{X A›Va Zhr hm{Jm' oZaÒV H$r OmVr h°, AV: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ J´m_rU [wÒVH$ _ßoXa AmJam & j{Ã H{$ ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` gß]ßYr C[bo„Y ÒVa ehar j{Ã 2. AJ´dmZ,em›Vm, 2007, oejm _Zm{odkmZ ,_{aR>: Ama.bmb ]wH$ H{$ ]mobH$mAm{ß g{ o^›Z h°& oS>[m{ß _{aR> & AmJ{ J´m_rU ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y H{$ _m‹` \$bmßH$ 3. [mR>H$,[r.S>r,2012, oejm _Zm{odkmZ, AmJam: AJ´dmb H$m _mZ 44.00 h° Om{ ehar ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y H{$ _m‹` [o„bH{$eZ AmJam & \$bmßH$ 35.00 g{ gmW©H$ Í$[ g{ ¡`mXm h°, AWm©V J´m_rU ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m 4. ^Q>ZmJa,gwa{e 2007 oejm _Zm{odkmZ, _{aR>: Ama.bmb ]wH$ oS>[m{ß AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y \$bmßH$ ehar ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ h°& _{aR >& oZÓH$f© ÒdÍ$[ H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ J´m_rU ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r AW©emÛ _{ß 5. S>mJa gßO` df©, 2011-2012, "ehar Edß J´m_rU ÒVa H{$ 10+2 C[bo„Y \$bmßH$ ehar ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y \$bmßH$ g{ ÒVa H{$ H$bm gH$mß` _{ß AW©emÛ odf` H{$ A›VJ©V od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gmW©H$ Í$[ g{ ¡`mXm h°& C[bo„Y ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z'_hmamOm oejm _hmod⁄mb` J´m_rU d ehar j{Ã H{$ ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m AW©emÛ odf` _ßß{ ‡m·mßH$m{ß odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z _.‡. & H$m J´m\$ (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) 6. Om{er O`lr df©, 2010-2011, "CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a ‡ÒVwV em{Y H{$ oZÓH$f© W{ - AW©emÛ odf` H{$ [mR>ÁH´$_ H$m odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z' emgH$r` 1. _›Xgm°a oOb{ H{$ J´m_rU Edß ehar j{Ã H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ AW©emÛ oejm _hmod⁄mb`,odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z _.‡. & odf` _{ß C[bo„Y ÒVa _{ß gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m& J´m_rU od⁄moW©`m{ß 7. X{db{, gßXr[ gÃ, 1995-1996, emgH$r` VWm AemgH$r` H$m C[bo„Y ÒVa ehar od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A[{jm ¡`mXm Wm& CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß H$jm 11dr odkmZ g_yh _{ß A‹``ZaV 2. _›Xgm°a oOb{ H{$ J´m_rU Edß ehar j{Ã H{$ ]mbH$m{ H{$ AW©emÛ N>mÃm{ß H$r gm_m›` _mZogH$ `m{Ω`Vm VWm od⁄mb`rZ C[bo„Y`m{ß odf` _{ß C[bo„Y ÒVa _{ß gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m& J´m_rU ]mbH$m{ß H$m H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z'emgH$r` oejm _hmod⁄mb`,odH´$_ C[bo„Y ÒVa ehar ]mbH$m{ß H$r A[{jm ¡`mXm Wm& odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z _.‡. & 3. _›Xgm°a oOb{ H{$ J´m_rU Edß ehar j{Ã H{$ ]mobH$mAm{ H{$ AW©emÛ 8. ]S>∂{am __Vm gÃ≤ ,1999, "emgH$r` Edß AemgH$r` od⁄mb` _{ß H$jm odf` _{ß C[bo„Y ÒVa _{ß gmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m& J´m_rU ]mobH$mAm{ß 11dr _{ß A‹``ZaV N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H{$ JoUV odf` H{$ ÒVa H$m H$m C[bo„Y ÒVa ehar ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r A[{jm ¡`mXm Wm& VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z' emgH$r` oejm _hmod⁄mb`,odH´$_ e°ojH$ oZohVmW© - odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z _.‡.& 1. ehar od⁄mWr©-‡ÒVwV em{Y H{$ ‡m· [naUm_m{ H{$ A‹``Zg{ ehar 9. JS>obßJ, _ßOw, 2004, ]r.ES>.H{$ [wÈf Am°a _ohbm ‡oejUmoW©`m{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ AmÀ_mdbm{H$Z H$m _m°H$m o_b gH{$Jm& d{ J´m_rU H$m gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ Am°a AmH$mßjm ÒVa [a VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z, od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ A‹``Z H{$ VarH{$ H$m{ A[Zm H$a AW©emÛ odf` _{ß A‡H$moeV E_.ES>. bKw em{Y ‡]ßY,oejm A‹``Zembm, X{dr C[bo„Y ÒVa H$m{ ]∂T>m [mZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{ gH{$ßJ{& AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a & 2. ehar oejH$-‡ÒVwV em{Y H{$ ‡m· [naUm_m{ß H{$ A‹``Zg{ ehar 10. Om{er, em{^m, 1970, H{$›–r` od⁄mb` gßJR>Z H$r oejm ‡Umbr oejH$ J´m_rU oejH$ H{$ ¤mam A[Zm`r JB© oejU [’oV`m{ß H$m{ H$m [aÂ[amJV od⁄mb`m{ß H$r oejm ‡Umbr g{ VwbZmÀÂH$ A‹``Z, A[ZmH$a, ehar j{Ãm{ß H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m AW©emÛ _{ß C[bo„Y H$m{ A‡H$moeV E_.ES>.bKw em{Y ‡]ßY, oejm A‹``Zembm, B›Xm°a ]∂T>mZ{ß H$m ‡`mg H$a{ßJ{& odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a &

VmobH$m 1 Amdmgr` [•ÓR>^yo_ N M S.D. t-Value df Inference

* 0.01 gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a gmW©H$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 222

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EH$ oejH$ 1.4 gr_mßH$Z - ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z _›Xgm°a odH$mgIS> H{$ 5 MòZV H{$ Í$[ _{ß h_mam Xmo`Àd h° oH$ h_ C[`w∫$ ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ CŒma Im{O{ß VWm CZH{$ od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ›`mXe© 50 N>mÃm{ß VH$ gro_V h°& H$maUm{ß H$m g_mYmZ H$a{ß & 1.5 ›`mXe© - ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z H{$ obE S>mBQ> _›Xgm°a H{$ S>r.ES>. amÓQ≠>r` e°ojH$ AZwgßYmZ Am°a ‡oejU [nafX≤ Z{ amÓQ≠>r` [mR>ÁM`m© ‡W_ df© (oZò_V) H{$ N>mÃm‹`m[H$m{ß H$m{ Edß B›Q>Z©oe[ H{$ Xm°amZ br H$r Í$[a{Im 2005 _{ß JoUV oejU H$r ‡MobV ‡Umob`m{ß [a oMßVm Ï`∫$ OmZ{ dmbr 5 MòZV ‡mWo_H$ embmAm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV H$jm 5 H{$ MòZV H$aV{ hwE H$hm oH$ JoUV oejU H$m ÒdÍ$[ E{gm ]Zm`m Om`, oOgg{ ]É{ 50 ]Ém{ß H$m{ ›`mXe© H{$ Í$[ _{ß ob`m J`m& JoUV g{ ^`^rV hm{Z{ H{$ ]Om` CgH$m AmZßX CR>mE± & ]É{ _hÀd[yU© 1.6 C[H$aU - em{Y g_Ò`m H{$ A‹``Z H{$ ob`{ EH$ AdYmaUm AmYmnaV JoUV grIß{ & JoUV _{ß gyÃm{ß d `mßoÃH$ ‡oH´$`mAm{ß g{ AmJ{ oZH$bH$a JoUV ‡ÌZmdbr C[H$aU H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡`m{OZ _{ß bmB© JB© & ‡ÌZmdbr _{ß 15 grI{ß & ]É{ JoUV H$m{ E{gm odf` _mZ{ oOg [a d{ ]mV H$a gH$V{ h¢, AdYmaUmAm{ß [a AYmnaV ‡ÌZ Bg ‡H$ma ob`{ J`{ - gÂ‡{fU H$a gH$V{ h¢, Am[g _{ß MMm© H$a gH$V{ h¢ Am°a d{ Cg [a gmW-gmW gßª`mAm{ß H$r g_P [a AmYmnaV - 10 ‡ÌZ H$m_ H$a gH$V{ h¢ & ]É{ gmW©H$ g_Ò`mE± CR>mE± Am°a CZH{$ hb oZH$mb{ß & gßª`mAm{ß H$r gßoH´$`m [a AmYmnaV - 05 ‡ÌZ ]É{ JoUV (AßH$JoUV, ]rOJoUV, a{ImJoUV, oÃH$m{Uo_oV AmoX) 1.7 H$m`©‡Umbr (‡oH´$`m) - H$r _yb gßaMZm H$m{ g_P{ VWm oejH$ ‡À`{H$ ]É{ H{$ gmW Bg odÌdmg H{$ (i) ›`mXe© H{$ N>mÃm{ß H$m AdYmaUm AmYmnaV [yd© [arjU ob`m J`m & AmYma [a H$m_ H$a{ß oH$ ‡À`{H$ ]Ém JoUV grI gH$Vm h° & [yd© [arjU g{ ›`mXe© H$r H$_Om{na`m{ß/H$oR>Z o]›XwAm{ß (Hard spot) 1.1 em{Y A‹``Z H{$ C‘{Ì` - ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` MòZV H$m{ OmZm J`m & embmAm{ß H{$ H$jm 5 H{$ ]Ém{ß _{ß S>r.ES>. N>mÃm‹`m[H$m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ JoUV (ii) ›`mXe© H{$ N>mÃm{ß H{$ gmW em{YH$Vm© Edß S>mBQ> H{$ gh`m{Jr N>mÃm‹`m[H$m{ß H$r _yb^yV XjVm`{ß odH$ogV H$aZm h°& I{b odoY, JoVodoY AmYmnaV ¤mam bJ^J EH$ _mh VH$ ghm`H$ oejU gm_J´r H{$ _m‹`_ g{ am{MH$ oejU H{$ _m‹`_ g{ JoUVrH$aU H$r AdYmaUm odH$ogV H$aZm h°& JoUV JoVodoY AmYmnaV JoVodoY`m± H$amB© JB© & JoUV oejU H$m{ ^`_w∫$, H{$ oejU AoYJ_ H$m{ Í$oM[yU©, ‡^mdr ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ ›`mXe© ÈoM[yU© ]ZmZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m & [yd© [arjU _{ß ‡m· H$oR>Z o]›XwAm{ß N>mÃm‹`m[H$m{ß _{ß oejU H$m°eb odH$ogV H$aZm h°& H$m{ hb H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m & ›`mXe© _{ß JoUV oejU H{$ ‡oV *** doa> Ï`mª`mVm, S>mBQ>, _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** ** ‡mMm`©, _{dm∂S> JÎg© H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ Q>rMg© Q>≠{oZßJ, oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 224 gH$mamÀ_H$ Í$PmZ odH$ogV H$aZ{ Edß X°oZH$ OrdZ g{ Om{∂S>Z{ h{Vw oZÂZmßoH$V XjVm j{Ãdma C[bo„Y JoVodoY`m± H$r JB© - gd©‡W_ S>r.ES>. ‡W_ df© N>mÃm‹`m[H$m{ß H$r B›Q>Z©oe[ h{Vw AmdßoQ>V od⁄mb`m{ß H$m ^´_U H$a A‹``ZaV ]Ém{ß H$r oÒWoV kmV H$r JB©& N>mÃm‹`m[H$m{ß H{$ gmW H$m`©embm H$a JoUV H$r _yb^yV AdYmaUm`{ß odH$ogV H$aZ{ h{Vw ‡maßo^H$ JoVodoY`m± Edß Q>r.Eb.E_. 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‡oVeV hm{ JB© & ^mJ H$r g_P XjVm j{Ã _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ 12.40 (v) gßª`mAm{ß H$m ^mJ H$r g_P XjVm j{Ã _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ 12.40 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ [nabojV hwB© & ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ [nabojV hwB©& (F) B]maVr gdmb H$r g_P XjVm j{Ã _{ß [yd© [arjU _{ß ›`mXe© H{$ (vi) B]maVr gdmb H$r g_P XjVm j{Ã _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ 16.80 N>mÃm{ß H$r C[bo„Y 0.0 ‡oVeV Wr Om{ [ÌM [arjU _{ß 16.8 ‡oVeV ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ [nabojV hwB© & hm{ JB© & B]maVr gdmb H$r g_P XjVm j{Ã _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ (viii) ›`mXe© H{$ N>mÃm{ß _{ß J´{S>dma C[bo„Y H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZ{ 16.80 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ [nabojV hwB©& [a E J´{S> ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ ›`mXe© H{$ N>mÃm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß 20.00 gmaUr H´$_mßH$ 2 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) ‡oVeV, ]r J´{S> ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ N>mÃm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß 18 ‡oVeV Edß Zm{Q> : A J´{S>- 60% g{ AoYH$, B J´{S>- 45-59 %, C J´{S>- 33- gr J´{S> ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ N>mÃm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß 30 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ 44%, D J´{S>- 0-32% [nabojV hwB© dht S>r J´{S> ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ N>mÃm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß 66 [ÌM [arjU H{$ AmßH$∂S>m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 26 ‡oVeV ›`mXe© E J´{S> _{ß, ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©& 20 ‡oVeV N>mÃ ]r J´{S> _{ß Edß 30 ‡oVeV N>mÃ gr J´{S> _{ß Am`{& S>r J´{S> H{$ C[`w©∫$ oZÓH$fm~ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ›`mXe© H{$ N>mÃm{ß _{ß JoUVr` am{MH$ ›`mXe© N>mÃm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß 66 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©& Ò[ÓQ>V: E, ]r d gr JoVodoY`m{ß, ghm`H$ gm_J´r H{$ C[`m{J H{$ _m‹`_ g{ _yb^yV AdYmaUmAm{ß J´{S> _{ß ›`mXe© N>mÃm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß d•o’ hm{Zm Edß S>r J´{S> H{$ ›`mXe© N>mÃm{ß H$r H$m odH$mg hwAm h°& N>mÃm{ß H$r H$oR>ZmB© H{$ o]›XwAm{ß H$m{ oZXmZ H$a JoUV gßª`m _{ß H$_r hm{Zm oH´$`mÀ_H$ em{Y H$r C[bo„Y ‡Xoe©V H$aVm h°& oejU H{$ ‡oV gH$mamÀ_H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U odH$ogV H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m ›`mXe© H{$ N>mÃm{ß H$r XjVm ‡mo· H$r oÒWoV g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ J´{S> gwYma dmb{ h°& N>mÃm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß 66 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h° & 1.11 gwPmd - 1.09 [naH$Î[ZmAm{ß H$m gÀ`m[Z - C[`w©∫$ ‡XŒmmm{ß H{$ odõ{fU g{ 1. JoUV oejU H$m{ ^`_w∫$, ÈoM[yU© Edß ‡^mdr ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ [ÌM [arjU _{ß gßª`m H$r g_P d gßoH´$`m XjVm j{Ãm{ß _{ß AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ oejH$ JoUV H{$ ‡oV Ï`m· ^` H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ ›`mXe© H{$ N>mÃm{ß H$r C[bo„Y _{ß d•o’ [nabojV hwB© h° & odf`dÒVw H$r ‡H•$oV, ]Ém{ß H{$ ÒVa H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a oejU AoYJ_ JoUVr` JoVodoY`m{ß, ghm`H$ oejU gm_J´r H$r C[`m{oJVm, A‰`mg ‡oH´$`m H$m ‡]ßYZ ÒWmZr` AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma H$a{ß & H$r ]maÂ]maVm H{$ C[am›V ›`mXe© H{$ N>mÃm{ß H$r C[bo„Y _{ß d•o’ hm{Zm em{Y 2. oejH$ AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma oejU [’oV _{ß ]Xbmd H$a ]Ém{ß _{ß A‹``Z H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r ‡mo· H$m{ Xem©Vm h° & JoUVrH$aU H$r AdYmaUm odH$ogV H$a{ß & AVEd odõ{fU g{ ‡m· ‡XŒmm [naH$Î[ZmAm{ß H$m gÀ`m[Z H$aV{ h¢ & 3. _yÎ`mßH$Z ‡oH´$`m H$m{ ^`_w∫$ ]ZmV{ hwE oejU AoYJ_ ‡oH´$`m H{$ 1.10 oZÓH$f© - ‡ÒVwV oH´$`mÀ_H$ A‹``Z _{ß ›`mXe© H{$ H$jm 5 H{$ N>mÃm{ß AßJ H{$ Í$[ _{ß A[Zm`{ & gVV _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{ß & H$m gßª`m H$r g_P d gßoH´$`m XjVm j{Ãm{ß _{ß [yd© [arjU ob`m J`m & [yd© 4. JoUV H$m{ `mßoÃH$ ]ZmZ{ H{$ ]Om` E{gr AdYmaUm H$m{ odH$ogV H$a{ß [arjU _{ß ‡m· H$o_`m{ß H$m em{YH$Vm© Edß gh`m{Jr N>mÃm‹`m[H$m{ß ¤mam EH$ oOgg{ ]É{ Òd`ß d g_yh _{ß N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> ‡ÌZm{ß H$m oZ_m©U H$a gH{$ß, _mh VH$ JoVodoY`m± H$aZ{, JoUVr` ‡oH´$`m H$m A‰`mg H$amZ{, H$oR>Z oH$gr g_Ò`m H{$ ‡oV gm{MZ{, VH©$ H$aZ{ Edß VH©$ H{$ AmYma [a CŒmma AdYmaUmAm{ß H$m{ gab, ghO Í$[ _{ß Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ [wZ: AdYmaUm Im{OZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a gH{$ß & AmYmnaV [ÌM [arjU ob`m J`m & [yd© [arjU d [ÌM [arjU H{$ ‡XŒmmm{ß H$m odõ{fm H$aZ{ [a oZÂZmßoH$V oZÓH$f© ‡m· hwE : gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ (i) oH´$`mÀ_H$ AZwgßYmZ A›VJ©V JoVodoY`m{ß H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ ›`mXe© H{$ N>mÃm{ß H$r gßª`mAm{ß H$r g_P XjVm _{ß 33.28 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ 1. "[bme' [oÃH$m AßH$ \$adar-_mM©, 2002 [nabojV hwB© & 2. "^maVr` AmYwoZH$ oejm' AßH$ OZdar, 2009 (ii) gßª`mAm{ß H$r Om{∂S> XjVm _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ 20.80 ‡oVeV H$r 3. "^maVr` AmYwoZH$ oejm' AßH$ OwbmB©, 2009 d•o’ [nabojV hwB©& 4. "JoUV oejU' O`{›– e{Ia Jw·m, A[m{bm{ ‡H$meZ, O`[wa (iii) gßª`mAm{ß H$m KQ>md H$r g_P XjVm j{Ã _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ 36.40 5. H$jm 1 g{ 5 VH$ VH$ H$r JoUV odf` H$r [mR>Á[wÒVH$ ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ [nabojV hwB©& 6. Q>r.Eb.E_. [m{Wr odf` "JoUV' ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa, am¡` oejm H{$›–, (iv) gßª`mAm{ß H$m JwUm H$r g_P XjVm j{Ã _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ 31.20 ^m{[mb ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ [nabojV hwB© & 7. am¡` oejm H{$›– ¤mam ‡H$moeV odo^ﬁ oejH$ ‡oejU _m∞S>Áyb Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 226

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 227

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BZ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m AmH$ma ∑`m h° ? BZ g_Ò`mAm{ß gma{ bm{J oeojV hm{ gH{$& AoeojV hm{Z{ g{ odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r g_Ò`m H$m AmßH$bZ H$aZm em{Y H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m{ Xem©Vm h°& CR>mZm [∂S>Vm h°& Bg H$maU od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß A[Ï`` d Adam{YZ H$r g_Ò`m ‡mWo_H$ embmAm{ß _{ß XO© od⁄mWr© ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa H$r oejm [yU© oH$`{ I∂S>r hm{Vr h°& o]Zm hr ]rM _{ß [∂T>mB© N>m{∂S> X{V{ h° `m AZwŒmrU© hm{Z{ [a EH$ g{ AoYH$ df© gß]ßoYV gmohÀ` H{$ A‹``Z g{ `h oZohV hm{Vm h° oH$ R>mHw$a Q>r.e_m© VH$ EH$ hr H$jm _{ß [∂T>V{ h°& Bg em{Y _{ß E{g{ hr embmÀ`mJr Am°a embm (1998) Z{ embmÀ`mJ Edß Adam{YZ H$r odo^fiVm H$mß A‹``Z, Jw·m Adam{YZr od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r oÒWoV kmV ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa [a A[Ï`` d Adam{YZ Am°a lrdmÒVd (1989) _{ß ‡mWo_H$ oejm _{ß Adam{YZ Am°a embmÀ`mJ H$m{ OmZZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& [a ‡mXe© A‹``Z, ]wM, E_.]r. VWm gwXm_{ Or.Ama. (1990) Z{ JwOamV Am°oMÀ` - oejm EH$ E{gm VÀd h°, Om{ _mZd H$m gdm™JrU odH$mg H$aVr am¡` H$r ‡mWo_H$ embm H$m JhamB© g{ A[Ï`` Am°a Adam{YZ H{$ H$maU h° `h Z°oVH$ MnaÃ H$m ^r oZ_m©U H$aVr h°& gdm}É oeIa dh h°, Om{ h_{ß A‹``Z, Mm°a{ S>r.Eg. (1991) Z{ [wU{ ]rJa _{ß ‡mWo_H$ embm _{ß A[Ï`` H{$db gyMZmW© Zht X{Vr daU≤ h_ma{ OrdZ Am°a gÂ[yU© g•oÓQ> _ß{ VmXmÀÂ` H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß [a A‹``Z, Ï`mg O°gr (1992) Z{ amOÒWmZ am¡` _{ß ÒWmo[V H$aVr h°& h_ma{ ^maVr` g_mO _{ß oejm H$m{ gX°d hr _hÀd[yU© ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa [a embm À`mJ H$r oÒWoV H{$ H$maUm{ß H$m A‹``Z, e_m© EZ. ÒWmZ oX`m J`m h°! amÓQ≠> H{$ g^r bm{Jm| H$m{ o]Zm oH$gr ^{X^md H{$ g_mZ (1992) Z{ ]mJmZ lo_H$r H{$ ]Ém{ß H$m A‹``Z, lrdmÒVd g[Zm JwUdŒmm dmbr oejm ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ g_mZ Adga ‡m· hm{ gH{$ß BgobE amÓQ≠> (1998) Z{ Q>rH$_J∂T> oObm{ß H$r ‡mWo_H$ embm [a A[Ï`` Am°a Adam{YZ ** *** Ï`mª`mVm, X{dr Í$∑_Ur oejm ‡oejU gßÒWmZ, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** ** ‡mMm`©, X{dr Í$∑_Ur oejm ‡oejU gßÒWmZ, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 228 H$m A‹``Z, Amh{ar [ßH$O (2002) Z{ hna`mUm H$r ‡mWo_H$ embm _{ß Xr JB© ]ßX ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ CŒma hm± / Zht H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡m· oH$`{ J`{& [mbH$m{ß g{ S>r.[r.B©.[r. H$m`©H´$_ H$m A‹``Z, oVdmar gnaVm (2004) Z{ oZ:ewÎH$ ‡m· Ao^_Vm{ß H$m odõ{fU ‡oVeV H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡ÒVwV h° - [mR>Á [wÒVH$ H$m`©H´$_ `m{OZm _{ß ]mbH$m{ß H{$ A[Ï`` Am°a Adam{YZ [a H´$. ‡ÌZ hm±hm±hm± Zht A‹``Z, Aoæ^m{O dßXZm (2006) H$m embmÀ`mJr ]Ém{ß [a A‹``Z 1. ∑`m Am[ A[Z{ ]É{ H$m{ ‡oVoXZ embm ^{OV{ h¢? 58% 42% oH$`m& 2. ∑`m Am[H$m ]Ém g_` [a embm OmVm h° ? 60% 40% C[am{∫$ A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$, ‡mWo_H$ embm H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß 3. ∑`m Am[H$m ]Ém embm OmZ{ g{ S>aVm h° ? 46% 54% A[Ï`` Edß Adam{YZ H{$ H$maUm{ß H$m A‹``Z erf©H$ g{ gß]ßoYV gma{ em{Y 4. ∑`m Am[H{$ odMma g{ embm H$m g_` R>rH$ h°? 94% 6% H$m`© gß[fi hwE h¢ oH$›Vw AmO ^r Bg g_Ò`m H$m oZamH$aU Zht hm{ [m`m h°& 5. ∑`m oejH$m{ß H$m Ï`dhma ]É{ H{$ ‡oV A¿N>m h° ? 88% 12% ‡mWo_H$ embm H{$ ]Ém{ß _{ß A^r ^r A[Ï`` Am°a Adam{YZ H$r g_Ò`m 6. ∑`m embm _{ß oejH$ g_` g{ AmV{ h° ? 96% 4% oXImB© X{Vr h°& AV: ‡ÒVwV erf©H$ [a em{Y H$m`© H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm 7. ∑`m Am[H$m ]Ém Ka [a AmH$a [∂T>mB© H$aVm h°? 28% 42% ‡oV[moXV hm{Vr h°& 8. ∑`m ]Ém Ka H{$ H$m_ _{ß hmW ]Q>mVm h° ? 58% 42% g_Ò`m H$WZ - ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z H$r g_Ò`m Wr- 9. ∑`m ]Ém oH$gr Am°a OJh ^r H$m_ H$aVm h°? 36% 64% ‡mWo_H$ embm H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß A[Ï`` Eßd Adam{YZ H{$ H$maUm{ß 10. ∑`m ]Ém Ka [a A[Z{ N>m{Q{> ^mB©-]hZm{ß H$m ‹`mZ 82% 18% H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& aIVm h°? 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Ao^^mdH$m{ß g{ [na`m{OZm Am°a em{Y H$m`© g{ gß]ßoYV 25-25 ]ßX 20. ∑`m ]Ém{ß H$r embm _{ß o[Q>mB© bJmB© OmVr h° ? 28% 72% ‡ÌZmdbr Xr J`r& oOZH$m CŒma C›h{ß "hm±' Am°a "Zm' _{ß X{Zm Wm& oOgg{ 21. ∑`m ]É{ß H{$ bJmVma AZw[oÒWV ahZ{ [a C›h{ß ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ CŒma X{Z{ _{ß ghm`Vm o_br& od⁄mWr© Am°a Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ oejH$ Am[H$m{ CgH$r AZw[oÒWoV H$r OmZH$mar 88% 12% _m‹`_ g{ C‘{Ì` H$r ‡mo· H$r J`r h°& X{V{ h¢? ‡XŒm odÌb{fU - ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z _{ß C‘{Ì` H{$ AZwgma ‡XŒm 22. ∑`m embm H{$ Amg[mg H$m dmVmdaU emßoV[yU© h°? 80% 20% odÌb{fU oZÂZ ‡H$ma g{ oH$`m J`m- 23. ∑`m embm _{ß OmH$a Am[H$m ]Ém ‡gfi ahVm h°? 64% 36% ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m`© _{ß od⁄mWr© d Ao^^mdH$m{ß g{ ‡m· ‡XŒmm{ß H$m odõ{fU 24. ∑`m Am[ A[Z{ ]É{ H$r [∂T>mB© H{$ obE g^r 56% 44% ‡oVeV ¤mam oH$`m J`m& gwodYmE± OwQ>mV{ h¢? [naUm_ Edß odd{MZm - ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z H$r [naUm_ Edß odd{MZm 25. ∑`m Am[ oejH$ g{ A[Z{ ]É{ H{$ e°joUH$ H$m`© 12% 88% oZÂZ ‡H$ma g{ h° - H{$ gß]ßY _{ß OmZH$mar b{V{ h°? 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[a 58% hm± Am°a 42% Zht CŒma oX`m h°& `{ `h ‡ÌZmdob`m± ‡emogV H$r JB©& BZ ‡ÌZmdob`mß{ g{ ‡mWo_H$ embmAm{ß H$m Xem©Vm h° oH$ Am°gV g{ AoYH$ Ao^^mdH$ A[Z{ ]É{ H$m{ ‡oVoXZ dmVmdaU gßgmYZm{ß H$r C[b„YVm, embm gßMmbZ, [mbH$-oejH$ gß[H©$, embm ^{OV{ h¢& N>mÃ oejH$ gß]ßY, _‹`m›h ^m{OZ H$r oÒWoV, [mbH$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV, "∑`m Am[H$m ]Ém g_` [a embm OmVm h°'? 60% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ ]mobH$m oejm O°g{ H$B© odf`m{ß [a Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ Ao^_V H$m{ ‡m· H$a AZwgma CZH$m ]Ém g_` [a ÒHy$b OmVm h° Am°a 40% H{$ AZwgma dh ‡mWo_H$ oejm H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß d C[b„YVm gßgmYZm{ß H$r C[`m{oJVm H$m{ g_` g{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ embm Zht ^{OV{& VWm [mbH$m{ß H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ g_PZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& [mbH$m{ß H$m{ 46% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma CZH$m ]Ém embm OmZ{ g{ S>aVm h° Am°a Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 229 54% H{$ AZwgma ]É{ embm OmZ{ g{ Zht S>aV{ h¢& OmZH$mar Zht b{V{ h°& O]oH$ H{$db 12% Ao^^mdH$ hr OmZH$mar 94% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma embm H$m g_` R>rH$ h° Am°a 6% H{$ b{V{ h¢& AZwgma embm H$m g_` CoMV Zht Wm& oZÓH$f© - em{Y A‹``Z H{$ [naUm_m{ß H{$ AmYma [a C‘{Ì`mZwgma oZÂZ AoYH$mße Ao^^mdH$m{ß _{ß 88% H$m _V Wm oH$ oejH$m{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ oZÓH$f© ‡m· hwE- ‡oV Ï`dhma A¿N>m h° Am°a 12% H{$ AZwgma oejH$m{ß H$m Ï`dhma ‡ÒVwV [na`m{OZm _{ß A[Ï`` Am°a Adam{YZ H{$ obE Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m A¿N>m Zht h¢& ]Ém{ß H$r oejm H{$ ‡oV CXmgrZVm, oejH$m{ß g{ gß[H©$ H$m A^md, ]Ém{ß H$m{ 4% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma oejH$ embm _{ß g_` g{ Zht AmV{& Am°a oZò_V embm Zht ^{OZm, oejm H{$ odH$mg h{Vw MbmB© Om ahr `m{OZmAm{ß 96% H{$ AZwgma dh g_` g{ embm _{ß AmV{ h¢& H$r OmZH$mar [mbH$m{ß H$m{ Zht hm{Zm& [mbH$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV R>rH$ Zht 58% ]É{ Ka H{$ H$m_ _{ß _XX H$aV{ h¢ Am°a 42% ]É{ Ka H{$ H$m_ _{ß hm{Zm, N>m{Q{> ^mB© / ]hZm{ß H$r X{I^mb H$aZm AmoX H$maUm{ß H$m [Vm Mbm h°& _XX Zht H$aV{ h¢& ]Ém{ß H{$ e°ojH$ ÒVa H{$ Cfi`Z h{Vw [mbH$m{ß H$m oejH$m{ß H{$ gß[H©$ _{ß 64% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma CZH$m ]Ém oH$gr Am°a OJh H$m_ [a ahZm AmdÌ`H$ h° VmoH$ d{ A[Z{ ]Émß{ H$r e°ojH$ ‡JoV H$r OmZH$mar aI Zht OmVm h°& 36% ]É{ß H$m_ [a OmV{ h¢& gH{$& emgH$r` embmAm{ß _{ß Ao^^mdH$ A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$r [∂T>mB© g{ gß]ßoYV 82% H{$ AZwgma CZH{$ ]É{ß Ka [a A[Z{ N>m{Q{> ^mB©-]hZm{ß H$m ‹`mZ OmZH$mar Zht aIV{ h¢ Am°a dh ]Émß{ H$r oejm H{$ ‡oV CXmgrZ W{& d{ H$^r aIV{ h° Am°a 18% ]É{ß Zht aIV{ h¢& oejH$m{ß g{ gß[H©$ Zht H$aV{ h°& emgH$r` ‡mWo_H$ embmAm{ß _{ß [mbH$ - 96% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ embm H$m ewÎH$ AoYH$ Zht bJVm h°& oH$›Vw oejH$ gß[H©$ H$r oÒWoV A¿N>r Zht Wr& Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ emgZ ¤mam 4% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ `h ewÎH$ AoYH$ bJVm h¢& ]Ém{ß H$m{ Xr Om ahr gwodYmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar Zht Wr& oejm H{$ odH$mg h{Vw 90% ]Ém{ß H$m{ embm _{ß â[{Q> ^m{OZ o_bVm h° Am°a 10% Ao^^mdH$m{ß MbmB© Om ahr `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar [mbH$m{ß H$m{ Xr Om ahr gwodYmAm{ß H{$ AZwgma ]Ém{ß H$m{ â[{Q> ^m{OZ C[b„Y Zht hm{Vm h¢& H$r OmZH$mar Zht Wr& oejm H{$ odH$mg h{Vw MbmB© Om ahr `m{OZmAm{ß H$r 26% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma embm _{ß em°Mmb` H$r gwodYm Zht h° OmZH$mar [mbH$m{ß H$m{ Z hm{Zm ^r A[Ï`` Am°a Adam{YZ H$r oÒWoV H$m{ Am°a 74% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma embm _{ß em°Mmb` H$r gwodYm Xem©Vr h°& embm H{$ oejH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m H$m_ h{Vw eha C[b„Y h¢& N>m{∂S>H$a OmZm& [mbH$m{ß H$r H$_Om{a AmoW©H$ oÒWoV& Ka H{$ H$m_H$mO, [mbH$m{ß 86% [mbH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma embm _{ß Òd¿N> [{Òb H$r gwodYm h° Am°a H$m oejm H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ Z hm{Zm, oejH$ H{$ AZwgma N>m{Q{> ^mB© / ]hZm{ß 14% [mbH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma embm _ß{ `h gwodYm C[b„Y Zht h¢& H$r X{I^mb H$aZm Am°a oejH$ H$m J°a e°joUH$ H$m`m~ _{ß bJ{ ahZ{ O°g{ H$B© 58% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma embm _{ß ]Ém{ß H$r gwajm H$r Ï`dÒWm h° H$maUm{ß g{ N>mÃ-N>mÃmE± embm _ß{ AZw[oÒWV ahV{ h°& Am°a 42% H{$ AZwgma gwajm Ï`dÒWm R>rH$ Zht h¢& e°ojH$ oZohVmW© - ‡ÒVwV em{Y oejm H{$ j{Ã g{ Ow∂S{> CZ g^r H{$ obE 68% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma ]Ém{ß H$r embm _{ß AmZ{-OmZ{ _{ß H$m{B© oXem oZoX©ÓQ> H$a{Jm Om{ amÓQ≠>r` ‡JoV _{ß ‡mWo_H$ oejm H{$ `m{JXmZ H$m{ g_Ò`m Zht AmVr h° Am°a 32% H{$ AZwgma g_Ò`m AmVr h¢& gdm}É _hÀd X{V{ h°& 62% H{$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma embm H{$ Amg[mg Agm_moOH$ VÀdm{ß Bg [na`m{OZm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß ôdÓ` _{ß Am°a ^r H$m`© oH$E Om gH$V{ h¢ H$m AoÒVÀd h° Am°a 38% H{$ AZwgma Zht h¢& O°g{ oejH$ g{ gß]ßoYV g_Ò`mE± Am°a embm _{ß ^m°oVH$ gwI-gwodYmAm{ß 58% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma gaH$ma g{ o_bZ{ dmbr gwodYmAm{ß H$r gß]ßYr H$m`© oH$E Om gH$V{ h¢& oOgg{ ‡mWo_H$ oejm H$r oÒWoV H$m{ Am°a OmZH$mar Zht Wr Am°a 42% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ gaH$ma g{ o_bZ{ dmbr AoYH$ A¿N>m ]Zm`m Om gH{$& Om{ ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ AoV bm^Xm`H$ hm{ gH$Vr gwodYm H$r OmZH$mar Wr& h°& J´m_rU Am°a ehar ‡mWo_H$ embmAm{ß H$r g_Ò`m H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z 86% Ao^^mdH$ b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m{ [∂T>Z{ h{Vw embm ^{OV{ h¢ Am°a 14% H$aZm MmohE oOgg{ Xm{Zm{ß H$r oÒWoV`m{ß H$m R>rH$ AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH{$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß Zht ^{OV{ h¢& Am°a oOgg{ g_Ò`m H{$ H$maUm{ß H$m [Vm bJmZ{ _{ß AmJ{ AmgmZr ah{Jr& XS> X{Zm A_Zm{d°kmoZH$ h°& oejH$m{ß ¤mam N>mÃm{ß H$m{ XS> X{Z{ H$r oOgH$m gß[yU© bm^ ]mbH$m{ß, Ao^^mdH$m{ß Am°a oejH$m{ß H$m{ o_b [mEJm& ‡d•oŒm _{ß H$_r AmB© h°& [a›Vw 28% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma embm _{ß oOgg{ embm H{$ ÒVa _{ß gwYma hm{Jm Am°a gaH$ma H{$ ¤mam IM© oH$E OmZ{ o[Q>mB© bJmB© OmVr h° Am°a 72% H{$ AZwgma Zht bJmB© OmVr h¢& dmbr YZamoe H$m A[Ï`` Zht hm{Jm& 88% H{$ AZwgma ]É{ H{$ bJmVma AZw[oÒWV ahZ{ [a oejH$ CZH$m{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ OmZH$mar X{V{ h¢ Am°a 12% H{$ AZwgma Zht X{V{ h¢& 1. AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` oejm Am°a CgH$r g_Ò`mE± - gwa{e ^Q>ZmJa, 80% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma embm H{$ Amg[mg H$m dmVmdaU bm`b ]wH$ oS>[m{. _{aR> (1980) & emßoV[yU© h° VWm 20% H{$ AZwgma embm H{$ Amg-[mg H$m dmVmdaU 2. ^maVr` oejm Am°a CgH$r g_Ò`mE± - [mR>H$ [r.S>r., odZm{X [wÒVH$ emßoV[yU© Zht h¢& _ßoXa, AmJam (1995) & 36% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma CZH$m ]Ém embm _{ß OmH$a ‡gfi Zht 3. oejm H$m BoVhmg Eßd g_Ò`mE± - [mR>H$ Eßd À`mJr, bmb ]wH$ oS>[m{- ahVm h° Am°a 64% Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma ]mbH$ ‡gfi ahVm h¢& _{aR> (1995) & 56% Ao^^mdH$mß{ H{$ AZwgma dh A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$r [∂T>mB© H{$ obE gwodYm 4. ^maVr` oejm H$r gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mE± - Mm°Yar Am°a C[m‹`m`, odZmX Zht OwQ>mV{ h° Am°a 44% H{$ AZwgma dh gwodYm OwQ>mV{ h¢& [wÒVH$ _ßoXa, AmJam (1969) & 88% Ao^^mdH$ oejH$ g{ A[Z{ ]É{ß H{$ e°joUH$ H$m`© H{$ odf` _{ß 5. ^maVr` oejm Am°a CgH$r g_Ò`mE± - Mm°Yar ]r.[r. Am°a [mR>H$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 230 [r.S>r., odZm{X [wÒVH$ _ßoXa, AmJam (1961) & 10. Om{er AÎ[Zm - ‡maßo^H$ oejm H{$ bm{H$Ï`m[rH$aU _{ß "[mbH$ oejH$ 6. Aoæ^m{O dßXZm - ‡mWo_H$ oejm H{$ bm{H$ Ï`m[rH$aU _{ß [mbH$- gßK' H$r ^yo_H$m H$m A‹``Z H$aZm E_.ES>Ã bKw em{Y ‡]ßY, X{dr oejH$ gßY H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß AmZ{ dmbr ]mYmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z- AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (2004) & E_.ES>- bKw em{Y ‡]ßY, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a 11. Z{Jr Aem{H$ Hw$_ma - ‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß _‹`m›h ^m{OZ H$m`©H´$_ (2006) & H$r [mnadmnaH$ Ï`dÒWm H{$ VhV odo^fi od^mJ H$r g_›d`mÀ_H$ 7. AaPa{, gmYZm - ‡mWo_H$ oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß AemgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß H$m`©dmhr Edß H$oR>ZmB© H$m A‹``Z E_.ES>. bKw em{Y ‡]ßY X{dr Zm_mßH$Z [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^mdm{ß H$m gd}jUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z E_.ES>. AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a& bKw em{Y ‡]ßY X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (2004) & 12. _bmZr, Hw$. ^maVr - ‡mWo_H$ embmAm{ß _{ß oZ:ewÎH$ [mR>Á[wÒVH$ 8. Hw$bl{ÓR> - Eg.[r. oejm _Zm{odkmZ, Ama. bmb ]wH$ oS>[m{ß, _{aR> odVaU VWm _‹`m›h ^m{OZ odVaU `m{OZm H$m od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ (2005) & Zm_mßH$Z Edß e°ojH$ C[bo„Y [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z 9. Jm{amZr, Am^m - oejm H{$ bm{H$Ï`m[rH$aU H{$ obE embm À`mJ am{H$Z{ E_.ES>. C[moY h{Vw bKw em{Y ‡]ßY X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, Am°a A‹``Z A‹`m[Z H$m{ Í$oMH$aE ]mb H{$o›–V VWm JoVodoY B›Xm°a (2005) & H{$o›–V ]ZmZ{ H$r —oÓQ> g{ ‡mWo_H$ embmAm{ß H$r H$m`© Ï`dÒWm H$m 13. o_lm, b˙_r : _‹`‡X{e _{ß oejH$ oejm - _‹`‡X{e oh›Xr J´ßW A‹``Z E_.ES>. bKwem{Y ‡]ßY, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb (1998) & 14. e_m©, Ama.E. - em{Y ‡]ßY b{IZ, am∞`b ]wH$ oS>[m{, _{aR> &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 231

Om∞Z S>rdr H{$ e°ojH$ odMmam{ß H$m A‹``Z

S>m∞. ew^´m lrdmÒVd *

em{Y gmamße - gÂ[yU© oejm-OJV H$m{ A[Z{ ]hw-Am`m_r Ï`o∫$Àd g{ ‡^modV H$aZ{ dmb{ `wJ [wÍ$fmW© Om∞Z S>rdr H$r JUZm CZ _hmZ od^yoV`m{ß _{ß H$r OmVr h°, oOZH{$ ¤mam ‡oV[moXV Xme©oZH$ Edß e°ojH$ CX≤]m{YZ ^maVr` VWm odÌd OZ_mZg H$m{ gX°d Ambm°oH$V H$aV{ ah{J{ß& CZH$m ‡^md AmYwoZH$ oejm [a Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ oXImB© [∂S>Vm h°& BZ e°ojH$ odMmam{ß H$m{ ZroV]’ Í$[ g{ VWm gwoZ`m{oOV Tß>J g{ e°ojH$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ gmW g_o›dV d gßJoR>V H$aH{$ VmÀH$mobH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© Edß ^mdr g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m oZamH$aU H$a e°ojH$ ‡Umbr H$m{ Am°a ‡^mdr ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h° VWm `wdm eo∫$ H$m{ ghr oXem X{H$a ZdOrdZ H$m gßMaU oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&

‡ÒVmdZm - ]rgdt eVm„Xr H{$ d°kmoZH$ `wJ H$r _wª` e°ojH$ YmamAm{ß _{ß ]Xbr [naoÒWoV _{ß C‘{Ì` H$m ÒdÍ$[ ^r ]Xb OmZm Mmoh`{& S>rdr ]mbH$ ‡`m{OZdmX g]g{ _hÀd[yU© odMmaYmam h¢ oOgZ{ oejm H{$ ‡À`{H$ AßJ _{ß H$r Í$oM, `m{Ω`Vm Edß JoV H{$ AZwgma oejm ¤mam ]mbH$ H$m gÂ`H$, H´$mo›VH$mar [nadV©Z oH$`m h¢& gmd©^m°o_H$ Edß gd©H$mbrZ _hm[wÍ$fm{ß H$r gdm™JrU odH$mg H$aZm MmhV{ h¢, oOgg{ CgH$m ^mdr OrdZ gwI_` hm{ gßª`m ]hwV Wm{∂S>r hm{Vr h° Bgr H$∂S>r _{ß odÌd H{$ _hmZ oejmemÛr Om∞Z Am°a EH$ g_•’ Edß eo∫$embr amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U _{ß dh gh`m{J H$a gH{$& S>rdr Z{ E{g{ odMmam{ß, og’m›Vm{ß Edß _Vm{ß H$m{ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° oOZ [a AmYwoZH$ Bg ‡H$ma S>rdr H{$ oejm H$m C‘{Ì` E{g{ Ïò∫$ H$m oZ_m©U H$aZm h° oejm H$r gßaMZm oQ>H$r hwB© h° oO›hm{ßZ{ ‡m{J´{ogd ÒHy$b H$r ÒWm[Zm H$a oOg_{ß AmR> JwU AmdÌ`H$ Í$[ g{ odH$ogV oH$`{ Om gH{$ß- oejm OJV H$m{ bm^H$mar Xe©Z oX`m& CZH$m `m{JXmZ H{$db [mÌMmÀ` 1. CŒm_ ÒdmÒœ` Edß [`m©daU gm_ßOÒ` X{em{ß _{ß hr Zht ]oÎH$ ^maVr` Edß Eoe`mB© gßÒH•$oV _{ß ^r bm{H$o‡` h°& 2. oH´$`m H$r j_Vm Om∞Z S>rdr H$m oejm-Xe©Z _wª`V: ‡`m{OZdmXr odMmaYmam [a 3. `m{Ω` J•hÒW. AmYmnaV h° oOg{ C[`m{oJVmdmX, Ï`mdhmadmX ^r H$hm J`m h°, gmW hr 4. Ï`dgm` Hw$ebVm Cg_{ß AmXe©dmX d ‡H•$oVdmX H$m g_›d` ^r Xoe©V h°& CZH$m 5. ZmJnaH$Vm ‡`m{OZdmXr Xe©Z AmYwoZH$ `wJ H$r ‡^mdembr odMmaYmam hr Zht 6. AdH$me H$m g_woMV gXw[`m{J Ao[Vw Ï`mdhmnaH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm ]Z J`r h°& AmO odÌd H{$ g^r amÓQ≠> 7. Z°oVH$Vm Edß CŒm_ MnaÃ A[Zr oejm Ï`dÒWm H$m{ C[`w∫$ ]ZmZm MmhV{ h¢ ∑`m{ßoH$ "e°ojH$ ‡oH´$`m 8. 4H H{$ AZwgma ˆX`, _oÒVÓH$, hmW Edß ÒdmÒœ` (Heart, Head, CZ gÂ[yU© Z°oVH$ oH´$`mAm{ß _{ß g{ EH$ h° oOg_{ß oZH•$ÓQ>Vm g{ l{ÓR>Vm H$m Hand and Health)H$m odH$mg& AZw^d ‡m· H$aZ{ H$r gVV ‡oH´$`m MbVr ahVr h°&' oejm H$m{ Ï`dgm` g{ Om{∂S>Zm, H$m`© g{ Om{∂S>Zm VWm OrdZ g{ Om{∂S>Zm oejm H$m AW© -S>rdr oejm H{$ ¤mam ‡OmVmßoÃH$ g_mO H$m odH$mg Edß N>mÃ H$m{ ÒdmdbÂ]r, H$V©ÏòZÓR>, CŒmaXm`r ZmJnaH$ ]ZmZm Am°a Ïò∫$Àd EH$ JoVerb AZwHy$obV _Z _oÒVÓH$ H$m{ oZo_©V H$aZm MmhV{ W{ Om{ ]Xbr gÂ[fi H$aZm, oOgg{ d{ dV©_mZ ‡oV`m{JmÀ_H$ [nad{e _{ß A[Zr hwB© [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß Ïò∫$ H$m{ dh j_Vm, `m{Ω`Vm Am°a Hw$ebVm ‡XmZ H$a AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ [yU© H$aV{ hwE g_mO H{$ ob`{ AoYH$ C[`m{Jr hm{ gH{$ß gH{$ß,oOgg{ AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma Ïò∫$ Òd`ß H$m{ g_mO _{ß g_m`m{oOV gßVwobV S>rdr H$r ‡JoVerb oejm H$m ‡_wI C‘{Ì` h°& H$aH{$ A[Zr _yb^yV AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ Òd`ß [yU© H$a gH{$& S>rdr H{$ [mR>ÁH´$_- ‡JoVerb odMmaYmam _ß{ odÌdmg aIZ{ dmb{ Om∞Z S>rdr Z{ odMmamZwgma oejm hr odH$mg h°, oejm hr _mJ©Xe©Z h° Edß oejm hr ‡mMrZ [aÂ[amJV [mR>ÁH´$_ H$m H$∂S>m odam{Y H$aV{ hwE dmÒVodH$ OrdZ OrdZ h° & _mZd H$m{ OrodV ahZ{ H{$ ob`{ oOg ‡H$ma ^m{OZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [a AmYmnaV [mR>ÁH´$_ H$m{ A[ZmZ{ Am°a [mR>ÁH´$_ oZ_m©U H{$ ob`{ C[`w∫$ hm{Vr h° R>rH$ Cgr ‡H$ma g_mO H$m{ OrodV Edß AoÒVÀd _{ß ahZ{ H{$ ob`{ gyÃ Í$oM, ZÂ`Vm dß odo^fiVm, e°ojH$ AZw^d Edß gm_moOH$ g‰`Vm, oejm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& ß ‡{_, ghmZw^yoV, gh`m{J, g_m`m{OZ Edß Ï`mdhmnaH$, C[`m{oJVm, ghgÂ]›Y, ]mbH{$o›–V, bMrb{[Z gm_wXmo`H$ OrdZ O°gr ^mdZmAm{ß H{$ odH$mg H$m{ S>rdr oejm H$m H$m`© oH´$`merbVm, Ï`m[H$Vm Edß ^mdrOrdZ g{ gÂ]’Vm H$m og’m›V ‡ÒVwV _mZV{ W{ &S>rdr Z{ oejm H{$ ¤mam Ïò∫$JV "Òd' VWm gm_moOH$ "Òd' _{ß oH{$`m & gm_ßOÒ` ÒWmo[V [a H$aZ{ [a Om{a oX`m & ]mbH$ _{ß Mma ‡H$ma H$r Ao^Í$oM`m{ß odMmam{ß H{$ AmXmZ-‡XmZ, Im{O oejm H$m C‘{Ì` -S>rdr H$m _mZZm h° C‘{Ì` E{gm hm{ Om{ oH´$`m H$r Am{a oZ_m©U, g•OZ oZ_m©U, AWdm H$bmÀ_H$ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r Í$oM H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß C›_wI hm{, oOg_{ß og’m›V H{$ gmW-gmW Ï`dhma H$m gm_ßOÒ` hm{Zm aIH$a hr [mR>ÁH´$_ H$m{ oZo_©V H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [a ]b oX`m oOgg{ Mmoh`{ Om{ ZdrZ _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ oZo_©V H$a{, Ïò∫$ _{ß ZmJnaH$Vm H{$ JwUm{ß H$m AmO g_yMm oejm OJV gh_V h°& g_md{e H$a{, oOgg{ ]mbH$ g_mO Edß [`m©daU H{$ gmW g_m`m{OZ ÒWmo[V oejU odoY - oejU odoY`m{ß H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß Om∞Z S>rdr H{$ odMma [yU© H$aZ{ H{$ gmW hr A[Zm ÒWmZ oZYm©naV H$aZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{ gH{$& g_mO H$r Í$[{U ‡`m{JdmXr h¢& oOgH{$ H$maU C›hmß{Z{ A[Zr oejm Ï`dÒWm _{ß AZw^d, *** doa> ‡d∫$m (]r.ES>.) oXoΩdO`ZmW [r. Or. H$m∞b{O, Jm{aI[wa (C.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 232 ‡`m{J Edß oZarjU H$m{ Òdm^modH$ Í$[ _ß{ ÒWmZ oX`m h°& oejU H$r oejmWr©-A[Zr oejm Ï`dÒWm _{ß S>rdr Z{ ]mbH$ H$m{ H{$›–r` ÒWmZ [aÂ[amJV odoY`m{ß H$m odam{Y H$a ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ aQ>m-aQ>m H$a [wÒVH$m{ß [a oX`m h°& oejm H{$ g^r [hbwAm{ß O°g{ [mR>ÁH´$_ od⁄mb`, oejU, odoY, AmYmnaV oejm ‡XmZ H$aZm, [yU©V`m AÏ`dhmnaH$ Edß A_Zm{d°kmoZH$ oejm H{$ C‘{Ì` AmoX H$m oZYm©aU oejmWr© H$r Í$oM, Ïò∫$JV o^fiVm, h°& ]mbH$m{ß H{$ obE E{gr oejU odoY`m{ß H$m{ S>rdr Z{ A[ZmZ{ H$r ]mV H$r h° j_Vm Edß `m{Ω`Vm gm_œ`© Edß JoV H{$ AZwgma H$aH${ oejU ‡XmZ H$a oOg_{ß ]mbH$ oZoÓH´$` Z ahH$a ÒdmZw^d oH´$`m ¤mam Òd`ß grI{ ,‡`m{J ]mbH$ H$m{ grIZ{ H$m Adga oX`m Om`{ Vm{ dh EH$ Hw$eb d°kmoZH$, H$a{ß, goH´$` Edß oOkmgw ]Zm ah{ CZ_{ß gh`m{J, AmÀ_odÌdmg, AmÀ_oZ^©aVm, gm_moOH$ H$m`©H$Œmm©, Hw$eb VH$Zroe`Z Ed_ Hw$eb oejH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß _m°obH$Vm, g•OZerbVm, oZarjU H$Î[Zmeo∫$ dmÒVodH$Vm H{$ AmYma Câ{Jm& dh A[Zr g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m g_mYmZ H$aZ{ H{$ gmW, Xyga{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ [a `WmW© kmZ emarnaH$ eo∫$ gm_moOH$ Hw$ebVm O°g{ JwUm{ß H$m CVam{Œma gh`m{J H$aV{ hwE , A[Z{ ob`{ EH$ A¿N{> OrdZ _mJ© H$m{ g•oOV H$a gH{$Jm& odH$mg hm{, ^m°oVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ dmVmdaU H$r AZ{H$m{ß g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ dh AV: S>rdr Z{ ]mbH$ H$m{ A[Zm H$m`© MwZZ{, CgH$m{ [yU© H$aZ{, A[Z{ AmXem~ gwbPm gH{$& C›hm{ßZ{ H$aH{$ grIZ{, ÒdmZw^d ¤mam, ‡m{O{∑Q> odoY ¤mam, Edß _yÎ`m{ß H{$ oZ_m©U h{Vw Cg{ ÒdVßÃVm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ [a Om{a oX`m h¢& ‡`m{JmÀ_H$ odoY`m{ß ¤mam Í$oM OmJ•V H$aH{$ ogImZ{ [a Om{a oX`m & AZwemgZ- S>rdr H{$ AZwgma AZwemgZ EH$ ‡H$ma H$m AmßVnaH$ odH$mg od⁄mb` -S>rdr H{$ odMma g{ od⁄mb` dh ÒWmZ h° Ohmß ]mbH$ H$m{ ÒdVßÃ h° ]mbH$ H$r oejm H$m{ Í$oMH$a oH´$`merb ]Zm`{ aIV{ hwE E{gm gm_moOH$ Í$[ g{ AZw^d Edß ‡`m{J H$aZ{ OrdZ H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ OmZZ{, [nad{e ‡ÒVwV H$a od⁄mb`r H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ oH´$`mo›dV H$aH{$ CgH{$ g_j g_PZ{ ß [yam H$aZ{, oZÓH$fm~ H$r ÒdVßÃ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m Adga oX`{ OmZ{ E{g{ CXmhaU oX`{ OmZ{ Mmoh`{ oH$ CZ_{ß AmÀ_mZwemgZ CÀ[fi hm{& XS> Mmoh`{ & od⁄mb` _{ß gh`m{J, g_m`m{OZ, gm_wXmo`H$ OrdZ VWm Ï`dÒWm [a AmYmnaV AZwemgZ H$m S>rdr Z{ odam{Y oH$`m& AmÀ_- bm{H$VmßoÃH$ ^mdZmAm{ß H$m odH$mg hm{Vm, h° CZH$r _yb ‡d•oŒm`m{ß H$m{ CoMV AZwemgZ g{ hr ]mbH$m{ß _{ß odo^fi JwUm{ß O°g{ gß`_, gh`m{J, ghZerb, oXem o_bVr h°& S>rdr Z{ E{gm AmXe© ‡oV[moXV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ hr oeH$mJm{ AmÀ_r`Vm AmXa, gÂ_mZ, ]ßYwÀd, ‡{_ AmoX ^mdm{ß H$m{ odH$ogV H$aH{$ odÌdod⁄mb` _{ß b{]m{a{Q>ar ÒHy$b ^r ÒWmo[V oH$`m Ohmß OrdZ g{ gÂ]o›YV AmYwoZH$ g_mO H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Om gH$Vr h°& Ï`dgm`m{ß H$m ‡oejU oX`m OmVm Wm& Bg ‡H$ma S>rdr Z{ od⁄mb` H$m{ Ûr Edß [wÍ$f Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ g_mO H$m AßJ _mZV{ hwE S>rdr Z{ g_mZ oejm odoeÓQ> dmVmdaU, g_mO H{$ bKw gßÒWm, J•h Edß g_mO H$r gß`m{OH$ X{Z{ [a Om{a oX`m& C›hm{ßZ{ g_mO H{$ Xm{Zm{ß AßJ H$m{ oeojV H$a g_mO Edß H$∂S>r, ‡`m{JmÀ_H$ ÒWb, ‡OmVmßoÃH$ [nad{e, ‡JoVerb Edß [nadV©Z amÓQ≠> [a H$Î`mU oH$`m& S>rdr H$r odMmaYmam d°kmoZH$, _Zm{d°kmoZH$, ÒdÍ$[ _{ß, ZmJnaH$ H$r V°`mar H$m ÒWb, gm_moOH$ C‘{Ì` H{$ [yoV© gh`m{J, VH$ZrH$r, odoeÓQ>rH$aU Edß H$m°eb`w∫$ H{$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$a oejm ghH$mnaVm, gX≤^md, gm_moOH$ M{VZm O°gr ^mdZm H{$ CX≤]m{YZ ÒWb H{$ H{$ odo^fi Am`m_m{ß H{$ oZYm©aU _{ß oH´$`m Edß AZw^d H{$o›–V ÒdÍ$[ [a ]b Í$[ _{ß _mZm h°& X{Vr h° &S>rdr ]mbH$m{ß _{ß _m°obH$Vm, AmÀ_odÌdmg, AmÀ_oZ^©aVm, H$Î[Zm, oejH$ - oejH$, oejU-‡oH´$`m H$m gÉm gyÃmYma ]mbH$ H{$ ôdÓ` oZarjU, oM›VZEH$mJ´Vm d°kmoZH$ —oÓQ>H$m{U AmÀ_-AZwemgZ H$m oZ_m©Vm _mJ©Xe©H$, oZX}eH$, g_mO H$m ‡oVoZoY hm{Vm h°& oejH$ H$m{ gm_moOH$ Hw$ebVm XjVm ‡OmVmßoÃH$ _yÎ`m{ß, l_ H{$ ‡oV oZÓR>m, ]mbH$m{ß H m oZarjU H$aZ{, gh`m{J X{Z{, oOkmgm CÀ[fi H$aZ{ H$m ,goH´$` gm_wXmo`H$Vm VWm g•OZmÀ_H$ eo∫$`m{ß, Òdm‹`m` AmoX _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ dmVmdaU CÀ[fi H$a Cg{ CÀgmohV H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma h° Zm oH$ A[Z{ ‡oVoÓR>V H$aZm MmhV{ h¢& odMma ]mbH$m{ß [a bmXZ{ H$m& oZÓH$f©- Bg ‡H$ma Om∞Z S>rdr ZdrZ oejm [’oV H{$ ‡U{Vm W{ & A[Z{ oejH$ H{$ AmXe© Edß Ïò∫$Àd H$r Ao_Q> N>m[ N>mÃm{ß [a [∂S>Vr h°&S>rdr A_yÎ` odMmam{ß H$m{ gßgma H{$ gÂ_wI aIm, `wdm [r∂T>r H$m{ H$m`© H$r XwoZ`m Edß Z{ obIm h°, "oejH$ dh _m‹`_ h°, oOgH{$ ¤mam ]¿M{ H$m dV©_mZ kmZ, H$m`© H$r gßÒH•$oV g{ [naoMV H$am`m h°& AmO [mÌMmÀ`rH$aU, AZw^d H$m EH$ AßJ ]ZVm h°& CgH{$ AZw^d H{$ VÀd oH$g ‡H$ma ‡`m{J AmYwoZH$rH$aU, d°ÌdrH$aU, ohßgmÀ_H$ ‡d•oŒm _{ß d•o’, ^m{JdmXr ‡d•oŒm, oH$`{ Om`{ßJ{ Am°a oH$g ‡H$ma CgH$m kmZ CgH$r AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß Am°a amOZroVH$ AmH$mßjm VwÓQ>rH$aU AmoX H$maUm{ß g{ Ohmß gmßÒH•$oVH$ [nad{e oH´$`mAm{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ od{Ìb{ofV oH$`{ Om`{J{ß, oejH$ hr dh _m‹`_ ‡ÒVwV H$m{ IVam CÀ[fi hm{ ahm h° ,dht g_mO _{ß Ï`m· Z°oVH$, Am‹`moÀ_H$, H$aVm h°& oOgg{ ]mbH$ A[Z{ CoMV odH$mg H$m oZX}e ‡m· H$aH{$ ‡gfi gm_moOH$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß _{ß oJamdQ> H$m grYm ‡^md oejm H{$ hm{Vm h°&' ‡À`{H$ [j VWm ÒVam{ß [a [∂S> ahm h° oOgg{ CgH$r JwUdŒmm ‡^modV hm{ ahr S>rdr H{$ AZwgma oejH$ H$m{ oZÂZ Xm{ ]mVm{ß H$m gßkmZ AdÌ` hm{Zm h°& AV: oejm H$m{ ghr AWm~ _{ß ‡^mdr C‘{Ì`[yU© Am°a _hÀd[yU© ]ZmZ{ H{$ Mmoh`{- ob`{ gßaMZmÀ_H$ Edß ZroVJV [nadV©Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& AmO oejm H{$ 1. ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gmW Ïò∫$JV gÂ[H©$ ÒWmo[V H$aH{$ CgH$r Í$oM`m{ß H$m ¤mam [odÃ Ï`mdgmo`H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U CÀ[fi H$aZm hm{Jm& Om∞Z S>rdr H{$ kmZ& odMma AmO ^r CVZ{ hr gm_o`H$ h¢ oOVZ{ oH$ [hb{& ‡JoVerb oejm, 2. [nadV©Zerb g_mO H$r ]XbVr hwB© [naoÒWoV`m{ß H$m ]m{Y& ZdrZ oejm, oH´$`m ‡YmZ [mR>ÁH´$_ S>rdr H{$ odMmam{ß H$m hr [naUm_ h°& BZ S>rdr Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ ÒdrH$ma H$aV{ h¢ oH$, "]¿M{ H$m{ Z{V•Àd H{$ gmW- AmXe©, _yÎ`m{ß Am°a odMmam{ß H$m{ oejm ‡Umbr _{ß Ï`m[H$ Tß>J g{ gmW AmkmH$mnaVm H{$ ob`{ ^r oeojV H$aZm Mmoh`{, CgH{$ A›Xa ÒdV: [wZg™JoR>V,[wZoZ©`m{oOV H$a VWm `wdm [r∂T>r H{$ Ï`dhma Am°a AmMaU _{ß ‡{naV VWm Xygam{ß H$m{ ‡{naV H$aZ{ H$r ^r j_Vm hm{Zr Mmoh`{& ]¿Mm{ß _{ß oZohV H$aH{$ oejm H$m{ ‡^mdr ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h°, oOgg{ amÓQ≠> H$m{ CfioV ‡emgoZH$ Am°a odo^fi CŒmaXmo`Àdm{ß H$m{ oZ^mZ{ H$r j_Vm ^r hm{Zr H{$ [W [a AJ´ga H$aZ{ _{ß `wdm [r∂T>r A[Zr CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm d gmW©H$Vm H$m{ og’ Mmoh`{&' H$a A[Zm `m{JXmZ X{Z{ _{ß gj_ hm{ gH$Vr h°& Z°W{›gZ H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ß, "S>rdr H{$ oejm gÂ]›Yr odMmam{ß Z{ h_ma{ _mJ© H$m{ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 233 ‡eÒV oH$`m&' S>rdr H{$ `h odMma AmO ^r ‡{aUm Ûm{V ÒdÍ$[ h¢& 7. Xy]{ S>m∞0 a_mH$m›V, ^maVr` oejmemÛr, _Zm{ha [o„bH{$eZ, gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ Jm{aI[wa 1984 1. J´m{da, S>m∞0 B›–m gßgma H{$ _hmZ oejmemÛr, odÌdod⁄mb` 8. [mb∞, S>m∞0 Eg0H{$0 _hmZ [mÌMmÀ` oejmemÛr, JJ© ]´Xg©, ‡`mJ& ‡H$meZ dmamUgr, 1977 9. [mb, S>m∞0 Eg0H{$0 Jw·, S>m∞0 Eb0EZ0 oejm-Xe©Z, H°$bme 2. Mm°]{, S>m∞0 Eg0[r0 ^maV VWm [oÌM_ H{$ l{ÓR> oejm emÛr, ^dXr` ‡H$meZ, Bbmhm]mX 2004 & ‡H$meZ, \°$Om]mX 2002 10. [mS{>` S>m∞0 am_ eH$b, odÌd H{$ l{ÓR> oejmemÛr, odZm{X [wÒVH$ 3. S>rdr Om∞Z-oejm Am°a bm{H$V›Ã J´›W (BoS>`m) ‡mBd{Q> obo_Q{>S>, _o›Xa, AmJam 2005& oXÑr 2004 11. amO[yV, OJ_m{hZ ogßh -∑`m{ß VZmdJ´ÒV h¢ oejm Ï`dÒWm, oH$Vm] 4. S>rdr Om∞Z ÒHy$b ES> gm{gmBQ>r, oX _°H$o_bZ H$Â[Zr 1953 Ka ‡H$meZ, ZB©, oXÑr, 2008 5. S>rdr Om∞Z EOyH{$eZ Am∞\$ Qy>S{>, oX _°H$o_bZ H$Â[Zr 1953 12. d_m©, dr0EZ0 ‡gmX, odÌd H{$ _hmZ H{$ oejm emÛr, o]hma oh›Xr 6. 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gmaUr 1 H´$_mßH$ A‹`m[H$ Hw$b _‹`_mZ _mZH$ odMmbZ [arjm gmW©H$Vm ÒVa 1 AemgH$r` A‹`m[H$ 35 28.74 2.782 8.594 0.01 2 emgH$r` A‹`m[H$ 30 35.53 3.812 8.594 0.01

************* ** ***em{YmWu, O{.O{.Q>r. `yoZdog©Q>r©, PwZPyZy (amO.) ‰mmaV ** ** ‡mMm`m©, lr_Vr od⁄mdVr H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ E{OyH{$eZ, Pmßgr (C.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 235 Effect Of Air Pollution On Selected Physical Fitness Variables Of School Children

Ravi Bhadoria *

Abstract - The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of air pollution on selected physical fitness variables of school children belonging to more polluted and relatively less polluted zone. The subjects from more polluted zone were the students of various schools of Bharuch(guj.)where fertilizer plant is situated was selected while students of schools of Bhopal (m.p.)where there is no industrial plant was selected as the less polluted zone the students were 400 male students from each zone studying in classes IX to XII i.e. 14 to 18 yearsof age. Selected physical fitness variables were shoulder strength, abdominal strength,endurance,agility,power,speed and cardio-respiratory endurance. These variables of each subject were obtained by administering AAHPER youth fitness test the data were collected from both zones and in order to find out the difference between more polluted and less polluted zone.means of each of the groups were tested for significance by using the “t”test. The level of significance was 0.05.the study concluded that the selected variables of the subjects of class IX to XII belonging to more polluted and less polluted zones differ from each other significantly in most of the variables. Introduction -In the present world people are suffering with “air pollution is present in ambient atmosphere of various types of physical and mental disorders due to substances, generally resulting from the activity if men , in advancement of science and technology we have become a sufficient concentration , present for a sufficient time and mechanical mobile society,relying on machines rather than under circumstances which interfere significantly with the muscles to get around as a result obesity and overweight, comfort health or welfare of person or with the full use or the problems that come with high bloodpressure, diabetes, enjoyment of property. In short, air pollution is defined as cardiac arrest etc. Are on the rise scientific evidence tells presence of any foreign materials in atmosphere either in us that one of the keys to preventing these problems is the form of particular matter or gas in sufficient quantity and physical fitness and exercise. duration which are detrimental to mankind, vegetation and Physical fitness refers to the organic capacity of the material. The release of air pollutant in atmosphere directly individual to perform the normal task of daily living without affects the health and physical fitness of human being. The undue tiredness or fatigue having reserves of strength and purpose of the study was to assess the effect of air pollution energy available to meet satisfactory emergency demands on selected physical fitness variables of school children of suddenly placed upon him it involve the performance of the 14-18 years of age belongs to more polluted and relatively heart and lungs and the muscles of the body strength, power, less polluted area. speed, agility, strength, endurance, cardiorespiratorye- Methodology - Study was conducted in two zones i.e. more ndurance etc. Are the components of physical fitness. polluted zone for which various schools of Bharuch (Guj.) Physical fitness by and large gets influenced by many where fertilizer plant is situated which produces copper metal factors such as age,sex,heredity and environment etc.out as main produce along with sulphuric acid and single super of the above mentioned factors environment is the neglected phosphate fertiliser, was selected while the less polluted factor though it affect the life of an individual directly. zone of rural area for which various schools of Bhopal (m.p.) Environment means whatever surrounds the individual in other which is purely a urban belt , with less air pollution and no words what ever surrounds the individual constitute his industrial plant , was selected Subject were 400 male environment it is also known as external environment .It is students from each zone studying in classes ix to xii belonging also known as external environment which includes the to mostly from middle class families. Thus there was air,water,soil,noise,sun radiations etc.On the other hand, homogeneity among the subjects as they were of same group everyone has internal environment which consists of his body, representing a class of same standard in lifestyle, food habits, his internal systems and their functions. The state of balance daily routine etc. The main difference was in their zonal is disturbed due to the environment pollution and diseases distribution of residence. are caused. Selected physical fitness variables were arm and Out of various types of pollution (air, water, noise, etc.) shoulder strength, abdominal strength and endurance, agility, air pollution is continuously increasing rapidly and has power, speed and cardio respiratory endurance. These become a matter of concern because the immediate variables of each subject was obtained by administering environment of man comprises of air on which depends all AAHPER youth fitness test which included the following forms of life. According to the Indian Standards Institution iteams. *** PGT (Physical Education) The Aditya Birla Public School, Kharach Bharuch (Gujarat) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 236

1. Arm and shoulder strength was assessed by the number 3. The performance of shuttle run also revealed that the of completed pull ups. subjects of all the classes belonging to less polluted 2. For abdominal strength and endurance numbers of zone had better agility compare to the subjects completed bent knee sit ups in one minute were belonging to more polluted zone. performed. 4. The subject of classes IX,X and XI belonging to less 3. Agility was measured by the shuttle run test and the polluted zone had performed better in standing broad performance was recorded nearest 1/10 of a second. jump which states that they have better explosive 4. For testing the power, standing broad jump test was strength than to the subjects belonging to more polluted used and the performance was measured to the nearest zone. But there was no significant difference found inch. between the subjects of class XII belonging to both the 5. Speed was assessed by using 50 yards dash run . The zones. performance was recorded to the 1/10 of a second. 5. The performance of 50 yard dash made it clear that the 6. In order to assess the cardio- respiratory endurance subjects of class IX and X belonging to less polluted 600 yard run/walk was used and the performance was zone had better speed than the subject of more polluted recorded to the nearest 1/10 of a second. zone whereas there was no significant differences found The subject were divided in to four groups according to between the subjects of class XI and XII belonging to the class of students i.e.IX,X,XI andXII as A,C,E and G of both zone. more polluted zone and B,D,F and H from less polluted zone 6. In case of 600 yard run/walk the performance revealed respectively in order to find out the difference between the that the subjects of only classX belonging to less means of selected physical fitness variables of more polluted polluted zone had shown better cardio respiratory and less polluted groups. the data were subjected to the “t” endurance than the subject of more polluted zone test the level of significance was kept at 0.05 whereas there was no significant differences found Analysis Of Data - The comparison of means of selected between the subjects of class IX,XI and XII belonging to physical fitness variables of subjects of class IX-XII from more both zone. polluted and less polluted groups are presented in table 1 References:- (See in the last page) 1. Bosco james B. and Gustafon William F(1983) Result Of The Study - Within the limitations of the study measurement and evaluation in physical edu.,fitness the following are the results- and sports Eaglrwood cliffs newjersey, Prentice hall inc. 1. The performance of subjects in pull ups showed that 2. Mathew Donald K. And Fox Edward L. (1976) The the subjects of all the classes belonging to less polluted physiological basis of physical education and athletics zone had better shoulder strength than the subjects Philadelphia W.B. Saunders co. belonging to more polluted zone. 3. Hardayal Singh (1991) science of sports training New 2. In case of situps the performance revealed that the Delhi D.V.S. publication. subjects of all the classes belonging to less polluted 4. Sahu,D.K.Srinivas (1999) study of air quality of industrial zone had better abdominal strength than the subjects area surrounded by coal mines. belonging to more polluted zone. Class Arm &Shoulder Abdominal strength Agility Power Speed Cardio strength & endurance (sec .) (feet) (sec.) Respiratory (numbers) (numbers) Endurance (sec.) IX Mean(A) 3.37 21.79 11.27 6.89 7.64 147.93 Mean (B) 6.56 25.10 10.93 7.44 7.43 143.98 DM 3.19 3.31 0.33 0.54 0.21 2.94 “t” ratio 8.67* 5.60* 4.42* 6.63* 3.87* 1.23 X Mean(C) 4.50 23.28 10.76 7.56 7.45 139.70 Mean (D) 7.51 26.55 10.30 7.66 7.44 134.41 DM 3.03 3.22 0.56 0.21 0.33 5.30 “t” ratio 7.45* 6.10* 8.11* 2.95* 5.70* 2.16* XI Mean(E) 5.56 25.47 10.56 7.28 7.34 139.43 Mean (F) 7.43 26.88 10.43 7.71 7.33 140.10 DM 1.86 1.45 0.31 0.43 0.08 0.26 “t” ratio 4.45* 2.40* 4.24* 4.87* 1.16* 0.12* XII Mean(G) 5.54 23.44 10.95 7.55 7.43 140.65 Mean (H) 8.56 25.67 10.45 7.87 7.31 139.44 DM 3.03 2.55 0.50 0.09 0.10 2.10 “t” ratio 7.65* 3.97 6.70* 1.42 1.90 0.87 *Significant at 0.05 level(198) =1.97 more polluted A,C ,E and G less polluted B,D,F and H Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 237

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Ag_mZVmAm{ß d A›`m`m{ H$m{ IÀ_ H$aZ{ H{$ gß]Y _{ß gaH$ma H$r ZroV *** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 238 gm\$ hm{Zr MmohE& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ 6. X{e _{ß AmoW©H$ Ag_mZVmAm{ß d A›`m`m{ß H$m{ IÀ_ H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma H$m{ V{Or g{ H$X_ CR>mZm MmohE& AmoW©H$ H$oR>ZmB©`m± Ïò∫$ H{$ Z°oVH$ 1. ^maVr` g_mO Edß oejm - bjVm Jw·m & ]b H$m{ H$_ H$a X{Vr h°& 2. _¢ odd{H$mZ›X ]m{b ahm hy± - oJnaamO eaU & ^maVr` g_mO H{$ dV©_mZ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z hm{ ah{ h¢ o\$a 3. g_mO H$Î`mU - \$adar & ^r `h gÀ` h° oH$ `wdmAm{ß H$m{ ghr Edß aMZmÀ_H$ oXem X{H$a EH$ E{g{ 4. g_mOemÛ - S>m∞0 E.[r.lrdmÒVd & Zd^maV H$m oZ_m©U H$aZm hm{Jm oOg{ X{I H$a gmam odÌd MoH$V ah OmE& 5. aMZm - A∑Qw>]a - ZdÂ]a 2013

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 239

AmYwoZH$ oejm [a d°oXH$ oejm H$m ‡^md

S>m∞. AßoV_ ]mbm O°Z *

‡ÒVmdZm - od⁄m H$m ]m{Y h_{ß kmZ H$r Cg odYm H{$ ¤mam hm{Vm h° oOg_{ß [∂S>H$a oOVZr Ï`mdhmnaH$ oejm ‡m· H$a gH$Vm h°, CVZr Ka [a Zht Am°a Ïò∫$ H{$ d°ò∫$H$ (Ïò∫$JV) JwUm{ß H$r Ao^d•o¤ H{$ gmW-gmW CgH{$ Ka H{$ ]mha OmH$a òX Cg ]mbH$ H$m{ Ka O°gm dmVmdaU Z o_bm, Vm{ ^r gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Am°a amÓQ≠>r` H$V©Ï`m{ß H$m{ oZoÌMV H$aZm hm{Vm h° & CgH$m [ym© odH$mg Zht hm{ gH$Vm & Bg g_Ò`m H$m hb H$aZ{ H{$ obE d°oXH$ oZÌM` hr `h Ï`dÒWm Om{ h_{ß dV©_mZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡m· hwB© h° `h AMmZH$ H$mb _{ß JwÍ$Hw$b [¤oV H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m Wm & JwÍ$Hw$b H$m AW© h° JwÍ$ Zht h° ]oÎH$ CgH$m EH$ oZoÌMV H´$_ Am°a odÒV•V BoVhmg ahm h°, oOg{ H$m Hw$b & F$of`m{ß H$m odMma Wm oH$ Ka _{ß oejm g_woMV Í$[{U gß^d Zht & OmZZ{, gßaojV H$aZ{ Am°a odH$Î[ H$m{ ‡m· H$amZ{ H{$ obE AZw^d g{ CÀ[fi AV: ]mbH$ H$m{ oejm ‡mo· H{$ obE ]mha ^{Om OmE & [a›Vw ]mha ^{OH$a hwAm h° & kmZ H$m{ obo[ (^mfm) H{$ Í$[ _{ß gßoMV H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, ^r Cg{ EH$ Ka g{ Xyga{ Ka _{ß hr ^{Om OmE & EH$ Hw$b g{ Xyga{ Hw$b _{ß ^{Om Om{ H{$db oejm ¤mam hr gß^d hm{ gH$Vm h°, Bg h{Vw Òdm‹`m`, ‡dMZ Edß Om`{ EH$ [nadma g{ Xyga{ [nadma _{ß ^{Om Om`{ & `hr JwÍ$Hw$b oejm ‡Umbr oMßVZ H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m _hÀd h° & H$m AmYma^yV VÀd Wm & AmYwoZH$ oejm emÛ d°oXH$ oejm H$r [aß[am g{ ‡{naV (‡^modV) `{ JwÍ$Hw$b C[hda{ oJarUmß gßJ_{ M ZXrZmß oY`m{ od‡m{ AOm`V H{$ h° ? 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0.715 (2014) 240 H$m{ ]b oX`m h° & B›ht odMmam{ß g{ EH$ H$X_ AmJV{ ]∂T>V{ hwE ‡og¤ A_arH$r AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ _mZd H$m{ [yU© _mZdÀd ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$m ‡`ÀZ oejm Xme©oZH$ Om∞Z S>rdr Z{ Bg ‡oH´$`m H$m{ oÃ-_wIr ]VmV{ hwE oejU oH$`m Om ahm h° & ‡oH´$`m H$m{ _Zm{d°kmoZH$ Am°a gm_moOH$ [j _{ß od^moOV H$aV{ hwE oejH$ oejU A‰`mg H$r ‡oH´$`m _{ß ‡`w∫$ [mR> `m{OZm H{$ gm{[mZm{ß H{$ _hÀd oejmWr© H{$ gmW gm_moOH$ [j H$m{ ^r goÂ_obV oH$`m h° & CZH{$ AZwgma H$m{ oH´$`mÀ_H$ [j H{$ Í$[ _{ß OmZm Omd{ Om{ Cg_{ß ‡`w∫$ ‡ÒVmdZm H$m ]mbH$ H$m{ oeojV H$aZ{ obE CgH$r _yb ‡H•$oV`m{ß H$m kmZ hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ od⁄mWr© H{$ [mnadmnaH$ Am°a gm_moOH$ dmVmdaU H$r [•ÓR>^yo_ H$m [naM` h°, Om{ EH$ _Zm{d°kmoZH$ [j h° Am°a `h oH$ g_mO H{$ gh`m{J H{$ ]mbH$m{{ß H{$ X{Vm hwAm CgH{$ ]m°o¤H$ ÒVa H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{Vm h°, BgH{$ _Zm{^mdm{ß H$m CoMV oXem _{ß odH$mg Zht hm{ gH$V{, Bgg{ `h oH$ oZÓH$f© [yd© _mVm ¤mam AmMaU H$m ‡oejU Am°a o[Vm ¤mam CgH{$ gm_moOH$rH$aU oZH$mbm J`m h° oH$ ]mbH$ H{$ d°ò∫$H$ odH$mg _{ß dmVmdaU ghm`H$ og¤ H{$ gmW e°joUH$ dmVmdaU H{$ gmW N>mÃ ¤mam ‡m· kmZ H$r JÂ^raVm H$m hm{Vm h° & Bg gß]ßY _{ß dmVmdaU H$r ‡YmZVm ¤mam ]mbH$ H$r _yb ‡d•oŒm`m{ß ]m{Y ^r hm{ OVm h° & H$m{ ZÓQ> Am°a odH$ogV hm{V{ hwE Xem©`m J`m h° & Bg gß]ßY _{ß OßJb _{ß Ny>Q{> [mR> `m{OZm _{ß ‡`w∫$ AmXe© dmMZ AZwH$aU dmMZ Am°a Aewo’ hwE J∂S>na`{ H{$ ]Ém{ß _m{Jbr H$m CXmhaU _mZg [Q>b [a CâVm h°, oOg_{ß gßem{YZ d{Xmße H{$ Í$[ _{ß oejm emÛ H$m odb` h°, oOgH$m C‘{Ì` Òda OmZdam{ß H$r gßJoV _{ß ahZ{ H$m H$maU CgH{$ AmMma odMma Edß Ï`dhma Am°a dUm©oX H$m R>rH$-R>rH$ kmZ H$amZm h° & ^mfm oejU _{ß e„Xm{ß H$r [hMmZ ImZ[mZ gß]ßoYV ^mdm{ß H$r AoôÏò∫$ [yU©V: [ewdV hm{ JB© Wr & OßJb Òda H$m ]m{Y Am°a CÉmaU H$m°eb H$m ode{f _hÀd h° & dV©_mZ oejU _{ß Ny>Q{> Cg ]mbH$ H$m{ OßJbr ohßgH$ [ewAm{ß ¤mam [mobV oH$E OmZ{ g{ Cg_{ß odoY H$m{ Aewo¤ gßem{YZ H{$ gm{[mZ ¤mam A‰`mg H$aZ{ H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m _mZdm{oMV Ï`dhma H$m A^md hm{H$a [meodH$ ‡H•$oV`mß hr AoYH$ PbH$Vr J`m h° & Ohm∞ Bg A‰`mg H$r Am°a ‹`mZ Zht oX`m OmVm dhmß e„Xm{ß H{$ Wr, MbZ{ ImZ{ H$m Tß>J [ewdV Wm & gß`m{Jde OßJb _{ß [Z[{ Bg _mZd CÉmaU _{ß AZ{H$m{ß Xm{f PbH$Z{ bJV{ h°, O°g{ H$mÏ` H$m{ H$Ï] , AmMm`© H$m{ oeew H$m{ O] gm_m›` dmVmdaU AmWm©V _mZdm{ß H$m gmW o_bm Om{ Cg_{ß AmMmO©, ^mfm H$m{ ^mIm gm ‡VrV hm{Z{ bJVm h°& Bg Xm{f H{$ oZdmaU H{$ Yra{ Yra{ _mZdm{oMV ‡doŒm`m{ß H$m odH$mg hm{Z{ bJm, Bg AmYma [a Ò[ÓQ> obE oejmodXm{ß Z{ Aewo’ gßem{YZ Am°a H$moV›` - oZdmaU, odÒV•V hm{Vm h° oH$ Z°goJ©H$Vm g{ AoYH$ dmVmdaU ‡^modV H$aVm h° & Ï`mª`m H$m odYmZ oH$`m J`m h° & Bgr AmYma [a ‡og’ Xme©oZH$ OmZ S>rdr Z{ gm_moOH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ hr [mR> Z{ odõ{fUmÀ_H$ ]m{YmÀ_H$ Am°a [wZamd•À`mÀ_H$ ‡ÌZm{ß H$m ghmam od⁄mWr© H{$ Ïò∫$Àd H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE CoMV _mJ© ‡eÒV H$a gH$Vr h° & AmYwoZH$ oejU _{ß ob`m OmVm h° & oOgH$r N>m`m h_ d°oXH$H$mbrZ oejU ‡oVHy$b [naoÒWoV`m{ß g{ ]MmZ{ h{Vw g_mO H$m{ `h oZoÌMV H$aZm hm{Jm oH$ [aß[am _{ß ‡ÌZ ]m{YmÀ_H$ CŒma, AZw[yaH$ ‡ÌZ H$m gm_mYmZ, odf` odÒV•V ]mbH$m{ H$m{ AmÀ_oZ^©a Am°a gm_moOH$ Ï`dhma H{$ ‡oejU H{$ obE H$m{°Z OmZH$mar H{$ obE ‡oV‡ÌZ Am°a Cg [a Ï`mª`m H{$ Í$[ _{ß X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr H$m°Z g{ odf` Am°a oH$g oejU [’oV g{ ]∂T>m`m Om`, oOgg{ Cg_{ß H$m`© h° & Hw$ebVm Am°a g_mO ÒdrH•$V AmMaU H{$ AZwÍ$[ j_Vm H$m{ odH$mg hm{ gH{$ Bg ‡H$ma H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ AmYwoZH$ [aÂ[am _{ß ^r Aml_H$mbrZ O] gm_moOH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm [a AmYmnaV [mR>ÁH´$_ H$m{ AoYJ_ H$r ‡oH´$`m oejU Ï`dÒWm H$r PbH$ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h°oOg{ [yd© H$r odf` dÒVw _{ß H{$ AßVJ©V goÂ_obV oH$`m Om` & oZoX©ÓQ> oH$`m Om MwH$m h° & oejUm‰`mg H$r ‡oH´$`m [a òX gy˙_ —oÓQ> S>mbr Om`{ Vm{ d°oXH$ H$mbrZ oejm [¤oV O°g{ dV©_mZ ‡oH´$`m ^r ]mbH$ H{$ d°ò∫$d CÀWmZ H{$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gmW gmW gm_moOH$ CÀWmZ H$m{ ode{f _hÀd ‡XmZ H$aVr h° & dV©_mZ _{ß 1. d°oXH$ oejm [¤oV - S>m∞. ^mÒH$a o_lm & oejmm‰`mg H$r ‡oH´$`m _{ß ]mbH$ Z°goJ©H$Vm H$r Am{a ode{f _hÀd oX`m 2. ^maVr` oejm [¤oV - lr b¡Omam_ Vm{_a & OmVm h°, O]oH$ d°oXH$ H$mbrZ oejUod⁄m _{ß JwÍ$ H$m{ ode{f _hÀd ‡XmZ 3. h_mar oejm - Òdm_r oZd}XmZßX & oH$`m J`m Wm, gmW hr VÀH$mbrZ oejm Ï`dÒWm _{ß Am‹`moÀ_H$ 4. ^maVr` oejm H$m BoVhmg - S>m∞. eßH$a odO`dJr©` & oM›VZ‡YmZ kmZmÀ_H$ C‘{Ì` H$r Am{a ode{f ‹`mZ oX`m OmVm Wm, O]oH$ 5. ^maVr` oejm ‡Umbr H$m odH$mg -S>m∞. Ama.H{$. e_m© & dV©_mZ [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß H$m°eb (Skill) ode{f H$r Am{a ‹`mZ X{V{ hwE 6. ‡MrZ ^maVr` oejm [¤oV- S>m∞. ]Ém ^maVr &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 241

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 246

Regional Agriculture Development & Disparities in Punjab (A Geographical Analysis)

Dr. B.L Jat* Dr. Jagseer Singh**

Abstract - The agricultural infrastructural index, constructed using principal component Analysis, reveals the prevalence of a wide inter district variation in agricultural infrastructure in Punjab. The results of conditional convergence establish the argument that variations in the provision of agricultural infrastructure and natural factor line rainfall play the divergent role in accuring benefits from agriculture in Punjab. The skewed distribution of public and private investment in favour of agriculturally developed districts has been found to be responsible for enhancing the disparity in agriculture infrastructure.This study makes an attempt to analyze the special pattern of regional disparities variations in the levels of agriculture development and casual relationship between agriculture development and selected variables of regional disparities among the districts of the state of Punjab. Keywords - Regional disparities, Infrastructure, Independent variable, livelihood.

Introduction - The attainment of self-Sufficiency in food grain based on high yielding varieties seed fertilizer technology was one of the most important objectives last five decade in has contributed to the growth in production and productivity the history of Punjab. Agriculture economic development of in Punjab. a region depends on a number of the factors like geographical, However these studies also observed marked naturals resources, political and social parameters. deceleration in the level and trend growth rate of output.About There could be number of factors or reasons for regional convergence/divergence of agricultural growth across all or district inequality in the development like physical and districts of Punjab.The study by Kalirajan et at. (1998) found natural barriers, economic barriers, social barriers, the long term divergence and cyclical pattern in agricultural administrative barriers etc. In order to attempt to minimize growth, Gosh (2006) also found absolute divergence and and bridge the gap between developed and under-developed conditional convergence is agricultural growth in Punjab. areas in the state. Since last six to seven decades planned Under this backdrop this study analyses the trend and developed process has been in place through five year plans. disparity in the rate of growth of value of output and yield in As per ceveus 2011, 63 Percent of Punjab’s population lived agriculture in Punjab Since1960s with explicit focuses on in rural area. Cultivators and agricultural workers accounted the phases of the green revolution and new economic reform. for above 75 Percent of total population of Punjab. While The study also focuses on the nature of convergence/ such a large proportion of the population was dependent on divergence in the growth rate of the per capita value of agriculture, agriculture and allied activates contributed about agricultural output of all districts of Punjab for identifying the 65 percent of gross state domestic production of Punjab in factors that are responsible behind the disparity in agricultural 2011. Animal resources contributed about 28.7 Percent of performance in Punjab state. the gross state domestic production of Punjab. As per the Study area - Punjab with varied agro-climatic condition land use statistics for 2011, above 70 percent of the reported shows inter-district agriculture disparities. The districts of area of the Punjab was actually cultivated. Different types of the state are covered under humid, pre-humid, semi-arid follows, cultivable waste land, permanent pastures under situation depending on us seasonal rainfall and moisture forestry 2.5 Percent of the land of Punjab about .5 Percent index. They have different potential for development in different land is put to non-agriculturaluses. The state covers on area sectors of economy. Punjabin the 20th largest state of India’s of 50,362 Square kilometers, 1.53 Percent of the India’s with a geographical area,Its 1.53% of India’s total total geographical area. There is a plethora of literature about geographical area. The economy of Punjab is the 14th largest the growth, instability, cropping pattern and interdistricts state economy in India with 5.18 Lakh crore in gross different in agriculture in Punjab. Several study such as RAO domestic product and a per capita GOP of 153,000. Punjab (1975), Mehra (1981), Desai and Hazell, 1982 etc have is primarily agriculture based due to the presence of pointed out that the new strategy of agricultural production abundant water sources and most of the Punjab lies in fertile *** Lecturer, P.G Deptt. of Geography, SPNKS Govt. College, Dausa (Raj.) INDIA ** Lecturer (Geography) GSSS Mana Singh Wala, Ferozepur (Punjab) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 247 soils, alluvial plain with many rivers and an extensive irrigation first phase of green revolution (1970-71 to 1979-80) was not canal system Punjab in divided into three distinct regions extraordinary. All Punjab growth for the agricultural output on the basis of soil types: South-western, Central and and yield during this period was recorded 5.43% per annum eastern. Punjab falls under seismic zones II, III and IV zone respectively, whereas in case of yield the state Punjab II is considered a low-damage risk zone, zone III is considered achieved significant growth. a moderate damage risk zone and zone IV considered a The effect of green revolution was visible from the second high damage risk zone. The state has been awarded the phase of green revolution from the period 1980-81 to 1990- national productivity award for agriculture extension service 91. It has been observed from the kinked exponential growth of ten year from 1991-92 to 1998-99 and from 2001 to 2003- rate (Table-1, Table-2)that all Punjab agricultural performance 04. registered an un recedented improvement in both output and This study on Regional-Agriculture disparities in Punjab yield growth during the second phase of green revolution. was undertake with the main objective to measure inter Punjab state achieved outstanding growth in agricultural district disparities prevalent in various indicates of the output 6.38 percent. It’s achieved the remarkable growth economy and livelihood to take necessary measures to rate in all over the India. reduce into-regional disparities. Where this study covers last Table-1 & 2 (see in last page) four decades of economic development of the Punjab state. Since food grain comprises nearly 80% of the total crop The study covered all of 22 districts of the state output in Punjab and majority of district of state are Objectives of the study : dependent on production of food grain, the deceleration in 1. To examine the level of development in agriculture across food grain production is reflected in the result of growth of all the districts of Punjab. value of crop output. Thus the result establish that there 2. To measuring inter district inequalities with respect to was a significant acceleration in growth rate in the value of agriculture indicators of development. output and yield during the 2nd phase of green revolution but 3. To analyzing the respective role of physical and natural the post liberalization period has marked a sign of depression factors vis-à-vis man made factors in causing inter- both in agricultural output and its yield rate in Punjab. Our regional inequalities. findings conform to the previous empirical studies by Bhalla Hypothesis : and Singh and others. In a comprehensive study about the 1. The regional imbalance are the outcome of both natural growth and regional disparities, Bhalla and Singh (2009) and man-made factor. argued that increase in regional disparities during the first 2. By increasing plan-outlay in backward area in the state phase of green revolution (1971-81) was followed by decline regional equalities could be reduced. in the same during the second phase of green revolution Methodology - The researcher admitted that identification due to the spread effect of HYN technology. of appropriate indicators was difficult task. Further, it also However, the post liberalization period (1991) witnessed agreed that aggregation of a variety of indicators into a single the continuous decline in growth rates in Punjab as well as measure generally posed many difficulties. in Indian agriculture. This result was supported by the author Source of data – The directorate of economic and statistics, live Mathur et al, 2006, Maherdradev (1987), Janaiah et al. Govt of Punjab regularly publishes district outlines of all the (2005) and Chand et. al (2001). According to these authors 22 districts. This was a major source of information for the the factors like the slowdown in growth of fertilizer use, present study. Besides these, there are publications of declining irrigation, intensity, reduction of energy use and different departments of the state Govt in which data are lack in the adoption of modern techniques were considered made available for different districts periodically. to be attributable to the deceleration in the trends of Result and discussion- agricultural growth in Punjab during 1990-91’s Mathur et al, Growth performance of Punjab in agriculture - The 2006, Maherdradev (1987), Janaiah et al. (2005). growth performance of the Punjab has been analyzed Agricultural disparities in Punjab - Punjab is considering three distinct phases of agricultural development characterized by wide regional variation in agro-climatic in Punjab viz the first phase of green revolution 1970-71 to condition. Agricultural output in different region is varied due 1979-80, second phase of green revolution 1980-80 to 1990- to varied agro-climatic factors, physical resource endowment 91 and the period after economic reform 1991-92 to 2007- and also varying level of investment in rural infrastructure 08. and technological innovation. The regional variation in The exponential growth rates of value of output and agricultural infrastructure and the use of agricultural inputs productivity for the Punjab during the whole period (1970-71 in Punjab is quite high. to 2010-11) revealed that all the Punjab agricultural output The result of the index and the subsequent rank of the and yield grew at the rate of Punjab is 2.12% registered Punjab state according to the index are presented in the higher growth on productivity during the entire period. The table. From the table it’s clear that there exists a widespread performance of the state of Punjab remained not poor in disparity among districts of Punjab state in respect of the both respects during the whole period.The study revealed distribution of agricultural inputs in Punjab.Thus from the that the performance of the Punjab agriculture during the result of index it can be said that wide disparity had remained Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 248 in the distribution of agricultural infrastructure across of 11 Ludhiana 300665 300665 100.00 Punjab during the study period. 12 Mansa 187563 196484 95.46 Table-3 (see in last page) 13 Moga 197511 197511 100.00 Causes of regional agricultural disparities 14 Mohali 69006 81516 84.65 1. Geographical factors 15 Mukatsar 224899 239803 93.78 2. Inadequacy of Economic overhead 16 Nawansahar 88400 98281 89.95 3. Failure of planning Mechanism 17 Patiala 262901 266932 98.49 4. Lack of motivation on the part of backward Districts. 18 Rupnagar 70358 80443 87.46 5. Marginalization of the impact of Green revolution of (Ropar) certain regions. 19 Sangrur 312628 312628 100.00 Agriculture dimensions - Agriculture is a gamble on 20 Tarantarn 218013 218013 100.00 monsoon, late arrival of monsoon, lack of monsoon and Total 4070018 4194434 97.03 disorder in sequences of monsoon very often adversely affect Source- Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India. our agricultural products. The annual average rainfall in Agriculture and livestock - Punjab was the front runner of Punjab is 499.9 mm(49.99cm)in last 5 years in Punjab. But agriculture performance and livestock during the glorious recorded average rainfall in year 2014 to 2018 is 832 mm in days of Green revolution. As indicated earliest, production Punjab. Mohali district has been termed as the second of crops was assumed to have a direct and positive wettest district in Punjab over period of last decade. relationship with development. The level of output of different The districts along the Shivalik hills, Gurdaspur, crops in agriculture/ livestock (density/km2) veterinaryservice, Pathankot, Hoshiarpur and Ropar receive maximum rainfall, milk production, proportion of area under non-food crops etc where the average yearly rainfall was 1185.22 mm. achieved during 2015-16. Agricultural production in Punjab - The principal crops Livestock is the second largest sector in terms of gross of Punjab are barley, wheat, rice, maize and sugarcane. value of output and this sector can play a very NABARD The main sources of irrigation are canals and tube wells. approved a project under RIDF to construct a tehsil level, 28 The economy of the state primarily depends upon agriculture block level and 110 veterinary hospital in the state. sector. Punjab is agrarian state in productivity of agriculture. Conclusion – The relationship between levels of agricultural Data on production of various crops were collected in respect development and levels of regional disparities are marked of almost all the important food-crops as well as non-food by substantial increase from East to Central and Western crops. region. Punjab state is a where there is a tremendous scope The purpose of putting ranks for districts on the basis for development in the agricultural sector. large scale of land of production of these crops was to ascertain whether some brought under the cultivation and by increasing irrigation districts show more advancement over others in agricultural facilities, gross crop area can be increased considerably. production. It may also be argued that districts having high The districts having low levels of regional development production of some food and non- food crops have a distinct should be given top priority so that they may come up at par comparative advantage in producing such crops. with development area, and the concept of planning with Land area under Irrigation –The percentage of cultivated social justice may be fulfilled. The general picture which land area that is covered by the irrigation in different areas of emerges from the spatial distribution of agricultural Punjab is about 97.03% according to the ministry of development show that over whelming majority of the agriculture& cooperation, Govt of India. Northern and Northern-Western districts is shown back ward Table – 4 : Detail of district wise net-irrigated area, in the light of selected variables. cultivated area, cultivated area and % of irrigation area The above analysis of level of regional disparities clearly of (NIA) to cultivated area in Punjab indicates that the border districts shows backwardness in Sr District Net Cultivated Percentage of net the lights of all variables. The western, central and Southern name irrigated land irrigated area districts give an impression of being in a more favorable areas to cultivated land position.Thus, this study makes an attempt to examine the 2010-11 2010-11 2010-11 performance of major districts of Punjab in the level of 1 Amritsar 217053 221215 98.12 agricultural development and also disparity prevailing across 2 Barnala 124346 124346 100.00 districts in terms of agricultural performance. 3 Bathinda 295170 296483 99.56 4 Faridkot 125800 127499 98.67 References:- 5 Fatehgarh 101904 101904 100.00 1. Barro, R.J and X, sala-I- Martin (1995) economic growth, 6 Ferozepur 470288 473496 99.32 Mc Graw-Hill: New York 7 Gurdaspur 248049 287004 86.43 2. Bhalla, G.S and G.Singh (2009), Economic liberalization 8 Hoshiarpur 185404 287004 92.64 and Indian agriculture: A State wise analysis, Econ, 9 Jalandhar 236421 236421 100.00 Political Weekly, 46:34-44 10 Kapurthala 133641 133651 99.99 3. Gosh M. (2006), Regional convergence in Indian Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) Oct. to December 2015, Vol. I ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Imapct Factor - 0.715 (2014) 249

agriculture: Indian J. agri. Eco, 61:610-629 Indian Agricultural research institute, New Delhi.” 4. Govt of India (2011) “ Faster, sustainable and more 8. Mathur, A.S, S.Das and S. Sircar (2006), Status of inclusive growth, An approach to the 12th five year pan agriculture in India: Trends and prospects: Econ, political (Draft).” Planning commission, Govt of India, New Delhi. weekly, 41 : 5327-5336. 5. Govt of Punjab, Statistical Abstract, various issues, 9. Prospects” W.P No. 2011-07-02, Indian institute of economics advisor to Govt. Punjab, Chandigarh. management, Ahmedabad, July 2011 6. Grover D.K and Kumar S (2011) State of Punjab 10. Sidhu HS (2002) crises in agrarian economy in Punjab- Agriculture, Agro economic research centre, PAU some urgent step, economy and political weekly 37 Ludhiana (30): 3132-38. 7. Kumar, P. (1998) “ Food demand and supply projections 11. Smith, DM (1979), “ The geography of social well-being for India., Agricultural economic policy series 98-01, in united states, amol Heinemann, New York.

Table-1 : Trend growth rate of value of output of agriculture during 1970-71 to 2010-11 in Punjab. Exponential growth rate Kinked exponential growth rate Growth rate Whole period 1st sub-period 2nd sub-period 3rd sub-period (1970-71 to 2010-11) (1970-71 to 1990-91) (1980-81 to 1990-91) (1980-81 to 1990-91) Punjab 2.88 5.43 4.9 1.47

Table -2 : Trend growth rate of yield from agriculture during 1970-71 to 2010-11 in Punjab. Growth rate Whole period 1st sub-period 2nd sub-period 3rd sub-period (1970-71 to 2010-11) (1970-71 to 1990-91) (1980-81 to 1990-91) (1980-81 to 1990-91) Punjab 2.12 3.9 6.38 -1.07

Table-3 : Composite index of agriculture infra-structure of Punjab during (1980-81 to 2010-11) Index Rank 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 Punjab .90 .94 0.85 0.85 1 1 1 1

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